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<mods:title id="1496F1A7727600A2A781B6BED10EFD07">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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2.
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC28030FF7851ACFBBC58A3" blockId="25.[151,1437,1526,1984]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The
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are the larger of the two families in
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD3951ACFCAB5973" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[726,849,1526,1552]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</taxonomicName>
, with 10,418 described species in 1,018 genera globally (Nuss
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FEFD5241FEB15957" box="[274,331,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2003
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FE645240FE635957" bold="true" box="[395,409,1562,1588]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"></emphasis>
2022,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FE0F5240FD5C5957" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[480,678,1562,1588]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FDC65241FD985957" box="[553,610,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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). According to the latest phylogenetic study (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FB4A5240FA965957" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[1189,1388,1562,1588]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FB1F5241FAD35957" box="[1264,1321,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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), 15 subfamilies are recognized:
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE395264FD8A593B" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1836" box="[470,624,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acentropinae">Acentropinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD925264FD01593B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[637,763,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
, Erupinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FC925264FBF5593B" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[893,1039,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
(including the former
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FAFB5264FA62593B" authorityName="Minet" authorityYear="1981" box="[1300,1432,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cathariinae">Cathariinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FF785238FECD591F" authorityName="Marion" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,311,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cybalomiinae">Cybalomiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FEA65238FE23591F" authorityName="Marion" authorityYear="1952" box="[329,473,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Evergestinae">Evergestinae</taxonomicName>
and Noordinae),
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD5F5238FCB0591F" authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1961" box="[688,842,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliothelinae">Heliothelinae</taxonomicName>
, Hoploscopinae, Lathrotelinae, Linostinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FAA25238FF3B59C2" authorityName="Munroe" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Midilinae">Midilinae</taxonomicName>
, Musotiminae,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE9D52DCFE0B59C3" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[370,497,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE1152DCFD7E59C3" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[510,644,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD7E52DCFCC359C3" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[657,825,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FCA952DCFC3759C3" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[838,973,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scopariinae">Scopariinae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FBE352DCFB5A59C3" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[1036,1184,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
(including the former Wurthiinae). Of these, Erupinae, Hoploscopinae, Linostinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FC8252F0FC2059A7" authorityName="Munroe" authorityYear="1958" box="[877,986,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Midilinae">Midilinae</taxonomicName>
are not found among the pyraloid fauna of
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC28030FF5A5294FF08598B" box="[181,242,1742,1768]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">India</collectingCountry>
. Phylogenetic relationships within
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD965294FD0E598B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[633,756,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
are fairly well understood:
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FBC75294FB46598B" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[1064,1212,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FB1E5294FA8E598B" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1265,1396,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
are sister groups and are sister to the remainder of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD4E52A8FCE6586F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[673,796,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FCC652A8FC0C586F" author="Regier, J. C. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Solis, M. A. &amp; Hayden, J. E. &amp; Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M. &amp; Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Yen, S. H. &amp; Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P." box="[809,1014,1778,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="635 - 656" refId="ref302688" refString="Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S. H., Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37, 635 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Regier
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FC9252A9FC4F586F" box="[893,949,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FBEF52A8FB39586F" author="Mally, R. &amp; Hayden, J. E. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Jordal, B. H. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[1024,1219,1778,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. &amp; Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
Mally
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FBA552A9FB78586F" box="[1098,1154,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FB2152A8FA6B586F" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[1230,1425,1778,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FAF952A9FAB4586F" box="[1302,1358,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FF78534CFEE95853" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,275,1814,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
are sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE5F534CFDBF5853" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[432,581,1814,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
, whose larvae are predominantly feeding on mustard oil-containing
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FA8F534DFF185837" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Brassicales</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FF1E5360FE545837" author="Solis, M. A. &amp; Metz, M. &amp; Janzen, D. H." box="[241,430,1850,1876]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="766 - 784" refId="ref310261" refString="Solis, M. A., Metz, M. &amp; Janzen, D. H. (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of Cosmopterosis Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae) with discussions on male secondary sexual characters and larval feeding on Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in the Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera (Insecta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102 (5), 766 - 784. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 008.102.0504" type="journal article" year="2009">
Solis
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FEDD5361FE915837" box="[306,363,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FE565360FD7D5837" author="Regier, J. C. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Solis, M. A. &amp; Hayden, J. E. &amp; Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M. &amp; Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Yen, S. H. &amp; Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P." box="[441,647,1850,1876]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="635 - 656" refId="ref302688" refString="Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S. H., Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37, 635 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Regier
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FDE35361FDBE5837" box="[524,580,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FD7D5360FCA35837" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[658,857,1850,1876]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FD345361FCEE5837" box="[731,788,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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). The “CAMMSS clade” sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FB505360FA665837" author="Regier, J. C. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Solis, M. A. &amp; Hayden, J. E. &amp; Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M. &amp; Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Yen, S. H. &amp; Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P." box="[1215,1436,1850,1876]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="635 - 656" refId="ref302688" refString="Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S. H., Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37, 635 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Regier
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FAFE5361FAB05837" box="[1297,1354,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
comprises three main lineages: a clade of the sister groups Lathrotelinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FBE55304FB5B581B" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[1034,1185,1886,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Musotiminae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Musotiminae</taxonomicName>
, a “wet habitat clade” consisting of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FEC253D8FE3D58FF" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1836" box="[301,455,1922,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acentropinae">Acentropinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE3D53D8FDC558FF" authorityName="Munroe" authorityYear="1958" box="[466,575,1922,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Midilinae">Midilinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FD9A53D8FCE758FF" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[629,797,1922,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
, and a lineage comprising Hoploscopinae, Erupinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FA9D53D9FEEA58A3" authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliothelinae">Heliothelinae</taxonomicName>
, Scoparinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FE2153FCFDB358A3" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[462,585,1958,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FDB753FCFCDF58A3" author="Regier, J. C. &amp; Mitter, C. &amp; Solis, M. A. &amp; Hayden, J. E. &amp; Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M. &amp; Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Yen, S. H. &amp; Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P." box="[600,805,1958,1984]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="635 - 656" refId="ref302688" refString="Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S. H., Zwick, A. &amp; Cummings, M. P. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37, 635 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Regier
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FD4453FDFD1958A3" box="[683,739,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FCDF53FCFC0858A3" author="Leger, T. &amp; Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[816,1010,1958,1984]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="757 - 776" refId="ref288494" refString="Leger, T., Landry, B. &amp; Nuss, M. (2019) Phylogeny, character evolution and tribal classification in Crambinae and Scopariinae (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). Systematic Entomology, 44 (4), 757 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12353" type="journal article" year="2019">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FC9753FDFC4B58A3" box="[888,945,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FC1253FCFBC058A3" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[1021,1082,1958,1984]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC18033FF2854CDFD4A5E22" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,321]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Morphologically,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC18033FE7E54CDFDF65FD2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[401,524,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
are distinct from their sister group, the
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC18033FC3C54CDFBBA5FD2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[979,1088,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
, by the tympanal organs being of the “open
<typeStatus id="54DA76ABFFC18033FEC654E1FEA45FB6" box="[297,350,187,213]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
”, i.e., having a wide anteromedial aperture. Furthermore, the tympanum and conjunctiva meet in a distinct angle, and a well-developed praecinctorium is usually present (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC18033FC285485FBB75F9A" author="Minet, J." box="[967,1101,223,249]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="262 - 280" refId="ref294531" refString="Minet, J. (1981) Les Pyraloidea et leurs principales divisions systematiques (Lep. Ditrysia). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 86 (9 - 10), 262 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1981.17984" type="journal article" year="1981">Minet 1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC18033FBB65485FB6E5F9A" author="Minet, J." box="[1113,1172,223,249]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="175 - 207" refId="ref294582" refString="Minet, J. (1983) Etude morphologique et phylogenetique des organes tympaniques des Pyraloidea. 1 - Generalites et homologies. (Lep. Glossata). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 19 (2), 175 - 207." type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC18033FB705484FB215F9A" author="Minet, J." box="[1183,1243,222,249]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="69 - 86" refId="ref294628" refString="Minet, J. (1985) Etude morphologique et phylogenetique des organs tympaniques des Pyraloidea. 2 - Pyralidae; Crambidae, premiere partie. (Lepidoptera Glossata). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 21 (1), 69 - 86." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
). Crambid larvae are characterised by the presence of one or two lateral (L) setae on the A9, they lack the sclerotized ring of pyralid larvae around
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFC18033FED8557DFEA55E22" box="[311,351,295,321]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">SD</collectingRegion>
1 on the A8 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC18033FE04557DFD595E22" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[491,675,295,321]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss 1960</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>