690 lines
92 KiB
XML
690 lines
92 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D12E0F1BDC0BC5A52E374151FF28FB31">Studies on the Australian Muscidae (Diptera). VIII. The genus Lispe Latreille, 1797</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3219654CFFEFFFDC37E851342468FAEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5934163" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152613469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5934163" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3219654CFFEFFFDC37E851342468FAEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3219654CFFEFFFDC37E851342468FAEB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD537E851342698FBE6" blockId="5.[151,491,1086,1112]" box="[151,491,1086,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E851342698FBE6" bold="true" box="[151,491,1086,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5379151342698FBE6" authority="Latreille, 1797" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[238,491,1086,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537915134265CFBE6" bold="true" box="[238,303,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispe</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD5364951342698FBE6" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[310,491,1086,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref123061" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1797) Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Prevot, Paris and Brive, Bourdeaux, xiv + 201 pp." type="book" year="1797">Latreille, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2AA87D1FFEFFFD537E8518C22EEFB49" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD537E8518C22E8FB25" blockId="5.[151,1437,1157,1333]" box="[151,1435,1157,1179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="9AA0F374FFEFFFD537E8518C22E8FB25" box="[151,1435,1157,1179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD537E8518C26C2FB25" authority="Latreille, 1797: 169" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="169" authorityYear="1797" box="[151,433,1157,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E8518C27BDFB25" box="[151,206,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispe</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="3B11F24BFFEFFFD537A5518F26C2FB25" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[218,433,1157,1179]" page="169" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1797">
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD537A5518F260BFB25" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[218,376,1157,1179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref123061" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1797) Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Prevot, Paris and Brive, Bourdeaux, xiv + 201 pp." type="book" year="1797">Latreille, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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: 169
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. [Without included species.] Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD534F9518C2385FB25" authority="De Geer, 1776" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1776" box="[902,1270,1157,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD534F9518C233BFB25" box="[902,1096,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<collectingRegion id="78741AB8FFEFFFD534F9518C24B9FB25" box="[902,970,1158,1179]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Musca</collectingRegion>
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tentaculata
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</emphasis>
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De Geer, 1776
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD537B851AF22EEFB49" blockId="5.[151,1437,1157,1333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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monotypy (
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD5364451AE257AFB04" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[315,521,1188,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="13 - 467" refId="ref123096" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes. In: Sonnini, C. S. (Ed.), Histoire naturelle par Buffon. Fol. 3. Dufart, Paris, pp. i-xii + 13 - 467." type="book chapter" year="1802">Latreille, 1802: 462</bibRefCitation>
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). Gender: feminine.
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD537E851C926B2FB66" authority="Walckenaer, 1802: 392" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityPageNumber="392" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,449,1218,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E851C927BCFB66" box="[151,207,1219,1240]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD537AA51C826FDFB66" author="Walckenaer, C. A." box="[213,398,1218,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref125331" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1802) Faune Parisienne, Insectes. Ou histoire abregee des insectes des environs de Paris, classes d ' apres le systeme de Fabricius, precedee d ' un discours sur les insectes en general, pour servir d ' introduction a l ' etude de l ' entomologie. Tome 2. Dentu, Paris, xxii + 438 pp." type="book" year="1802">Walckenaer, 1802</bibRefCitation>
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: 392
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</taxonomicName>
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. Emendation of
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5351951C9244FFB66" authority="Latreille, 1797" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[614,828,1218,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5351951C925EEFB66" box="[614,669,1219,1240]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispe</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD535DB51C8244FFB66" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[676,828,1218,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref123061" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1797) Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Prevot, Paris and Brive, Bourdeaux, xiv + 201 pp." type="book" year="1797">Latreille, 1797</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD537E851EB26ADFB49" authority="Malloch, 1922 a: 279" authorityName="Malloch" authorityPageNumber="279" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,478,1249,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Xenolispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E851EB278FFB49" box="[151,252,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Xenolispa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD5367A51EB26D8FB49" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[261,427,1249,1271]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="271 - 280" refId="ref123235" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1922 a) Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). - V. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9 (51), 271 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932208632675" type="journal article" year="1922">Malloch, 1922a</bibRefCitation>
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: 279
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(as a subgenus of
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||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD535D651E82592FB49" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1802" box="[681,737,1250,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD535D651E82592FB49" box="[681,737,1250,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[sic]
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<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD5345E51EB24CEFB49" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[801,957,1249,1271]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref123061" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1797) Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Prevot, Paris and Brive, Bourdeaux, xiv + 201 pp." type="book" year="1797">Latreille, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5331A51E822EEFB49" box="[1125,1437,1249,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrifrontata" subGenus="Xenolispa">
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<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5331A51E822EEFB49" box="[1125,1437,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispa (Xenolispa) atrifrontata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F2AA87D1FFEFFFD537B8500A2222FA8A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD537B8500A2222FA8A" blockId="5.[151,1437,1157,1333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
Malloch, 1922 [=
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||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD53601500B25BBFAA8" authority="Schiner, 1868" authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[382,712,1280,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD53601500B2540FAA8" box="[382,563,1280,1302]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispe sydneyensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD53547500A25BBFAA8" author="Schiner, J. R." box="[568,712,1280,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref124268" refString="Schiner, J. R. (1868) Diptera. In: Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil 2. 1 (B). Gerold's Sohn, Wien [= Vienna], pp. 1 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7913" type="journal volume" year="1868">Schiner, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
], by original designation. Gender: feminine.
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD537E85014269DFA8A" authority="Malloch, 1922 b: 386" authorityName="Malloch" authorityPageNumber="386" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,494,1310,1332]" class="Insecta" genus="Chaetolispa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E850142661FA8A" box="[151,274,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chaetolispa</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD53668501426C8FA8A" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[279,443,1310,1332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="379 - 391" refId="ref123283" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1922 b). Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). - VII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 10 (58), 379 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932208632788" type="journal article" year="1922">Malloch, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 386
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD535F6502A24E4FA8A" authority="Stein, 1909" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1909" box="[649,919,1310,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniseta">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD535F6502A2468FA8B" box="[649,795,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispa geniseta</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFEFFFD5345D501424E4FA8A" author="Stein, P." box="[802,919,1310,1332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="205 - 271" refId="ref124794" refString="Stein, P. (1909) Neue javanische Anthomyiden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 52, 205 - 271." type="journal article" year="1909">Stein, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, by original designation. Gender: feminine.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F2AA87D1FFEFFFD537E8506B2352FA7C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD537E8506B2352FA7C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1377,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537E8506B2660FAC4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1377,1402]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Species of the genus
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||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5356650682525FAC7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[537,598,1378,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5356650682525FAC7" box="[537,598,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
can immediately be recognised by the dilated palpus (e.g.
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<figureCitation id="228BC8DFFFEFFFD53272506B2213FAC4" box="[1293,1376,1377,1402]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–20" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1974,1997]" captionTargetBox="[266,1281,440,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[249,1337,432,1960]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 16–20. Lispe setigena Vikhrev & Pont. 16. ♂ head, lateral view. 17. ♂ arista. 18. ♂ head, frontal view. 19. ♀ palpus. 20. ♂ abdomen. (16–18, NSW, 40 km N of Walgett; 19, NT, Jim Jim Creek; 20, Q, Bundaberg.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584532/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
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) and setulose anepimeron. Almost all species have a setulose abdominal sternite 1, a partly to wholly setulose parafacial, and a tuft of short black setulae on the hind margin of posterior thoracic spiracle.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F2AA87D1FFEFFFDC37B850C726E6FEFE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEFFFD637B850C72498FF40" blockId="5.[151,1437,1377,2014]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,254]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD537B850C72622FA58" bold="true" box="[199,337,1485,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
|
||
: Frons broad in both sexes, usually strongly convex and narrowing to just below lunula (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="228BC8DFFFEFFFD5320F50C727C5F9B4" captionStart="FIGURES 16–20" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1974,1997]" captionTargetBox="[266,1281,440,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[249,1337,432,1960]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 16–20. Lispe setigena Vikhrev & Pont. 16. ♂ head, lateral view. 17. ♂ arista. 18. ♂ head, frontal view. 19. ♀ palpus. 20. ♂ abdomen. (16–18, NSW, 40 km N of Walgett; 19, NT, Jim Jim Creek; 20, Q, Bundaberg.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584532/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eye bare; with an area of facets alongside lunula enlarged, more marked in
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFEFFFD5335A50F82349F9B7" box="[1061,1082,1522,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
than in
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFEFFFD533E750F823DDF9B7" box="[1176,1198,1522,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
. Ocellar setae strong (fine and short in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD53619531C268AF993" box="[358,505,1558,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrimana">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD53619531C268AF993" box="[358,505,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. nigrimana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD53575531C25BFF990" authorityName="Pont" authorityYear="2019" box="[522,716,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrimanoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD53575531C25BFF990" box="[522,716,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. nigrimanoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD535A3531C2426F990" box="[732,853,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD535A3531C2426F990" box="[732,853,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. flaveola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5341A531C237AF990" box="[869,1033,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5341A531C237AF990" box="[869,1033,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. sydneyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD53366531C23B4F990" box="[1049,1223,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD53366531C23B4F990" box="[1049,1223,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. nicobarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a few others, especially
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFEFFFD536715330264FF9EC" box="[270,316,1594,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
). Inner verticals long, generally twice as long as outer verticals. Fronto-orbital plate narrow. 2 pairs of reclinate orbital setae, lower pair absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD535DF53542440F9CB" box="[672,819,1630,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrimana">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD535DF53542440F9CB" box="[672,819,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. nigrimana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5343C535424C8F9C8" box="[835,955,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5343C535424C8F9C8" box="[835,955,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. flaveola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and sometimes in a few others; 3 or more pairs of inclinate frontal setae. Fronto-orbital plate with short setulae that continue down parafacial almost to lower eye-margin, parafacial rarely bare in upper part or, very occasionally, even entirely bare. Frontal triangle reaching lunula. Palpus swollen in apical part, spoon- or saucer-shaped. Proboscis dark brown, prementum glossy.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5324B53C0222EF95F" box="[1332,1373,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Acr</emphasis>
|
||
setae absent, rarely with a weak
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5369F53E42563F8BB" box="[480,528,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">prsc</emphasis>
|
||
pair.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5352453E425F6F8BB" box="[603,645,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pra</emphasis>
|
||
absent. 2
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5347753E7245FF8B8" box="[776,812,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior one at most half as long as posterior one. Prosternum bare. Proepisternal depression bare. Notopleuron with 2 setae, second one the shortest, otherwise bare. Anepimeron with fine setulae on lower part. Subalar bulla bare. Posterior spiracle small, round, with at least 2 strong black setae on posterior margin, but these sometimes inconspicuous, and apparently absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD53236525322E6F8CC" authorityName="Pont" authorityYear="2019" box="[1353,1429,1881,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD53236525322E6F8CC" box="[1353,1429,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">glauca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Katatergite with short pile. Anatergite bare. Scutellum with strong apical and sub-basal lateral pairs of setae. Mid femur without
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5364252AB262AF804" box="[317,345,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ad</emphasis>
|
||
preapical seta (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5350852A82582F807" authorityName="Vikhrev & Pont in Vikhrev" authorityYear="2016" box="[631,753,1954,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setigena">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5350852A82582F807" box="[631,753,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. setigena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEFFFD5345652A824D9F807" authorityName="Vikhrev & Pont in Vikhrev" authorityYear="2016" box="[809,938,1954,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmoza">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5345652A824D9F807" box="[809,938,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. pygmoza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Hind tibia with calcar absent; usually with strong
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5379A52CF2780F860" box="[229,243,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEFFFD5365352CF263BF860" box="[300,328,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ad</emphasis>
|
||
preapical setae, but either one of these sometimes absent. Wing-membrane entirely covered with microtrichiae. Veins bare, except costa; costa setulose ventrally almost to tip of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="2634D61FFFECFFD6332155AC2305FF0A" attach="right" box="[1118,1142,166,180]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2+3</subScript>
|
||
. Vein A
|
||
<subScript id="2634D61FFFECFFD633AD55AC23A9FF0A" attach="left" box="[1234,1242,166,180]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</subScript>
|
||
+CuA
|
||
<subScript id="2634D61FFFECFFD6326055AC2254FF0A" attach="left" box="[1311,1319,166,180]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</subScript>
|
||
extending for over half the distance from crossvein CuA
|
||
<subScript id="2634D61FFFECFFD635DC55C725D8FF65" attach="left" box="[675,683,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</subScript>
|
||
to wing-margin. Lower calypter of the "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFECFFD6330355B423A8FF69" box="[1148,1243,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Phaonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFECFFD6330355B423A8FF69" box="[1148,1243,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Phaonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="650B6AF8FFECFFD6339D55B5226AFF69" box="[1250,1305,191,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
". Sternite 1 with fine setulae at least at sides (very short or absent only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFECFFD6343555EC24A8FF40" box="[842,987,229,254]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFECFFD6343555EC24A8FF40" box="[842,987,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. leucospila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EECF84D2FFECFFD637E852D8233EF856" box="[151,1101,2002,2024]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584522/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,250,2002,2024]" targetBox="[151,1435,341,1928]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFECFFD637E852D8233EF856" blockId="6.[151,1101,2002,2024]" box="[151,1101,2002,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFECFFD637E852D82660F859" bold="true" box="[151,275,2002,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFECFFD6366652D92572F856" authority="Vikhrev" authorityName="Vikhrev" box="[281,513,2002,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFECFFD6366652D926DBF856" box="[281,424,2002,2024]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lispe flaveola</emphasis>
|
||
Vikhrev
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♂. (NT, Birraduk Creek, 17 km WSW Nimbuwah Rock.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEDFFD737B8559D24A4FEFE" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Characters of the male and female terminalia are discussed below (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEDFFD73378559323F8FF0E" box="[1031,1163,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD73378559323F8FF0E" box="[1031,1163,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEDFFD733E555932245FF0E" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1776" box="[1178,1334,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD733E555932245FF0E" box="[1178,1334,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also under each species). As a general comment, in most males the epandrium is produced ventrad into a “pseudosurstylus”, although without any articulation. Sternites 1–3 or 1–4 do not usually differ between the sexes, whilst in dry specimens sternite 5 is at least partly concealed beneath sternite 4. The female ovipositor is rarely much longer than the length of segment 5, and the three spermathecae are subspherical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EECF84D2FFEDFFD737E8529B23A2F852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584524/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,264,1937,1960]" targetBox="[289,1323,413,1875]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFEDFFD737E8529B23A2F852" blockId="7.[151,1436,1937,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD737E8529B264AF819" bold="true" box="[151,313,1937,1960]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 2–5</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFEDFFD736335299254AF816" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[332,569,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD7363352992698F816" box="[332,491,1939,1960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lispe pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
Fallén
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♂ terminalia (Austria).
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD7343652982425F819" bold="true" box="[841,854,1938,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</emphasis>
|
||
. Hypopygium, dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD733F2529823E9F819" bold="true" box="[1165,1178,1938,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</emphasis>
|
||
. Syntergosternite 8 and hypopygium, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD736CF52B926CEF876" bold="true" box="[432,445,1971,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</emphasis>
|
||
. Phallic complex, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFEDFFD7347052BE246FF877" bold="true" box="[783,796,1972,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5</emphasis>
|
||
. phallic complex, ventral view. [All to the same scale.] pphallus, pg—postgonite, ph—phallapodeme, hpc—the point of attachment to the hypandrium (not shown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE2FFD837B8559D247FFE12" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD837B8559D26C8FF0E" bold="true" box="[199,443,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Taxonomic position.</emphasis>
|
||
For many years
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD835F9559325B0FF0E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[646,707,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD835F9559325B0FF0E" box="[646,707,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was usually placed in its own subfamily (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD83392559D22E4FF0E" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[1261,1431,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="171 - 346" refId="ref123435" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1934) Muscidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Fol. 7. British Museum, London, pp. 171 - 346." type="book chapter" year="1934">Malloch, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD837E855B6265CFF6A" author="Emden, F. I. van" box="[151,303,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="251 - 275" refId="ref122505" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1941) Keys to the Muscidae of the Ethiopian Region: Scatophaginae, Anthomyiinae, Lispinae, Fanniinae. Bulletin of entomological Research, 32, 251 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300017193" type="journal article" year="1941">Emden, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD8364255B6260BFF6B" author="Emden, F. I. van" box="[317,376,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref122606" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1965) The Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Diptera, 7, Muscidae, part 1. Government of India, Delhi, xiv + 647 pp." type="book" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD836FA55B6255BFF6B" author="Huckett, H. C." box="[389,552,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="869 - 915" refId="ref122877" refString="Huckett, H. C. (1965) Family Muscidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Agricultural Handbook 276, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, pp. 869 - 915." type="book chapter" year="1965">Huckett, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which emphasised its autapomorphies without illuminating its relationships.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD837E855D52668FF46" author="Karl, O." box="[151,283,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref122959" refString="Karl, O. (1928) Zweiflugler oder Diptera. II: Muscidae. In: Dahl, F. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. Fol. 13. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, pp. i-iv + 1 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1928">Karl (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD836DB55EB2693FF46" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[420,480,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD836DB55EB2693FF46" box="[420,480,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister-group of the rest of his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD834FD55D52352FF46" box="[898,1057,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Limnophorini">Limnophorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it was
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD833DB55D5223DFF46" author="Hennig, W." box="[1188,1358,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="385 - 432" refId="ref122752" refString="Hennig, W. (1960 a) 63 b. Muscidae. [Part]. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Lieferung 209. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 385 - 432." type="book chapter" year="1960">Hennig (1960a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD8322455D522E7FF46" author="Hennig, W." box="[1371,1428,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref122846" refString="Hennig, W. (1965) Vorarbeiten zu einem phylogenetischen System der Muscidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 141, 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) who first justified this assignment in a phylogenetic sense by pointing out that the ground-plan characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD83220540F22E8FEA2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[1375,1435,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD83220540F22E8FEA2" box="[1375,1435,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are those of the Limnophorinae, i.e. lower calypter tongue-shaped, of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD834B3542D2358FEFE" box="[972,1067,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Phaonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD834B3542D2358FEFE" box="[972,1067,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phaonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="650B6AF8FFE2FFD8334C54222314FEFE" box="[1075,1127,296,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, hind tibia without a calcar, prealar seta absent. The genus is now usually placed in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD8341854462370FEDB" box="[871,1027,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Limnophorini">Limnophorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD833B854462222FEDB" box="[1223,1361,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coenosiinae">Coenosiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD8321F544627A1FE36" author="Pont, A. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="57 - 215" refId="ref123873" refString="Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Fol. 11. Scathophagidae-Hypodermatidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 57 - 215." type="book chapter" year="1986">Pont, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD837A0547A2669FE36" author="Pont, A. C." box="[223,282,368,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="675 - 699" refId="ref123922" refString="Pont, A. C. (1989) Family Muscidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Special Publications of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 86, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, & E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 675 - 699." type="book chapter" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD836575465256EFE36" author="Carvalho, C. J. B. de & Couri, M. S. & Pont, A. C. & Pamplona, D. & Lopes, S. M." box="[296,541,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref122159" refString="Carvalho, C. J. B. de, Couri, M. S., Pont, A. C., Pamplona, D. & Lopes, S. M. (2005) A Catalogue of the Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa, 860 (1), 1 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 860.1.1" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Carvalho
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD836E7547B26B8FE36" box="[408,459,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or in a tribe Lispini alongside the tribes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD8337F546523EFFE36" box="[1024,1180,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Limnophorini">Limnophorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD833A95465223CFE36" box="[1238,1359,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Coenosiini">Coenosiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD83671549E26EAFE13" box="[270,409,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coenosiinae">Coenosiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD836D8549E256FFE12" author="Fan, Z. - D." box="[423,540,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref122645" refString="Fan, Z. - D. (Ed.) (2008) Fauna Sinica. Insecta Fol. 49. Diptera Muscidae (I). Science Press, Beijing, xvi + 1186 pp." type="book" year="2008">Fan, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE2FFD83558549F258CFE12" author="Xue, W. - Q. & Chao, C. - M." box="[551,767,404,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref125763" refString="Xue, W. - Q. & Chao, C. - M. (Eds.) (1998) Flies of China. Fol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, 1365 pp." type="book" year="1998">Xue & Chao, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EECF84D2FFE2FFD837E8521D250DF8F2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584526/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,264,1815,1838]" targetBox="[390,1204,528,1717]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE2FFD837E8521D250DF8F2" blockId="8.[151,1435,1815,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD837E8521D2640F893" bold="true" box="[151,307,1815,1838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 6–8</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD836405213256CF890" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[319,543,1816,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD83640521326ABF890" box="[319,472,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lispe pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
Fallén
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♀ ovipositor (Austria).
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD8346952122451F893" bold="true" box="[790,802,1816,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD834CB521224B2F893" bold="true" box="[948,961,1816,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD8332852122317F893" bold="true" box="[1111,1124,1816,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">8</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral view. c—cercus, epepiproct, hp—hypoproct, s—sternite, t—tergite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE2FFD937B8527E235FFF49" blockId="8.[151,1437,1908,2005]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD837B8527E2613F833" bold="true" box="[199,352,1908,1933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Adaptations.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE2FFD836A1527F2568F832" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[478,539,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE2FFD836A1527F2568F832" box="[478,539,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally fly low and rapidly close to the ground, and run rapidly and jerkily when on the ground. They mate on the ground, and male courtship displays are terrestrial rather than aerial and are based on visual and tactile signals. As aggressive predators they also spend much time on the ground, stalking prey on foot and then pouncing by means of a short flight. Several morphological adaptations reflect these largely cursorial habits, for example: a relatively short wing to body ratio, broad frons in both sexes, enlarged upper inner eye facets, and robust legs with strong tarsi and well developed apical tibial setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EECF84D2FFE3FFD937E85204262DF8DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584528/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,264,1806,1829]" targetBox="[249,1315,347,1772]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE3FFD937E85204262DF8DC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1806,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD937E852042632F89A" bold="true" box="[151,321,1806,1829]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 9–12</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE3FFD93631521A251DF89B" authority="(De Geer)" authorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[334,622,1807,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD93631521A268DF89B" box="[334,510,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lispe tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♂ terminalia (England).
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD9340D5205240CF89A" bold="true" box="[882,895,1807,1828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</emphasis>
|
||
. Hypopygium, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD933DC520523CFF89A" bold="true" box="[1187,1212,1807,1828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10</emphasis>
|
||
. Hypopygium, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD937AB52242799F8FD" bold="true" box="[212,234,1838,1859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">11</emphasis>
|
||
. Sternite 5, dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD9369352242576F8FD" bold="true" box="[492,517,1838,1859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">12</emphasis>
|
||
. Phallic complex, lateral view. [All to the same scale.] hp—hypandrium, pg—postgonite, ph—phallapodeme.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE3FFDA37B8528525B8FE6E" blockId="9.[151,1436,1935,2032]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD937B8528526F3F816" bold="true" box="[199,384,1935,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Species-groups.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD936F75285255AF816" author="Snyder, F. M." box="[392,553,1935,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref124616" refString="Snyder, F. M. (1954) A review of Nearctic Lispe Latreille (Diptera, Muscidae). American Museum Novitates, 1675, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1954">Snyder (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD9351F52852462F816" author="Hennig, W." box="[608,785,1935,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="385 - 432" refId="ref122752" refString="Hennig, W. (1960 a) 63 b. Muscidae. [Part]. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Lieferung 209. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 385 - 432." type="book chapter" year="1960">Hennig (1960a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were the first to propose species groups within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE3FFD93252529A221AF819" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[1325,1385,1936,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE3FFD93252529A221AF819" box="[1325,1385,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is only recently that additional species groups have been proposed and defined (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD9334152B9239DF872" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[1086,1262,1971,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref125028" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2011 a) Review of the Palaearctic members of the Lispe tentaculata species-group (Diptera, Muscidae): revised key, synonymy and notes on ecology. Zookeys, 84, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 84.819" type="journal article" year="2011">Vikhrev, 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD9338452B92231F872" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[1275,1346,1971,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="215 - 218" refId="ref125083" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2011 b) Taxonomic notes on the Lispe leucospila species-group (Diptera: Muscidae). Russian entomological Journal, 20, 215 - 218." type="journal article" year="2011">2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD9323052B922EBF872" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[1359,1432,1971,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref125148" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2012 b) Revision of the Lispe longicollis - group (Diptera, Muscidae). Zookeys, 235, 23 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 235.3306" type="journal article" year="2012">2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD937E852D227A1F84E" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[151,210,2008,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="147 - 170" refId="ref125231" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2014) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae). Parts 1 - 9. Amurian zoological Journal, 6, 147 - 170." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD937A252DD266BF84E" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[221,280,2007,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="228 - 247" refId="ref125265" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2015) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae), parts 10 - 12. Amurian zoological Journal, 7, 228 - 247." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE3FFD9365B52DD262CF84E" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[292,351,2007,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="171 - 185" refId="ref125299" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2016) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae), part 13. Amurian zoological Journal, 8, 171 - 185." type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Vikhrev, Ge & Zhang, 2016). These have been based mostly on the chaetotaxy of the body and legs, sometimes combined with external features of the male terminalia. Little or no use has yet been made of the internal male genitalia (phallic complex) or of the female ovipositor, nor of the very remarkable postabdominal segmentation. For the most part, the groups are based on practical convenience, as a means of breaking up this speciose genus into smaller, manageable units. Few of them are defined in monophyletic terms as virtually no attempt has been made to determine what are plesiomorphous character states, what are apomorphous character states, and what characters are synapomorphies. In the case of the leg chaetotaxy this is impossible to determine, but some apomorphies (in terms of the ground-plan of the genus) can be identified. Until a broad-based cladistic analysis of the whole genus has been made, it will not be possible to determine which groups are monophyletic or to determine evolutionary trends within the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B854D62274FDDE" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA37B854D6263AFE4B" bold="true" box="[199,329,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Phylogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
I suggest that a species like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA35F754D724B0FE4B" authority="Fallen, 1825" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1825" box="[648,963,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA35F754D72443FE4A" box="[648,816,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
Fallén, 1825
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closest to the ground-plan of the genus, and this can be supported by the weak expansion of the palpus, the full development of the scutal and katepisternal setae, and, in the male terminalia, the retention of freely articulated surstylus and a relatively simple aedeagal complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="228BC8DFFFE0FFDA3679574D261EFDDE" box="[262,365,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[289,1323,413,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[249,1337,373,1917]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Lispe pygmaea Fallén, ♂ terminalia (Austria). 2. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 3. Syntergosternite 8 and hypopygium, lateral view. 4. Phallic complex, lateral view. 5. phallic complex, ventral view. [All to the same scale.] pphallus, pg—postgonite, ph—phallapodeme, hpc—the point of attachment to the hypandrium (not shown)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584524/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 2–5</figureCitation>
|
||
); in the female terminalia, there are few if any spines on the hypoproct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="228BC8DFFFE0FFDA33EB574D2389FDDE" box="[1172,1274,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–8" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1815,1838]" captionTargetBox="[390,1204,528,1717]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[335,1251,481,1794]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 6–8. Lispe pygmaea Fallén, ♀ ovipositor (Austria). 6. Dorsal view. 7. Ventral view. 8. Lateral view. c—cercus, epepiproct, hp—hypoproct, s—sternite, t—tergite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 6–8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B857662485FD3B" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,645]" box="[199,1014,620,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Characters within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA36EB576726A3FD3A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[404,464,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA36EB576726A3FD3A" box="[404,464,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which appear to be apomorphous are as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B857BE25BFFD73" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,716,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1) 1 or 2 strong setae on the lower parafacial.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B857D224C7FD51" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,948,727,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(2) Reduction in the number and strength of the dorsocentral setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B857F624CAFCAA" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,953,764,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(3) Reduction in the number and strength of the katepisternal setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B8562A24E1FC86" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,914,799,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(4) Presence of a group of setulae on meron, below the spiracle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B8564E24B1FCE2" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,962,836,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(5) Presence of a strong setula on the posterior surface of hind coxa.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B8566D24F9FC3E" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,906,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(6) Progressive reduction of the male postabdominal segments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B8568625C8FC1B" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,699,908,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(7) Reduction and loss of the male surstylus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B856BA2331FC76" blockId="10.[199,1090,692,968]" box="[199,1090,943,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(8) Ventral expansion of the male epandrium to form a surstylus-like extension.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B856FD2462FB7B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The most interesting of these is undoubtedly the reduction of the postabdominal segments, which reaches its most extreme form in the common Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA35AB51172302FB8B" authority="(De Geer, 1776)" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1776" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[724,1137,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA35AB511724EFFB8B" box="[724,924,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer, 1776)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Here the postabdominal segments have been completely lost, tergite 5 is followed by the epandrium, and the postabdominal spiracles are situated in the epandrium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="228BC8DFFFE0FFDA36AD516E2538FBC2" box="[466,587,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–12" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[249,1315,347,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[249,1337,301,1786]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 9–12. Lispe tentaculata (De Geer), ♂ terminalia (England). 9. Hypopygium, dorsal view; 10. Hypopygium, lateral view. 11. Sternite 5, dorsal view. 12. Phallic complex, lateral view. [All to the same scale.] hp—hypandrium, pg—postgonite, ph—phallapodeme." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Curiously, this feature has never been remarked before. In many other species, including those dealt with in this paper, these postabdominal segments are reduced to varying degrees, often strap-like and bearing the postabdominal spiracles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B851C52482FAB3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The following is a brief description of the male and female terminalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA337651DB2239FB56" authority="Fallen, 1825" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1825" box="[1033,1354,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA337651DB23C1FB56" box="[1033,1202,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
Fallén, 1825
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which will illustrate the more plesiomorphous morphological features of the genus:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B850122609F9CB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFE0FFDA37B8501227ACFA91" box="[199,223,1304,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
. Epandrium and tergite 5 separated by syntergosternite 8 which is large, symmetrical, band-like, with 2 spiracles, bare, with no evident lines of fusion or division. Sternite 6 present as a small sclerite after/below sternite 5. Surstylus distinct, free-lying; upper anterior angle attaches to hypandrium, upper posterior angle attaches to upper inner corner of cercal plate. Cercal plate small, deeply divided. Hypandrium attaching at lower anterior corner of epandrium and to surstylus; bearing two bars and a shield-like plate that overlies phallus. Phallic complex: praegonite absent; epiphallus absent; phallapodeme shaped like an inverted V (bifid), connected by a small rod to a narrow plate which in turn connects with postgonite; postgonite long, strong, with a membranous posterior edge; phallus strongly sclerotised, with abundant and powerful spines and spinules on juxta, near base with an anterior projection and also with a posterior rod that lies against the plate lying between phallapodemal rods and postgonite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B8538A25E0F8BB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFE0FFDA37B8538A27AEF929" box="[199,221,1664,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
. Tergite 6 complete dorsally; tergite 7 divided dorsally; tergite 8 divided dorsally, with setulae and a spinule at lower angle. Sternites 6 and 7 complete; sternite 8 present as 2 narrow plates. Epiproct complete, large; with a pair of long setae. Hypoproct large, apical part produced and turned upwards, with a few weak spines. Cercus setulose, with a single spine. 3 spermathecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDA37B852052650F8F2" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
This can be compared with the following description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA3442521B23CDF896" authority="(De Geer, 1776)" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1776" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[829,1214,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA3442521B248CF896" box="[829,1023,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer, 1776)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type-species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE0FFDA37A0523F266FF8F2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[223,284,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE0FFDA37A0523F266FF8F2" box="[223,284,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE0FFDB37B85253264AFEDB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1015,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFE0FFDA37B8525327ACF8CE" box="[199,223,1881,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
. Epandrium attached to tergite 5, the intermediate tergite 6 and syntergosternite 8 lost; with 2 spiracles at anterior lower edge; apparently a fusion product. Sternite 6 present as a small sclerite after/below sternite 5. Surstylus fused with epandrium on outer epandrial surface, with no line of fusion or division visible on the outside; on inner surface of epandrium, upper part of "surstylus" growing free from epandrial wall and its upper margin attacheinh anteriorly to hypandrium and posteriorly to cercal plate. Cercal plate large, quadrate, with a short division before apex. Hypandrium with only a single attachment, to anterior end of surstylus; with a median prolongation that reaches to and joins base of phallapodeme. Phallic complex relatively simple: praegonite absent, though its former presence indicated by sensory pores at posterior edge of hypandrium; epiphallus absent; phallapodeme moderate, narrow; postgonite long, strong, sickle-like; phallus a simple tube, without apparent juxta or spinulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EECF84D2FFE1FFDB37E852962451F868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2584530/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,264,1948,1971]" targetBox="[307,1297,446,1861]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE1FFDB37E852962451F868" blockId="11.[151,1437,1948,2006]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE1FFDB37E85296263CF80C" bold="true" box="[151,335,1948,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURES 13–15</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE1FFDB36225294250CF80C" authority="(De Geer)" authorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[349,639,1948,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE1FFDB36225294257DF80C" box="[349,526,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lispe tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♀ ovipositor (England).
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE1FFDB34F7529724D2F80C" bold="true" box="[904,929,1949,1970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE1FFDB334652972321F80C" bold="true" box="[1081,1106,1949,1970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE1FFDB33905297227BF80C" bold="true" box="[1263,1288,1949,1970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral view. c—cercus, ep—epiproct, hp—hypoproct, s—sternite, t—tergite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE6FFDC37B8559226E6FEFE" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ACB61FD3FFE6FFDC37B8559227AEFF11" box="[199,221,152,175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
. Spiracles 1–5 becoming progressively larger, diameter of spiracle 5 at least twice that of spiracle 1. Tergites 6 and 7 divided dorsally; tergite 8 complete dorsally, expanded below. Sternite 6 divided, present as 2 small plates; sternite 7 a single plate; sternite 8 a single large plate. Epiproct divided into 2 small plates, with only setulae. Hypoproct large, apical part produced and turned upwards, with several spines. Cercus setulose, with a single spine. 3 spermathecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2AA87D1FFE6FFDC37B854462468FAEB" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE6FFDC37B8544622EAFE36" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC37B854462654FEDB" bold="true" box="[199,295,332,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
All species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC353A544725F2FEDA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[581,641,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC353A544725F2FEDA" box="[581,641,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are carnivorous in the larval and adult stages. Indeed, this feature is a ground-plan character of the entire subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC35E554652457FE36" box="[666,804,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coenosiinae">Coenosiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC344D546524A2FE36" box="[818,977,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Limnophorini">Limnophorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC349F54652329FE36" box="[992,1114,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Coenosiini">Coenosiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC330E546522FEFE36" author="Couri, M. S. & Pont, A. C." box="[1137,1421,367,392]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="373 - 392" refId="ref122268" refString="Couri, M. S. & Pont, A. C. (2000) Cladistic analysis of Coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiinae). Systematic Entomology, 25, 373 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2000.00125. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Couri & Pont, 2000: 374</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE6FFDC37B8549E2397FD3B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
What is known of the biology has been summarised by Skidmore (1985), who has also given descriptions of the immature stages of the few species for which these are known. The eggs have the hatching pleats produced anteriorly into respiratory horns which are ornately papillate. Larvae hatch in the second instar and develop in wet sand or mud with a high organic content, in algal mats in ponds and ditches, and also in shore debris.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC326D570B266EFD83" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC326D570B22E8FDA6" box="[1298,1435,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
Wiedemann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reared in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2A794CAFFE6FFDC3576572E251BFD83" box="[521,616,548,573]" name="Pakistan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
from cow dung, according to label data on specimens in the BMNH. Larvae feed on other subaquatic dipterous larvae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC359E574D2423FDDE" box="[737,848,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC3420574D2371FDDE" box="[863,1026,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC336E574D23A0FDDE" box="[1041,1235,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC339D574D22EBFDDE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1250,1432,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dolichopodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC37E85766266EFD3B" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[151,285,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Phyllopoda, etc. Pupariation takes place in the substrate or in the immediate vicinity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE6FFDC37B85785225FFB8B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Adults have been reported as taking a variety of small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC343E578524E6FD16" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[833,917,655,680]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
as prey such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC33275785238BFD16" box="[1112,1272,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC3277578527A1FD72" author="Charbonnier, H. J." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="86 - 91" refId="ref122233" refString="Charbonnier, H. J. (1918) Notes on the Diptera of Somerset. Part III. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 64, 86 - 91." type="journal article" year="1918">Charbonnier, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC37A257BE2614FD72" author="Wirth, W. W." box="[221,359,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="143 - 191" refId="ref125720" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1947) A review of the genus Telmatogeton Schiner, with descriptions of three new Hawaiian species (Diptera: Tendipedidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 13, 143 - 191." type="journal article" year="1947">Wirth, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC360657BE2575FD73" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[377,518,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC354357BE24F0FD72" authority="(Williams, 1938)" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1938" baseAuthorityName="Williams" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[572,899,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Milichiidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC35B457BE2408FD72" author="Williams, F. X." box="[715,891,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="85 - 119" refId="ref125618" refString="Williams, F. X. (1938) Biological studies in Hawaiian water-loving insects. Part III. Diptera or flies. A, Ephydridae and Anthomyiidae. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 10, 85 - 119." type="journal article" year="1938">Williams, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC34C257BE234FFD73" box="[957,1084,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC330D57BE22EAFD72" authority="(Hardy, 1981)" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1138,1433,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Ephydridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC327E57BE22E3FD72" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[1281,1424,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref122683" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1981) Insects of Hawaii. A manual of the insects of the Hawaiian Islands, including an enumeration of the species and notes on their origin, distribution, hosts, parasites, etc. Fol. 14. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha IF. Series Schizophora. Section Calyptratae. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 491 pp." type="book" year="1981">Hardy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They have attracted attention in tropical areas of the Old World as predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC336457DD23F5FD4E" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[1051,1158,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC33C157DD2249FD4E" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1214,1338,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preying on larvae, puparia as well as adults.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC355157F72518FCAA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[558,619,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC355157F72518FCAA" box="[558,619,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
predation on culicid larvae and adults has been described in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2A794CAFFE6FFDC326757F722EFFCAB" box="[1304,1436,765,789]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC37E156152620FC86" author="Atkinson, J. M." box="[158,339,799,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="255 - 256" refId="ref122001" refString="Atkinson, J. M. (1909) A possible natural enemy to the mosquito. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 12, 255 - 256." type="journal article" year="1909">Atkinson, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in Hawaii (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC3695561525EDFC86" author="Williams, F. X." box="[490,670,799,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="149 - 197" refId="ref125660" refString="Williams, F. X. (1944) Biological studies in Hawaiian water-loving insects. Part III. Diptera or flies. D, Culicidae, Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Part IV. Lepidoptera or moths and butterflies. Part V. Hemiptera or bugs. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomolocal Society, 12, 149 - 197." type="journal article" year="1944">Williams, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in Africa by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC340356152344FC86" author="Lamborn, W. A." box="[892,1079,799,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="279 - 281" refId="ref123019" refString="Lamborn, W. A. (1920) The habits of a dipteron predaceous on mosquitos in Nyasaland. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11, 279 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300044680" type="journal article" year="1920">Lamborn (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC330D56152221FC86" author="Cuthbertson, A." box="[1138,1362,799,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="16 - 34" refId="ref122428" refString="Cuthbertson, A. (1937) Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesia Science Association, 35, 16 - 34." type="journal article" year="1937">Cuthbertson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC3220562B2602FCE3" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC3220562B2791FCE3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe nivalis</emphasis>
|
||
Wiedemann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was noted as a major predator of young adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC34EA564E2385FCE3" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[917,1270,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damnosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC34EA564E23F1FCE3" box="[917,1154,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Simulium damnosum</emphasis>
|
||
Theobald
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC324D564E2456FC3E" authority="Pomeroy in Haute-Volta (Balay & Grenier, 1965)" authorityName="Pomeroy in Haute-Volta (Balay & Grenier" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC324D564E27AEFC3E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
|
||
Pomeroy in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2A794CAFFE6FFDC3609566D268EFC3E" box="[374,509,871,896]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haute-Volta</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC3570566D246EFC3E" author="Balay, G. & Grenier, P." box="[527,797,871,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="611 - 619" refId="ref122031" refString="Balay, G. & Grenier, P. (1965) Lispe nivalis Wiedemann (Muscidae, Lispinae), et Ochthera sp. (Ephydridae), dipteres predateurs de Simulium damnosum Theobald et S. adersi Pomeroy, en Haute-Volta. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 57 (3), 611 - 619. [1964]" type="journal article" year="1965">Balay & Grenier, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In Europe, adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC34865663239EFC3E" authority="Ringdahl" authorityName="Ringdahl" authorityYear="1922" box="[1017,1261,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loewi">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC34865663230FFC3E" box="[1017,1148,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe loewi</emphasis>
|
||
Ringdahl
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prey on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC3226566D2699FC1B" authority="(Meigen)" authorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC3226566D2782FC1B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen) (Culicidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC355A5686231CFC1B" authority="Glukhova" authorityName="Glukhova" authorityYear="1971" box="[549,1135,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC355A5686246FFC1B" box="[549,796,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Culicoides longicollis</emphasis>
|
||
Glukhova (Ceratopogonidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC33FE56862228FC1A" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[1153,1371,908,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="271 - 274" refId="ref124987" refString="Szadziewski, R. (1982) Lispe loewi Ringd. (Diptera, Muscidae) - predator attacking haematophagous Diptera in highly saline habitats of Poland. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne, 28, 271 - 274. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1982">Szadziewski, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mating and predatory behaviours have been described in detail for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC34EC56BB23A2FC76" authority="(De Geer)" authorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[915,1233,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC34EC56BB2325FC76" box="[915,1110,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe tentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC338156A522EFFC76" author="Schlee, D." box="[1278,1436,943,968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref124356" refString="Schlee, D. (1977) Chironomidae als Beute von Dolichopodidae, Muscidae, Ephydridae, Anthomyiidae, Scatophagidae und anderen Insecta. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (A), 302, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1977">Schlee (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC378A56DF2562FC52" authority="Kowarz" authorityName="Kowarz" authorityYear="1892" box="[245,529,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="candicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC378A56DF26DDFC53" box="[245,430,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe candicans</emphasis>
|
||
Kowarz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC353E56DE245EFC53" author="Steidle, J. L. M. & Dettner, K. & Hubner, G. & Kopf, A. & Reinhard, J." box="[577,813,980,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="11 - 19" refId="ref124670" refString="Steidle, J. L. M., Dettner, K., Hubner, G., Kopf, A. & Reinhard, J. (1995) The predaceous fly Lispe candicans (Diptera: Muscidae) and its chemically protected prey, the rove beetle Bledius furcatus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Entomologia Generalis, 20, 11 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / entom. gen / 20 / 1995 / 11" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Steidle
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC35E656DF25BEFC53" box="[665,717,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A summary of the predaceous activity was given by Werner & Pont (2006). Further more recent information and photographs of the adults with prey are given in the papers of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC367A511626C5FB8A" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[261,438,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref125028" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2011 a) Review of the Palaearctic members of the Lispe tentaculata species-group (Diptera, Muscidae): revised key, synonymy and notes on ecology. Zookeys, 84, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 84.819" type="journal article" year="2011">Vikhrev (2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC36BE5116257BFB8B" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[449,520,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="215 - 218" refId="ref125083" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2011 b) Taxonomic notes on the Lispe leucospila species-group (Diptera: Muscidae). Russian entomological Journal, 20, 215 - 218." type="journal article" year="2011">2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC356B5116252EFB8B" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[532,605,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref125148" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2012 b) Revision of the Lispe longicollis - group (Diptera, Muscidae). Zookeys, 235, 23 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 235.3306" type="journal article" year="2012">2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC3517511625DCFB8A" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[616,687,1052,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="423 - 433" refId="ref125191" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2012 c) Four new species of Lispe Latreille, 1796 (Diptera: Muscidae) with taxonomic notes on related species. Russian entomological Journal, 21, 423 - 433." type="journal article" year="2012">2012c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC35C551162586FB8A" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[698,757,1052,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="147 - 170" refId="ref125231" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2014) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae). Parts 1 - 9. Amurian zoological Journal, 6, 147 - 170." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC347F51162448FB8B" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[768,827,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="228 - 247" refId="ref125265" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2015) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae), parts 10 - 12. Amurian zoological Journal, 7, 228 - 247." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC3438511624F2FB8B" author="Vikhrev, N. E." box="[839,897,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="171 - 185" refId="ref125299" refString="Vikhrev, N. E. (2016) Taxonomic notes on Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae), part 13. Amurian zoological Journal, 8, 171 - 185." type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Werner, Kampen & Pont (2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0FD45AFFE6FFDC37B851352468FAEB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Observations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2A794CAFFE6FFDC36FA51352698FBE6" box="[389,491,1087,1112]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
are sparse in the extreme. No life-histories are known, despite the abundance of species (and individuals) especially in littoral habitats. The type-series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC3499516F2309FBC2" box="[998,1146,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrimana">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC3499516F2309FBC2" box="[998,1146,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. nigrimana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reared from puparia found in mud at the edge of the Burnett River.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC35DF51832469FB1E" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1909" box="[672,794,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC35DF51832469FB1E" box="[672,794,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. geniseta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sister-species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC3374518323F6FB1E" authorityName="Vikhrev & Pont in Vikhrev" authorityYear="2016" box="[1035,1157,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setigena">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC3374518323F6FB1E" box="[1035,1157,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. setigena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was reared in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2A794CAFFE6FFDC3250518D22EFFB1E" box="[1327,1436,1159,1184]" name="Indonesia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
from rice stems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC362C51A62573FB7B" author="Stein, P." box="[339,512,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="47 - 86" refId="ref124917" refString="Stein, P. (1920) Anthomyiden aus Java, Sumatra, Waigeoe und Ceram. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 62 (Supplement), 47 - 86. [1919]" type="journal article" year="1920">Stein, 1920: 61</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In his study of Australian kelp flies,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC34D451A623EBFB7A" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[939,1176,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="29 - 84" refId="ref123470" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1991) Review of the Australian kelp flies (Diptera: Coelopidae). Systematic Entomology, 16, 29 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1991. tb 00573. x" type="journal article" year="1991">McAlpine (1991: 82)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote that predators of coelopid larvae probably included, among others, muscid larvae such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC348C51DB2343FB56" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[1011,1072,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC348C51DB2343FB56" box="[1011,1072,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also reported that he had observed adults of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC360351FF26CAFAB2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1797" box="[380,441,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC360351FF26CAFAB2" box="[380,441,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species eating adults of
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC35B751FE2433FAB2" box="[712,832,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">This canus</emphasis>
|
||
McAlpine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC34B951FE233AFAB3" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1910" box="[966,1097,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Coelopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coelopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and other small, beach-living flies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21A9ABFFE6FFDC37AA501326D2FA8E" author="Pont, A. C." box="[213,417,1304,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 296" refId="ref123642" refString="Pont, A. C. (1973 a) Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 21, 129 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 021" type="journal article" year="1973">Pont (1973a: 197)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Pont & Werner (2006: 98) reported on the muscid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC336C50132224FA8E" authority="(Wiedemann)" authorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1043,1367,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Neomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lauta">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC336C501323CBFA8E" box="[1043,1208,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Neomyia lauta</emphasis>
|
||
(Wiedemann)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taken as prey by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC366E503726C2FAEA" authorityName="Vikhrev & Pont in Vikhrev" authorityYear="2016" box="[273,433,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Lispe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setigena">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC366E503726C2FAEA" box="[273,433,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lispe setigena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DB0AFD9FFE6FFDC369F5037254EFAEA" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1909" box="[480,573,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Lispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="88C40848FFE6FFDC369F5037254EFAEA" box="[480,573,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">geniseta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, misidentification).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |