treatments-xml/data/1D/94/42/1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-197-81" ID-Pensoft-UUID="37EA452A15155D1CB85CA350AF70A112" ModsDocID="1314-2003-197-81" checkinTime="1653995772258" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Santamaria-Aguilar, Daniel &amp; Lagomarsino, Laura P." docDate="2022" docId="1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 197: 81-148" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 197" docPubDate="2022-05-30" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367" docTitle="Virola alvaroperezii D. Santam. 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="37EA452A15155D1CB85CA350AF70A112" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="37EA452A15155D1CB85CA350AF70A112" masterDocTitle="New Species of Virola (Myristicaceae) from South America" masterLastPageNumber="148" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1653996075631" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New Species of Virola (Myristicaceae) from South America</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Santamaria-Aguilar, Daniel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6339-8250</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 103 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 - 1705, USA &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">daniel.santamaria366@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lagomarsino, Laura P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 103 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 - 1705, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-05-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>197</mods:number>
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<mods:start>81</mods:start>
<mods:end>148</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-197-81</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">37EA452A15155D1CB85CA350AF70A112</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
2. 
<taxonomicName LSID="1D9442D9-ED21-599C-9E13-9ED331D901D4" authority="D. Santam." authorityName="D. Santam." authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii" status="sp. nov.">Virola alvaroperezii D. Santam.</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="81">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1992-08-17" collectingDateMax="1992-08-27" collectingDateMin="1992-08-17" collectorName="Centro El Baboso, G. Tipaz, M. Tirado, C. Aulestia, N. Gale, P. Ortiz, Fig." country="Ecuador" county="Tulcan Canton" elevation="1800" latitude="0.8833333" location="Reserva Indigena Awa" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.416664" municipality="Parroquia Tobar Donoso" specimenCount="♀" stateProvince="Carchi" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Carchi">Carchi</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>
Tulcan 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Parroquia Tobar Donoso</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4:D303453A88BB3208C2B59284FE1F3F27" country="Ecuador" county="Tulcan Canton" latitude="0.8833333" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.416664" municipality="Parroquia Tobar Donoso" name="Reserva Indigena Awa" stateProvince="Carchi">
Reserva 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Indígena">Indigena</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
</location>
, 
<collectorName>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4:486D2C2036342DE2213D70A435B2E7A9" country="Ecuador" county="Tulcan Canton" latitude="0.8833333" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.416664" municipality="Parroquia Tobar Donoso" name="Centro El Baboso" stateProvince="Carchi">Centro El Baboso</location>
</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="0.8833333">00°53'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="078" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-78.416664">078°25'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="m" value="1800.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1992-08-17" valueMax="1992-08-27" valueMin="1992-08-17">17-27 Aug 1992</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl and fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectorName>G. Tipaz</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>M. Tirado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>C. Aulestia</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>N. Gale</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>P. Ortiz</collectorName>
1789
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: MO-2 sheets! [flowers: accession 05005569, barcode MO-1528199; fruits: accession 05005570, barcode MO-1528198]; isotypes: QCNE [n.v.]). 
<collectorName>Fig.</collectorName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Virola alvaroperezii A branch with pistillate inflorescence B lateral view of pistillate perianth (right), as well as a medial section (left) showing the internal side and gynoecium C medial sections of gynoecium, with enlargement of trichomes (right) and stigma (top) D lateral view of gynoecium after perianth has fallen E leaf blade with infructescence F abaxial surface of leaf blade showing the midvein with enlargement of trichomes G fruit with detail of indument (right). Drawn by Bobbi Angell based on G. Tipaz et al. 1789 (A-B MO- 05005569), and G. Tipaz et al. 1789 (C-G MO- 05005570)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688795" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">7</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688795" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">A</emphasis>
branch with pistillate inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">B</emphasis>
lateral view of pistillate perianth (right), as well as a medial section (left) showing the internal side and gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">C</emphasis>
medial sections of gynoecium, with enlargement of trichomes (right) and stigma (top) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">D</emphasis>
lateral view of gynoecium after perianth has fallen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">E</emphasis>
leaf blade with infructescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">F</emphasis>
abaxial surface of leaf blade showing the midvein with enlargement of trichomes 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">G</emphasis>
fruit with detail of indument (right). Drawn by Bobbi Angell based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">G. Tipaz et al. 1789</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">A-B</emphasis>
MO-05005569), and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">G. Tipaz et al. 1789</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">C-G</emphasis>
MO-05005570).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Colombia, Panama, respectively. All these species have relatively large leaf blades and fruits, with lateral veins that are well separated and the abaxial leaf surface covered with stellate, sessile trichomes. Morphologically, it differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the abaxial leaf surface densely pubescent (vs. sparsely pubescent). Additionally, it differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having lateral veins that are more separated ([2-] 2.4-2.7 cm apart vs. 0.8-1.5 cm apart), and large fruits (4.3-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.6 cm vs. 2.7-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.3 cm). It differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its wide fruit (3-3.6 cm vs. [1.9-] 2.3-2.9) and thin pericarp (2.8 mm vs. [2.7-] 3-4.7 mm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Tree</emphasis>
30-40 m 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
60-70 cm diameter, inner bark and 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">exudate</emphasis>
not described. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Twigs</emphasis>
0.37-0.4 cm thick, terete to slightly compressed, inconspicuously pubescent, trichomes dendritic, sessile, ferruginous, without lenticels. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Leaves</emphasis>
young terminal bud not seen; petiole 1.5-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.34-0.5 cm, terete to slightly canaliculate, sometimes slightly winged, tomentose to tomentulose, the trichomes dendritic; leaf blades 26-28.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12.1-14 cm, widely elliptic; adaxial surface of mature leaves drying brown to brown-olivaceous, the surface smooth, sometimes shiny, glabrous; abaxial surface drying dark brown-reddish to brown-whitish, densely pubescent, the trichomes stellate, ca. 0.1 mm diameter, sessile, the central part of the trichome dark reddish or colorless, the branches brown-reddish or colorless; lateral veins ca. 15, ca. 3 veins per 5 cm, spaced (2-) 2.4-2.7 cm, adaxially the same color as the leaf surface or slightly darker, flat to slightly raised, abaxially brown to blackish, raised, glabrescent above, densely pubescent to the sides, arcuate-ascending distally, slightly anastomosing near the margin and without forming a marked intramarginal vein; tertiary veins lightly visible on both sides, but especially below; midvein adaxially flat to slightly elevated, abaxially raised, rounded, glabrescent to tomentose; base obtuse, not revolute, flat; margin flat; apex absent. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Staminate inflorescence</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">flowers</emphasis>
unknown. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Pistillate inflorescence</emphasis>
ca. 4.2 cm long, axes flattened, tomentose, with trichomes dendritic, ferruginous; peduncle ca. 1.2-1.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.35 cm; main axes with 5 ramifications; bracts not seen. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
in terminal fascicles of 2-3 flowers, on a receptacle ca. 6 mm wide; perianth ca. 6 mm long, lanceolate, fleshy, brown when fresh, connate by ca. 3-3.2 mm long, external surface densely pubescent with ferruginous and dendritic trichomes, internal surface pubescent (especially on the lobes); lobes 3, ca. 2.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.2-1.5 mm and ca. 0.5-0.6 mm thick, without resinous punctuations when rehydrated; gynoecium ca. 2.5-3.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-1.6 mm, conical to subglobose, densely pubescent, the trichomes ferruginous; stigma 2-lobed, ca. 0.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3 mm, erect, flat seen from above, drying blackish, slightly wavy at the margins. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Infructescence</emphasis>
ca. 4.5 cm long, with 1 or 4 fruits in immature infructescence, peduncle ca. 1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8 cm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Fruits</emphasis>
4.3-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.6 cm, brown when fresh (probably by the indument), ellipsoid, shortly stipitate, densely tomentose, the trichomes dendritic, sessile, ferruginous, not falling to the touch like dust, the surface rugose, the line of dehiscence smooth to faintly carinate, the base obtuse to truncate, the apex obtuse; pericarp 2.8 mm thick; pedicel 0.6-1 cm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Seed</emphasis>
ca. 2.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6 cm, the testa dark brown to blackish when dry, sulcate; aril described once as red when fresh, dark brown when dry, the texture dry and thin, laciniate almost to the base, in narrow bands distally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Distinctive characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive species characterized by generally large, wide leaf blades with well-separated lateral veins that are abaxially covered with dense pubescence of stellate, sessile trichomes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparation of pattern of the lateral veins and trichomes on abaxial leaf surface (below) of the newly described species of Virola and species that are morphologically similar A Virola aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7700 A, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (G. Tipaz et al. 1789, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 1769, MO) E V. calophylla (J. E. L. da S. Ribeiro et al. 1138, MO) F V. calophylloidea (C. C. Berg et al. P 18793, MO) G V. cogolloi (A. Cogollo et al. 4198, MO) H V. excisa (C. E. Ceron &amp; F. Hurtado 4147, MO) I V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO; below from A. [H.] Gentry &amp; J. Revilla 20448, MO) J V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrence 675, K below A. E. Lawrence 675, MO) K V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO; below from M. Huaman et al. 334, MO) L V. peruviana (W. H. Lewis et al. 10074, MO) M V. sebifera (R. Aguilar 2171, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 4147, MO) O V. yasuniana (H. Vargas &amp; J. Cerda 678, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688792" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4B</figureCitation>
) and large fruits (4.3-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.6 cm) with thick pericarp (2.8 mm) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of fruits of newly described Virola species, with those species that are morphologically similar to them, noting the shape, indument, a pericarp thickness A V. aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7195, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (D. Rubio et al. 2205, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 158, MO) E V. calophylla (J. J. Pipoly 15614, MO) F V. calophylloidea (S. R. Lowrie et al. 54, MO) G V. cogolloi (D. Cardenas &amp; E. Alvarez 3239, MO) H V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) I V. excisa (W. Palacios 3186, MO) J V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO) K V. peruviana (D. N. Smith &amp; V. Garcia 13841, MO). L V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO) M V. yasuniana (A. Perez &amp; W. Santillan 4361, MO; right and below from V. Zak &amp; S. Espinoza 5149, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 3924, COL). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688794" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6B</figureCitation>
). It is also distinctive for being a large tree (30-40 m tall).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
It is a great pleasure to dedicate this new species to the Ecuadoran botanist 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Álvaro">Alvaro</normalizedToken>
Javier 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Castañeda">Castaneda</normalizedToken>
. He is an excellent botanist, collector and expert of the flora of Ecuador, especially the flora of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
. Among other contributions, he has described at least 26 from different angiosperm families (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-012-9423-z" author="Perez, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="157 - 162" refId="B51" refString="Perez, AJ, Klitgard, BB, Saslis-Lagoudakis, C, Valencia, R, 2013. Brownea jaramilloi (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), a new, over-looked species endemic to the Ecuadorian Amazon. Kew Bulletin 68 (1): 157 - 162, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-012-9423-z" title="Brownea jaramilloi (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), a new, over-looked species endemic to the Ecuadorian Amazon." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-012-9423-z" volume="68" year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
et al. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.147.1.2" author="Torke, B" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="13 - 25" refId="B79" refString="Torke, B, Perez, A, 2013. Notes on the genus Swartzia (Leguminosae) in Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species. Phytotaxa 147 (1): 13 - 25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.147.1.2" title="Notes on the genus Swartzia (Leguminosae) in Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.147.1.2" volume="147" year="2013">
Torke and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v20iss1.2015.n7" author="Kawasaki, ML" journalOrPublisher="Harvard Papers in Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="81 - 84" refId="B34" refString="Kawasaki, ML, Perez, AJ, 2015. Two new species of Myrtaceae from Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 20 (1): 81 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v20iss1.2015.n7" title="Two new species of Myrtaceae from Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v20iss1.2015.n7" volume="20" year="2015">
Kawasaki and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v21iss1.2016.n5" author="Kawasaki, ML" journalOrPublisher="Harvard Papers in Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="55 - 58" refId="B35" refString="Kawasaki, ML, Perez, AJ, 2016. New species of Myrtaceae from Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 21 (1): 55 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v21iss1.2016.n5" title="New species of Myrtaceae from Yasuni National Park, Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v21iss1.2016.n5" volume="21" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
) and is coauthor of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Árboles">Arboles</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="emblemáticos">emblematicos</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
, Ecuador
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Perez, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Escuela de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B52" refString="Perez, AJ, Hernandez, C, Romero-Saltos, H, Valencia, R, 2014. Arboles Emblematicos de Yasuni, Ecuador. Quito: Publicaciones del Herbario QCA. Escuela de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador" title="Arboles Emblematicos de Yasuni, Ecuador. Quito: Publicaciones del Herbario QCA." year="2014">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
et al. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
) and the treatment of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
for the 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Flora of Ecuador</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kawasaki, ML" editor="Persson, C" journalOrPublisher="Goeteborg: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B36" refString="Kawasaki, ML, Holst, BK, Perez Castaneda, AJ, 2019. Myrtaceae. In: Persson, C, Eriksson, R, Romoleroux, K, Stahl, B, Eds., Flora of Ecuador. Goeteborg: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences 95: 1 - 186" title="Myrtaceae." volume="95" volumeTitle="Flora of Ecuador." year="2019">Kawasaki et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Castañeda">Castaneda</normalizedToken>
collected specimens of some of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is know from Carchi and Esmeraldas provinces in Ecuador (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Geographic distribution of the new species of Virola." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688806" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">18A</figureCitation>
). It grows in primary vegetation in premontane rain and very wet forest from (500-) 1600-1800 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Only a single studied specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has pistillate flowers; it was collected in August. Staminate flowers were not observed in the studied material. Fruits were collected in August and September.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="common name and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Common name and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Guangare macho (Ecuador; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">C. Aulestia &amp; M. Aulestia 1017</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Endangered following IUCN criteria B1a and B2a. It is known from three localities, has an EOO of 966 km2, and an AOO of 12 km2. Further justifying this status, this new species occurs in a region of very high rates of deforestation due to agricultural pressures (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020268" author="Kleemann, J" journalOrPublisher="Land (Basel)" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination=": 268" refId="B37" refString="Kleemann, J, Zamora, C, Villacis-Chiluisa, AB, Cuenca, P, Koo, H, Noh, JK, Fuerst, C, Thiel, M, 2022. Deforestation in continental Ecuador with a focus on protected areas. Land (Basel) 11 (2): 268, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020268" title="Deforestation in continental Ecuador with a focus on protected areas." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020268" volume="11" year="2022">Kleemann et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The only specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we were able to verify were collected on the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
Reserve, and this species may be locally protected by sustainable forestry practices by the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
indigenous community (
<bibRefCitation author="Oviedo, G" journalOrPublisher="Parks" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="49 - 55" publicationUrl="https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/parks_16_1_forweb.pdf" refId="B49" refString="Oviedo, G, 2006. Community conserved areas in South America. Parks 16 (1): 49 - 55, https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/parks_16_1_forweb.pdf" title="Community conserved areas in South America." url="https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/parks_16_1_forweb.pdf" volume="16" year="2006">Oviedo 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Herbarium specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been confused with another montane species, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Colombia (1100 m elevation). It could be confused with another Colombian species, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. cogolloi" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cogolloi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. cogolloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(840-1500 m elevation), which is formally described here, as well with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D. Santam., recently described from Panama (50-850 m elevation) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979" author="Santamaria-Aguilar, D" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 82" refId="B64" refString="Santamaria-Aguilar, D, Aguilar Fernandez, R, Lagomarsino, LP, 2019. A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) in Mesoamerica, including six new species. PhytoKeys 134: 1 - 82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979" title="A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) in Mesoamerica, including six new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979" volume="134" year="2019">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santamaría-Aguilar">Santamaria-Aguilar</normalizedToken>
et al. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). All these species have relatively large leaf blades and fruits, with lateral veins that are well separated and the abaxial leaf surface covered with stellate, sessile trichomes. Differences among the three species are summarized in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of Virola alvaroperezii, with V. cogolloi, V. macrocarpa, and V. otobifolia. † From Smith and Wodehouse (1938)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EF32D3DA232710F4C4CB22412B64107E" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" tableUuid="EF32D3DA232710F4C4CB22412B64107E">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="EF32D3DA232710F4C4CB22412B64107E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EF32D3DA232710F4C4CB22412B64107E" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Table 2.</emphasis>
Comparison of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Virola alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. cogolloi" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cogolloi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. cogolloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. †From 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="393 - 510" refId="B74" refString="Smith, AC, Wodehouse, RP, 1938. The American species of Myristicaceae. Brittonia 2 (5): 393 - 510, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" title="The American species of Myristicaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" volume="2" year="1938">Smith and Wodehouse (1938)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Morphological character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. cogolloi" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cogolloi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. cogolloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Leaf blade size, and pubescence abaxially</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
26-28.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12.1-14 cm; densely pubescent (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparation of pattern of the lateral veins and trichomes on abaxial leaf surface (below) of the newly described species of Virola and species that are morphologically similar A Virola aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7700 A, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (G. Tipaz et al. 1789, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 1769, MO) E V. calophylla (J. E. L. da S. Ribeiro et al. 1138, MO) F V. calophylloidea (C. C. Berg et al. P 18793, MO) G V. cogolloi (A. Cogollo et al. 4198, MO) H V. excisa (C. E. Ceron &amp; F. Hurtado 4147, MO) I V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO; below from A. [H.] Gentry &amp; J. Revilla 20448, MO) J V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrence 675, K below A. E. Lawrence 675, MO) K V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO; below from M. Huaman et al. 334, MO) L V. peruviana (W. H. Lewis et al. 10074, MO) M V. sebifera (R. Aguilar 2171, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 4147, MO) O V. yasuniana (H. Vargas &amp; J. Cerda 678, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688792" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4B</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
25-29.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(9.2-) 10.8-15 cm; densely pubescent (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparation of pattern of the lateral veins and trichomes on abaxial leaf surface (below) of the newly described species of Virola and species that are morphologically similar A Virola aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7700 A, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (G. Tipaz et al. 1789, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 1769, MO) E V. calophylla (J. E. L. da S. Ribeiro et al. 1138, MO) F V. calophylloidea (C. C. Berg et al. P 18793, MO) G V. cogolloi (A. Cogollo et al. 4198, MO) H V. excisa (C. E. Ceron &amp; F. Hurtado 4147, MO) I V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO; below from A. [H.] Gentry &amp; J. Revilla 20448, MO) J V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrence 675, K below A. E. Lawrence 675, MO) K V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO; below from M. Huaman et al. 334, MO) L V. peruviana (W. H. Lewis et al. 10074, MO) M V. sebifera (R. Aguilar 2171, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 4147, MO) O V. yasuniana (H. Vargas &amp; J. Cerda 678, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688792" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4G</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
20-40 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-11 cm†; sparsely pubescent (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparation of pattern of the lateral veins and trichomes on abaxial leaf surface (below) of the newly described species of Virola and species that are morphologically similar A Virola aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7700 A, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (G. Tipaz et al. 1789, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 1769, MO) E V. calophylla (J. E. L. da S. Ribeiro et al. 1138, MO) F V. calophylloidea (C. C. Berg et al. P 18793, MO) G V. cogolloi (A. Cogollo et al. 4198, MO) H V. excisa (C. E. Ceron &amp; F. Hurtado 4147, MO) I V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO; below from A. [H.] Gentry &amp; J. Revilla 20448, MO) J V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrence 675, K below A. E. Lawrence 675, MO) K V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO; below from M. Huaman et al. 334, MO) L V. peruviana (W. H. Lewis et al. 10074, MO) M V. sebifera (R. Aguilar 2171, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 4147, MO) O V. yasuniana (H. Vargas &amp; J. Cerda 678, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688792" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4J</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
(14-) 18.2-42.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(4.1-) 7.3-14.2 cm; sparsely pubescent
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Spaced lateral veins</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">(2-) 2.4-2.7 cm apart</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">1.9-2.5 cm apart</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">0.8-1.5 cm apart</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">1.7-3 cm apart</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Fruit size, and pubescence</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
4.3-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.6 cm; with persistent trichomes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of fruits of newly described Virola species, with those species that are morphologically similar to them, noting the shape, indument, a pericarp thickness A V. aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7195, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (D. Rubio et al. 2205, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 158, MO) E V. calophylla (J. J. Pipoly 15614, MO) F V. calophylloidea (S. R. Lowrie et al. 54, MO) G V. cogolloi (D. Cardenas &amp; E. Alvarez 3239, MO) H V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) I V. excisa (W. Palacios 3186, MO) J V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO) K V. peruviana (D. N. Smith &amp; V. Garcia 13841, MO). L V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO) M V. yasuniana (A. Perez &amp; W. Santillan 4361, MO; right and below from V. Zak &amp; S. Espinoza 5149, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 3924, COL). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688794" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6B</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.7-3.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-2.2 cm; the trichomes do not fall easily like dust (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of fruits of newly described Virola species, with those species that are morphologically similar to them, noting the shape, indument, a pericarp thickness A V. aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7195, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (D. Rubio et al. 2205, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 158, MO) E V. calophylla (J. J. Pipoly 15614, MO) F V. calophylloidea (S. R. Lowrie et al. 54, MO) G V. cogolloi (D. Cardenas &amp; E. Alvarez 3239, MO) H V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) I V. excisa (W. Palacios 3186, MO) J V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO) K V. peruviana (D. N. Smith &amp; V. Garcia 13841, MO). L V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO) M V. yasuniana (A. Perez &amp; W. Santillan 4361, MO; right and below from V. Zak &amp; S. Espinoza 5149, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 3924, COL). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688794" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6G</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.7-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.3 cm†; with caducous trichomes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of fruits of newly described Virola species, with those species that are morphologically similar to them, noting the shape, indument, a pericarp thickness A V. aguarunana (C. Diaz et al. 7195, MO) B V. alvaroperezii (D. Rubio et al. 2205, MO) C V. bombuscaroensis (J. Homeier 4507, MO) D V. calimensis (M. Monsalve 158, MO) E V. calophylla (J. J. Pipoly 15614, MO) F V. calophylloidea (S. R. Lowrie et al. 54, MO) G V. cogolloi (D. Cardenas &amp; E. Alvarez 3239, MO) H V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) I V. excisa (W. Palacios 3186, MO) J V. obovata (R. Vasquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 3822, MO) K V. peruviana (D. N. Smith &amp; V. Garcia 13841, MO). L V. parkeri (A. Monteagudo et al. 10761, MO) M V. yasuniana (A. Perez &amp; W. Santillan 4361, MO; right and below from V. Zak &amp; S. Espinoza 5149, MO) N V. tuckerae (A. Cogollo et al. 3924, COL). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688794" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6H</figureCitation>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
(2.7-) 3.5-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.9-) 2.3-2.9 cm; densely tomentose, with persistent trichomes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit morphology of Virola, note shape, pericarp, indument, and arils. Also see the green color of pericarp, and the minutely pubescent, falling easily as dust (A-D, F), and the yellow pericarp (J-M) A Virola sp B V. allenii C V. elongata D V. otobifolia E Virola sp F V. sebifera G Virola sp H Virola sp I V. surinamensis J V. fosteri K V. cf. nobilis L V. laevigata M V. koschnyi N V. chrysocarpa. Photos by Reinaldo Aguilar (B, F, K, L, M, N), Christopher Davidson (A, C, G), Robin Foster (E, H), Alwyn H. Gentry (D), Manuel Morales (J), Luiz O. A. Teixeira (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.81367.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/688791" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">3D</figureCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Pericarp thickness</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">2.8 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">1.2-1.6 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">1.8-3 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">(2.7-) 3-4.7 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Seed</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6 cm
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.2-2.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.3-1.4 cm
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.2-2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-1.7 cm†
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
2.5-2.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-1.7 cm
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The holotype deposited at Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) represents a single collection mounted on two sheets that are clearly labeled (i.e., &quot;Sheet 1 of 2&quot; and &quot;Sheet 2 of 2&quot;) as being parts of the same specimen (ICN Art. 8.3; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B81" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF [Eds], 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
); one of the sheets carries pistillate flowers (MO-05005569) and the other, fruits (MO-05005570).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Leaf size and the number of lateral veins may be higher than presented here, as most of the material examined had broken leaves.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The collection 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">C. Aulestia &amp; M. Aulestia 1017</emphasis>
(MO) from Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador bears a fruit (possibly immature) that is smaller (ca. 3.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.6 cm) with thinner pericarp (ca. 2 mm) than other specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it otherwise matches very well including in its leaf morphology, tall tree habit, and occurrence 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Mira basin; for this reason, it is included in the concept we have adopted, although the fruit measurement is not included in the description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The fruit specimen 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">H. Vargas et al. 4603</emphasis>
(MO, QCNE [image!]), also from Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, could not be confirmed to the species. It is similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. alvaroperezii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alvaroperezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. alvaroperezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its leaf morphology (e.g. size, pubescence and trichomes, lateral vein spacing); however, its fruits are rounded and smaller (ca. 3.2-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.6-2.7 mm) with a conspicuous carina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The two collections of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="V." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Carchi Province that are cited in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Flora of Ecuador</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Jaramillo, TS" editor="Harling, GW" journalOrPublisher="University of Goeteborg, Goeteborg" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 101" refId="B33" refString="Jaramillo, TS, Muriel, P, Balslev, H, 2004. Myristicaceae. In: Harling, GW, Andersson, L, Eds., Flora of Ecuador. University of Goeteborg, Goeteborg 72: 1 - 101" title="Myristicaceae." volume="72" volumeTitle="Flora of Ecuador." year="2004">Jaramillo et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
) correspond to this new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1991-09-20" collectorName="Comunidad El Baboso, de Lita, D. Rubio" country="Ecuador" county="Tulcan" elevation="1600" latitude="0.8833333" location="Comunidad El Baboso" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.333336" municipality="Reserva Indigena Awa" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Carchi">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Carchi">Carchi</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tulcán">
<collectingCounty>Tulcan</collectingCounty>
</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="cantón">canton</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>
Reserva 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Indígena">Indigena</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectorName>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4:78D9A06C93819E1FA2BF86F699E3A32E" country="Ecuador" county="Tulcan" latitude="0.8833333" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.333336" municipality="Reserva Indigena Awa" name="Comunidad El Baboso" stateProvince="Carchi">Comunidad El Baboso</location>
</collectorName>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
al norte 
<collectorName>de Lita</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="0.8833333">00°53'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="078" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-78.333336">078°20'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="1600.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1991-09-20">20 Sep 1991</collectingDate>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectorName>D. Rubio</collectorName>
et al. 2205
</emphasis>
(MO!, QCNE [n.v.])
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1993-01-21" collectorName="C. Aulestia, M. Aulestia" country="Ecuador" county="Reserva Etnica Awa" elevation="500" latitude="1.1333333" location="Centro Pambilar" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.6" municipality="Parroquia Ricaurte" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Esmeraldas">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Esmeraldas">Esmeraldas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>
Reserva Etnica 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Parroquia Ricaurte</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D9442D9ED21599C9E139ED331D901D4:E3FB2868761191857B55E22EF85333B6" country="Ecuador" county="Reserva Etnica Awa" latitude="1.1333333" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-78.6" municipality="Parroquia Ricaurte" name="Centro Pambilar" stateProvince="Esmeraldas">Centro Pambilar</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="01" direction="north" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="1.1333333">01°08'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="078" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-78.6">078°36'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="500.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1993-01-21">21 Jan 1993</collectingDate>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<collectorName>C. Aulestia</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>M. Aulestia</collectorName>
1017
</emphasis>
(MO!, QCNE [n.v.])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>