672 lines
82 KiB
XML
672 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document id="926EF3938E07BA7DF3B96A59FFEEB82A" ID-CLB-Dataset="8636" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58d3914a-d15e-4a52-90c9-54aeb06d9ee7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4472033" ID-ZooBank="D89148CE-EE8A-46B8-8D8B-8F5790063FC4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1611650017578" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Weissman, David B., Vandergast, Amy G., Song, Hojun, Shin, Seunggwan, Mckenna, Duane D. & Ueshima, Norihiro" docDate="2021" docId="03A4C4208A62FB5A9B8424DE1D0DFC9A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4917.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Stenopelmatus Burmeister 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FF9DBC588A71FB4C9B1321311F19FFC7" masterDocTitle="Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1698925285201" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF94E8F84F6304BBDDD5DE6B24CAB1D2">
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<mods:title id="541E775A418F6138C58415B7744ACC16">Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="93C46B7D7EF0F15B16A0FBC29B915366" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E7F7D445282FD197988821B7D446BE56">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E9C06B56EB5828F55E1D4E312ED4B7C1" type="email">gryllus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="BBC47F3A212618DFC39FBD5E1B18D5D3" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="EA8613598047D69278104A45DA23EB59">Vandergast, Amy G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="76B46AA5A135A8A511EF93A58C297A4B" type="email">avandergast@usgs.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="43B0095C08366CD927D2BBD26E92D80C">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3D0FC396713159EB791291AFAE027876" type="email">hsong@tamu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D9B4A83F1BDA24EBB4A6E731CDA16434">Shin, Seunggwan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="024145BDB9C939D2FA09B7D2494777AB" type="email">sk83@snu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9B1C94C90540CFF2C647E798118DFB94">Mckenna, Duane D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="13E2CADBCEAA19B2E38ED409B6A3F7A5" type="email">dmckenna@memphis.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2600E634F73540A522DC43D7FC1552B7">Ueshima, Norihiro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="471FF137CB894ECD85E3B250252FB4C6" type="email">gryllus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B804E780E71A1E663C755F45F36C712F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="182DA84A4DFBF667A225C0A198A5B789">
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<mods:title id="8DD5D0FE00126DFFAC6842D6268077E0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="FED4F03695E7C60FD5C61D88EB0F050D">
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<mods:date id="B64E65DEF28D80B9AF5D81D090B08AB4">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7E9448630EF8C71FE878E8F59F2471C2">2021-01-26</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="74CF9AC4C6ABFA091B56F4AC7541B731" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4B84064A87D6A19A5E805881BD43A60C">4917</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="17C41C5D1F24EA622EEA4FA51F835009" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="087A429987EC4CD60C7FEC616968CEF8">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5509EB42FC5B5F87946EEC281973D547">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="87C03DA93F148E014B9408166D0CDE4F">122</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="C863646D4D8170632ECEE6EBA770DE93">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="36604665D60705211080F9E31724CC87" type="CLB-Dataset">8636</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1F765A6A63BE7D6AFC41BBFE734E5A43" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4917.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C505ECD4108B315DDBE9A6B5DF9C8FE9" type="GBIF-Dataset">58d3914a-d15e-4a52-90c9-54aeb06d9ee7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6ABB2B3F9501ED6E1E06919BA6B08919" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="818432770EDC49CD531E37117790016E" type="Zenodo-Dep">4472033</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="90B818E2582D44DF3A79FA6647CD282C" type="ZooBank">D89148CE-EE8A-46B8-8D8B-8F5790063FC4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03A4C4208A62FB5A9B8424DE1D0DFC9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4475890" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177134703" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4475890" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4C4208A62FB5A9B8424DE1D0DFC9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4C4208A62FB5A9B8424DE1D0DFC9A" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A62FB5F9B8424DE1D72F9CD" box="[151,619,1519,1546]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB275368A62FB5F9B8424DE1D72F9CD" blockId="19.[151,619,1519,1546]" box="[151,619,1519,1546]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D0FAC25A8A62FB5F9B8424DE1D72F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,619,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9B8424DE1D72F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,619,1519,1546]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9B8424DE1E50F9CD" ID-CoL="8NZJ2" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,329,1519,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9B8424DE1E50F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,329,1519,1546]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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versus
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9AB424DE1D72F9CD" bold="true" box="[423,619,1519,1546]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ammopelmatus.</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A62FB5F9B8427091EA6F995" box="[151,447,1592,1618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB275368A62FB5F9B8427091EA6F995" blockId="19.[151,1436,1592,2014]" box="[151,447,1592,1618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphological characters:</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A62FB589BD4276D1EC3FC2A" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB275368A62FB5F9BD4276D1EC3F979" blockId="19.[151,1436,1592,2014]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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A. Rear leg tibial spines are generally longer in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F99FA276D1C95F9B1" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[745,908,1628,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F99FA276D1C95F9B1" box="[745,908,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F98DF276D1B99F9B1" box="[972,1152,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F98DF276D1B65F9B1" box="[972,1148,1628,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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giving the impression of more spiny legs.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9A4027B11EEFF95D" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[339,502,1664,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9A4027B11EEFF95D" box="[339,502,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exceptions would be those non-jumping taxa that includes
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9F9627B11EC3F979" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9F9627B11BF0F95E" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1157,1257,1664,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">S. perote</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9FE027B11A81F95D" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1267,1432,1664,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurasito">S. hondurasito</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9B8427951E0CF979" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,277,1700,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durango">S. durango</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9A4227951ECFF979" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[337,470,1700,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faulkneri">S. faulkneri</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB275368A62FB5F9BD427F91E03F87D" blockId="19.[151,1436,1592,2014]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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B. Body color. Almost all
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F991327F91DBAF925" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[512,675,1736,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F991327F91DBAF925" box="[512,675,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have solid, brightly colored abdomens including shiny black, reds, oranges and metallic sheens. Almost all species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F99DB27DD1C6CF8C1" box="[712,885,1772,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F99DB27DD1C6CF8C1" box="[712,885,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have black-striped abdomens with body colors of plain tan and brown. Solid abdominal colors are found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F983226211CF2F8ED" box="[801,1003,1808,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mescaleroensis">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F983226211CF2F8ED" box="[801,1003,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. mescaleroensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9F3126211BABF8ED" box="[1058,1202,1808,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahogani">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9F3126211BABF8ED" box="[1058,1202,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. mahogani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but these are the exceptions. Black JCs, with “striped” abdomens (
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F99B426051C12F889" box="[679,779,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F99B426051C12F889" box="[679,779,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. histrio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[last instar male, p. 45],
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9F3226051B8DF889" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1057,1172,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toltecus">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9F3226051B8DF889" box="[1057,1172,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. toltecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[adult female, p. 103]), are of potentially little significance because the tergite plates can be separated, for example, by an egg-distended abdomen, resulting in a striped pattern, or can just be normal variation seen in a large series (see
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<figureCitation id="133669B38A62FB5F9FCA264D1A2FF851" box="[1241,1334,1916,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 108" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,1048,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-83@67.[175,1411,1048,1659]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 108. Three adult females S. perote from type locality (S06-44) showing range of variation in color and pattern of abdominal stripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472182/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 108</figureCitation>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9E4F264D1FDAF87E" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F9E4F264D1FDAF87E" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. perote</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 68).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB275368A62FB589BD426F51B23FF12" blockId="19.[151,1436,1592,2014]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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C. Adults with small or complete wings: Present in
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<emphasis id="B979A9248A62FB5F983826F51A8CF819" box="[811,1429,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F983826F51CD7F81A" box="[811,974,1988,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sartorianus">S. sartorianus</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F98C826F51B67F81A" box="[987,1150,1988,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">S. piceiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9F9F26F51A1DF819" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1164,1284,1988,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiapas">S. chiapas</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A62FB5F9E0126F51A8CF819" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1298,1429,1988,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanfelipe">S. sanfelipe</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Absent in all
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589A3F21A61EF8FF76" box="[300,481,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589A3F21A61EC5FF76" box="[300,476,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
DNA demonstrates that this character has arisen more than once in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589FC721A61A6EFF76" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1236,1399,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589FC721A61A6EFF76" box="[1236,1399,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589B84218A1E2FFF13" box="[151,310,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589B84218A1E2FFF13" box="[151,310,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S. piceiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589A7F218A1D10FF13" box="[364,521,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sartorianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589A7F218A1D10FF13" box="[364,521,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S. sartorianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related in the phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB5898CA218A1B34FF12" box="[985,1069,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[436,1148,954,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-73@14.[433,1154,953,1494]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Coalescent-based species tree estimation using ASTRAL. Ammopelmatus clade has been collapsed. Green circles on the nodes denote 100% bootstrap support values, and the support values below 100% are shown as numbers. In samples F2004, F2152, and F2238, the species name is preceded by a “?” mark because the identity of the individual is not certain. These three samples are discussed in the text under each presumptive species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472047/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD421EE1FC5FE4E" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
D. The ovipositor in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58991521EE1DB0FF3E" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[518,681,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58991521EE1DB0FF3E" box="[518,681,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species appears longer than in
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589F0521EE1BD3FF3E" box="[1046,1226,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589F0521EE1BDFFF3E" box="[1046,1222,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and has a sharply recurved tip, easily appreciated, for instance, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899DF20321C01FEDB" box="[716,792,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899DF20321C01FEDB" box="[716,792,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S. ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB58984820321CA8FEDA" box="[859,945,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1263,1287]" captionTargetBox="[335,1245,633,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-235@24.[329,1258,633,1240]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Same adult female Monteverde, showing (left photo) 3 inner and 2 outer rear tibial spines and (right photo) ovipositor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472059/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5898F820321B81FEDA" box="[1003,1176,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5898F820321B81FEDA" box="[1003,1176,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ovipositor curves more uniformly. The instar of female specimens is more difficult to identify in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589F1820161BB7FE86" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1035,1198,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589F1820161BB7FE86" box="[1035,1198,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, perhaps because the ovipositor develops more slowly than in
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58997E207A1C3BFEA2" box="[621,802,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58997E207A1C04FEA2" box="[621,797,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It is unknown if both genera have the same number of molts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD420A21C1EFDDE" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
E. The calcars on the rear leg tibia of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899BA20A21C55FE6A" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[681,844,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899BA20A21C55FE6A" box="[681,844,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa are generally unspecialized while those calcars can be specialized in certain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589ACE20861DFAFE16" authority="Groups" authorityName="Groups" box="[477,739,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589ACE20861D93FE16" box="[477,650,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
Groups
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Weissman
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58987C20861CB1FE16" box="[879,936,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in prep) along the lines of (1) scoop-like, in sand inhabiting species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589ABF20EA1D24FE32" authorityName="Tinkham" authorityYear="1965" box="[428,573,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelsoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589ABF20EA1D24FE32" box="[428,573,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. kelsoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58995820EA1DADFE33" box="[587,692,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58995820EA1DA9FE33" authorityName="Rentz & Weissman" authorityYear="1981" box="[587,688,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muwu">A. muwu</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899F820EA1C8FFE32" authorityName="Tinkham" authorityYear="1970" box="[747,918,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Viscainopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davewerneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899F820EA1C8FFE32" box="[747,918,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. davewerneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), (2) long in males of the Longispinus Group, and (3) thickened in males from the northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A35A68A65FB5899D420CE1C1AFDDE" box="[711,771,511,537]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD423121C4CFD0A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
F. Megacephalism is almost unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899BF23121C56FDFA" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[684,847,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899BF23121C56FDFA" box="[684,847,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while widespread, in both sexes, and within certain groups (i.e. the Fuscus Group) of
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58990C23761DCAFDA6" box="[543,723,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58990C23761DD6FDA6" box="[543,719,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Large heads would be useful for those taxa that live in sandy habitats because JCs use their heads like trowels to dig through the sand: the bigger the scooper, the more efficient might be the forward movement. In contrast, the last thing that a JC that buries into rotten logs might want, would be a large head, perhaps explaining its rarity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899B923821C54FD0A" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[682,845,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899B923821C54FD0A" box="[682,845,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD423E61EC3FC2A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
G. Hooks, on the dorsolateral margins of the supra-anal plate, in adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589F4323E61BE4FD36" box="[1104,1277,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589F4323E61BE4FD36" box="[1104,1277,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are typically visible with the naked eye, not hidden behind the cerci, and elevated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB5898BA23CA1B11FCD1" box="[937,1032,763,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1480,1504]" captionTargetBox="[152,1420,1029,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-416@20.[152,1435,1029,1457]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of hooks in adult males. In left photo, Stenopelmatus hooks (arrows) black and normally pressed against black body; while in right photo, Ammopelmatus hooks (arrows) are readily visible because they are separated from the lighter colored body and not hidden behind the cerci. Photos C. Grinter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472049/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
|
||
) away from the body such that running one’s finger across them results in a “catch.” In contrast, hooks in adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589F26222E1BC1FCFE" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1077,1240,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589F26222E1BC1FCFE" box="[1077,1240,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB589FF4222E1A5DFCFE" box="[1255,1348,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1480,1504]" captionTargetBox="[152,1420,1029,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-416@20.[152,1435,1029,1457]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of hooks in adult males. In left photo, Stenopelmatus hooks (arrows) black and normally pressed against black body; while in right photo, Ammopelmatus hooks (arrows) are readily visible because they are separated from the lighter colored body and not hidden behind the cerci. Photos C. Grinter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472049/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be smaller and darker such that 20X magnification is required to see them. They are usually appressed against the abdomen (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68F408D8A65FB589BC522561E35FC46" box="[214,300,871,897]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[151,257,689,718]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,735,1874]" captionText="TABLE 2. Stenopelmatus character summary sheet." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7225BE8A60FB5D9B8423801C2DFD09" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="DF7225BE8A60FB5D9B8423801C2DFD09">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) along their entire length, such that there is no “catch” when running a finger across them.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A65FB589E3922561FE9FC61" author="Weissman, D. B." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="351 - 373" refId="ref52692" refString="Weissman, D. B. (2001 b) Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (Ed.), The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets, and Their Allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 351 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994086.0351" type="book chapter" year="2001">Weissman (2001b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined that such hooks are necessary for successful mating in
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5898EA22BA1BB4FC62" box="[1017,1197,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5898EA22BA1BB0FC62" box="[1017,1193,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589FEE22BA1A85FC63" box="[1277,1436,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sartorianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589FEE22BA1A85FC63" box="[1277,1436,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S. sartorianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses the same “bite-back” mating gymnastics (see p. 93), we suspect that these hooks are also necessary for successful mating in
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589A3C22E21EC3FC2A" box="[303,474,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589A3C22E21ECFFC2A" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[303,470,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7225BE8A65FB589B8424F91C77F9EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4472049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472049/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[151,250,1480,1504]" targetBox="[152,1420,1029,1457]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589B8424F91C77F9EE" blockId="20.[151,1436,1480,1577]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589B8424F91E39FA27" bold="true" box="[151,288,1480,1504]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of hooks in adult males. In left photo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58985224F81CCCFA26" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[833,981,1481,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58985224F81CCCFA26" box="[833,981,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hooks (arrows) black and normally pressed against black body; while in right photo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58992424DC1DCAF9C2" box="[567,723,1517,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58992424DC1DCAF9C2" box="[567,723,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hooks (arrows) are readily visible because they are separated from the lighter colored body and not hidden behind the cerci. Photos C. Grinter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A65FB589B8427661E89F9B6" box="[151,400,1623,1649]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589B8427661E89F9B6" blockId="20.[151,1437,1623,2009]" box="[151,400,1623,1649]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecological characters:</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A65FB599BD4274A1D8DFEA2" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD4274A1EACF88E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1623,2009]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
A. Habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589A6D274A1D32F952" box="[382,555,1659,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589A6D274A1D32F952" box="[382,555,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are generally dry, warm to hot, at lower elevations, frequently sandy desert, not forested, and never found in rotten logs during the daytime.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5898B627AE1B51F97E" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[933,1096,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5898B627AE1B51F97E" box="[933,1096,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rarely in sandy habitats, frequently at higher elevations in cool, moist forests and cloud forests, and frequently in rotten logs during the daytime. F.T. Hovore (pers. comm. to DBW, 1996) believed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58981E27D61CA9F8C6" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[781,944,1767,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58981E27D61CA9F8C6" box="[781,944,1767,1793]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more likely in rotten logs with passalid larvae, than scarab or cerambycid larvae, because such logs are older as passalid parents tend their larvae and make extensive tunnel systems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB589BD426621B45F872" blockId="20.[151,1437,1623,2009]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
B. Confirmation of A. is a good series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB5899AB26621C42F8AA" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[696,859,1875,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB5899AB26621C42F8AA" box="[696,859,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species collected under rocks, on ash, on sides of volcanoes, above
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A65FB589A4F26461EA8F856" box="[348,433,1911,1937]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="2100.0">2,100m</quantity>
|
||
elevation (e.g. Paricutín Volcano,
|
||
<date id="FFB353F68A65FB58983E26461CB4F855" box="[813,941,1911,1938]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1955-06-22">22-vi-1955</date>
|
||
; Mt. Popocatépetl [see
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB589FBD26461A09F856" box="[1198,1296,1911,1937]" captionStart="FIGURE 196" captionStartId="115.[151,250,2012,2036]" captionTargetBox="[242,1323,1516,1964]" captionTargetId="figure-154@115.[242,1344,1514,1988]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURE 196. A. Adult female, Mt. Orizaba. B. Same female showing 3 inner and 2 outer rear leg tibial spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472315/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 196</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB589E0826461A5EF856" box="[1307,1351,1911,1937]" captionStart="FIGURE 197" captionStartId="116.[151,250,877,901]" captionTargetId="figure-122@116.[322,1265,381,854]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURE 197. Adult male, Mt. Citlaltepetl, LW Swan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4475857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4475857/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">197</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB589E7F26461A8EF856" box="[1388,1431,1911,1937]" captionStart="FIGURE 116" captionStartId="72.[151,250,751,775]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,181,727]" captionTargetId="figure-21@72.[384,1203,181,727]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 116. Field of pegs and hairs (arrow) under left wing in adult male of S. piceiventris from La Esperanza (head toward top of photo). Photo C. Grinter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472196/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">116</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A65FB589B8426AB1FDAF872" box="[151,195,1946,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 117" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[538,1048,1231,1575]" captionTargetId="figure-226@72.[538,1048,1231,1575]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 117. Live late instar S. piceiventris from Sierra de Juárez (S06-36, photo D.C. Lightfoot)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472198/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">117</figureCitation>
|
||
]) above
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A65FB589A3726AA1E65F872" box="[292,380,1947,1973]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="3000.0">3,000m</quantity>
|
||
, above tree line.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB58992A26AA1DFFF872" box="[569,742,1947,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB58992A26AA1DFFF872" box="[569,742,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown from such habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A65FB599BD4268E1A34FF3E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1623,2009]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589BE4268E1E83F81E" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[247,410,1983,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589BE4268E1E83F81E" box="[247,410,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be obligate carnivores, in contrast to omnivorous
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A65FB589F1E268E1BD8F81E" box="[1037,1217,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A65FB589F1E268E1BA4F81E" box="[1037,1213,1983,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Early on, we satisfied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599BDA21A61E75FF76" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[201,364,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599BDA21A61E75FF76" box="[201,364,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
protein requirements, in the field, by feeding them passalid larvae collected from the rotting logs where we found them. Once back in the laboratory, we fed them commercially bought wax worm larvae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599E2E218A1A85FF12" box="[1341,1436,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599E2E218A1A85FF12" box="[1341,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Galleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). Subsequently, we have successfully substituted fish food flakes (TetraFin) for the wax worm larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599BD420321D8DFEA2" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
D. Nymphs and adults of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59998E20321C53FEDA" box="[669,842,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB59998E20321C53FEDA" box="[669,842,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are attracted to oatmeal trails. We have had similar good success with some of the small, black species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5999FC20161C8BFE86" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[751,914,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5999FC20161C8BFE86" box="[751,914,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but no luck with any larger taxa and wonder if this might reflect their cannibalistic behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A64FB599B8420A21E8AFE6A" box="[151,403,403,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599B8420A21E8AFE6A" blockId="21.[151,1437,403,897]" box="[151,403,403,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Behavioral characters:</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A64FB5A9BD420861C57FF11" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599BD420861D26FC46" blockId="21.[151,1437,403,897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
A. For the 16 named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599AAE20861D79FE16" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[445,608,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599AAE20861D79FE16" box="[445,608,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa for which we have first-hand experience (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68F408D8A64FB599F7720861BA3FE16" box="[1124,1210,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[151,257,689,718]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,735,1874]" captionText="TABLE 2. Stenopelmatus character summary sheet." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7225BE8A60FB5D9B8423801C2DFD09" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF7225BE8A60FB5D9B8423801C2DFD09">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), 10 species jump or hop as juveniles and adults. The 6 taxa that do not jump are all small (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A64FB5998B720EB1CEFFE32" box="[932,1014,474,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Of the 4 non-jumping taxa for which we have DNA, 3 of them (
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599ADE20CE1DD5FDDE" box="[461,716,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599ADE20CE1D2DFDDF" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[461,564,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">S. perote</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59995120CE1DD1FDDE" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[578,712,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faulkneri">S. faulkneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59981520CE1C9AFDDE" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[774,899,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durango">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB59981520CE1C9AFDDE" box="[774,899,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. durango</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are recovered together (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A64FB599FB620CE1BE2FDDE" box="[1189,1275,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[436,1148,954,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-73@14.[433,1154,953,1494]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Coalescent-based species tree estimation using ASTRAL. Ammopelmatus clade has been collapsed. Green circles on the nodes denote 100% bootstrap support values, and the support values below 100% are shown as numbers. In samples F2004, F2152, and F2238, the species name is preceded by a “?” mark because the identity of the individual is not certain. These three samples are discussed in the text under each presumptive species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472047/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The 4
|
||
<superScript id="7C78D87E8A64FB599E4020CF1A79FDCB" attach="left" box="[1363,1376,510,524]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">th</superScript>
|
||
nonhopper,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599BE123121E84FDFA" box="[242,413,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599BE123121E80FDFA" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[242,409,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurasito">S. hondurasito</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is recovered closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5999B523121C4CFDFA" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[678,853,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5999B523121C4CFDFA" box="[678,853,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. ecuadorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the ASTRAL and mtDNA analysis, but we don’t know if the latter hops or not. In the mtDNA tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A64FB5999C123761C08FDA6" box="[722,785,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,835,859]" captionTargetBox="[435,1137,183,809]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[434,1154,179,809]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. 50% majority rule phylogram from a Bayesian analysis of concatenated mtDNA 12S and COI gene fragments for at least 16 species of Stenopelmatus. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.5 are displayed at each node, and posterior probabilities of 1.0 are denoted with green dots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472045/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), the clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5998C623761B60FDA6" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[981,1145,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurasito">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5998C623761B60FDA6" box="[981,1145,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. hondurasito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recovered closer to the other non-hopping taxa. Such hops/jumps can be from
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A64FB5999EE235A1C6AFD42" box="[765,883,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="10.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="6.0">6 to 15 cm</quantity>
|
||
in distance, and originate when both hind femurs are cocked and rapidly extended similar to the action seen when grasshoppers jump. In raising many thousands of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599B8423821E5DFD0A" box="[151,324,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599B8423821E5DFD0A" box="[151,324,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
over the years, we have never seen a single one jump. This trait is apparently the only character that is 100% diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599A8F23E61D26FD36" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[412,575,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599A8F23E61D26FD36" box="[412,575,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even if not all species do it. There is no relationship (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A64FB599FB723E61BEFFD36" box="[1188,1270,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1520,1544]" captionTargetBox="[268,1323,927,1487]" captionTargetId="figure-370@21.[257,1330,918,1494]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Measurements of hind femur length in Stenopelmatus taxa that jump vs those that do not jump. The blue dot, nonjumpers are represented by 4 small, generally dark species (S. perote, S. durango, S. hondurasito, and S. faulkneri)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472051/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) between hind femur length and hind femur width, perhaps analogous to the results of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A64FB5998A523CA1B8CFCD2" author="Lawler, K. & Bell, I. & Bryant, C. & Pickering, S. H. & Gillding, E. R. & Rapley, S. & Rolfe, M." box="[950,1173,763,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="624 - 634" refId="ref50181" refString="Lawler, K., Bell, I., Bryant, C., Pickering, S. H., Gillding, E. R., Rapley, S. & Rolfe, M. (2019) Jump distance of Monistria concinna in relation to metabolic rate and femur length: mass ratio. Field Studies in Ecology, 71, 624 - 634." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Lawler
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599F1F23CA1B5DFCD2" box="[1036,1092,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who found no relationship between femur length: mass ratio in a grasshopper. On the other hand, the best jumper was
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599FF1222E1A9EFCFF" box="[1250,1415,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599FF1222E1A9AFCFF" box="[1250,1411,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sartorianus">S. sartorianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a species with long, narrow femurs and tibias. These physical modifications appear to be similar in a jumping
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A35A68A64FB599E4822721FC6FC46" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
cockroach (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A64FB599A7422561D2DFC46" author="Picker, M. & Colville, J. F. & Burrows, M." box="[359,564,871,897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="390 - 392" refId="ref51383" refString="Picker, M., Colville, J. F. & Burrows, M. (2012) A cockroach that jumps. Biology Letters, 8, 390 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2011.1022" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Picker
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599AAB22561EE9FC46" box="[440,496,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7225BE8A64FB599B8424C11A3FF9EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472051" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4472051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472051/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[151,250,1520,1544]" targetBox="[268,1323,927,1487]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599B8424C11A3FF9EA" blockId="21.[151,1436,1520,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599B8424C11E06F9CF" bold="true" box="[151,287,1520,1544]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of hind femur length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5999BF24C11C59F9CF" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[684,832,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5999BF24C11C59F9CF" box="[684,832,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa that jump vs those that do not jump. The blue dot, nonjumpers are represented by 4 small, generally dark species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5999E527241B6BF9EB" box="[758,1138,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5999E527241C48F9EB" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[758,849,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">S. perote</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59984827241CD4F9EB" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[859,973,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durango">S. durango</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5998C427241B77F9EB" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[983,1134,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurasito">S. hondurasito</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599FB027241A0EF9EB" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1187,1303,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faulkneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599FB027241A0EF9EB" box="[1187,1303,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. faulkneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599BD4276A1A4AF95E" blockId="21.[151,1436,1627,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
B. Tree climbing was postulated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A64FB59997C276A1CDDF9B2" author="Weissman, D. B. & Lightfoot, D. C." box="[623,964,1627,1653]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="22 - 29" refId="ref52823" refString="Weissman, D. B. & Lightfoot, D. C. (2007) Techniques for the field capture and captive rearing of North American Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatinae). Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute 2007 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference, 2007, pp. 22 - 29." type="journal article" year="2007">Weissman & Lightfoot (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5998E7276A1B8EF9B2" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1012,1175,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5998E7276A1B8EF9B2" box="[1012,1175,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and subsequently confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A64FB599A1F274E1DDFF95E" author="Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J. & Riveron, A. Z." box="[268,710,1663,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="5 - 6" refId="ref49644" refString="Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J. & Riveron, A. Z. (2018) Los cara de nino (Orthoptera, Stenopelmatidae, Stenopelmatinae): insectos inofensivos pero con muy mala reputacion. Boletin de la Asociacion Mexicana de Sistematica de Artropodos, 2, 5 - 6." type="journal article" year="2018">Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & Riverón (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We have never seen arboreal behavior in
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599F8D274E1A4AF95E" box="[1182,1363,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599F8D274E1A57F95E" box="[1182,1358,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ammopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599BD427921A73F97A" blockId="21.[151,1436,1627,2013]" box="[199,1386,1699,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
C. Antennae are constantly in motion in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59998E27921C23F97B" box="[669,826,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sartorianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB59998E27921C23F97B" box="[669,826,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. sartorianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resembling that seen in an active pompilid wasp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A64FB599BD427F61D22F81A" blockId="21.[151,1436,1627,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
D. Virgin adults of both sexes of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5999FF27F61C80F926" box="[748,921,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5999FF27F61C80F926" box="[748,921,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally drum well in captivity. Even in reluctant drummers, documentation was eventually successful. In many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB5998A627DA1B7BF8C2" box="[949,1122,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB5998A627DA1B7BF8C2" box="[949,1122,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, the drums are easy to hear at distances of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0BBEBF8A64FB599A67263E1EB4F8EE" box="[372,429,1807,1833]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A64FB599A67263E1EB0F8EE" box="[372,425,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="10.0">10m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599924263E1DC3F8EE" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[567,730,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599924263E1DC3F8EE" box="[567,730,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
virgin adults are generally reluctant, much softer drummers. In fact, we were unable to document drumming in 3 species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB59982626021A6AF88A" box="[821,1395,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB59982626021B0AF88A" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[821,1043,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineraldelmonte">S. mineraldelmonte</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599F0C26021BD8F88B" box="[1055,1217,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">S. piceiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599FDD26021A6AF88A" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[1230,1395,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hondurasito">S. hondurasito</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599B8426661E23F8B6" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,314,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599B8426661E23F8B6" box="[151,314,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
despite repeated efforts with several virgin individuals of each species, and we speculate that not all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A64FB599B84264A1E23F852" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,314,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A64FB599B84264A1E23F852" box="[151,314,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa may drum. We wonder if this behavioral difference could be analogous to the decreased calling song stridulation seen in many, similarly nocturnal, New World tropical katydids, possibly as a result of high bat predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A64FB599A0326F21D31F81A" author="Belwood, J. J. & Morris, G. K." box="[272,552,1987,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="64 - 67" refId="ref49070" refString="Belwood, J. J. & Morris, G. K. (1987) Bat predation and its influence on calling behavior in neotropical katydids. Science, 238, 64 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 238.4823.64" type="journal article" year="1987">Belwood & Morris 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A67FB5A9BD421A61C57FF11" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,214]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
E. While a number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9AC621A61D9BFF76" box="[469,642,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9AC621A61D9BFF76" box="[469,642,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa possess a sex clarification drum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A67FB5A9F2A21A61A19FF75" author="Weissman, D. B." box="[1081,1280,151,178]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="351 - 373" refId="ref52692" refString="Weissman, D. B. (2001 b) Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (Ed.), The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets, and Their Allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 351 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994086.0351" type="book chapter" year="2001">Weissman 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such is only known in one species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9ABE218A1DD3FF13" box="[429,714,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9ABE218A1D49FF12" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[429,592,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9974218A1DD3FF13" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[615,714,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">S. perote</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(see p. 64).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A67FB5A9B8420321ED6FEDA" box="[151,463,259,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A67FB5A9B8420321ED6FEDA" blockId="22.[151,1437,259,717]" box="[151,463,259,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Endophenotypic characters.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A67FB5A9BD420161ED9FD0A" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A67FB5A9BD420161BA0FDFA" blockId="22.[151,1437,259,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
A.
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A67FB5A9BE420161E23FE86" box="[247,314,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[391,1188,898,1671]" captionTargetId="figure-62@4.[391,1196,894,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sia Jerusalem crickets: Sia sp. (subgenus Sia, top photo) from South Africa, and adult male Sia ferox (subgenus Maxentius, bottom photo) from Java, both in the Siinae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472037/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5D8D38A67FB5A9A3F20161E23FE86" box="[300,314,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="2.0">2</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C78A67FB5A9A7320161D68FE86" author="Vandergast, A. G. & Weissman, D. B. & Wood, D. A. & Rentz, D. C. F. & Bazelet, C. S. & Ueshima, N." box="[352,625,295,321]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref52520" refString="Vandergast, A. G., Weissman, D. B., Wood, D. A., Rentz, D. C. F., Bazelet, C. S. & Ueshima, N. (2017) Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)? Zootaxa, 4291 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Vandergast
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9AF720161D07FE86" box="[484,542,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows 3 clades of New World JCs based on DNA sequencing. Clade 1 includes all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9A0F207A1ED0FEA2" box="[284,457,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9A0F207A1ED0FEA2" box="[284,457,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, most living entirely within the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A35A68A67FB5A984C207A1CEEFEA2" box="[863,1015,331,357]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Clade 2 includes all species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9E46207A1E1AFE4E" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9E46207A1FE6FE4E" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenopelmatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
all living south of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A35A68A67FB5A9AE9205E1D8BFE4E" box="[506,658,367,393]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Clade 3 includes
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9849205E1CE6FE4F" box="[858,1023,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9849205E1CE3FE4F" box="[858,1018,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">S. piceiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a micropterous taxon with small fore wings. It is unknown if the apparently related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A99B320A21C3BFE6A" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[672,802,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanfelipe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A99B320A21C3BFE6A" box="[672,802,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. sanfelipe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also with small fore wings, would be recovered near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9E9420A21E03FE17" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9E9420A21E03FE17" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. piceiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we predict that it would. A 3
|
||
<superScript id="7C78D87E8A67FB5A999F20871D83FE03" attach="left" box="[652,666,438,452]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">rd</superScript>
|
||
micropterous taxon,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A989520861CE6FE16" box="[902,1023,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A989520861CE2FE16" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[902,1019,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiapas">S. chiapas</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was recovered (F2172) within Clade 2 but we caution that its DNA was old and its reliability is questionable and should be rechecked. Additional phylogenetic datasets presented here group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A994520CE1DECFDDF" box="[598,757,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A994520CE1DECFDDF" box="[598,757,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. piceiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A989C20CE1B2BFDDE" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[911,1074,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A989C20CE1B2BFDDE" box="[911,1074,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
separately from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9FE320CE1A84FDDE" box="[1264,1437,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9FE320CE1A84FDDE" box="[1264,1437,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A67FB5A9BB323121FFBFDFA" box="[160,226,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,835,859]" captionTargetBox="[435,1137,183,809]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[434,1154,179,809]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. 50% majority rule phylogram from a Bayesian analysis of concatenated mtDNA 12S and COI gene fragments for at least 16 species of Stenopelmatus. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.5 are displayed at each node, and posterior probabilities of 1.0 are denoted with green dots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472045/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="133669B38A67FB5A9A0B23121E72FDFA" box="[280,363,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[436,1148,954,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-73@14.[433,1154,953,1494]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Coalescent-based species tree estimation using ASTRAL. Ammopelmatus clade has been collapsed. Green circles on the nodes denote 100% bootstrap support values, and the support values below 100% are shown as numbers. In samples F2004, F2152, and F2238, the species name is preceded by a “?” mark because the identity of the individual is not certain. These three samples are discussed in the text under each presumptive species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4472047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4472047/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9A6C23121DB5FDFB" box="[383,684,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9A6C23121DB5FDFB" box="[383,684,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stenopelmatus piceiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be basal to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9F1D23121BA8FDFA" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1038,1201,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9F1D23121BA8FDFA" box="[1038,1201,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A67FB5A9BD423761ED9FD0A" blockId="22.[151,1437,259,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
B. Karyotype numbers vary in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A992B23761DFCFDA6" box="[568,741,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Ammopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A992B23761DFCFDA6" box="[568,741,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ammopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 2nƋ=25 (most common) to 23 (next most common) to rarely 21 or 19. Only 4 species of Mexican JCs have been karyotyped:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A98A5235A1B4FFD43" box="[950,1110,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A98A5235A1B4FFD43" box="[950,1110,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. piceiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 2nƋ=27, and as it lies at the base of the tree, may represent the ancestral number of the subfamily.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A98C323BE1A48FD6E" box="[976,1361,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A98C323BE1BDDFD6F" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" box="[976,1220,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perote">Stenopelmatus perote</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9FDC23BE1A54FD6E" box="[1231,1357,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhlops">S. typhlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9E9423BE1FEFFD0B" authorityName="Weissman & Vandergast & Song & Shin & Mckenna & Ueshima" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zimapan">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9E9423BE1FEFFD0B" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. zimapan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all have 2nƋ=25.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31726BD8A67FB5A9B84222F1D0DFC9A" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB275368A67FB5A9B84222F1D0DFC9A" blockId="22.[151,1437,798,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9B84222F1D0DFC9A" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Alphabetical listing of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB58A67FB5A9ACB222F1C0BFCFE" authority="Jerusalem" authorityName="Jerusalem" box="[472,786,798,825]" class="Insecta" family="Stenopelmatidae" genus="Stenopelmatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979A9248A67FB5A9ACB222F1D93FCFE" bold="true" box="[472,650,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stenopelmatus</emphasis>
|
||
Jerusalem
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cricket species, all from south of the United States’ border, discussed in this paper
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |