515 lines
61 KiB
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515 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3ab2700-b888-4721-b7c1-fcb2d0bb38b2" ID-PMC="PMC8233300" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1045-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" ID-PubMed="34228772" ID-ZooBank="2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1045-1" checkinTime="1624048151249" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z." docDate="2021" docId="691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1045: 1-236" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1045" docPubDate="2021-06-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" docTitle="Crephelochares Kuwert 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" masterDocTitle="The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668150528805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Giron, Jennifer C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">entiminae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Short, Andrew Edward Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1045</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>236</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1045-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182959275" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kuwert, 1890" authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crephelochares Kuwert, 1890</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1V</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021), indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Acidocerus, Agraphydrus, Aulonochares, Batochares, Chasmogenus, Colossochares, and Crephelochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 11G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Aedeagi of Colossochares and Crephelochares spp. A Colossochares ellipticus B Crephelochares szeli C Crephelochares sp. (Australia) D Crephelochares abnormalis (Thailand). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557426" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 27B-D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 28</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares (Crephelochares)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Crephelochares">Helochares (Crephelochares)</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert, 1890a: 38.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares (Crepidelochares)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Crepidelochares">Helochares (Crepidelochares)</taxonomicName>
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Ganglbauer, 1904: 248 [unjustified emendation of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crephelochares</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert, 1890].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares (Chasmogenus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chasmogenus">Helochares (Chasmogenus)</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert;
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<bibRefCitation author="d'Orchymont, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 168" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" refId="B50" refString="d'Orchymont, A, 1919c. Contribution a l'etude des sous-familles des Sphaeridiinae et des Hydrophilinae (Col. Hydrophilidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 88 (1-2): 105 - 168, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" title="Contribution a l'etude des sous-familles des Sphaeridiinae et des Hydrophilinae (Col. Hydrophilidae)." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" volume="88" year="1919 c">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
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1919c
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 148 [taxonomic treatment];
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<bibRefCitation author="Knisch, A" journalOrPublisher="Junk, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B188" refString="Knisch, A, 1924a. Hydrophilidae. In: Junk W, Schenkling S (Eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus (Vol. 14, part 79). W. Junk, Berlin" title="Hydrophilidae. In: Junk W, Schenkling S (Eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus (Vol. 14, part 79). W." year="1924 a">Knisch 1924a</bibRefCitation>
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: 195 [catalog].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crephelochares</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert;
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<bibRefCitation author="Fernandez, LA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="189 - 193" refId="B106" refString="Fernandez, LA, 1986. Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y descripcion de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Neotropica 32: 189 - 193" title="Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y descripcion de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="32" year="1986">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
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1986
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 148 [junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmogenus</taxonomicName>
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as genus];
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<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B139" refString="Hansen, M, 1991. The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1 - 367" title="The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="40" year="1991">Hansen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 293 [catalog];
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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[elevated to generic rank].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus (Crephelochares)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Crephelochares">Chasmogenus (Crephelochares)</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hebauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Coleopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 92" refId="B146" refString="Hebauer, F, 1992. The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 8 (2): 61 - 92" title="The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)." volume="8" year="1992">Hebauer 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 62 [as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmogenus</taxonomicName>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares livornicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="livornicus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares livornicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kuwert, 1890: 38; subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation author="d'Orchymont, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="154 - 166" refId="B73" refString="d'Orchymont, A, 1939a. Revision des especes du sous-genre Crephelochares d' Helochares. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 79: 154 - 166" title="Revision des especes du sous-genre Crephelochares d' Helochares." volume="79" year="1939 a">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
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(1939a
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 154).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Body length ranging from 2.5-4.8 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, dorsoventrally slightly flattened, moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly evenly convex (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
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); surface even and smooth, with usually shallow ground punctation (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
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). Coloration usually dark brown seldom yellowish, uniform across body regions. Head trapezoid (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11G</figureCitation>
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). Eyes relatively large, at most only slightly emarginated anteriorly, and not or only slightly projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin mesally emarginate; membranous preclypeal area visible when clypeus strongly emarginated. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum punctate or punctate laterally and medially obliquely striate; medial surface flat to depressed (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28C</figureCitation>
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); anteromedial depression sometimes limited by low transverse carina. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with cupule slightly asymmetric and rounded. Maxillary palps slender, 1.2-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 nearly 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of maxillary palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, and outer margin curved along apical half. Pronotum evenly convex. Elytra with sutural striae, with outer margins slightly flared; ground punctures usually only shallowly marked, serial punctures absent and at least one median row of systematic punctures visible on each elytron (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
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). Surface of prosternum usually flat, sometimes tectiform. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with longitudinal carina; anapleural sutures sinuate, separated at anterior margin by distance similar to slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with posteromesal and posterolateral glabrous patches (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28C</figureCitation>
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). Protibiae with spines of anterior row semi erect, relatively long, thick and sparse; apical spurs of protibiae relatively short and stout, not reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 4/5 of anterior surface of metafemora (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Habitus Crephelochares spp. A-C Crephelochares nitescens: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from Bird et al. 2017). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28C</figureCitation>
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). Metatarsomeres 2-4 gradually decreasing in size, with two rows of spines on ventral surface; metatarsomere 2 slightly longer than 5, 5 shorter than 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite emarginate at apex, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Aedeagi of Colossochares and Crephelochares spp. A Colossochares ellipticus B Crephelochares szeli C Crephelochares sp. (Australia) D Crephelochares abnormalis (Thailand). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557426" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27B-D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with parameres at most only fused at base on dorsal surface; median lobe divided in dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate sclerotized along margins, medially membranous, membranes with papillae or denticles along apico-medial region; ventral plate as inverted Y, sometimes accompanied by basal median laminar sclerite; basal piece nearly as long as or longer than ventral length of parameres, always noticeable; gonopore not clearly visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557427" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 28" startId="F28">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares nitescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares patrizii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patrizii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares cf. patrizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(image from
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11622" author="Bird, MS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="51 - 84" refId="B25" refString="Bird, MS, Bilton, DT, Perissinotto, R, 2017. Diversity and distribution of polyphagan water beetles (Coleoptera) in the Lake St Lucia system, South Africa. ZooKeys 656: 51 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11622" title="Diversity and distribution of polyphagan water beetles (Coleoptera) in the Lake St Lucia system, South Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11622" volume="656" year="2017">Bird et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Among Old World acidocerines,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique in the presence of sutural stria. The Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most similar genus, as they both share this character (along with the more distantly related Neotropical genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They can be differentiated by the number of antennomeres (eight in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nine in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and by the form of the aedeagus (trilobed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Aedeagi of Chasmogenus spp. A C. acuminatus B C. schmits C C. lineatus D, E C. tafelbergensis: D dorsal view E lateral view. Images from Smith and Short 2020. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557424" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25</figureCitation>
|
||
; divided and further modified in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Aedeagi of Colossochares and Crephelochares spp. A Colossochares ellipticus B Crephelochares szeli C Crephelochares sp. (Australia) D Crephelochares abnormalis (Thailand). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557426" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27B-D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The configuration of the aedeagus in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite unique in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Zaitzev" baseAuthorityYear="1908" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidocerinae">Acidocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially because of the configuration of the median lobe and its inner membranes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Afrotropical</emphasis>
|
||
: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles (Aldabra), Sierra Leone, Somalia, Republic of South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Australasian</emphasis>
|
||
: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland), Fiji (Vanua Levu, Viti Levu), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indo-Malayan</emphasis>
|
||
: Cambodia, China (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Papua, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palearctic</emphasis>
|
||
: Bosnia, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Acidocerus, Agraphydrus, Aulonochares, Batochares, Chasmogenus, Colossochares, and Crephelochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Archangelsky, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 207" refId="B4" refString="Archangelsky, M, 1997. Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 12 (1): 1 - 207" title="Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia)." volume="12" year="1997">Archangelsky (1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55) reproduced the larval descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who reared larvae from adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares nitescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares nitescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in laboratory conditions. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson (1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 223), females lay between 18 and 25 eggs, "located below the surface of damp soil, in a mossy hollow constructed by the adult; the hollow was always of the same size and shape and lined inside with loose silk. Eggs were deposited at right angles to base of nest, each covered by strands of fine silk attached to floor, walls and adjacent eggs". The larvae hatch in 5-7 days and are predaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Archangelsky, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 207" refId="B4" refString="Archangelsky, M, 1997. Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 12 (1): 1 - 207" title="Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia)." volume="12" year="1997">Archangelsky 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55). "The larvae would not pupate in damp tissue paper, but only in moss. [
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
||
]. The larvae pupated naked in the upper moss or in curled decaying leaves" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 223). Complete development lasted 24-33 days.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fikacek, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B112" refString="Fikacek, M, 2003. Commented review of immature stages of World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bachelor Seminar Work, Charles University, Prague." title="Commented review of immature stages of World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bachelor Seminar Work, Charles University, Prague." year="2003">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fikáček">Fikacek</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a diagnosis, pointed out the incompleteness of the descriptions and drawings offered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and commented on the unusualness of the habit of laying eggs on the ground by hydrophilid standards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
As for the adults, ecological information is very scarce. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hebauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Coleopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 92" refId="B146" refString="Hebauer, F, 1992. The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 8 (2): 61 - 92" title="The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)." volume="8" year="1992">Hebauer (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. livornicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="livornicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. livornicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kuwert) was collected in stagnant water with decaying plants and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. orbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="orbus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. orbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Watanabe) was collected in a rice field. The recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. parorbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="parorbus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. parorbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jia and Tang) was also recorded from stagnant waters (Jia and Tang 2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larvae">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The only species for which immature stages are known is
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares nitescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[from Australia; immature stages were originally described as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares nitescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">Anderson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the breeding method he used, the eggs and egg case, first and third instar larvae and pupa, as well as the entire life cycle.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Archangelsky, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 207" refId="B4" refString="Archangelsky, M, 1997. Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 12 (1): 1 - 207" title="Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia)." volume="12" year="1997">Archangelsky (1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55) reproduced
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" author="Anderson, JME" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 228" refId="B2" refString="Anderson, JME, 1976. Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology 15 (2): 219 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" title="Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01696.x" volume="15" year="1976">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Anderson’s">Anderson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1976)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
findings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Kuwert (1890: 38). In 1904, Ganglbauer established
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ganglbauer" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crepidelochares" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crepidelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crepidelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without justification or explanation. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="d'Orchymont, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 168" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" refId="B50" refString="d'Orchymont, A, 1919c. Contribution a l'etude des sous-familles des Sphaeridiinae et des Hydrophilinae (Col. Hydrophilidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 88 (1-2): 105 - 168, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" title="Contribution a l'etude des sous-familles des Sphaeridiinae et des Hydrophilinae (Col. Hydrophilidae)." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486175" volume="88" year="1919 c">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1919c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 148) synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
keeping
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In 1986,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
reinstated
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a genus, with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym. Subsequent authors alternately either treated
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus or junior synonym.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hebauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Coleopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 92" refId="B146" refString="Hebauer, F, 1992. The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 8 (2): 61 - 92" title="The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)." volume="8" year="1992">Hebauer (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
removed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and established it as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, discussing morphological features in support of this view, which he maintained in subsequent works (Hebauer 1995). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B139" refString="Hansen, M, 1991. The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1 - 367" title="The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="40" year="1991">Hansen (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B142" refString="Hansen, M, 1999b. World catalogue of insects (Volume 2). Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup" title="World catalogue of insects (Volume 2). Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera)." year="1999 b">1999b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) viewed the differences in antennomeres and the aedeagal complexity as "rather subtle" and maintained the two names as synonymous without subgeneric division. The phylogenetic analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, together with the morphological evidence offered by Hebauer, resulted in the recognition of the generic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuwert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
There are 29 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Chephelochares" lsidName="Chephelochares" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chephelochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described to date; some of the older species have long lists of synonyms. The most comprehensive treatment for the genus was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hebauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Coleopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 92" refId="B146" refString="Hebauer, F, 1992. The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 8 (2): 61 - 92" title="The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)." volume="8" year="1992">Hebauer (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the genus was then considered as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Crephelochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crephelochares abnormalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abnormalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crephelochares abnormalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sharp),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. africanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. africanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. balkei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="balkei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. balkei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Short)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. irianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="irianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. irianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hebauer)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. livornicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="livornicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. livornicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kuwert),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mauritiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mauritiensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mauritiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Balfour-Browne),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. molinai" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="molinai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. molinai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hebauer)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. nitescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fauvel),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. orbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="orbus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. orbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Watanabe),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. paramollis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paramollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. paramollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hebauer)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. patrizii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="patrizii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. patrizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Balfour-Browne),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. punctulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Short)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ruandanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ruandanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. ruandanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Balfour-Browne),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rubellus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rubellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hebauer)*,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rusticus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rusticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rusticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rutiloides" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rutiloides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rutiloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rutilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. szeli" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="szeli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. szeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hebauer)*. For species marked with an asterisk, paratypes were available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="selected references">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected references.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hebauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Coleopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 92" refId="B146" refString="Hebauer, F, 1992. The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 8 (2): 61 - 92" title="The species of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)." volume="8" year="1992">Hebauer 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: diagnosis, key to species, diagnoses, descriptions for 22 species, and genitalia drawings for 19 of them; Hebauer 1995: one new species from Namibia;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Watts, CHS" journalOrPublisher="Records of the South Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="113 - 130" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46866161" refId="B288" refString="Watts, CHS, 1995. Revision of the Australasian genera Agraphydrus Regimbart, Chasmogenus Sharp and Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Records of the South Australian Museum 28: 113 - 130, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46866161" title="Revision of the Australasian genera Agraphydrus Regimbart, Chasmogenus Sharp and Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46866161" volume="28" year="1995">Watts 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: revision of the Australian species of the genus;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Koleopterologische Rundschau" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B262" refString="Short, AEZ, 2010. Hydrophilidae: Review of the subtribe Acidocerina of the Southwest Pacific islands (Coleoptera). In: Jaech MA, Balke M (Eds) Water Beetles of New Caledonia, part 1, Wien, 297-318." title="Hydrophilidae: Review of the subtribe Acidocerina of the Southwest Pacific islands (Coleoptera). In: Jaech MA, Balke M (Eds) Water Beetles of New Caledonia, part 1, Wien, 297 - 318." year="2010">Short 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: revision of the species from the Southwest Pacific islands, describing two new species from Fiji and newly recording
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. nitescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. nitescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fauvel) for New Caledonia;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4144.2.12" author="Devi, MB" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="296 - 300" refId="B90" refString="Devi, MB, Devi, OS, Fikacek, M, Minoshima, Y, Wanghengbam, L, 2016. Redescription and lectotype designation of Chasmogenus abnormalis (Sharp), with notes on its distribution. Zootaxa 4144 (2): 296 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4144.2.12" title="Redescription and lectotype designation of Chasmogenus abnormalis (Sharp), with notes on its distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4144.2.12" volume="4144" year="2016">Devi et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: redescription and lectotype designation for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. abnormalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="abnormalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. abnormalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sharp) with a discussion on its distribution and morphological variation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: generic status and phylogenetic placement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |