322 lines
38 KiB
XML
322 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="72ACD93437CAE8B78BE8D1627CF683B7">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FE71C230C9AAEF7B1CA013AE85980856">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28DD57A4B1A78F75BB06BBEA80EEF59D">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="923109C3B54926BD3F1F349133BE0407">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B631902B2D897E5FD4A14470F372771">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9E032A2EB4D814A4C84B94233583974">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BA10092DC88BBA914E8C745B9BEABFC">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DDF6BA5D4B166A65E8378997714A8AB2">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="42D0B70EA97466457ED889028F8922BA" type="email">spilomallynae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="09585354231CC9923AE154806676DB10">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="64476368D20BA532C3EE83EFD3FD97A4">
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<mods:date id="85CF37B317DED6E3B4C06538E909C56B">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0372AD141CFBDBE8DCF6482CEC7E1718">2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5A995DB0365BD01E3FCA28EC11A64344">5197</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E4DD23BF6F8EFCFB2498EFB2272761D0">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="8ADEAAC0B46711E510F7CB6DD0A1AA04">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E7E8B9D8CE24A3368DEB629E1615D51B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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2.11.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FF3A5678FE955D5F" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[213,367,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF28000FF785630FEFA5CC6" blockId="41.[151,1437,618,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF785630FE235DE7" bold="true" box="[151,473,618,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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the largest subfamily within the snout moths (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FC065631FB9D5DE6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1001,1127,619,645]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</taxonomicName>
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), and with 4,126 species in 341 genera, represents almost one third of the total
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FD3B56D5FCB65DCA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[724,844,655,681]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</taxonomicName>
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diversity (Nuss
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FBEC56D5FBC15DCA" box="[1027,1083,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003–2022,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF28000FB2256D5FA6B5DCA" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[1229,1425,655,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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||
Léger
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FAFA56D5FAB75DCA" box="[1301,1357,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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2020
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). From
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF28000FF3556E9FEEC5DAE" box="[218,278,691,717]" name="India" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">India</collectingCountry>
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, 631 species in 161 genera are reported, representing 15.29% of the global
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FBBF56E9FB1E5DAE" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1104,1252,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
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diversity. Of the 161 genera reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF28000FE52568DFE035D92" box="[445,505,727,753]" name="India" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">India</collectingCountry>
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, 66 genera are known by only a single species each, and 84 genera comprise equal to or fewer than 10 species. Seven genera contain 11 to 20 species, and only four genera,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FB6756A1FAC25C76" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1808" box="[1160,1336,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Palpita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FB6756A1FB205C76" box="[1160,1242,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Palpita</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FAAB56A1FF175C5A" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Syllepte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FAAB56A1FA675C76" box="[1348,1437,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Syllepte</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FF175745FE595C5A" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1888" box="[248,419,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Patania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF175745FEAB5C5B" box="[248,337,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Patania</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FE375745FD555C5A" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[472,687,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Glyphodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FE375745FDAA5C5A" box="[472,592,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Glyphodes</emphasis>
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Guenée
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</taxonomicName>
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, are represented by over 20 species (
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||
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFF28000FBA55745FB645C5A" box="[1098,1182,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="42.[152,255,2014,2038]" captionTargetId="figure-18@42.[492,1095,181,1989]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 30. Species diversity of Indian Spilomelinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7849041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7849041/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF28000FB3F5745FAF65C5A" box="[1232,1292,799,825]" name="India" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">India</collectingCountry>
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, the subfamily is most diverse in North East with over 350 recorded species, followed by the central Himalaya and the Western Ghats. In contrast, the Trans-Himalayan and Desert biogeographic zones are represented by very few
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FAE7573DFA665CE2" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1288,1436,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFF28000FF7057D1FF095CC6" box="[159,243,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[152,255,1615,1639]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,569,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-195@43.[164,1423,561,1591]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Species diversity of Indian Spilomelinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252354/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF28000FF2857F4FE8859DE" blockId="41.[151,1437,618,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF2857F4FE645CAA" bold="true" box="[199,414,942,969]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Adult characters:</emphasis>
|
||
diverse in shape and size, with wingspans ranging from under
|
||
<quantity id="4C9965ECFFF28000FB6557F4FB275CAA" box="[1162,1245,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
e.g., in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FAAD57F5FF155C8E" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Metasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FAAD57F5FA665CAB" box="[1346,1436,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Metasia</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C9965ECFFF28000FED65789FE725C8E" box="[313,392,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FDA75789FD2E5C8E" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[584,724,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Siga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FDA75789FD805C8E" box="[584,634,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Siga</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FCE55789FC055C8E" authority="Walker. Due" authorityName="Walker. Due" authorityYear="1859" box="[778,1023,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eporidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FCE55789FC945C8E" box="[778,878,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Eporidia</emphasis>
|
||
Walker. Due
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the morphological diversity of the subfamily, only few characters are common to all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FD2E57ADFCA25B72" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[705,856,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF28000FC8E57ADFBC85B72" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[865,1074,1015,1041]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mally
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FC4557ADFC185B72" box="[938,994,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found three synapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FF785041FED15B56" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[151,299,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that distinguish them from the sister-group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FCE15041FC6F5B56" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[782,917,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the maxillary palps are minute to obsolete, the fornix tympani projects in ventral direction from the tympanal plane, and the ductus bursae of the female genitalia is weakly sclerotised or with a granulose texture. Chaetosemata are absent, ocelli mostly present. The labial palps vary from porrect to upturned. The proboscis is well-developed with a few cases of reduction, and absence in the myrmecophilous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FEB450F1FD935BA6" authority="Hampson." authorityName="Hampson." box="[347,617,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Niphopyralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FEB450F1FE175BA6" box="[347,493,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Niphopyralis</emphasis>
|
||
Hampson.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The antennae are usually simple, but with specialised basal segments in the males of some groups (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FE005095FD9D5B8A" box="[495,615,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Agroterini">Agroterini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FD805095FD265B8A" box="[623,732,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Asciodini">Asciodini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FCFE5095FC735B8A" box="[785,905,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hymeniini">Hymeniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
tribes). Wing coupling is through two frenulum bristles in the females, and one in the males, a retinaculum hook is lacking. The praecinctorium of the tympanal organs is mostly bilobed. In male genitalia, the uncus is diverse in extension and shape, from reduced to well-developed with one or two bulbous, setose heads, in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FCEE5161FC6E5A36" box="[769,916,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Margaroniini">Margaroniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
often with a complex three-dimensional uncus head structure and patches of differently structured setae. The shape of the valvae ranges from narrow and elongate to broad and paddle-shaped, the costa in the “euspilomeline” tribes is usually convex, whereas it is mostly straight or concave in the “non-euspilomeline” tribes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF28000FD7551FDFC985AA2" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[666,866,1447,1473]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mally
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FD0951FDFCE45AA2" box="[742,798,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Inner surface of valvae often bear claspers. Many species exhibit coremata articulating with the vinculum, and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FC875191FC015A86" box="[872,1019,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Margaroniini">Margaroniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
they become most complex, bearing various patches of sometimes intricately shaped piliform scales on several coremata sclerites. The sclerotisation of the phallus apodeme is usually reduced to a narrow strip in the euspilomeline tribes, cornuti are often present, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FF78526DFED05932" box="[151,298,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Margaroniini">Margaroniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically one long needle-shaped cornutus. The shape of the female genitalia is varied, with the ductus bursae ranging from short to long and from slim to broad. The corpus bursae is with or without signa, in some taxa, a membranous appendix bursae is present—a structure that is otherwise typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FBCC5225FB5C59FA" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1059,1190,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other subfamilies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF28000FF7052F9FE9C59DE" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[159,358,1699,1725]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mally
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF0552F9FED959DE" box="[234,291,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF28000FF28529DFC0E58F6" blockId="41.[151,1437,618,2013]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF28529DFE525982" bold="true" box="[199,424,1735,1761]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FD99529DFCF05982" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[630,778,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillars cannot be distinguished from those of the sister-group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FEFF52B1FE6C5866" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[272,406,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Last instar larvae exhibit setae L1 and L2 on the prothorax and A1–A8, one SV seta on the meso- and metathorax, and one L seta on A9. Furthermore, the distance V1–V1 between the ventral setae is smaller on A9 than on A10. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FDFE5369FD5F582E" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[529,677,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in some genera, for example
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FC055369FB23582E" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[1002,1241,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Conchylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FC055369FB81582E" box="[1002,1147,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Conchylodes</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FB0C5369FF0A5812" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FB0C5369FA66582F" box="[1251,1436,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Herpetogramma</emphasis>
|
||
Lederer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FF12530DFE2C5812" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[253,470,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Nomophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF12530DFE835812" box="[253,377,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Nomophila</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FDE0530DFD295812" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[527,723,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Omiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FDE0530DFD895812" box="[527,627,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Omiodes</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have the dorsal (D) and subdorsal (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFF28000FB9D530DFB625812" box="[1138,1176,1879,1905]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
) pinacula fused on the mesothorax and/or the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFF28000FE765321FE4758F6" box="[409,445,1915,1941]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
pinaculum reduced on A2 and A7 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF28000FCA55321FC1D58F6" author="Allyson, S." box="[842,999,1915,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1301 - 1334" refId="ref260686" refString="Allyson, S. (1984) Description of last instar larvae of 22 species of North American Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) with a key to species. The Canadian Entomologist, 116 (10), 1301 - 1334. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1161301 - 10" type="journal article" year="1984">Allyson 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF28002FF2853C5FBFB5D7A" blockId="41.[151,1437,618,2013]" lastBlockId="43.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF28000FF2853C5FEA758DA" bold="true" box="[199,349,1951,1977]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
like the morphology, hostplant use is diverse in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF28000FC9853C5FBF558DA" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[887,1039,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larvae are webbers, tiers, folders or rollers of leaves, or stem-borers. Several tribes seem to be more or less confined to one or a few hostplant families:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FEEF54CDFE925FD2" box="[256,360,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hydririni">Hydririni</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FDF454CDFD5D5FD2" box="[539,679,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FD3254CDFC6E5FD2" box="[733,916,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Lineodini on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FBD954CDFB4D5FD2" box="[1078,1207,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FB0554CDFF145FB6" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Cnaphalocrocis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF08002FB0554CDFA665FD2" box="[1258,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cnaphalocrocis</emphasis>
|
||
Lederer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FE2A54E1FDB25FB6" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[453,584,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Spilomelini">Spilomelini</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes a major radiation especially on grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FB9454E1FB275FB6" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[1147,1245,187,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), where they can become pests of rice, corn and other agricultural grains.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FCE85485FC8E5F9A" box="[775,884,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Asciodini">Asciodini</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are commonly associated with herbaceous plants of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FE805559FDE65E7E" box="[367,540,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Caryophyllales</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Trichaeini generally feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FC825559FC1F5E7E" box="[877,997,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some are considered pests of coffee.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FF28557DFEC65E22" box="[199,316,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
might also be the primary hostplant family for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FCA6557DFC215E22" box="[841,987,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nomophilini">Nomophilini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which the group has radiated onto other hostplant families. The larvae of Steniini, as far as known, are detritivores.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FBCE5511FB665E06" box="[1057,1180,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hymeniini">Hymeniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FB485511FB095E06" box="[1191,1267,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Udeini">Udeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FAC75511FA675E06" box="[1320,1437,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Agroterini">Agroterini</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have a diverse spectrum of food plants, in the latter, significant hostplant associations are with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FACE5535FA635EEA" box="[1313,1433,367,393]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FF7855C9FEB15ECE" box="[151,331,403,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FE6F55C9FE075ECE" box="[384,509,403,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The most species-rich tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FCAE55C9FC2D5ECE" box="[833,983,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Margaroniini">Margaroniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contains many species with larvae feeding on latex-bearing plant families like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FDB655EDFD0A5EB2" box="[601,752,439,465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FCC655EDFC615EB2" box="[809,923,439,465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For most Wurthiini, nothing is known about larval food plants, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF08002FE425581FD4E5E96" authority="Hampson" authorityName="Hampson" box="[429,692,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Niphopyralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF08002FE425581FDC55E96" box="[429,575,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Niphopyralis</emphasis>
|
||
Hampson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with its larvae living in the nests of—and feeding on the larvae of—leafcutter ants is somewhat researched (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF08002FD6755A5FCDE5D7A" author="Allyson, S." box="[648,804,511,537]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1301 - 1334" refId="ref260686" refString="Allyson, S. (1984) Description of last instar larvae of 22 species of North American Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) with a key to species. The Canadian Entomologist, 116 (10), 1301 - 1334. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1161301 - 10" type="journal article" year="1984">Allyson 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF08002FCC055A5FC0F5D7A" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[815,1013,511,537]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Mally
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF08002FC9655A5FC4B5D7A" box="[889,945,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
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2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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</document> |