treatments-xml/data/01/36/18/01361832310B5E8ED5AE81629119DE82.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="01361832310B5E8ED5AE81629119DE82" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum multiflorum Roth, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 669. 1819." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:01361832310B5E8ED5AE81629119DE82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/01361832310B5E8ED5AE81629119DE82" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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28. 
<taxonomicName authority="Roth, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 669. 1819." authorityName="Roth, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 669. 1819." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum Roth, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 669. 1819.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diversity of inflorescences and flowers in tropical Asian spiny solanums A lax, spreading inflorescences and stellate flowers of Solanum violaceum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126945, India) B condensed, recurved inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. multiflorum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India) C inflorescences and large stellate flowers of S. involucratum (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. pubescens with unequal stamens, one long and recurved (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E large rotate flower of S. insanum with abundant interpetalar corolla tissues (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) F many flowered inflorescence and infructescence of S. pseudosaponaceum (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) G many flowered inflorescences of S. torvum; flowers with well-developed interpetalar corolla tissues (Suksathan et al. PS 3815, Thailand) H small stellate flowers of S. viarum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126944, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, E, H X. Aubriot C M. Nuraliev F D. Tandang G D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689696" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="F45" captionText="Figure 45. Solanum multiflorum Roth A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1835 (Wight 1575, E 00757306) B habit (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India) C detail view of a fruit with seeds (Sampath Kumar et al. 126958, India) D detail view of a calyx and floral buds (Sampath Kumar et al. 126937, India) E detail view of an infructescence (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India). Photograph credits: A Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh B-E X. Aubriot." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure45" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689738" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 45</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agreste">Solanum agreste</taxonomicName>
Roth in Roem. &amp; Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 669. 1819. Type. India. &quot;H. in India orientali. B. Heyne&quot; 29 Jun 1816, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. Heyne s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" author="Turner, IM" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="365 - 428" refId="B249" refString="Turner, IM, 2021. Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis. Taxon 70 (2): 365 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" title="Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" volume="70" year="2021">Turner 2021</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 417: K-W [K00116650, shoot mounted in lower left only]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 129. 1821, nom. illeg. non 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth in Roem. &amp; Schultes, 1819. Type. Based on same material as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multiflorum">S. multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth ex Roem. &amp; Schult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agreste">Solanum agreste</taxonomicName>
Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 130. 1821, nom. illeg. non 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="agreste">S. agreste</taxonomicName>
Roth in Roem. &amp; Schult., 1819. Type. Based on same material and homotypic with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="agreste">S. agreste</taxonomicName>
Roth in Roem. &amp; Schult. (isonym).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum himalense subsp. var. var. soumbe" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="himalense" subSpecies="var." variety="soumbe">Solanum himalense Dunal var. soumbe</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 300. 1852. Type. India. Tamil Nadu: &quot;Nilgiris, Mts. de Nellygerry&quot; [Nilgiri mountains], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.B.L. Leschenault de la Tour 163</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P00055586]; isolectotypes: P [P00055587, P00055588]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erosum">Solanum erosum</taxonomicName>
Van Heurck &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
.Arg., Observ. Bot. (Van Heurck) 83. 1870. Type. India. Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris, &quot;in montibus Nilagiri&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.F. Hohenacker 1074</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BR [AWH10071571]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000778310, BM000778311], E [E00196408], G [G00442714], K [K000014858], L [L, L], LE [LE00016194], P [P00055723, P00055724, P00055725, P00055726], W [acc. # 0003339).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum subsp. var. var. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indicum" subSpecies="var." variety="multiflorum">Solanum indicum L. var. multiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Roth) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 4: 235. 1883. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1923" baseAuthorityName="Van Heurck &amp; Mull.Arg." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum subsp. erosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="indicum" subSpecies="erosum">Solanum indicum L. subsp. erosum</taxonomicName>
(Van Heurck &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
.Arg.) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 16: 11. 1923. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erosum">Solanum erosum</taxonomicName>
Van Heurck &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
.Arg.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum anguivi subsp. var. var. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="anguivi" subSpecies="var." variety="multiflorum">Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Roth) Vajr., Fl. Tamil Nadu Ind., Ser I: Analysis 2: 115. 1987, as &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">multiflora</emphasis>
&quot;. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum violaceum subsp. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="violaceum" subSpecies="multiflorum">Solanum violaceum Ortega subsp. multiflorum</taxonomicName>
(C.B.Clarke) K.M.Matthew, Kew Bull. 46: 545. 1991. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">Solanum multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Roth
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="B. Heyne, R. Wight" country="India" location="India" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<collectingCountry name="India">India</collectingCountry>
. [&quot;H. in 
<collectingCountry name="India">India</collectingCountry>
orientali. 
<collectorName>B. Heyne</collectorName>
&quot; protologue] &quot;Peninsula Ind. orientalis&quot; [1836], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
herb. 
<collectorName>R. Wight</collectorName>
prop. 1575
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>neotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" author="Turner, IM" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="365 - 428" refId="B249" refString="Turner, IM, 2021. Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis. Taxon 70 (2): 365 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" title="Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" volume="70" year="2021">Turner 2021</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 418: K-W [K000759413]; probable isoneotypes: CAL, E [E00757306, E00617617, E00617618, E00617619, E00617621), NY [NY00825634], P [P00049971, P00055603, P03933610]
</materialsCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect shrub, 2-3 m, armed, much branched. Stems erect, robust, terete, densely stellate-pubescent and prickly, the trichomes porrect-stellate, sessile or short-stalked, the stalks to 0.8 mm long, the rays 6-8, 0.1-0.5 mm long, the midpoints to 2 mm long, the prickles to 10 mm long, to 6 mm wide, straight to slightly curved, flattened, orange-brown, glabrous or bearing a few stellate trichomes; new growth densely stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the stems; bark of older stems somewhat glabrescent, grey-brown. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate. Leaves simple, more or less deeply lobed, the blades 5-20 cm long, 3.5-16 cm wide, ca. 1.5 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, discolorous, unarmed or prickly with up to 20 straight prickles to 10 mm long on primary and secondary veins on both sides of the leaf; adaxial surface densely to sparsely stellate-pubescent, with sessile to stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to 0.8 mm, the rays 6-8, 0.2-0.8 mm, the midpoints 0.7-2 mm long; abaxial surface densely stellate-pubescent with sessile and short-stalked trichomes like those of the adaxial surface; major veins 3-5 pairs; base cuneate to truncate, often oblique; margins shallowly to deeply lobed, the lobes 3(4) on each side, 1.5-5 cm long, broad-deltate to obovate, often with well-developed secondary lobes, apically acute to rounded, the sinuses extending 1/3-4/5 to the midrib; apex acute; petioles 1-4 cm, 1/6-1/3 of the leaf length, unarmed or with a few straight prickles, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect sessile and short-stalked trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 3-7 cm long, apparently lateral, unbranched or forked, more rarely several times branched, with 10-20 flowers, 3-6 flowers open at any one time, densely stellate-pubescent with stellate-porrect trichomes like those of the stems, unarmed or with a few straight prickles; peduncle 1-5 mm long, usually unarmed; pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm long, stout, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, strongly recurved at anthesis, unarmed, densely stellate-pubescent like the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 1-2 mm apart. Buds globose to ovoid, strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 2-6 mm long, obconical to cup-shaped, the lobes 2-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, long-deltate, apically long-acuminate, unarmed or with a few straight prickles, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect-stellate trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 1.3-1.5 cm in diameter, violet to purple, stellate, lobed ca. 2/3 of the way to the base, interpetalar tissue somewhat present, the lobes 4.5-6 mm long, 2.5-3 mm, deltate to ovate, spreading at anthesis, glabrous adaxially but with a few minute stellate trichomes at the tips and on the midribs, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, a mixture of sessile and stalked, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays 6-8, 0.1-0.3 mm, the midpoints to 0.8 mm long, longer towards lobe apices. Stamens equal; anthers 3.5-4 mm, ca. 1.5 mm wide, tapering, drying brown to red-brown, sometimes with pronounced papillae on the dorsal surface, poricidal at the tips, the pores not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1 mm, glabrous. Ovary conical, densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 3/4-1/2; style 5.5-7 mm long, stellate-pubescent for almost all of its length; stigma clavate, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, many per infructescence, 0.6-0.9 cm in diameter, orange-red to dark brown when ripe, the pericarp thin, smooth and shiny, with stellate trichomes sparsely covering the fruit pericarp persisting into maturity; fruiting pedicels 1-1.3 cm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide at the base, 1.7-2.5 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, thick, strongly recurved downwards, unarmed or prickly with up to 5 filiform straight prickles; fruiting calyx moderately accrescent, elongating to (3.5-)5-11 mm long, covering up to 1/3 of the mature berry, usually not reflexed, unarmed or prickly with up to 10 straight prickles. Seeds ca. 10-15 per berry, 2.5-3.7 mm long, 2.1-3 mm wide, flattened-reniform, orange-brown, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal to slightly sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: n = 12, 2n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1968.10796312" author="Madhavadian, P" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="343 - 347" refId="B154" refString="Madhavadian, P, 1968. Chromosome numbers in south Indian Solanaceae. Caryologia 21 (4): 343 - 347, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1968.10796312" title="Chromosome numbers in south Indian Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1968.10796312" volume="21" year="1968">Madhavadian 1968</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1983.10797655" author="Kirti, PB" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="155 - 164" refId="B115" refString="Kirti, PB, Rao, BGS, 1983. The cytogenetic basis of sterility in spinous Solanum hybrids. Caryologia 36 (2): 155 - 164, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1983.10797655" title="The cytogenetic basis of sterility in spinous Solanum hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1983.10797655" volume="36" year="1983">Kirti and Rao 1983</bibRefCitation>
; both as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum subsp. var. var. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indicum" subSpecies="var." variety="multiflorum">Solanum indicum var. multiflorum</taxonomicName>
Clarke).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure45" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689738" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 45" startId="F45">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 45.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Roth 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in India in 1835 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wight 1575</emphasis>
, E00757306) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126950</emphasis>
, India) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail view of a fruit with seeds (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126958</emphasis>
, India) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail view of a calyx and floral buds (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126937</emphasis>
, India) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail view of an infructescence (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sampath Kumar et al. 126950</emphasis>
, India). Photograph credits: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-E</emphasis>
X. Aubriot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Distribution of S. multiflorum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689739" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the western part of Tamil Nadu Province in southern India, occurring in the Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Didingul and Madurai districts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of deciduous or evergreen broadleaf forests and grows in forest edges and roadsides; from 1,700 to 2,300 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
India. Karnataka: kahi sunde (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosagoudar 96871</emphasis>
); Tamil Nadu: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="soumbé">soumbe</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leschenault de la Tour 163</emphasis>
). Some of the names attributed to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. indicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in floras may refer to this species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689739" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 46" startId="F46">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 46.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC). EOO (669,122 km2, LC); AOO (324 km2, EN). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species of disturbed habitats in southern India, with many recent collections. It is not of particular conservation concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was treated as a variety of &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum indicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (now a suppressed name, see Suppressed Names) in various Indian floras, in part due to issues with the application of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Roth’s">Roth's</normalizedToken>
name. It is morphologically similar and related to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the name now used for the suppressed 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. indicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), both taxa are members of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. (2016a)</bibRefCitation>
, along with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hovei" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hovei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hovei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deflexicarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="deflexicarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. deflexicarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and can be distinguished from it in its usually branched inflorescences with congested pedicels, long, soft pubescence and its short fruiting pedicels that are strongly deflexed rather than widely spreading. The leaves of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually more deeply lobed than those of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely variable and this does not always hold. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares the strongly deflexed fruiting pedicels with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deflexicarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="deflexicarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. deflexicarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of China but differs from that species in its more copious pubescence, more deeply lobed leaves and usually purple (rather than white) flowers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The species names proposed by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth were published in 1819 by 
<bibRefCitation author="Roemer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Sida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B208" refString="Roemer, JJ, Schultes, JA, 1819. Systema vegetabilium, 15th edn. [bis]. Vol. 4. J.G. Cotta, Stuttgart." title="Systema vegetabilium, 15 th edn. [bis]. Vol. 4. J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart." year="1819">Roemer and Schultes (1819)</bibRefCitation>
, two years before they were published by Roth himself (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10723" author="Roth, AW" journalOrPublisher="Sida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B209" refString="Roth, AW, 1821. Novae plantarum species praesetim Indiae orientalis ex collections Doct. Benj. Heynii. H. Vogler, Halberstadt. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10723" title="Novae plantarum species praesetim Indiae orientalis ex collections Doct. Benj. Heynii. H. Vogler, Halberstadt." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10723" year="1821">Roth 1821</bibRefCitation>
). Descriptions in 
<bibRefCitation author="Roemer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Sida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B208" refString="Roemer, JJ, Schultes, JA, 1819. Systema vegetabilium, 15th edn. [bis]. Vol. 4. J.G. Cotta, Stuttgart." title="Systema vegetabilium, 15 th edn. [bis]. Vol. 4. J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart." year="1819">Roemer and Schultes (1819)</bibRefCitation>
are abbreviated from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Roth’s">Roth's</normalizedToken>
longer ones published in 1821; no new material was apparently seen (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" author="Turner, IM" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="365 - 428" refId="B249" refString="Turner, IM, 2021. Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis. Taxon 70 (2): 365 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" title="Heyne, Roth, Roemer and Schultes, and the plant names published in Novae plantarum species praesertim Indiae orientalis." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12449" volume="70" year="2021">Turner 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Material at Edinburgh from Robert 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wight’s">Wight's</normalizedToken>
personal herbarium (here as probable isoneotypes) is in better condition than the sheet (K000759413) in the Wallich hebarium designated as the neotype. The numbering of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wight’s">Wight's</normalizedToken>
herbarium was done after the fact specimens bearing the same number may or may not be duplicates of the neotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum himalense subsp. var. var. soumbe" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="himalense" subSpecies="var." variety="soumbe">Solanum himalense var. soumbe</taxonomicName>
was described based on the collection 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leschenault de la Tour 163</emphasis>
seen by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
in Paris. From the three specimens with this number at P we have selected the specimen (P00055586) with an annotation in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dunal’s">Dunal's</normalizedToken>
hand as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The collection 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hohenacker 1074</emphasis>
was cited from two herbaria (&quot;hb. Van Heurck et hb. DC&quot;) in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. erosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. erosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Van Heurck 1870). The Van Heurck herbarium, previously held in Antwerp at AWH, has now been acquired by BR, but sheets are still barcoded with the AWH herbarium code. We have selected the duplicate of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hohenacker 1074</emphasis>
held in BR (AWH10071571) as the lectotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. erosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. erosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this collection is widely distributed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>