601 lines
66 KiB
XML
601 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="1F6272711BB39AC1AC5EAC8E25E4E474" ID-CLB-Dataset="296075" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ee186766-9739-403d-9d81-d8c3a1741438" ID-ZooBank="8D1CCA9B-7B9C-45CC-A21C-66F406ACBF6C" ID-publisher-id="115467" URI-arpha="922CBBA3-D902-55F3-A47A-CAFAAFEB9053" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/8D1CCA9B-7B9C-45CC-A21C-66F406ACBF6C" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1715703101813" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fedorov, Denis & Hornok, Sándor" docDate="2024" docId="C024D54FCCC25B7283909FF5CE14ED9C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1201: 255-343" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1201" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/115467/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Ixodes ricinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="343" masterDocId="922CBBA3D90255F3A47ACAFAAFEB9053" masterDocTitle="Checklist of hosts, illustrated geographical range, and ecology of tick species from the genus Ixodes (Acari, Ixodidae) in Russia and other post-Soviet countries" masterLastPageNumber="343" masterPageNumber="255" pageNumber="255" updateTime="1715760060250" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6557B0A0568152C56D480F4A5923380F">Checklist of hosts, illustrated geographical range, and ecology of tick species from the genus Ixodes (Acari, Ixodidae) in Russia and other post-Soviet countries</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="487D4B71CBEE5C82C5F1EF778A90F2EC" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="09F6854B885C017FB71196309465D2C4">Fedorov, Denis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4DCFB9B892C949F4BD31693F25DE51F0" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0991-5728</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="363B8F239F610373E8187D5080D33A99">HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary & Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN-RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1B7B0481DD1B6DFBCB487B031DE09602" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0BA6A029B21E7F47D27CE449F1BF7BBD">Hornok, Sándor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A6CF3A021758FE20DCF498DF1A49F769" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1125-5178</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="53557E319A057408DFD9CB348B230353">HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary & Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:relatedItem id="23D3CE907F7464EB61B7EC9B3D83EDCF" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="96BE85F2AB5CBD2DDF70F1EDF7E6E843">
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<mods:title id="0FFFD799CA1E973AC2D03F5DDA6384CE">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2A56C1EE6B8090CEB3C41C8AC54202F7">
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<mods:date id="2D66D579CD21B30C44A3304FE650BF6C">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8FD13E54CA3DFA43B8B8FDDA509ED3E1">2024-05-14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7C308194A9C00BF7BB7E629B998114C9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F8998FAE7F0A746956FB6D14E060A83C">1201</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F5979FF3EE1AFD736B491FAE2D801EAD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7446ECF9B4D4BB0BB55CC5EC51413AE4" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C024D54FCCC25B7283909FF5CE14ED9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11196117" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11196117" ID-arpha="C024D54F-CCC2-5B72-8390-9FF5CE14ED9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C024D54FCCC25B7283909FF5CE14ED9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C024D54FCCC25B7283909FF5CE14ED9C">
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<subSubSection id="E1578A2D2399BDE1FC32A2B1716E6217" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6842F6060927C22E979A5202C6B94C8E">
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<taxonomicName id="D339F31A580CBAC6726F75DABCD357A1" ID-CoL="3QGLK" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
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<emphasis id="85527D4B3FBB52AB344046A0B4DB951B" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="8A6C0669B734ABDB97EF4E054CC440A9" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.542" author="Linnaeus C" journalOrPublisher="Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae" refId="B237" refString="Linnaeus C (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct." year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D501B9E2DFDA4D4064BFE42126180DF1" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="0F3EF84FBFA3235CB3E6B685BAF36A2A">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DE1DE7262EE74A9935EF28C97FE56148">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="C0FCC7DE1FD4EBEC65FA2FA9C1480172" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922776" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:821A8FAD-847F-46C6-A37D-28243F68C15A" author="Linnaeus C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D228DFEF867B29C6FE8F7871F0026C4" page="616" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="FA933B40FC8789996791B2C4AA1C8BB8" ID-CoL="93GS" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 616" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="616" authorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Acarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
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<emphasis id="AF7075B5AEC84AB67947807A69A0B3CB" italics="true">Acarus ricinus</emphasis>
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<comment id="3032925EC2ACBFBDF42A1C4BF158CC13">
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<bibRefCitation id="77F1151FF6906452B59AA098DABBFA25" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.542" author="Linnaeus C" journalOrPublisher="Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae" refId="B237" refString="Linnaeus C (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct." year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758: 616</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</comment>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="6ABCE6C82DC04A95168C8E295A24F61F">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2B50808488C6D0C0BDEDA0BF523BE4C9">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="4A31DA7B23049B0C3C76880D69D3F1AB">
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||
<taxonomicName id="15243799E7C847F1E17B73F258D5731F" ID-CoL="3QGLB" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reduvius">
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<emphasis id="3C6D9054645CC3A13159CD87AD8EF818" italics="true">Ixodes reduvius</emphasis>
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<comment id="88ABB862A9F6C4AA6DF7B31AF1CE4454">
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(Linnaeus):
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<treatmentCitation id="5EDEF5C9EEB98E910B58D141E580C076" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1FF19D2AF7147F76FF51E0628E177417" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</comment>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D39E7CF318C4EE98730031659A51809F">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CFF2780DC0062B2F63D8A578B210925C">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8D6DEB2B73CEE4BC349D53D9E2DE16F3">
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||
<taxonomicName id="F699E2460CC2B39AAC69907C82437A04" ID-CoL="3QGM4" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguisugus">
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<emphasis id="47CD421E88A18834F3579EAF2D152AC3" italics="true">Ixodes sanguisugus</emphasis>
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||
<comment id="C67AA6AA6DD1D3F7D02D789BFD05ED4E">
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(Linnaeus):
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="4C9850A0BC954B098698A00AF1694CD7" author="Morel PC & Perez C" page="201" year="1978">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD50E85AA91170F3B1F8A1BEB8FBFBFD" author="Morel PC & Perez C" firstAuthor="Morel" journalOrPublisher="Acarologia" page="201" pagination="201-208" refId="B266" refString="Morel PC, Perez C (1978) Morphologie des stages préimaginales des Ixodidae s. str. d’Europe occidentale. IV. Généralité sur le sous-genre Ixodes (Ixodes). Acarologia 19: 201 – 208. [In French]" title="Morphologie des stages préimaginales des Ixodidae s. str. d’Europe occidentale. IV. Généralité sur le sous-genre Ixodes (Ixodes)." volume="19" year="1978">Morel and Pérez 1978: 201</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E66A2DEF2406A2A03E236FF07017749D">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F5A9635F97FAD9992553FA1D3DBF55AD">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="ED27BB80E53594EA24C774370999A0DC">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDED16038BD7C5494E8CA144C0A281CD" ID-CoL="93HC" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="8E226381A792C08D50F397C8A7F115FF" italics="true">Ixodes vulgaris</emphasis>
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<comment id="196E691142AD92662259D2D44278DC1B">
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||
(Fabricius):
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<treatmentCitation id="72A190EC07C2326C6EE31CBCF30B8608" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78AEF6592D475AEAB827D47F3A6B3217" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C96609E2E32A4950D580AB71773ECC46">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="18DDCC50EC3BF5504A4E18A636A310D3">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="881AF195CC5B74218563CDBC5DB9AAAA">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="924DF2B0DBBB267A68FF19CFE27D8750" ID-CoL="4NNSQ" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holsatus">
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<emphasis id="9C5172DAB92F58AF457D2DFC03A40975" italics="true">Ixodes holsatus</emphasis>
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||
<comment id="0D51421269BAF153180A07957BDB36BB">
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(Fabricius):
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||
<treatmentCitation id="E5A11B8AA0B4FB9EDC85C2E965BCBA3C" author="Nuttall GHF & Warburton C" page="285" year="1911">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="133A34E01EB5F9881E9AF72506B15D52" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.24075" author="Nuttall GHF & Warburton C" firstAuthor="Nuttall" page="285" refId="B293" refString="Nuttall GHF, Warburton C (1911) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. The Ixodidae. Section II. Genus I. Ixodes Latreille 1795. Cambridge University Press, London, UK, 133 – 293. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.24075" year="1911">Nuttall and Warburton 1911: 285</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCF1B91178AE6B9F912F3957FE5E6E96">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="98F3D128A6728930223099CE94EA6123">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F6FFB65FB31DD807FFB42E2B376354E4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46B3BD0A03468735F28AF0588B82BF64" ID-CoL="6BVXV" authority="Leach" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megathyreus">
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||
<emphasis id="8EAB34A6F1AA82F4A766EA848F6E283F" italics="true">Ixodes megathyreus</emphasis>
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||
<comment id="D4DC88E8400AA6E4A3410E2B0977233B">
|
||
Leach:
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||
<treatmentCitation id="FC07A46ED45A8974060F876D52CC5F2F" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="685F526C8494C3D99F5661C4FDC95B60" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC3EF140BD8AA84012BB6CA248546E72">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="070E139C7C0315D87B692F507BE8C8DE">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="B7EDF34AD9D96C7EF6028C22793EC7FB">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDC876DC6BDBF843CABF52DCEE71C5A1" ID-CoL="6NC9L" authority="Risso" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatus">
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||
<emphasis id="7FFC05C021BAA73DE3DCAE0110473A90" italics="true">Ixodes bipunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="0821F67F56AFB52369C97D624404C093">
|
||
Risso:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5E5036B66638E0000698DA48F31F122C" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6508E746F21F8AA1749C1CD2F4BF1EC0" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D055156851E96021830F32C125D03DDD">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B1B0F5936513E3FBB5420C1C1A9562C6">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="21B3E55AC9354C6158A39FC03AF80CF2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="561190E3BC99948162CA9DFD4F799BC7" ID-CoL="3QGP6" authority="Audouin" authorityName="Audouin" authorityYear="1832" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trabeatus">
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||
<emphasis id="30ED1E670D10551BBC6710EFCEEB1BCA" italics="true">Ixodes trabeatus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="A0948DA4B72579D9AB13224760B2609E">
|
||
Audouin:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="162CFFBEC7374C08A99C520FDB5829F1" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00E004BD6049A87D562065D21A772D02" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="90A4227B0682A2E39224DA53C3D7E4F8">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6200D7B98F3E72CA5CA63E0633AFB072">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="C97A18DDF1A2B58B0B17B8EF7169A453">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7E39D410B64C8A8A1D319DB358452FE" ID-CoL="3QGGP" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1835" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FA1A102B5A82AFBF6415CBE56D3A7EE" italics="true">Ixodes marginalis</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="64FD8424ADFDE977F3D5ECE998CC7A17">
|
||
Hahn:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0F50EB04B3EC978AF485395576569DF7" author="Oudemans AC" page="191" year="1896">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3D9DDBA05189076700C0A35246F2FF21" author="Oudemans AC" firstAuthor="Oudemans" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" page="191" pagination="191-197" refId="B313" refString="Oudemans AC (1896) List of Dutch Acari Latr. Third part: Ricinae Latr. with synonymical, biological and other notes. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 39: 191 – 197." title="List of Dutch Acari Latr. Third part: Ricinae Latr. with synonymical, biological and other notes." volume="39" year="1896">Oudemans 1896: 191</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4A7D17F4F74C48B1EFD57915D27BDC1A">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B68FD0A6E837FE506085B40B695C3B78">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CCF9FA762791FA66C75679DFB2B34A01">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC084F778380559C09B177D130B37631" ID-CoL="3QGMB" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sciuri">
|
||
<emphasis id="540E470B5D7D934F1AEA95D1ABFF47CC" italics="true">Ixodes sciuri</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="58C5136AFF284216ED2707166CE8BB8A">
|
||
Koch:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="117067E8CC9ACE8A51977227D17C190C" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EA8BD7929EBAF96B9E6E7A52F0277703" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="89F8FED45EAC33334743674FC16943C1">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FCCA011AD29B220F63F52AC01AC19E4A">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A8225D3952E53CEFCB95CDF2E641CCFB">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B34768E543EC425D9B3878D10F4EAA64" ID-CoL="6NC8X" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A50E941A8F8C1031B27D8EDF27CC2AE" italics="true">Ixodes fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="DAC6EFBE723A8EC94C2C0FF3416904CE">
|
||
Koch:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="83F9F5A3DB85767F497E57A2E4069757" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="59A3AFC2338F86E1300C32EC80497643" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BAF59B74493A2BA348C9424AA0A77C57">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7FEA15DE9DF62EDB6BDBB451D7F02091">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="4488BA5A1F2D2DA774A8040DBBA64A64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B049305D53468BFCB96D9F09B9C0636" ID-CoL="3QGNB" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0CB9B65AB12D6259DA49784656765C3" italics="true">Ixodes sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="70D15FF1A22C27C5AFC8B8EAB457C5B2">
|
||
Koch:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F2C1BFC94E40B7725F5E309CC9E612C9" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9CE14176A816F5FB01EACB2625654924" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C9B58180288783D870A6D11C092544AD">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C771C192136E77B2AA047DE27E0C8732">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7285506AA86021A4C1D81F59AB752685">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84CFD7C2D170C8EDC25705F0AC747F3B" ID-CoL="3QGLW" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="828C77F142ACA9F6DB80582DB70B1682" italics="true">Ixodes rufus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="86836DD2369987DB0117C7BBA241FCA2">
|
||
Koch:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3D23BC8787F9A4655830D3B5689EF2D6" author="Neumann LG" page="249" year="1901">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ADB4BA80406A436A8CBAC1C4BC25D50A" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France" page="249" pagination="249-372" refId="B283" refString="Neumann LG (1901) Révision de la famille des ixodidés (4 e mémoire). Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 14: 249 – 372. [In French]" title="Révision de la famille des ixodidés (4 e mémoire)." volume="14" year="1901">Neumann 1901: 249</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D439D7FC024D626D92A7902DFFE2B4CA">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2D3A4B5E54FE6FA9F4D8D12B9DBE0FAF">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7583BF99B8E1CB35F399F434265FEB47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D24F78CD856575F8D228C36A60FDC9E5" ID-CoL="3QGFR" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacertae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECBD0F677F831CBC0E6E2B959EB9254B" italics="true">Ixodes lacertae</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="3F9BB5CD141966B2B625E35B8EBCE78C">
|
||
Koch:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="06196992AF3DE26385DCE4E4D0EF1440" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16EC1962A1406A11CA413DB4062D76A" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="40163848BA7BD5A68E3D749FDDECCA0F">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BAD82DDF674B09782312701EE0DD3437">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="893151ED06FBDE8147288079E25E61AD">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C7139D41736A203EF17784B6A88696D" ID-CoL="3QGKX" authority="Megnin" authorityName="Megnin" authorityYear="1866" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustularum">
|
||
<emphasis id="034E3D2B235CD9798A1589C097068889" italics="true">Ixodes pustularum</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="CE8242AE2C997C798A379BC6D9D2722D">
|
||
Mégnin:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="9D0AE49B89D1D55ABA41BEBAF26BC6D0" author="Neumann LG" page="12" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="282F59C7FBF94F5023F91B66858C61D6" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.22339" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" page="12" pagination="1-169" refId="B288" refString="Neumann LG (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich 26: 1 – 169. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22339 [In German]" title="Ixodidae." volume="26" year="1911">Neumann 1911: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="42BD49BF3E761E4B6C7EED49A0C733FF">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0DFD416CF062A87AAF1E7E83F0D016A4">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="ECE889820F32C32FDCF5386C894244EE">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDDEEAE718DB44C6F5217BE0BC89C0DE" ID-CoL="3QGQ5" authority="Yerrill" authorityName="Yerrill" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="425074EE0B092C774D46AB22477917A8" italics="true">Ixodes vicinus</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="1D9FE77F05E10355841484CE1E458367">
|
||
Yerrill:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="4624577002D3EFAE8CCBDF7499ED7B37" author="Oudemans AC" page="191" year="1896">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB93DBDB953F7ABF107CF9AB9F9C5465" author="Oudemans AC" firstAuthor="Oudemans" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" page="191" pagination="191-197" refId="B313" refString="Oudemans AC (1896) List of Dutch Acari Latr. Third part: Ricinae Latr. with synonymical, biological and other notes. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 39: 191 – 197." title="List of Dutch Acari Latr. Third part: Ricinae Latr. with synonymical, biological and other notes." volume="39" year="1896">Oudemans 1896: 191</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22B0C25211F589FA14E6804EAA084B15">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DF076931A6C12DAA8AE8D8E5AD8974D2">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AA9FF8FD0B80FB7DA2DD95206AAD1F79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6736EBC3998ABF2F36C88DF97B68DC57" ID-CoL="3QGDP" authority="Murray" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1877" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fodiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF8727F2BAE0A721EAC6B48CECFAB7DF" italics="true">Ixodes fodiens</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="22532CEAF5AEFA7018415DE75BF2F863">
|
||
Murray:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A9B9C806CED30E23D069C814CAA83835" author="Neumann LG" page="444" year="1904">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5FEF3A26F69696C902E4859D8E7A366B" author="Neumann LG" firstAuthor="Neumann" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Parasitologie" page="444" pagination="444-464" refId="B285" refString="Neumann LG (1904) Notes sur les ixodidés. II. Archives de Parasitologie 8: 444 – 464. [In French]" title="Notes sur les ixodidés. II." volume="8" year="1904">Neumann 1904: 444</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8400DAA5CFD8EE36348ADDE52A95EC36">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="09DD326F009AAC951172FA31B230B987">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="ECB67CCF3894CE530991B891AE099C47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64B6C60D1C3225C2D2FA422BAB1D3B7E" ID-CoL="3QG4M" authority="Neumann" authorityName="Neumann" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D58BBE9B67977FC6E2A076E382F72B7" italics="true">Ixodes nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="28469566FEA1C79EA2ABF22AFFFC31FB">
|
||
Neumann:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="DBC444DF499E4A7D25EDC5245F7CA120" author="Schulze P" page="1" year="1939">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="368772EF22252AE85B08BA7FE3674BA5" DOI="10.1007/BF02122034" author="Schulze P" firstAuthor="Schulze" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology Research" page="1" pagination="722-728" refId="B366" refString="Schulze P (1939) Zur Zeckenfauna Burmas. Parasitology Research 10 (6): 722 – 728. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02122034 [In German]" title="Zur Zeckenfauna Burmas." volume="10" year="1939">Schulze 1939: 1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="259303CEE3D645AA94734870E4791C32">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FDD8D823058D276356AE076695800284">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="40EA079925AA279A66941AC9A46341B6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA227DE3BB1CB4B761F38C01D8312007" ID-CoL="3QG9M" authority="Olenev" authorityName="Olenev" authorityYear="1936" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="areolaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D4807830E3ACE3CA332F8D5D452F987" italics="true">Ixodes areolaris</emphasis>
|
||
<comment id="09B661B44D209A3168FB36DC8D2FF985">
|
||
Olenev:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F4B153CF1949F5589694294CB8C8E0EC" author="Pomerantsev BI" page="37" year="1950">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="29C0506D2ECCEEA5FED8FE6885DA3D6D" author="Pomerantsev BI" firstAuthor="Pomerantsev" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye" page="37" pagination="1-224" refId="B327" refString="Pomerantsev BI (1950) Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae). In: Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye 4 (2): 1 – 224. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)." volume="4" year="1950">Pomerantsev 1950: 37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</comment>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1UCK" type="Recorded hosts">
|
||
<paragraph id="081E083A3FE41DA2C204B325EDD5930A">
|
||
<heading id="969312BC1F2A26592B8895FEBA2675A3" reason="title">Recorded hosts.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B5F7A7C14BAAD74B4B61705C273414F">
|
||
The host spectrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="780C8318DBC4AF6AF5F1D6857CA4C888" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Acarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3B44AF8CE1E1C184364DBA4BFB6B58FA" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely broad both systematically and ecologically, including literally almost all mammals and birds of its geographical range, rarely even reptiles inhabiting the same biotopes with the tick. The fact of mass parasitism of immature stages on lizards of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DA9F52725DD1AE48F6A0B4E4653073C" baseAuthorityName="Ravkin" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Squamata" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family, in particular species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80CB03D81980D61B68780D28E399355A" authorityName="Arribas" authorityYear="1999" class="Squamata" family="Lacertidae" genus="Darevskia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2FBAC7C433D4F78EC4F3C5A149690BA" italics="true">Darevskia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Caucasus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="645F417F3BF80B895B97F961BF5DFD17" author="Kidov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kidov" journalOrPublisher="Geografija" pagination="165-166" refId="B192" refString="Kidov AA, Timoshina AL, Matushkina KA, Kovrina EG (2013) Parasitism of European forest tick Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Acari, Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) on Brauner’s lizard, Darevskia brauneri (Mehely, 1909) (Reptilia, Sauria: Lacertidae). Vestnik Burjatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Biologija. Geografija 4: 165 – 166. [In Russian]" title="Parasitism of European forest tick Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Acari, Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) on Brauner’s lizard, Darevskia brauneri (Mehely, 1909) (Reptilia, Sauria: Lacertidae). Vestnik Burjatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Biologija." volume="4" year="2013">Kidov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0F8E3FCC685AA62DD93C22EE2D99F39A" DOI="10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.19" author="Orlova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orlova" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vector Ecology" pagination="19-28" refId="B311" refString="Orlova MV, Doronin IV, Klimov PB, Anisimov NV (2022) A review of mites and ticks parasitizing rock lizards (Lacertidae: Darevskia). Journal of Vector Ecology 47 (1): 19 – 28. https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.19" title="A review of mites and ticks parasitizing rock lizards (Lacertidae: Darevskia)." volume="47" year="2022">Orlova et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in habitats where they outnumber small mammals probably brightly demonstrates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6CB47E037DE62295B999082A4167027" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Acarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1459731B1D25B86CE0A8B5654A1789ED" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a generalist tick capable to use almost any available terrestrial vertebrates as hosts. Overall, the list of hosts consists of more than 300 species of mammals, birds and reptiles which have been recorded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6324C7D655D0F6A4AFE2FB89E7C6F8D4" DOI="10.1079/9780851996325.0149" author="Gern" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gern" refId="B142" refString="Gern L, Humair PF, Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G (2002) Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe. In: Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G (Eds) Lyme Borreliosis, Biology, Epidemiology and Control 6, 149 – 174. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996325.0149" year="2002">Gern et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Humans and domestic animals can also be hosts for the tick (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22F4E589EFD5ACBB94069797865D7818" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0ESWCK" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CDDE82219E0D1C16DE65E3E9DECEB941">
|
||
<heading id="B4CCD9FE66E5DB1D1D80A8B181E3BEF7" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="88CF37E9F8444743AC5568EBE9D3074D">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6C0BE623BFE034962E87968F093BAAA" bold="true">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5BA319213CF5495BC70549832EBA6120" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Map of Russia and neighboring countries showing the locations where Ixodes ricinus was reported: A before 1975 B from 1976." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049202">16</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A61A00B00E4FA8CB2D01C8228F52CCE3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Acarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8B279E9A84F4A655AB55014B93C9B451" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="88CB36D38DC3F30A209E879C8B60936F" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
includes almost the whole territory of its European part excluding subpolar tundra areas (see the map) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BCA4D6ABECC9D79ABE4BB026C320DCF0" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3A1985982234E5DE3D891F00C0B41C72" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102114" author="Kahl and Gray" firstAuthor="Kahl" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="102-114" refId="B172" refString="Kahl O, Gray JS (2023) The biology of Ixodes ricinus with emphasis on its ecology. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 14 (2): 102 – 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102114" title="The biology of Ixodes ricinus with emphasis on its ecology." volume="14" year="2023">Kahl and Gray 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and due to climate changes, the distribution of this tick species becomes wider (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B74CF48029FE86BF10E2E9FFE9E7158E" DOI="10.1155/2009/593232" author="Gray" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gray" refId="B150" refString="Gray JS, Dautel H, Estrada-Peña A, Kahl O, Lindgren E (2009) Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 6: 593232. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/593232" year="2009">Gray et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D13146EC1DA130B0A9C5799DB70FC47" DOI="10.1134/S1028334X09060312" author="Yasyukevich" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yasyukevich" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Doklady Earth Sciences" pagination="1030-1034" refId="B449" refString="Yasyukevich VV, Kazakova EV, Popov IO, Semenov SM (2009) Distribution of Ixodes ricinus L., 1758 and Ixodes persulcatus Shulze, 1930 (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) in Russia and adjacent countries in view of observable climate changes. Doklady Earth Sciences 427 (2): 1030 – 1034. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09060312" title="Distribution of Ixodes ricinus L., 1758 and Ixodes persulcatus Shulze, 1930 (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) in Russia and adjacent countries in view of observable climate changes." volume="427" year="2009">Yasyukevich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95AACD1EF550F21B534AB543E42D69DC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BAB6E43CA55E184353D75B055C638D2F" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is part of the tick fauna of the following post-Soviet countries:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FB511DD3FD67803339F897637C7F4F83" name="Estonia">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FFD23E4903D77B5DF333D47395E0941" name="Latvia">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="20D55048AEEE0DEF5AB310A0C34AF439" name="Lithuania">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E45EC93C4C6D224ABE41677A2AF85E8F" name="Belarus">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FAA6203DBF10182D1F5A1B1F75E1E601" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1856CFE2CDF38A71AF8C142952760CC8" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7FAC83407111D88DD8C5F23EB76EAB68" name="Moldova">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CD76FF21509F42D80CE9CF5E7AFE1370" name="Georgia">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="12557760BF05DB0F5210CC239D1E32C7" name="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCBC96C60C937ADD5DEF137FF238559D" name="Armenia">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E032AE0CF48256A305C8F503B83AE5" name="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="187609FD134F7A17C2F8803B134E00A2" name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4845C436345548D68A797D7864673969" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1" author="Guglielmone" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guglielmone" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-274" refId="B158" refString="Guglielmone AA, Nava S, Robbins RG (2023) Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories. Zootaxa 5251 (1): 1 – 274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1" title="Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories." volume="5251" year="2023">Guglielmone et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6A5685100F5EAAB8E1CEA46B1781DEA9" name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
a little number of specimens were found in the northern part of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B88497D56837EAA414CF5A4251637FE8" country="Kazakhstan" name="Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy">West Kazakhstan Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9CFF515177DE6722AFF06410DB98FC20" author="Maikanov" editor="Meldebekov AM" firstAuthor="Maikanov" journalOrPublisher="Institut Zoologii, Almaty" pagination="134-135" refId="B252" refString="Maikanov NS (2012) Epidemiological significance of ixodid ticks in Kazakhstan. In: Meldebekov AM (Ed.) Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii « Zhivotnyj Mir Kazahstana I Sopredel’nyh Territorij ». Institut Zoologii, Almaty, 134 – 135. [In Russian]" title="Epidemiological significance of ixodid ticks in Kazakhstan." volumeTitle="Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii « Zhivotnyj Mir Kazahstana I Sopredel’nyh Territorij »." year="2012">Maikanov 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3035A1DB47A094FD3C5AC29A3CF452ED" name="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
the tick was also recorded in few numbers in the western foothills of the Kopet-Dag (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20916980A51E363DA4A229B0A5FE3E2C" author="Kerbabaev" firstAuthor="Kerbabaev" journalOrPublisher="Serija biologicheskih nauk" pagination="80-81" refId="B182" refString="Kerbabaev EB (1960) About new for Turkmenistan tick species of the family Ixodidae. Izvestija AN TSSR. Serija biologicheskih nauk 5: 80 – 81. [In Russian]" title="About new for Turkmenistan tick species of the family Ixodidae. Izvestija AN TSSR." volume="5" year="1960">Kerbabaev 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which probably could be transported there by migratory birds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B1D8135B00AE43A8B2190B19B79445E4" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1201.115467.figure16" ID-arpha="64E0D93D-E428-5991-A645-92A8C52AA36A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049202" startId="F16">
|
||
<paragraph id="CB96881144088A32038B43D193751ED1">
|
||
<label id="B3B3C49BEA757C169459BF2DD71B6DF9">Figure 16.</label>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E7238872293FE4FC843979710E020BB">
|
||
Map of Russia and neighboring countries showing the locations where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5806D3B5A03A8997143D6DD8081D7AD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BF6D933583D68678D14C6FE3FC6F4D2" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported:
|
||
<emphasis id="49FEF4CAAE9510BF495AA30F55D362BE" bold="true">A</emphasis>
|
||
before 1975
|
||
<emphasis id="A55BDCDD76B22DA088D8F2E7D4555C02" bold="true">B</emphasis>
|
||
from 1976.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENZCK" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E3DAFEA763FD4CB1309558C0DE6B192">
|
||
<heading id="483645AE3B67CD5E0DB3C54FCAB1F994" reason="title">Ecology and other information.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F62BD5E17CB354A4512B0EBCCD3C2E34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31ABD632CE7F069729768E5B859721C9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAA1F8766EFB3100E1D7A7C7F327154D" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an exophilic tick species widely distributed in Europe, mostly inhabiting deciduous and mixed forest zones in both plain and mountainous areas, as well as forest-steppes bordering them. It also occurs in city parks and gardens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="940EDBAFACE339195DBECA022A24B809" DOI="10.1023/A:1006070416135" author="Gray" firstAuthor="Gray" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Experimental & Applied Acarology" pagination="249-258" refId="B149" refString="Gray JS (1998) The ecology of Lyme borreliosis vectors. Experimental & Applied Acarology 22 (5): 249 – 258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006070416135" title="The ecology of Lyme borreliosis vectors." volume="22" year="1998">Gray 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, it can be found in North Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A400256433BBFFD136E6FD5D86FF5BB" author="Arthur" firstAuthor="Arthur" journalOrPublisher="The Athlone Press, University of London, London" refId="B20" refString="Arthur DR (1965) Ticks of the genus Ixodes in Africa. The Athlone Press, University of London, London, 348 pp." title="Ticks of the genus Ixodes in Africa." year="1965">Arthur 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1278C1D0DF81D434819219DBB8078E8E" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA6975329D50723C8048080532AF0DC5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B304A3D0D0C7C36667F15E8D159E9840" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonized and reached a high abundance in artificial forest plantations of the Askania-Nova Nature Reserve surrounded from all sides by steppes for a period of less than 80 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9FB5934728FBCE233A5798D781FA4ED3" author="Emchuk" firstAuthor="Emchuk" refId="B91" refString="Emchuk EM (1972) Role of birds in formation of the regional fauna of ixodid ticks and the transfer of pathogens of infectious diseases. Problemy parasitologii 290 – 292. [In Russian]" year="1972">Emchuk 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In urban areas with conditions able to support tick populations, for example, Minsk or
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B0D23E2E84608ED696948B4380B81C40" country="Ukraine" name="Kyiv">Kyiv</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9883361A9DD150941ACC1E99D3D49FF8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9DFEF2C9DE419724A41506DAC2D41D38" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually dominates among other tick species, especially among members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DB62ACAAC46C3C3D4D70FA2F7BE7670" authority="(Uspensky 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Uspensky" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02AA5C9A14D012EA26CDB5C1B3BBFA71" italics="true">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42800925DAF7AE02A7101DBC35E7203D" DOI="10.1134/S0013873817070107" author="Uspensky" firstAuthor="Uspensky" issue="7" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pagination="941-969" refId="B430" refString="Uspensky IV (2017) Blood-sucking ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) as an essential component of the urban environment. Entomological Review 97 (7): 941 – 969. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873817070107" title="Blood-sucking ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) as an essential component of the urban environment." volume="97" year="2017">Uspensky 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This tick species uses almost all forest vertebrate animals as hosts and, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA3383EA96789185018FF4180FB23ED0" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="799372865DBAA3744EF102DF1CBCAB25" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is one of the most important vectors of a broad spectrum of tick-borne pathogens, first of all, tick-borne encephalitis virus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA109F5EE6573DD273A905DDB8D60435" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" refId="B117" refString="Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, 396 pp. [In Russian]" title="Ixodid ticks subfamily Ixodinae. Arachnida. Vol. 4. Fauna of the USSR." year="1977">Filippova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B373A9E679BFD4C9EE21ED6B8A4DDE0">
|
||
Often it can be found in the same biotope with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F58A0BC3737356A38DECD9FD32A98C3F" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="898DE0558E00EE6056DA772AB5E294FC" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often exhibiting complete or partial coincidence of seasonal activity at each ontogenetic stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E27B5F826E998A579C9D2E48C9DEBA3" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="223-241" refId="B120" refString="Filippova NA (1999) Sympatry of closely related species of ixodid ticks and its possible role in parasitic systems of natural foci of transmissive diseases. Parazitologiia 33 (3): 223 – 241. [In Russian]" title="Sympatry of closely related species of ixodid ticks and its possible role in parasitic systems of natural foci of transmissive diseases." volume="33" year="1999">Filippova 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In zones of sympatry their hybridization can occur, and although hybrid offspring are incapable of reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="10EFAC8ECCD2DBA38482554BFCA39C85" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.001" author="Bugmyrin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bugmyrin" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="129-133" refId="B56" refString="Bugmyrin SV, Belova OA, Ieshko EP, Bespyatova LA, Karganova GG (2015) Morphological differentiation of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 6 (2): 129 – 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.001" title="Morphological differentiation of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions." volume="6" year="2015">Bugmyrin et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), they can still transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus and probably other pathogens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76304E0354970F13C14B98AADEAA462A" DOI="10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.09.005" author="Kovalev" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kovalev" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases" pagination="113-118" refId="B222" refString="Kovalev SY, Golovljova IV, Mukhacheva TA (2016) Natural hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks evidenced by molecular genetics methods. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 7 (1): 113 – 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.09.005" title="Natural hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks evidenced by molecular genetics methods." volume="7" year="2016">Kovalev et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="59FF54EFF3A59B8516E09E4D24965B13" DOI="10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484" author="Belova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Belova" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology" pagination="1104484" refId="B34" refString="Belova OA, Polienko AE, Averianova AD, Karganova GG (2023) Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 13 (4): 1104484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484" title="Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus." volume="13" year="2023">Belova et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The absence of any morphological barrier for copulation was discovered in geographical points of probably the secondary sympatric zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51DB0A42F2E65069521AD1C9E2DE5737" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Parazitologiia" pagination="457-468" refId="B121" refString="Filippova NA (2002) Morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species Ixodes persulcatus - I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus - I. ricinus (Ixodidae). Parazitologiia 36 (6): 457 – 468. [In Russian]" title="Morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species Ixodes persulcatus - I. pavlovskyi and I. persulcatus - I. ricinus (Ixodidae)." volume="36" year="2002">Filippova 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E77B0D9CE025C803DDA6DC867894B11A" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="287E6ADAAA361E02EBDF441615173662" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69E5CC22365049E63AC9E664963DFBE8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BE616B6DE215335B5B40167777E7A55D" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the north-west of the East European Plain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="656BE4C8008AFDBE4383CDB0CF3D4F90" author="Balashov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Balashov" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pagination="713-721" refId="B27" refString="Balashov YS, Grigorieva LA, Oliver J (1998) Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization of ixodid ticks of the Ixodes ricinus – I. persulcatus group (Acarina, Ixodidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 77 (3): 713 – 721. [In Russian]" title="Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization of ixodid ticks of the Ixodes ricinus - I. persulcatus group (Acarina, Ixodidae)." volume="77" year="1998">Balashov et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in some areas of this sympatric zone, for example, in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="90A8E0751B0B703C1D15FEF34E54D9AF" country="Russia" name="Kareliya">Karelia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, its slight shrinking has recently been noted due to the withdrawal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C92D965A790BAA3C40348D49DA5EC55" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6B030AE335744CD470A04DD4466FC3C3" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from territories where it used to live (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="61A462B80F4B89635BE0835887DB924C" DOI="10.1134/S0013873821040084" author="Bespyatova and Bugmyrin" firstAuthor="Bespyatova" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pagination="581-591" refId="B41" refString="Bespyatova LA, Bugmyrin SV (2021) On the distribution of the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus (Acarina, Ixodidae) in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Entomological Review 101 (4): 581 – 591. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873821040084" title="On the distribution of the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus (Acarina, Ixodidae) in the Republic of Karelia, Russia." volume="101" year="2021">Bespyatova and Bugmyrin 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E86E323B9BC8BCD803125741E0DF3D1C">
|
||
Due to the high epidemiological significance and wide distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E456FB2EB212F4783C2F5F608A7FF72C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="15C9142ADA68844AD3C6A8E38372298D" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its regular contacts with humans and domestic animals, its biology and life cycle were more extensively studied than in case of any other species of its genus inhabiting the same territories. As a species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A0A4A9DED74D81A03DA1A495C0AE836" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="005597C5E427F95D9C9328F6E4619CFC" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably appeared approximately 8–12 thousand years ago when deciduous and mixed forests formed in the southeast of Europe and the Mediterranean, as well as in the northern and northeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, when current environmental conditions of these territories have begun to shape. And the climate there was also milder than in Siberian taiga forests where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F3817D2DCAD340864353307BEDB35C8" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8565521D4D09EF4342D68E9EDFCD0435" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F80B1FA8CE1A8D8DF43DE32D7B9D5375" DOI="10.1134/S0013873817020117" author="Filippova" firstAuthor="Filippova" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" pagination="157-184" refId="B126" refString="Filippova NA (2017) The history of the range of ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) – carriers of pathogens of natural focal diseases as one of the factors in the formation of their intraspecific biodiversity. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 96 (1): 157 – 184. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873817020117 [In Russian]" title="The history of the range of ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) - carriers of pathogens of natural focal diseases as one of the factors in the formation of their intraspecific biodiversity." volume="96" year="2017">Filippova 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EDA79397E91D73687EB5B61B61787D0A">
|
||
It was revealed that in a certain region the duration of tick activity period and the number of adult ticks depend on spring and summer temperatures and air humidity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C8CD3FA93093C72477D08822AC53C09" DOI="10.1111/mve.12101" author="Korotkov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korotkov" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Medicinskaja I Veterinarnaja Entomologija" pagination="129-136" refId="B220" refString="Korotkov Y, Kozlova T, Kozlovskaya L (2015) Observations on changes in abundance of questing Ixodes ricinus, castor bean tick, over a 35 year period in the eastern part of its range (Russia, Tula region). Medicinskaja I Veterinarnaja Entomologija 29 (2): 129 – 136. [In Russian] https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12101" title="Observations on changes in abundance of questing Ixodes ricinus, castor bean tick, over a 35 year period in the eastern part of its range (Russia, Tula region)." volume="29" year="2015">Korotkov et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="96E3DAD27E221173E40CB773A458DBB0" DOI="10.1134/S2079086421060050" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Biology Bulletin Reviews" pagination="602-615" refId="B217" refString="Korenberg EI, Sirotkin MB, Kovalevsky YV (2021) Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758). Biology Bulletin Reviews 11 (6): 602 – 615. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086421060050" title="Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758)." volume="11" year="2021">Korenberg et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females and larvae usually attach to hosts when the air near the soil warms up from + 2 to + 30 ° С, and in the case of nymphs from + 2 to + 22 ° С. The relative humidity of the surrounding air has to be higher than 60 % for an extended period of time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BBA19A54AC552A0EB3E50C580F874212" DOI="10.7868/S0044513418040013" author="Sirotkin and Korenberg" firstAuthor="Sirotkin" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskij Zhurnal" pagination="379-396" refId="B378" refString="Sirotkin MB, Korenberg EI (2018) Influence of abiotic factors on different developmental stages of the taiga (Ixodes persulcatus) and European forest (Ixodes ricinus) ticks. Zoologicheskij Zhurnal 97 (4): 379 – 396. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044513418040013 [In Russian]" title="Influence of abiotic factors on different developmental stages of the taiga (Ixodes persulcatus) and European forest (Ixodes ricinus) ticks." volume="97" year="2018">Sirotkin and Korenberg 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is absolutely important for ticks to receive the necessary amount of warmth to complete their metamorphosis at each stage within a strictly defined period of time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDD1E6C69CC1A1E55FF331C70FB9545C" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" journalOrPublisher="Commentarij, Moscow" refId="B214" refString="Korenberg EI, Pomelova VG, Osin NS (2013) Natural-focal infections transmitted by Ixodidae ticks. Commentarij, Moscow, 463 pp. [In Russian]" title="Natural-focal infections transmitted by Ixodidae ticks." year="2013">Korenberg et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As a consequence, the seasonal activity of all stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2247EF464BD496B09C92CE8C9633845" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E77CB389EEA182665FF4FD6A9FE0D68" italics="true">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more extended than in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7428CFD761340EBD340465EA0F4FA6E5" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A44E160152811252FA6668E4A17E2A18" italics="true">I. persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and engorged ticks begin oviposition or metamorphosis without strict dependance on the photoperiod. Therefore, in the southern range of distribution (the Mediterranean, Central Europe, the Caucasus) ticks initiate activity in the end of March – the beginning of April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8527588FF2FAD1D4D9EFCE541F1AB0A" DOI="10.1134/S2079086421060050" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Biology Bulletin Reviews" pagination="602-615" refId="B217" refString="Korenberg EI, Sirotkin MB, Kovalevsky YV (2021) Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758). Biology Bulletin Reviews 11 (6): 602 – 615. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086421060050" title="Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758)." volume="11" year="2021">Korenberg et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in Eastern European regions – in April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB99BAAAD94E1E68B25BC91D692103C1" author="Medvedev" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Medvedev" journalOrPublisher="Uchenye Zapiski Rossijskogo Gosudarstvennogo Gidrometeorologicheskogo Universiteta" pagination="223-235" refId="B263" refString="Medvedev SG, Shapar AO, Grigorieva LA, Osipova TN, Samoilova EP (2016) Biological risks of the development of St. Petersburg and Leningrad province agglomeration. Uchenye Zapiski Rossijskogo Gosudarstvennogo Gidrometeorologicheskogo Universiteta 43: 223 – 235. [In Russian]" title="Biological risks of the development of St. Petersburg and Leningrad province agglomeration." volume="43" year="2016">Medvedev et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D2755168B125E0EA994F5ED48BE1CBD" DOI="10.1134/S2079086421060050" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="6" journalOrPublisher="Biology Bulletin Reviews" pagination="602-615" refId="B217" refString="Korenberg EI, Sirotkin MB, Kovalevsky YV (2021) Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758). Biology Bulletin Reviews 11 (6): 602 – 615. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086421060050" title="Adaptive features of the biology of closely related species of ixodid ticks that determine their distribution (illustrated on the example of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Sch. 1930 and the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus L. 1758)." volume="11" year="2021">Korenberg et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="495B429102A91B2EB0C74A427D898235" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="716956C7BD8DD1A4CFC69F818156A478" italics="true">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also uses a diapause as a biological mechanism, although due to warmer conditions in the majority of its distribution range, no more than 10 – 20 % of ticks at each stage undergo such an interruption of development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0FBACB1D6B1646EFAF06FE861FE29316" author="Korenberg and Kovalevsky" firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="10" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskij Zhurnal" pagination="1467-1478" refId="B212" refString="Korenberg EI, Kovalevsky YV (1977) General scheme of tick-borne encephalitis virus circulation. Zoologicheskij Zhurnal 56 (10): 1467 – 1478. [In Russian]" title="General scheme of tick-borne encephalitis virus circulation." volume="56" year="1977">Korenberg and Kovalevsky 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C2E9619B02BD764177C762447300A1D1" author="Korenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Korenberg" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskij Zhurnal" pagination="283-299" refId="B216" refString="Korenberg EI, Sirotkin MB, Kovalevsky YV (2016) General scheme of the circulation of pathogens of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis in natural foci of Eurasia. Zoologicheskij Zhurnal 95 (3): 283 – 299. [In Russian]" title="General scheme of the circulation of pathogens of ixodid tick-borne borreliosis in natural foci of Eurasia." volume="95" year="2016">Korenberg et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |