580 lines
68 KiB
XML
580 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="117C0527B3299BCD839065BD449880B1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274436" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34ba49f6-55b5-4414-9f26-e491df98bfa7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274436" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459908139372" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matthews, Robert W. & González, Jorge M." docDate="2008" docId="03DBAE07230AFFD25AEFFC59F730FD4C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01854p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1854" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Melittobia megachilis Packard 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FFE2D67F230EFFD55A78FFECF500FFAE" masterDocTitle="The acasta conundrum: Polymorphism and taxonomic confusion within the parasitoid genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698229192346" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0504B9F6492CBAF61E58984C406750B6">The acasta conundrum: Polymorphism and taxonomic confusion within the parasitoid genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B21DCA6DED09A2090D7D8836A269A2C0">Matthews, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6F7E5E6DCA9F14D6D3C53E23A4DA936C">González, Jorge M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6827127F8E59CF6EA44032D7420F1875">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B3196357129FB06E339D5084EEEAA507">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C627D87F7E944B17BCBF0810F02270F1">1854</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DBAE07230AFFD25AEFFC59F730FD4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5694390" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119373637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5694390" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DBAE07230AFFD25AEFFC59F730FD4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DBAE07230AFFD25AEFFC59F730FD4C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C3684C9A230AFFD15AEFFC59F76AFC61" box="[151,618,949,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15AEFFC59F76AFC61" blockId="4.[151,618,949,975]" box="[151,618,949,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D085A87D230AFFD15AEFFC59F76AFC61" bold="true" box="[151,618,949,975]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15AEFFC59F76AFC61" ID-CoL="3ZL26" authority="Packard, 1864" authorityName="Packard" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,618,949,975]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFC59F76AFC61" bold="true" box="[151,618,949,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFC59F49CFC61" bold="true" box="[151,412,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Melittobia megachilis</emphasis>
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(Packard, 1864)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3684C9A230AFFD15AEFFBECF1BFFA74" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15AEFFBECF78FFBB9" blockId="4.[151,1120,1024,1143]" box="[151,655,1024,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15AEFFBECF78BFBB9" authority="Packard, 1864: 134" authorityName="Packard" authorityPageNumber="134" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,651,1024,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFBECF4B2FBB9" box="[151,434,1024,1047]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Anthophorabia megachilis</emphasis>
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Packard, 1864: 134
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15AEFFBCCF73BFBF9" blockId="4.[151,1120,1024,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB62383F230AFFD15AEFFBCCF73BFBF9" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15AEFFBCCF737FB99" authority="Hickok, 1875: 131" authorityName="Hickok" authorityPageNumber="131" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,567,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerardi">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFBCCF466FB99" box="[151,358,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Pteromalus gerardi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD33900230AFFD15B15FBCCF737FB99" author="Hickok" box="[365,567,1056,1079]" page="131" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" year="1875">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15B15FBCCF702FB99" author="Hickok" box="[365,514,1056,1079]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Hickok, H. T. (1875) Experiments with the fly Pteromalus Gerardi. Proceedings of the Poughkeepsie Society for Natural Science, 1, 131 - 141." type="journal article" year="1875">Hickok, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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: 131
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. [not confirmed and possibly incorrect – see below]
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15AEFFBACF738FBF9" ID-CoL="5YMJS" authority="Brues, 1909: 161" authorityName="Brues" authorityPageNumber="161" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,568,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFBACF477FBF9" box="[151,375,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Chrysocharis aeneus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD33900230AFFD15B06FBACF738FBF9" author="Brues" box="[382,568,1088,1111]" page="161" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15B06FBACF702FBF9" author="Brues" box="[382,514,1088,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Brues, C. T. (1909) Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic Hymenoptera. VII. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (new series), 6, 154 - 163." type="journal article" year="1909">Brues, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: 161
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15AEFFB8CF79FFBD9" blockId="4.[151,1120,1024,1143]" box="[151,671,1119,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB62383F230AFFD15AEFFB8CF79FFBD9" box="[151,671,1119,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15AEFFB8CF746FBD9" ID-CoL="3ZL22" authority="Dahms, 1984a: 293" authorityName="Dahms" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,582,1120,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFB8CF46CFBD9" box="[151,364,1120,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Melittobia femorata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD33900230AFFD15B0CFB8CF746FBD9" author="Dahms" box="[372,582,1120,1143]" page="293" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" year="1984">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15B0CFB8CF711FBD9" author="Dahms" box="[372,529,1120,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms, 1984a</bibRefCitation>
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: 293
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15829FBB3F79FFBD9" bold="true" box="[593,671,1119,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Syn. n.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15AEFFB44F1BFFA74" blockId="4.[151,1436,1192,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15AEFFB44F752FB6C" bold="true" box="[151,594,1192,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Support from morphological study.</emphasis>
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Dahms’ (1984a) female key, couplet 9, separates
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15ED9FB44F033FB6F" ID-CoL="3ZL22" box="[1185,1331,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15ED9FB44F033FB6F" box="[1185,1331,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F04FB44F416FB47" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F04FB44F416FB47" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using three antennal characters: color of scape and pedicel (darkened reddish brown dorsally in
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F04FB3CF401FABF" ID-CoL="3ZL22" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F04FB3CF401FABF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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versus not darkened in
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD1585CFB14F7CCFABF" box="[548,716,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD1585CFB14F7CCFABF" box="[548,716,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); relative length of the nipple on the terminal club segment (longer in
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15B6BFACCF4A5FA97" ID-CoL="3ZL22" box="[275,421,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15B6BFACCF4A5FA97" box="[275,421,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); and the relative position of the nipple seta (more basal in
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15E12FACCF011FA97" box="[1130,1297,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15E12FACCF011FA97" box="[1130,1297,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The latter two characters cannot be assessed reliably on intact air-dried specimens; however, variability in these antennal characteristics was encompassed by the variability found in our slide-mounted samples of
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F7DFA9CF09BFA27" ID-CoL="3ZL22" box="[1285,1435,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F7DFA9CF09BFA27" box="[1285,1435,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females from numerous localities, with minor differences sometimes exaggerated depending upon specimen orientation. Subtle color differences also prove unreliable when larger samples are studied.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3684C9A230AFFD25ABDFA04F730FD4C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD15ABDFA04F608F95C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1192,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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When we compared our samples on a selected suite of other measurements given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15ED8FA04F055F9AC" author="Dahms" box="[1184,1365,1512,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
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in his species descriptions for female
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15863F9FCF7C6F987" box="[539,710,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15863F9FCF7C6F987" box="[539,710,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and M.
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD1594EF9FCF6A0F987" box="[822,928,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD1594EF9FCF6A0F987" box="[822,928,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the variation encompassed that given in Dahms’ descriptions for each species. For example, setae on the forewing submarginal vein numbered between 3 and 5, most commonly 3, but there were always only two setae on each submedian lobe of the scutellum. We found that for both
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15845F964F7D1F90F" box="[573,721,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15845F964F7D1F90F" box="[573,721,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15969F964F6BBF90F" box="[785,955,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15969F964F6BBF90F" box="[785,955,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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, as well as for Brues’ 13
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15E86F964F5E9F967" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
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||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15E86F964F5E9F967" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Chrysocharis aeneus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD15A88F95CF459F964" box="[240,345,1712,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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, female head shape in frontal aspect was relatively narrow (head length to genal width, 1.1– 1.4) with the genal-clypeal margin relatively straight.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230AFFD05ABDF8ECF09AFEAC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1192,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,258]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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As noted above, males of
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15876F8ECF7B9F8B7" box="[526,697,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15876F8ECF7B9F8B7" box="[526,697,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were unknown. In his key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15E4FF8ECF1B1F8B7" box="[1079,1201,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15E4FF8ECF1B1F8B7" box="[1079,1201,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males, couplet 10,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15AEFF8C4F44CF8EC" author="Dahms" box="[151,332,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15BBEF8C4F74CF8EF" box="[454,588,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15BBEF8C4F74CF8EF" box="[454,588,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD158FCF8C4F614F8EF" box="[644,788,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD158FCF8C4F614F8EF" box="[644,788,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15924F8C4F6CDF8EF" box="[860,973,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15924F8C4F6CDF8EF" box="[860,973,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. evansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15E7EF8C4F188F8EF" box="[1030,1160,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15E7EF8C4F188F8EF" box="[1030,1160,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. scapata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on antennal characters. However, our results noted above revealed that the male antennae are rather variable in the first-brood males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15ACFF894F448F83F" box="[183,328,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15ACFF894F448F83F" box="[183,328,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus not very useful to distinguish members of this subgroup. Specifically, male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F73F894F09BF83F" box="[1291,1435,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F73F894F09BF83F" box="[1291,1435,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that eclosed with the first brood had antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13490394230AFFD158C5F84CF603F814" box="[701,771,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
a–c) virtually identical to those figured by Dahms for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F04F84CF5F6F84F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F04F84CF5F6F84F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his figs. 203–205) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15867F824F793F84F" box="[543,659,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15867F824F793F84F" box="[543,659,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. evansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his figs. 191–193). Second-brood males that emerged after diapause all had antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13490394230BFFD05BC9FF74F4F8FF1C" box="[433,504,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
d) like those of Dahms’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD0596EFF74F6A8FF1F" box="[790,936,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD0596EFF74F6A8FF1F" box="[790,936,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his figs. 200–202). For a visual example, compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13490394230BFFD05B7DFF2CF472FF74" box="[261,370,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1014,1038]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,987]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,988]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Examples of Melittobia polymorphism. a: long-winged (MF) female of Melittobia digitata; b: short-winged (BF) M. digitata; c: second-brood male of M. femorata (= megachilis); d: first-brood male of M. femorata (= megachilis)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274437/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c and 1d, showing two males reared from the same laboratory culture; note the relatively broader wings and first funicular segment of the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD058A7FF04F649FEAF" box="[735,841,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD058A7FF04F649FEAF" box="[735,841,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” morph (c) compared to the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD05ED2FF04F008FEAF" box="[1194,1288,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD05ED2FF04F008FEAF" box="[1194,1288,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” morph (d).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0D4F99230BFFD05AEFF916F63FF8F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230BFFD05AEFF916F63FF8F9" blockId="5.[151,1436,1786,1879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD05AEFF916F418F8BC" bold="true" box="[151,280,1786,1810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD05BDAF917F739F8BC" box="[418,569,1787,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD05BDAF917F739F8BC" box="[418,569,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a single culture. a–c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230BFFD35ABDF867F117FEFC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1931,2037]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,1178]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
In couplet 12,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230BFFD05B0AF867F728F80B" author="Dahms" box="[370,552,1931,1957]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD058AAF867F658F80A" box="[722,856,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD058AAF867F658F80A" box="[722,856,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230BFFD059ECF867F126F80A" box="[916,1062,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230BFFD059ECF867F126F80A" box="[916,1062,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on relative forewing shape and costal cell length, relative form of the mid-femoral fringe, relative density of head setae, and relative head shape. However, our studies showed that all of these varied with eclosion order. For example, the forewings of our first-brood males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134903942308FFD35BE5FF74F4E3FF1C" box="[413,483,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
e) were longer and narrower than wings of second-brood males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134903942308FFD35EADFF74F01BFF1C" box="[1237,1307,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
f). Furthermore, in the first brood of males to eclose, the patterns and relative lengths of the mid-femoral setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134903942308FFD35F46FF2CF084FF74" box="[1342,1412,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8AB2F42308FFD35F0DFF2CF084FF74" box="[1397,1412,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="g" value="2.0">2</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g) generally conformed to the variation that Dahms illustrated for
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD359E9FF04F1A1FEAF" box="[913,1185,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD359E9FF04F118FEAF" box="[913,1048,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapata">M. scapata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35E5EFF04F19DFEAF" box="[1062,1181,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">M. evansi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EA7FF04F067FEAF" box="[1247,1383,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EA7FF04F067FEAF" box="[1247,1383,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his figs. 222–223, 226). However, for the second group to eclose, the mid-femoral setal pattern and relative lengths (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134903942308FFD35A84FED4F441FEFC" box="[252,321,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
h) matched that illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD358DCFED4F636FEFF" box="[676,822,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD358DCFED4F636FEFF" box="[676,822,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dahms’ fig. 225).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD35ABDFE8CF5E1FC9C" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35B76FE8CF494FED7" box="[270,404,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35B76FE8CF494FED7" box="[270,404,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
redescription, but not his key, Dahms mentions a tuft of setae on the male fore trochanters that is supposedly present on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35855FE64F7B5FE0F" box="[557,693,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35855FE64F7B5FE0F" box="[557,693,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD3588CFE64F6F7FE0C" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[756,1015,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD3588CFE64F696FE0F" box="[756,918,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. australica</emphasis>
|
||
Girault
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35E2DFE64F1E9FE0F" box="[1109,1257,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35E2DFE64F1E9FE0F" box="[1109,1257,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
description he notes that this tuft is absent. However, this material is somehow confused, because the redescription for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35F04FE5CF40EFE5F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35F04FE5CF40EFE5F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. australica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
says the tuft is absent and his table (p. 296) mentions not fore but middle trochanters. Our examination of the fore trochanters of both broods of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD358DAFDECF632FDB7" box="[674,818,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD358DAFDECF632FDB7" box="[674,818,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males failed to reveal any evidence of a tuft of setae; such a tuft is also lacking in Ashmead’s eight
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B32308FFD358AEFDC4F631FDEC" box="[726,817,552,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
males and the two slide-mounted specimens upon which the male description was presumably based. Interestingly, in a related paper,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02308FFD35EF2FDBCF044FDC4" author="Dahms" box="[1162,1348,592,618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 b) A review of the biology of species in the genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interpretations and additions using observations on Melittobia australica. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 337 - 360." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Dahms (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
briefly addressed the morphological variability introduced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD3596FFD94F691FD3F" box="[791,913,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD3596FFD94F691FD3F" box="[791,913,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
polymorphism, particularly in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35F50FD94F09BFD3F" box="[1320,1435,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35F50FD94F09BFD3F" box="[1320,1435,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and illustrated it with three examples of “second form” male antennae from Washington, District of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3655F812308FFD35AEFFD24F40AFD4C" box="[151,266,712,738]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and West Virginia (his figs. 11, 17, 18). It is thus ironic that he inadvertently added to the taxonomic confusion by failing to carefully compare his presumed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35931FD1CF6D3FCA7" box="[841,979,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35931FD1CF6D3FCA7" box="[841,979,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males with those of Ashmead’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B32308FFD35F11FD1CF09BFCA4" box="[1385,1435,752,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD35ABDFCACF744FB37" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In short,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35B48FCACF4D6FCF7" box="[304,470,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35B48FCACF4D6FCF7" box="[304,470,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males are polymorphic and variable, and many of the characteristics Dahms used to distinguish between males of
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD3586CFC84F18AFC2F" box="[532,1162,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD3586CFC84F7BEFC2F" box="[532,702,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">M. megachilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD358B2FC84F65FFC2F" box="[714,863,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">M. femorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35913FC84F6F4FC2F" box="[875,1012,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">M. chalybii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35E78FC84F186FC2F" box="[1024,1158,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapata">M. scapata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EBDFC84F038FC2F" box="[1221,1336,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EBDFC84F038FC2F" box="[1221,1336,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. evansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are thus open to question pending better knowledge. The demonstrated variation in midleg and antennal characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35AEFFC54F43CFC7F" box="[151,316,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35AEFFC54F43CFC7F" box="[151,316,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the result that using Dahms’ key to identify male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD359D6FC54F128FC7F" box="[942,1064,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD359D6FC54F128FC7F" box="[942,1064,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may yield erroneous identifications for species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35BDCFC0CF4F0FC57" box="[420,496,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35BDCFC0CF4F0FC57" box="[420,496,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Further study of males of both broods of each species reared from a variety of different host species will be required in order to determine the range of variability in diagnostic characters and to revise the key. There is a distinct possibility that upon further study, including use of molecular techniques, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35BFCFBB4F4D0FBDF" box="[388,464,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35BFCFBB4F4D0FBDF" box="[388,464,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group may prove to contain only three species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35E7FFBB4F17BFBDF" box="[1031,1147,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35E7FFBB4F17BFBDF" box="[1031,1147,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EF2FBB4F00DFBDF" box="[1162,1293,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EF2FBB4F00DFBDF" box="[1162,1293,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. digitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a morphologically variable
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35BEEFB6CF744FB37" box="[406,580,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35BEEFB6CF740FB37" box="[406,576,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">M. megachilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0D4F992308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7" ID-Table-UUID="DF0D4F992308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0D4F992308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[159,1339,1322,1604]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1231,1289]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35AEFFB23F409FB49" bold="true" box="[151,265,1231,1255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Selected biological attributes that differ for three sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD359F7FB3CF6FEFB49" box="[911,1022,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD359F7FB3CF6FEFB49" box="[911,1022,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EE4FB3CF1E1FB49" box="[1180,1249,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EE4FB3CF1E1FB49" box="[1180,1249,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group that attack
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35AEFFB1EF466FAA7" box="[151,358,1266,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trypoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35AEFFB1EF466FAA7" box="[151,358,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Trypoxylon politum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southeastern United States.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD35AE7FAC6F1A6F9EA" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<table id="F972EDB12308002A5AE7FAC6F03BF9EA" box="[159,1339,1322,1604]" gridcols="4" gridrows="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7FAC6F03BFAEF" box="[159,1339,1322,1345]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7FAC6F733FAEF" box="[159,563,1322,1345]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Trait</th>
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5827FAC6F69AFAEF" box="[607,922,1322,1345]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35827FAC6F7C9FAEF" box="[607,713,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35827FAC6F7C9FAEF" box="[607,713,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A59C6FAC6F145FAEF" box="[958,1093,1322,1345]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD359C6FAC6F134FAEF" box="[958,1076,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD359C6FAC6F134FAEF" box="[958,1076,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. digitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5EF4FAC6F03BFAEF" box="[1164,1339,1322,1345]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EF4FAC6F023FAEF" box="[1164,1315,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EF4FAC6F023FAEF" box="[1164,1315,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7FAB9F03BFAC2" box="[159,1339,1365,1388]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7FAB9F733FAC2" box="[159,563,1365,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Lethal male fighting</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827FAB9F69AFAC2" box="[607,922,1365,1388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6FAB9F145FAC2" box="[958,1093,1365,1388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4FAB9F03BFAC2" box="[1164,1339,1365,1388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">no</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7FA6CF03BFA39" box="[159,1339,1408,1431]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7FA6CF733FA39" box="[159,563,1408,1431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Female tolerance of conspecifics</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827FA6CF69AFA39" box="[607,922,1408,1431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">high</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6FA6CF145FA39" box="[958,1093,1408,1431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">high</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4FA6CF03BFA39" box="[1164,1339,1408,1431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">low</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7FA46F03BFA6A" box="[159,1339,1450,1476]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7FA46F733FA6A" box="[159,563,1450,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Oviposition latency after host-feeding</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827FA46F69AFA6A" box="[607,922,1450,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">ca.2 days</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6FA46F145FA6A" box="[958,1093,1450,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">ca. 2 days</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4FA46F03BFA6A" box="[1164,1339,1450,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">ca. 4–5 days</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7FA34F03BFA41" box="[159,1339,1496,1519]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7FA34F733FA41" box="[159,563,1496,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Summer brood development*</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827FA34F69AFA41" box="[607,922,1496,1519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">continuous</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6FA34F145FA41" box="[958,1093,1496,1519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">continuous</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4FA34F03BFA41" box="[1164,1339,1496,1519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">discontinuous**</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7F9EEF03BF9B7" box="[159,1339,1538,1561]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7F9EEF733F9B7" box="[159,563,1538,1561]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Adult eclosion</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827F9EEF69AF9B7" box="[607,922,1538,1561]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">synchronous to asynchronous</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6F9EEF145F9B7" box="[958,1093,1538,1561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">synchronous</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4F9EEF03BF9B7" box="[1164,1339,1538,1561]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">asynchronous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35421D532308002A5AE7F9C1F03BF9EA" box="[159,1339,1581,1604]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="7693742F2308002A5AE7F9C1F733F9EA" box="[159,563,1581,1604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Accept Diptera pupae as hosts</th>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5827F9C1F69AF9EA" box="[607,922,1581,1604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A59C6F9C1F145F9EA" box="[958,1093,1581,1604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
|
||
<td id="7693742F2308002A5EF4F9C1F03BF9EA" box="[1164,1339,1581,1604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">no</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD35AEFF981F768F909" blockId="6.[151,1028,1645,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
*All temperate-zone
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35B00F981F4E7F92A" box="[376,487,1645,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35B00F981F4E7F92A" box="[376,487,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have been studied diapause during the winter. **Obligatory diapause before MF eclosion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112308FFD25ABDF936F773FEFC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1754,2020]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,738]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35ABDF936F747F95A" bold="true" box="[197,583,1754,1780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Support from biological study.</emphasis>
|
||
While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD358D9F937F649F95A" box="[673,841,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD358D9F937F649F95A" box="[673,841,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35EEDF937F1E1F95A" box="[1173,1249,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35EEDF937F1E1F95A" box="[1173,1249,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, biologically it is unusual (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F02AAA2308FFD35BFDF8EEF4E1F8B2" box="[389,481,1794,1820]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1231,1255]" captionTargetBox="[159,1339,1322,1604]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected biological attributes that differ for three sympatric Melittobia species in the acasta group that attack Trypoxylon politum in the southeastern United States." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0D4F992308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="DF0D4F992308FFD35AEFFB23F7D2FAA7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Whereas other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD358C1F8EFF605F8B2" box="[697,773,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD358C1F8EFF605F8B2" box="[697,773,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species develop more or less continuously during the warmer months of the year, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35861F8C7F7C2F8EA" box="[537,706,1835,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35861F8C7F7C2F8EA" box="[537,706,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
an obligatory diapause separates the emergence of the brachypterous and macropterous broods on the same host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02308FFD35960F8BEF118F8C2" author="Matthews" box="[792,1048,1874,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refString="Matthews, R. W., Deyrup, L. D. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2005) Increased male sex ratio among brachypterous progeny in Melittobia femorata, a sib-mating parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Insect Science, 12, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Matthews
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD359EDF8BFF6D1F8C2" box="[917,977,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whereas all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35F7BF8BFF04FF8C2" box="[1283,1359,1875,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35F7BF8BFF04FF8C2" box="[1283,1359,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species can develop on Diptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922308FFD35854F897F7D8F83A" box="[556,728,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032308FFD35854F897F7D8F83A" box="[556,728,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently cannot (unpubl. observ.). Male fights are less intense and rarely lethal, but females sharing a host are highly intolerant of one another, often physically damaging competitors (Matthews & Deyrup 2007). Finally, unlike the loose prepupal distribution that occurs in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25AA2FF74F427FF1F" box="[218,295,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25AA2FF74F427FF1F" box="[218,295,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species, diapausing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25818FF74F606FF1F" box="[608,774,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25818FF74F606FF1F" box="[608,774,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prepupae in laboratory cultures characteristically cluster tightly beneath the dried host remains as though under a blanket (unpubl. observ.). Additional biological and behavioral aspects (under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25834FF04F7E0FEAF" box="[588,736,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25834FF04F7E0FEAF" box="[588,736,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD259C7FF04F1D6FEAC" box="[959,1238,232,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Matthews, R. W. & Matthews, J. R. (1985) A sex pheromone in males of Melittobia australica and M. femorata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Florida Entomologist, 68, 279 - 286." type="journal article">
|
||
Matthews
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25E44FF04F17AFEAF" box="[1084,1146,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1985)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, González
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25F26FF04F09CFEAF" box="[1374,1436,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1985),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25A8CFEFCF4FDFE84" box="[244,509,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Matthews, R. W. & Teran, J. B. (1996) Cortejo en las avispas parasitoides Melittobia acasta y Melittobia australica (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 687 - 692." type="journal article">
|
||
González
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25B12FEFCF4A5FE87" box="[362,421,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25871FEFCF79EFE84" author="Lapp" box="[521,670,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Lapp, S. A. (1994) The mating system of Melittobia parasitic wasps: fluctuating asymmetry, sexual selection, and comparative courtship behavior. [Master of Science thesis] Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia. 63 pp." type="book" year="1994">Lapp (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD258D2FEFCF6B9FE84" box="[682,953,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Matthews, R. W., Deyrup, L. D. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2005) Increased male sex ratio among brachypterous progeny in Melittobia femorata, a sib-mating parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Insect Science, 12, 443 - 448." type="journal article">
|
||
Matthews
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD2595EFEFCF661FE87" box="[806,865,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Deyrup & Matthews (2007a), Matthews & Deyrup (2007), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25BDAFED4F76FFEFC" author="Molumby" box="[418,623,312,338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Molumby, A. (1995) Dynamics of parasitism in the organ-pipe wasp, Trypoxylon politum: Effects of spatial scale on parasitoid functional response. Ecological Entomology, 20, 159 - 168." type="journal article" year="1995">Molumby (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112309FFD25ABDFE8CF75BFDEC" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Given how common and widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD258FDFE8CF62DFED7" box="[645,813,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD258FDFE8CF62DFED7" box="[645,813,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, it seems odd that a major comparative courtship study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25A90FE64F4BDFE0C" author="Assem" box="[232,445,392,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="53" refString="Assem, J. van den, in den Bosch, H. A. J., & Prooy, E. (1982) Melittobia courtship behavior: A comparative study of the evolution of a display. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 32, 427 - 471." type="journal article" year="1982">
|
||
Assem
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25B3CFE64F481FE0F" box="[324,385,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) failed to include it; however, that study did include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25E3CFE64F1B8FE0F" box="[1092,1208,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25E3CFE64F1B8FE0F" box="[1092,1208,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. evansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(“species 3”). The original population of the latter species was also studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25912FE5CF1A6FE64" author="Evans" box="[874,1190,432,458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Evans, D. A. &. Matthews, R. W. (1976) Comparative courtship behavior in two species of the chalcid wasp Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Animal Behaviour, 24, 46 - 51." type="journal article" year="1976">Evans & Matthews (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25EAAFE5CF1F3FE67" box="[1234,1267,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M.</emphasis>
|
||
species A; its courtship duration was reported not to be significantly different from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25E45FE34F5DFFDB4" authority="Gonzalez et al. 1996" authorityName="Gonzalez et al." authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25E45FE34F1D1FE5F" box="[1085,1233,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25E9BFE34F5D6FDB4" author="Gonzalez" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Matthews, R. W. & Teran, J. B. (1996) Cortejo en las avispas parasitoides Melittobia acasta y Melittobia australica (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 687 - 692." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
González
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25F26FE34F09CFE5F" box="[1374,1436,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although we are not yet prepared to formally synonymize it, we suspect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25E10FDECF1DEFDB7" box="[1128,1246,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25E10FDECF1DEFDB7" box="[1128,1246,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. evansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may ultimately prove to be a variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25BD7FDC4F755FDEF" box="[431,597,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25BD7FDC4F755FDEF" box="[431,597,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F112309FFD25ABDFDBCF730FD4C" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The comparative courtship behavior of the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7264922309FFD25974FDBCF6B5FDC7" box="[780,949,592,617]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Anthophorabia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25974FDBCF6B5FDC7" box="[780,949,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs has been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25F73FDBCF5F3FD3C" author="Gonzalez" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Matthews, R. W. & Teran, J. B. (1996) Cortejo en las avispas parasitoides Melittobia acasta y Melittobia australica (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 687 - 692." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
González
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C3032309FFD25FFFFDBCF5B5FD3F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25B78FD94F483FD3C" author="Lapp" box="[256,387,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Lapp, S. A. (1994) The mating system of Melittobia parasitic wasps: fluctuating asymmetry, sexual selection, and comparative courtship behavior. [Master of Science thesis] Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia. 63 pp." type="book" year="1994">Lapp 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25BE0FD94F79FFD3C" box="[408,671,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Matthews, R. W. & Teran, J. B. (1996) Cortejo en las avispas parasitoides Melittobia acasta y Melittobia australica (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 687 - 692." type="journal article">González et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found courtship duration to be longer for BF courtships. In contrast,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E02309FFD25AA2FD4CF46EFD14" author="Lapp" box="[218,366,672,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" refString="Lapp, S. A. (1994) The mating system of Melittobia parasitic wasps: fluctuating asymmetry, sexual selection, and comparative courtship behavior. [Master of Science thesis] Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia. 63 pp." type="book" year="1994">Lapp (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported male display in BF courtship was shorter and seemed to truncate some components of that observed in MF pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |