618 lines
74 KiB
XML
618 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6303230" ID-GBIF-Dataset="564eaad8-6245-4f42-9a88-42b97bf30807" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193278228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6303230" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1644003985773" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Boudinot, Brendon E., Borowiec, Marek L. & Prebus, Matthew M." docDate="2022" docId="03B987A94364FF95FCBDFF60FC1ADA70" docLanguage="en" docName="systEnt.47.113-151.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Systematic Entomology 47" docTitle="Lasius Fabricius 1804" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="136" masterDocId="FF80FFD14372FF82FFF5FF95FF99D837" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="151" masterPageNumber="113" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1646046328535" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A. & Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prebus, Matthew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">mprebus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematic Entomology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-01-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>47</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>113</mods:start>
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<mods:end>151</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1111/syen.12522</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">564eaad8-6245-4f42-9a88-42b97bf30807</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5975346</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6303230" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193278228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6303230" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987A94364FF95FCBDFF60FC1ADA70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B987A94364FF95FCBDFF60FC1ADA70" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[840,1138,245,267]" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1138,245,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Fabricius, 1804" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[911,1138,245,267]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[911,976,245,266]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, J. C." bookContentInfo="xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." box="[982,1138,245,267]" journalOrPublisher="Brunswick: C. Reichard" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" refId="ref33561" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species, Adjectis Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard. xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." title="Systema Piezatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species, Adjectis Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus" type="book" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1256,275,296]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
=
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[862,1252,275,296]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis box="[862,994,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Donisthorpea</emphasis>
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Morice and Durrant, 1915
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1202,304,326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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=
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr, 1862" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[862,1119,304,326]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[862,1003,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
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Mayr, 1862
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1125,1202,304,326]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.rev.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1186,334,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Faber" authorityYear="1967" box="[862,1099,334,355]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolasius">
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<emphasis box="[862,980,334,355]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Austrolasius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Faber, W." box="[986,1099,334,355]" journalOrPublisher="Pflanzenschultz Berichte" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="73 - 107" part="36" refId="ref33510" refString="Faber, W. (1967) Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae). Pflanzenschultz Berichte, 36, 73 - 107." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1967">Faber, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1105,1186,334,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1198,363,385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1955" box="[862,1110,364,385]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cautolasius">
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||
<emphasis box="[862,976,364,385]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Cautolasius</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[982,1110,364,385]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1116,1198,363,385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1223,393,415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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=
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<taxonomicName authority="Ruzsky" authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[862,1136,394,415]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
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<emphasis box="[862,1000,394,415]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
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Ruzsky, 1912
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1142,1223,393,415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[840,1256,245,445]" box="[840,1213,423,445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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=
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<taxonomicName authority="Ruzsky, 1912" authorityName="Ruzsky" authorityYear="1912" box="[862,1125,423,444]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dendrolasius">
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<emphasis box="[862,990,423,444]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Dendrolasius</emphasis>
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Ruzsky, 1912
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1131,1213,423,445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[840,1388,474,495]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" box="[840,1388,474,495]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis box="[840,966,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Type species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[971,1262,474,495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis box="[971,1108,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Formica nigra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." bookContentInfo="824 pp." box="[1115,1262,474,495]" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" refId="ref35691" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii, 824 pp." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1298,1373,474,495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis box="[1298,1373,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis box="[840,1166,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Subgeneric classification remarks</emphasis>
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. The modern body of taxonomic work on
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[992,1054,534,555]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[992,1054,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was initiated by Wilson’s revision of the genus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[929,1064,563,584]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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), which was classified into four subgenera at the time:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1955" box="[1012,1126,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cautolasius">
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<emphasis box="[1012,1126,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Cautolasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[1141,1279,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
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<emphasis box="[1141,1279,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruzsky" authorityYear="1912" box="[1293,1421,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dendrolasius">
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<emphasis box="[1293,1421,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Dendrolasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[865,927,623,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
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<emphasis box="[865,927,623,644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[936,990,623,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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In this work, Wilson provided a phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[848,910,653,674]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[848,910,653,674]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[924,1000,653,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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), but this treatment was an intuitive account of what he considered trends in the evolution of the morphology and biogeography of the genus. Subsequently, the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Faber" authorityYear="1967" box="[821,939,742,763]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolasius">
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<emphasis box="[821,939,742,763]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Austrolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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was erected for a few socially parasitic species (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Faber, W." box="[827,943,772,793]" journalOrPublisher="Pflanzenschultz Berichte" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="73 - 107" part="36" refId="ref33510" refString="Faber, W. (1967) Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae). Pflanzenschultz Berichte, 36, 73 - 107." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis sozialparasitischer Ameisen. I. Lasius (Austrolasius n. sg.) reginae n. sp., eine neue temporar sozialparasitische Erdameise aus Osterreich (Hym. Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1967">Faber, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), andthe former genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1159,1300,772,793]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[1159,1300,772,793]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[846,908,801,822]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,908,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sixth subgenus (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Ward, P. S." box="[1129,1246,801,822]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 68" part="936" refId="ref38944" refString="Ward, P. S. (2005) A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 936, 1 - 68." title="A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2005">Ward, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
The first phylogenetic inference based on molecular data was presented by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hasegawa, E." box="[956,1128,861,882]" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="133 - 135" part="1" refId="ref34212" refString="Hasegawa, E. (1998) Phylogeny and host-parasite relationships in social parasitism in Lasius ants. Entomological Science, 1, 133 - 135." title="Phylogeny and host-parasite relationships in social parasitism in Lasius ants" type="journal article" year="1998">Hasegawa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, who used COI to investigate relationships of four
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1040,1183,890,912]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis box="[1040,1102,891,912]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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(phylogeny not figured here). Since then, two major attempts at resolving the phylogeny were presented by
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<bibRefCitation author="Janda, M. & Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J." box="[1084,1271,950,971]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="595 - 614" part="33" refId="ref34597" refString="Janda, M., Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J. (2004) Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 595 - 614." title="Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Janda
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||
<emphasis box="[1147,1199,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maruyama, M. & Steiner, F. M. & Stauffer, C. & Akino, T. & Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C." journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 15" part="8" refId="ref35850" refString="Maruyama, M., Steiner, F. M., Stauffer, C., Akino, T., Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C. (2008) A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1 - 15. Article 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 237." title="A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maruyama
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,871,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[956,1063,980,1001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both studies used a combination of morphological characters and molecular data, including mitochondrial markers (COI, COII, tRNA-Leu, 16S). Amore recent effort focused on the phylogeny of European species related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[821,897,1099,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,897,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[913,975,1099,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,975,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[983,1036,1098,1119]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) and included nuclear genes
|
||
<emphasis box="[1319,1385,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">LW Rh</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,849,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">wg</emphasis>
|
||
in addition to 16S and COI (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Talavera, G. & Espadaler, X. & Vila, R." box="[1125,1326,1128,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="589 - 601" part="42" refId="ref38651" refString="Talavera, G., Espadaler, X. & Vila, R. (2015 2014) Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 42, 589 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12438." title="Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Talavera
|
||
<emphasis box="[1214,1263,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
To date, the monophyly of the subgenera has not been questioned except for the nominotypical subgenus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janda, M. & Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="595 - 614" part="33" refId="ref34597" refString="Janda, M., Folkova, D. & Zrzavy, J. (2004) Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 595 - 614." title="Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Janda
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,872,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">etal.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maruyama, M. & Steiner, F. M. & Stauffer, C. & Akino, T. & Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C." box="[948,1177,1217,1239]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 15" part="8" refId="ref35850" refString="Maruyama, M., Steiner, F. M., Stauffer, C., Akino, T., Crozier, R. H. & Schlick-Steiner, B. C. (2008) A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1 - 15. Article 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 237." title="A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maruyama
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1111,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">etal.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[1293,1423,1217,1238]" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="15 - 86" part="92" refId="ref38209" refString="Seifert, B. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92, 15 - 86." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">Seifert (2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 21) stated that there is clear justification for elevating the subgenera to generic status. Such an action would considerably complicate the classification of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1159,1221,1307,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1221,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group because of the robustly supported paraphyly of the subgenera that we have uncovered here (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1034,1115,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1126,1140,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,184,1502,1522]" captionTargetBox="[157,1422,172,1471]" captionTargetId="figure-8@8.[157,1422,172,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogeny of the Lasiini inferred from Bayesian analysis of the Lasiini_55t data matrix.Node support values are reported as Bayesian posterior probabilities (BI) versus maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML). Filled circles at nodes indicate full support from both analyses. An asterisk (*) indicates that the topology of the ML analysis diverged from the BI analysis at the given node." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975352/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">2</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1168,1178,1366,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1743,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,1309,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-289@2.[184,1394,1309,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses for Lasius; red indicates paraphyly of Lasius sensu stricto, orange of Lasius (Cautolasius) and violet of Lasius (Chthonolasius). (A) Intuition-based topology from Wilson (1955). (B, C) combined morphological and mitochondrial topologies of Janda et al. (2004), and Maruyama et al. (2008). (D) Consensus topology from the current study; see Table 4 for Bayes factor tests of our constraint analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1190,1264,1366,1387]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[830,883,172,192]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4. Bayes Factor results, testing alternative placements of Metalasius and the monophyly of the subgenera using the Lasiini_55t matrix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F66374375FF85FCCBFF39FCE4D8C2" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" tableUuid="DF6F66374375FF85FCCBFF39FCE4D8C2">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Specifically, in order to retain monophyly at the genus rank, four new genera would need to be erected for the species groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1332,1421,1426,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1332,1421,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1906" box="[821,920,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,920,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[934,998,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[934,998,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1056,1153,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1056,1153,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">pallitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An additional issue would be the placement of the species which have not been sequenced, particularly those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1060,1110,1515,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1110,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group and, for example, the recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Seifert" authorityName="Seifert" box="[1039,1250,1544,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1039,1177,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. brevipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
Seifert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[936,986,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,986,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. The strongest morphological reorganization at the generic or subgeneric levels would be to recognize the reciprocally monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1114,1164,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1114,1164,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1211,1267,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1211,1267,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1364,1426,1634,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1364,1426,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[867,1008,1663,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,1008,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, but we refrain from doing so here (for our rationale, see ‘Species group classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[821,883,1723,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,883,1723,1744]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[821,1427,474,1863]" lastBlockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,1113,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Comments on extant species</emphasis>
|
||
. We determine that one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Reza" authorityName="Reza" authorityYear="1925" box="[821,1043,1782,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escamole">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,984,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius escamole</emphasis>
|
||
Reza
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be excluded from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1318,1380,1782,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1318,1380,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and considered a junior synonym of the dolichoderine
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatum" status="syn.nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">Liometopum apiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[996,1077,1841,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[996,1077,1841,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">syn.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reza, A." box="[1085,1204,1842,1863]" journalOrPublisher="Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 22" part="44" refId="ref37226" refString="Reza, A. (1925) Recursos alimenticios de Mexico de origen animal poco conocidos. Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate ", 44, 1 - 22." title="Recursos alimenticios de Mexico de origen animal poco conocidos" type="journal article" year="1925">Reza (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reza" authorityYear="1925" box="[1311,1427,1842,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escamole">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1311,1427,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="135">L. escamole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the context of a cultural study on the eponymous traditional Mexican dish known tobe made from the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hoey-Chamberlain et al., 2013)" authorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityName="Hoey-Chamberlain" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[636,767,202,223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. apiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoey-Chamberlain, R. & Rust, M. K. & Klotz, J. H." box="[167,474,232,253]" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 10" part="60" refId="ref34482" refString="Hoey-Chamberlain, R., Rust, M. K. & Klotz, J. H. (2013) A review of the biology, ecology and behavior of velvety tree ants of North America. Sociobiology, 60, 1 - 10." title="A review of the biology, ecology and behavior of velvety tree ants of North America" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hoey-Chamberlain
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,409,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although Reza’s description and illustrations are extremely vague, it is possible to see details that point to a dolichoderine identity. In the figures of the original description, the mandibles have long masticatory margin and small, sharp, even denticles, the ventral metasoma is shown as a slit-like anal opening rather than a formicine-like acidopore, and various figures display the fine, dense, appressed pilosity characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[403,583,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[403,523,441,462]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Liometopum</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but no erect setae as expected for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[311,373,471,492]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[311,373,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Many species have been added to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[507,569,500,521]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[507,569,500,521]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since Wilson’s revision, mostly in Europe and Mediterranean, while North American taxa have largely remained untreated except for a thorough revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[324,465,590,611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[324,465,590,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Acanthomyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wing, M. W." box="[478,604,590,611]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 173" part="405" refId="ref39673" refString="Wing, M. W. (1968 a) Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 405, 1 - 173." title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1968">Wing, 1968a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wing, M. W." box="[615,678,590,611]" journalOrPublisher="Dissertation Abstracts. B. Sciences and Engineering" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="3934" part="28" refId="ref39711" refString="Wing, M. W. (1968 b) A taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [Abstract.]. Dissertation Abstracts. B. Sciences and Engineering, 28, 3934." title="A taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [Abstract.]" type="journal article" year="1968">1968b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Careful research has revealed multiple Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[581,722,619,641]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,643,620,641]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that show only subtle morphological differentiation from close relatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[230,359,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 16" part="57" refId="ref37915" refString="Seifert, B. (1983) The taxonomical and ecological status of Lasius myops Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and first description of its males. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 57, 1 - 16." title="The taxonomical and ecological status of Lasius myops Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and first description of its males" type="journal article" year="1983">Seifert, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[371,421,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Doriana, Supplemento agli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " G. Doria ". GEN" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 13" part="6" refId="ref37997" refString="Seifert, B. (1990) Supplementation to the revision of European species of the ant subgenus Chthonolasius Ruzsky, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Doriana, Supplemento agli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " G. Doria ". GEN, 6, 1 - 13." title="Supplementation to the revision of European species of the ant subgenus Chthonolasius Ruzsky, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[433,483,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Generalis" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="69 - 81" part="16" refId="ref38050" refString="Seifert, B. (1991) Lasius platythorax n. sp., a widespread sibling species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis, 16, 69 - 81." title="Lasius platythorax n. sp., a widespread sibling species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[495,545,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 67" part="66" refId="ref38086" refString="Seifert, B. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 66, 1 - 67." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[557,608,679,700]" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="15 - 86" part="92" refId="ref38209" refString="Seifert, B. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92, 15 - 86." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schlick-Steiner, B. C. & Steiner, F. M. & Schodl, S. & Seifert, B." journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="725 - 736" part="41" refId="ref37748" refString="Schlick-Steiner, B. C., Steiner, F. M., Schodl, S. & Seifert, B. (2003) Lasius austriacus sp. n., a central European ant related to the invasive species Lasius neglectus. Sociobiology, 41, 725 - 736." title="Lasius austriacus sp. n., a central European ant related to the invasive species Lasius neglectus" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Schlick-Steiner
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,211,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is no reason to believe that North America does not harbour a diverse fauna of such ‘cryptic species’. For example, the question of the putative Holarctically distributed
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[161,302,798,819]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,223,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was resolved by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schar, S. & Talavera, G. & Espadaler, X. & Rana, J. D. & Anderson, A. A. & Cover, S. P. & Vila, R." box="[482,671,798,819]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 12" part="45" refId="ref37621" refString="Schar, S., Talavera, G., Espadaler, X., Rana, J. D., Anderson, A. A., Cover, S. P. & Vila, R. (2018) Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13380." title="Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Schär
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,598,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who elevated to species rank the American representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Foerster" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[667,760,828,849]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[667,760,828,849]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. alienus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[161,245,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,245,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. flavus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Nylander" authorityName="Nylander" box="[304,523,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,423,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. umbratus</emphasis>
|
||
Nylander
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognizing the following revived taxa, in order:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[415,624,888,909]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,553,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. americanus</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,767,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Walsh)" baseAuthorityName="Walsh" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[273,482,918,939]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphidicola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[273,399,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. aphidicola</emphasis>
|
||
(Walsh)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Renewed focus on the Nearctic fauna is necessary, as is expanded sequencing at the global scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,475,1007,1028]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Comments on extinct species</emphasis>
|
||
. Without having scored the Baltic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[229,291,1037,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[229,291,1037,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils other than †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[500,680,1037,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,680,1037,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that is, †
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[173,375,1067,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[173,314,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" box="[441,687,1067,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorivagus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[441,594,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. nemorivagus</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are unable to quantitatively address their placement. Historically, †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[173,311,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[173,311,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[371,547,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[371,547,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were considered to be members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[281,343,1156,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis box="[281,343,1156,1177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[350,401,1156,1177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[413,546,1156,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dlussky, G. M." box="[556,696,1156,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="209 - 222" part="45" refId="ref33108" refString="Dlussky, G. M. (2011) The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers. Vestnik Zoologii, 45, 209 - 222." title="The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers" type="journal article" year="2011">Dlussky, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while the queen-based †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" box="[335,484,1186,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorivagus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,484,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. nemorivagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruzsky" box="[628,766,1186,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chthonolasius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[628,766,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Chthonolasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[167,300,1216,1237]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) later to be implicitly considered
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,767,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dlussky, G. M." box="[289,431,1245,1266]" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="209 - 222" part="45" refId="ref33108" refString="Dlussky, G. M. (2011) The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers. Vestnik Zoologii, 45, 209 - 222." title="The ants of the genus Lasius (hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene European ambers" type="journal article" year="2011">Dlussky, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Our combined-evidence dating analyses recover †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to or within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[491,553,1305,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,553,1305,1326]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[697,763,1305,1326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1709,1729]" captionTargetBox="[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[157,1422,221,1679]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Results from phylogenetic analysis of the Lasiini_w_outgroups_w_fossils_154t combined morphological and molecular dataset analyzed with MrBayes using the fossilized birth-death branch length prior and the IGR clock variation prior. Fossil taxa are indicated by a dagger preceding the name. Node support values are in Bayesian posterior probability. Filled circles indicate full support. Horizontal blue bars at nodes are 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975358/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation box="[175,217,1335,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[161,194,1432,1452]" captionTargetBox="[282,1315,173,1400]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[281,1316,172,1401]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 7. Some key features of the major clades of the Lasiini. (A) third abdominal tergite modified with dorsoventrally-oriented groove for reception of entire petiole (Pseudolasius breviceps); black line indicates contour of tergum and black ellipse the spiracle; (B) third abdominal tergite receiving only posterior base of petiole (Myrmecocystus mimicus); white line indicates contour of tergum, and white ellipse the spiracle; (C) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae low relative to face (P. breviceps); (D) frontal protuberance and effaced carinae raised dorsally from face (M. mimicus); (E) metapleural gland atrium grossly enlarged (Lasius subumbratus); black lines show larger size of the metapleural gland bulla (lower indicator) as compared to F, and relative to the propodeal spiracle (upper indicator) and space between the spiracle and bulla (middle portion); (F) metapleural gland atrium small (Lasius turcicus); black lines show smaller size of metapleural gland bulla as compared to E, and relative to the propodeal spiracle and space between spiracle and bulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975368/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">7–S</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[217,230,1335,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[161,194,1192,1212]" captionTargetBox="[185,1412,173,1160]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[184,1413,172,1161]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 9. Gross phenotypic synopsis of the species groups of Lasius, plus two phenotypically similar fossil species; all images in profile view; scale bars = 1.0 mm; scale bar unavailable for K. (A) Lasius brunneus (CASENT0280440); (B) Lasius fuliginosus (CASENT0179898); (C) Lasius nr. niger (CASENT0106128); (D) Lasius nr. atopus (CASENT0234858); (E) Lasius carniolicus (CASENT0280471); (F) Lasius claviger (CASENT0103542); (G) Lasius brevicornis (CASENT0280456); (H) Lasius nearcticus (CASENT0104774); (I) Lasius pallitarsis (CASENT0005405); (J) Lasius aphidicola (CASENT0280468); (K) †Lasius schiefferdeckeri (HJF013); (L) †Kyromyrma neffi (AMNH-NJ1029). (Image credits: D = the authors; AntWeb: A = Will Ericson; B = Erin Prado; C = Michael Branstetter; E, G, J = Shannon Hartman; F, H = April Nobile; I = unknown; K = Vincent Perrichot; L = Dave Grimaldi & Vincent Perrichot.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5975374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5975374/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). As the specific relationship of the fossil to the extant species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[306,368,1365,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,368,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group is uncertain, we conservatively consider the fossil
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,528,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[557,619,1395,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,619,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There remains the possibility that †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[355,530,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[355,530,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is ancestral to the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,211,1454,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,211,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade and is indicative of low rates of phenotypic transformation, as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G." box="[429,554,1484,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Naturkunde Preussens" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 102" part="1" refId="ref36049" refString="Mayr, G. (1868) Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Preussens, 1, 1 - 102." title="Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins" type="journal article" year="1868">Mayr (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[566,720,1484,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 142" part="55" refId="ref39440" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1915 1914) The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 55, 1 - 142." title="The ants of the Baltic Amber" type="journal article" year="1915">Wheeler (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[161,304,1514,1535]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The placement of †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[508,686,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,686,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be refined in future study by scoring characters which are explicitly derived from comparison of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[508,597,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,597,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[644,694,1574,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[644,694,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[263,313,1603,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,313,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[161,767,172,1863]" lastBlockId="23.[830,1437,172,583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
The two differentiating traits proposed for the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[635,724,1633,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,724,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,211,1663,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,211,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups are, on average,
|
||
<emphasis box="[480,496,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8 mandibular teeth in the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[161,250,1693,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,250,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seifert, B." box="[327,457,1693,1714]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 67" part="66" refId="ref38086" refString="Seifert, B. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 66, 1 - 67." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">Seifert, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[526,576,1693,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,576,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species with
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,177,1722,1744]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8), and presence of a subapical cleft in the mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[161,250,1752,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,250,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[403,542,1752,1773]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrates both a tooth count of
|
||
<emphasis box="[624,640,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136"><</emphasis>
|
||
8, and presence of a subapical cleft, the latter character is probably plesiomorphic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[374,436,1842,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[374,436,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group, and the polarity of the former is uncertain. Notably,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1158,1298,172,193]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 201" part="113" refId="ref39584" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1 - 201." title="A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius" type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the male mandibles of †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" box="[1060,1236,202,223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1236,202,223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are observed to vary from the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[935,1024,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1024,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form’ to the derived ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1257,1307,232,253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1257,1307,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form’. With these three traits in mind, it does seem reasonable that †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schiefferdeckeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. schiefferdeckeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is stem to or directly ancestral to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1385,1435,292,313]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1385,1435,292,313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[830,1437,172,583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,1004,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Note on biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Despite the interest in this genus, however, basic natural history remains unknown for many species, including the morphologically aberrant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[1156,1246,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1156,1246,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L. atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species we sequence here, ‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[987,1000,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">L</emphasis>
|
||
. nr.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1958" box="[1045,1109,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atopus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1109,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">atopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. Only a handful of recently published studies have addressed the behaviour of some of the more rarely encountered species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raczkowski, J. M. & Luque, G. M." box="[1150,1425,502,523]" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" pagination="237 - 244" part="58" refId="ref36914" refString="Raczkowski, J. M. & Luque, G. M. (2011) Colony founding and social parasitism in Lasius (Acanthomyops). Insectes Sociaux, 58, 237 - 244." title="Colony founding and social parasitism in Lasius (Acanthomyops)" type="journal article" year="2011">Raczkowski & Luque, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating that more effort is needed to elucidate the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[830,892,562,583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[830,892,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="136">Lasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |