445 lines
56 KiB
XML
445 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="3732FD714B2CAA4A561DCB2B904665E7" ID-CLB-Dataset="31134" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4365.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="506d11e3-029a-482b-ad11-cff65e539fa9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1117980" ID-ZooBank="C5AC71E8-2F60-448E-B50D-22B61AC11E6A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1513657946088" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Boyko, Christopher B., Williams, Jason D. & Shields, Jeffrey D." docDate="2017" docId="03F54574FF99FFB84DCEFC8AFB279BD5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4365.3.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4365 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Heliconema Travassos 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="283" masterDocId="FFCC3D0CFF86FF994D59FF9BFFB89A5D" masterDocTitle="Parasites (Isopoda: Epicaridea and Nematoda) from ghost and mud shrimp (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species of bopyrid isopod and clarification of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881" masterLastPageNumber="301" masterPageNumber="251" pageNumber="282" updateTime="1698510251862" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="09CF2E8AA0C9F70A4B83D4600C542B40">Parasites (Isopoda: Epicaridea and Nematoda) from ghost and mud shrimp (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species of bopyrid isopod and clarification of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="438A75828E0BB4F4EBECA92585CF5F5D">Boyko, Christopher B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C3C006C6703DABFA89E926596C38FA77">Williams, Jason D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="05A9CD48329468442C21A17837AD49D5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="73FF4BF96F03EEB91270D5972D7B68F7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BFFD08CBF31D4040496CFDB213342E4B">Shields, Jeffrey D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D50BB6F6E9B82E9611A07502A9E87DB8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1B5910D8C9A6596B6A04B79D8E433F93">
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<mods:date id="9BDA12A5B2FAEEC8AC126C5A10151833">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6897B2F70128C1A71F392BB61F57D315">2017-12-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7A4567B5ABFBDF39170B5D4420D2FBE6">4365</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F54574FF99FFB84DCEFC8AFB279BD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6035357" ID-GBIF-Taxon="139337068" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6035357" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F54574FF99FFB84DCEFC8AFB279BD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F54574FF99FFB84DCEFC8AFB279BD5" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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<subSubSection id="C346A7E9FF99FF864DCEFC8AFF5E9911" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864DCEFC8AFEEC9976" blockId="31.[151,340,785,845]" box="[151,340,785,811]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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<heading id="D0AB430EFF99FF864DCEFC8AFEEC9976" bold="true" box="[151,340,785,811]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864DCEFC8AFEEC9976" bold="true" box="[151,340,785,811]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864DCEFC8AFE929976" ID-CoL="8FVFN" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,298,785,811]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864DCEFC8AFE929976" bold="true" box="[151,298,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864DCEFCAFFF5E9911" blockId="31.[151,340,785,845]" box="[151,230,820,845]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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<figureCitation id="1367E8E7FF99FF864DCEFCAFFF5E9911" box="[151,230,820,845]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,193,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[161,1425,176,1343]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of Heliconema sp. ex Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) (USNM 1459849ex ULLZ 10208).A, whole juvenileworm,lateral view;B,anterior end, en face view; C, anteriorend, lateral view; D, posterior end, oblique view. P = cephalic papillae, to = median conical tooth, te = ridged teeth. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1118002/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346A7E9FF99FF864DCEFCE7FA979E15" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864DCEFCE7FA979E15" blockId="31.[151,1437,892,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864DCEFCE7FD8C99C8" bold="true" box="[151,564,892,917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
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Material examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF864CD2FCE7FD9799C8" box="[395,559,892,917]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">United States</collectingCountry>
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:
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</emphasis>
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2 worms (7.4,
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<quantity id="4CA45987FF99FF864FBCFCE7FCF899C9" box="[741,832,892,916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
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),
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864E0CFCE6FCD699C9" box="[853,878,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ex</emphasis>
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gill tissue of ovigerous female
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864980FCE7FE9199E5" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864980FCE7FE9199E5" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Lepidophthalmus louisianensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(13.0 mm CL), Grande Terre, Lousiana, coll. unknown,
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<date id="FFE2D2A2FF99FF864E98FC04FBE599E5" box="[961,1117,927,952]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" value="1988-05-25">25 May 1988</date>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED4D6CA7FF99FF864936FC3BFB0099E5" box="[1135,1208,928,952]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ggzt-j23h" name="University of Louisiana at Layafette, Zoological Collection" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ULLZ</collectionCode>
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3531); 8 worms (3 extracted: 7.5, 9.7,
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<quantity id="4CA45987FF99FF864C36FC5FFE6D9981" box="[367,469,964,989]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
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; one specimen on SEM stub,
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<collectionCode id="ED4D6CA7FF99FF864E7BFC5FFCCB9981" box="[802,883,964,988]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">USNM</collectionCode>
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1459849
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864EBAFC5EFC449981" box="[995,1020,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ex</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED4D6CA7FF99FF86495DFC5EFBF39981" box="[1028,1099,965,988]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ggzt-j23h" name="University of Louisiana at Layafette, Zoological Collection" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ULLZ</collectionCode>
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10208),
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF8649E9FC5EFB719981" box="[1200,1225,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ex</emphasis>
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ventral thorax and base of third pereopods of female
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864F64FC72FD4B9E5D" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[573,755,1000,1024]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F64FC72FDF49E5D" box="[573,588,1001,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">L</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F38FC73FD4B9E5D" box="[609,755,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">louisianensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<quantity id="4CA45987FF99FF864E51FC73FCDE99A2" box="[776,870,1000,1024]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
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CL), inshore, Bay St. Louis,
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<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF86498FFC7CFAE19E5D" box="[1238,1369,999,1024]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
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, coll. unknown,
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<date id="FFE2D2A2FF99FF864C56FB97FE2E9E79" box="[271,406,1036,1061]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" value="1990-07-18">18 Jul 1990</date>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED4D6CA7FF99FF864CFEFB97FE489E79" box="[423,496,1036,1060]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ggzt-j23h" name="University of Louisiana at Layafette, Zoological Collection" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ULLZ</collectionCode>
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10208); 1 worm (not extracted),
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864E28FB96FC329E79" box="[881,906,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ex</emphasis>
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gill tissue of female
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF8649D9FB96FA8A9E79" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[1152,1330,1036,1060]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF8649D9FB96FB379E79" box="[1152,1167,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">L</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF8649F9FB97FA8A9E79" box="[1184,1330,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">louisianensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<quantity id="4CA45987FF99FF86481AFB97FA249E79" box="[1347,1436,1036,1060]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
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CL), outer beach, Bay St. Louis,
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<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864F51FBB4FD339E15" box="[520,651,1071,1096]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
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, coll. R. Griffis & D. L. Felder,
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<date id="FFE2D2A2FF99FF864EABFBB4FBC29E15" box="[1010,1146,1071,1096]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" value="1991-01-26">
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26
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF86494FFBABFBC29E15" author="Jan" box="[1046,1146,1072,1096]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Leija-Tristan, A. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1991) Parasitismo de Progebiophilus bruscai (Isopoda: Bopyridae) sobre el camaron Upogebia dawsoni (Thalassinoidea: Upogebiidae), en Baja California Sur, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 39, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">Jan 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
</date>
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||
(
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||
<collectionCode id="ED4D6CA7FF99FF8649D1FBABFB699E15" box="[1160,1233,1072,1096]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ggzt-j23h" name="University of Louisiana at Layafette, Zoological Collection" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">ULLZ</collectionCode>
|
||
10203).
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346A7E9FF99FF864D9EFBCFFD5F9E31" box="[199,743,1108,1133]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864D9EFBCFFD5F9E31" blockId="31.[151,1437,892,2033]" box="[199,743,1108,1133]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864D9EFBCFFED89E30" bold="true" box="[199,352,1108,1133]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864C3EFBCFFE5F9E30" box="[359,487,1108,1133]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
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and
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<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864F44FBCFFD369E30" box="[541,654,1108,1133]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF864FC0FBCFFD5F9E31" box="[665,743,1108,1132]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
U.S.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864F93FBCFFD5B9E31" box="[714,739,1108,1132]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">A</collectingRegion>
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.
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</collectingCountry>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346A7E9FF99FF864D9EFBECFC9E9ECD" box="[199,806,1143,1168]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864D9EFBECFC9E9ECD" blockId="31.[151,1437,892,2033]" box="[199,806,1143,1168]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864D9EFBECFEBE9ECD" bold="true" box="[199,262,1143,1168]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Host.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864C54FBE3FC9A9ECD" authority="(Schmitt, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[269,802,1143,1168]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
|
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864C54FBE3FDD09ECD" box="[269,616,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Lepidophthalmus louisianensis</emphasis>
|
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(Schmitt, 1935)
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C346A7E9FF99FFB84D9EFB07FB279BD5" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864D9EFB07FE149CF1" blockId="31.[151,1437,892,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864D9EFB07FE839EE8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1180,1205]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Three specimens of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864F68FB07FBF59EE8" authority="(Schmitt, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[561,1101,1180,1205]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
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<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F68FB07FC379EE9" box="[561,911,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Lepidophthalmus louisianensis</emphasis>
|
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(Schmitt, 1935)
|
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</taxonomicName>
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were parasitized by juvenile non-encysted nematodes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367E8E7FF99FF864C9FFB24FDA59E85" box="[454,541,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,193,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[161,1425,176,1343]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of Heliconema sp. ex Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) (USNM 1459849ex ULLZ 10208).A, whole juvenileworm,lateral view;B,anterior end, en face view; C, anteriorend, lateral view; D, posterior end, oblique view. P = cephalic papillae, to = median conical tooth, te = ridged teeth. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1118002/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). One of the parasitized hosts (ULLZ 3531) was an ovigerous female and contained two worms extending into the gills and thorax. The other two hosts were non-ovigerous females and contained one worm (ULLZ 10203) in the gill tissue and eight worms (ULLZ 10208) in the ventral thorax and bases of third legs. The extracted nematodes ranged in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA45987FF99FF864EC4FAB7FBF49F19" box="[925,1100,1324,1349]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.45" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" unit="mm" value="9.45" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="7.4">7.4 to 11.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(8.9±1.7, n=5). Based on the morphology of the nematodes, particularly the structure of the mouth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367E8E7FF99FF864EAAFAD4FB3E9F35" box="[1011,1158,1359,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,193,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[161,1425,176,1343]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of Heliconema sp. ex Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) (USNM 1459849ex ULLZ 10208).A, whole juvenileworm,lateral view;B,anterior end, en face view; C, anteriorend, lateral view; D, posterior end, oblique view. P = cephalic papillae, to = median conical tooth, te = ridged teeth. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1118002/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Fig. 11B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), they are members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864DCEFAEFFEF59FD0" authorityName="Railliet" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,333,1396,1421]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Physalopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most closely matching the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864F8EFAEFFB989FD1" authority="Travassos, 1919" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[727,1056,1396,1420]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F8EFAEFFCE69FD1" box="[727,862,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864E3EFAEEFB989FD1" author="Travassos" box="[871,1056,1396,1420]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Travassos, L. (1919) Informacoces sobre o material helminthologico colleccionado na Ilha da Trindade em 1916. Archivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 22, 161 - 167." type="journal article" year="1919">Travassos, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The oral aperture of each of our specimens has two pseudolabia; each pseudolabium has a pair of cephalic papillae, a large median conical tooth and ridged teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367E8E7FF99FF864C38FA27FE7E9F89" box="[353,454,1468,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,193,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[161,1425,176,1343]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of Heliconema sp. ex Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) (USNM 1459849ex ULLZ 10208).A, whole juvenileworm,lateral view;B,anterior end, en face view; C, anteriorend, lateral view; D, posterior end, oblique view. P = cephalic papillae, to = median conical tooth, te = ridged teeth. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1118002/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
) while the amphids are indistinct. These characters are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF86487DFA26FE719FA5" authority="Crites & Overstreet, 1991" authorityName="Crites & Overstreet" authorityYear="1991" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brooksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF86487DFA26FA249F89" box="[1316,1436,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">H. brooksi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864DCEFA44FE719FA5" author="Crites" box="[151,457,1503,1528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Crites, J. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1991) Heliconema brooksi n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from the ophichthid eel Ophichthus gomesi in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 42 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3282553" type="journal article" year="1991">Crites & Overstreet, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was described from the shrimp eel,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864E81FA7BFA2F9FA5" authority="(Castelnau, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Castelnau" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[984,1431,1503,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Ophichthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864E81FA7BFB049FAA" box="[984,1212,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Ophichthus gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(Castelnau, 1855)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864C7DF99FFE1C9C40" box="[292,420,1540,1565]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Sound, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864F39F99FFD019C40" box="[608,697,1540,1565]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF864F39F99FFD019C40" box="[608,697,1540,1565]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864F9FF99FFC409C41" author="Crites" box="[710,1016,1540,1565]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Crites, J. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1991) Heliconema brooksi n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from the ophichthid eel Ophichthus gomesi in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 42 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3282553" type="journal article" year="1991">Crites & Overstreet (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found a juvenile nematode in a shrimp,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864DADF9B2FD3D9C1D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[244,645,1575,1600]" class="Malacostraca" family="Penaeidae" genus="Penaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setiferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864DADF9B2FE029C1D" box="[244,442,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Penaeus setiferus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1767)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and suggested that the juvenile specimen may also be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF8649A0F9B2FAD79C1D" authorityName="Crites & Overstreet" authorityYear="1991" box="[1273,1391,1576,1600]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brooksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF8649A0F9B2FAD79C1D" box="[1273,1391,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">H. brooksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but noted that additional research was required for verification. In addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864EB7F9D6FBDE9C39" authorityName="Crites & Overstreet" authorityYear="1991" box="[1006,1126,1612,1636]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brooksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864EB7F9D6FBDE9C39" box="[1006,1126,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">H. brooksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864DCEF9EBFEA69CD5" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,286,1648,1672]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864DCEF9EBFEA69CD5" box="[151,286,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the sharptail eel,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864F6FF9EBFBBD9CD5" authority="(Gronow, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Gronow" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[566,1029,1647,1672]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Myrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F6FF9EBFCF89CDA" box="[566,832,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Myrichthys acuminatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gronow, 1854)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also exists in the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF86481FF9F4FA239CD5" box="[1350,1435,1647,1672]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF86481FF9F4FA239CD5" box="[1350,1435,1647,1672]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Moravec, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FF99FF864D9EF922FCBF9DAC" blockId="31.[151,1437,892,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
Larvae of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864CDEF923FDB79C8D" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[391,527,1720,1744]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864CDEF923FDB79C8D" box="[391,527,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are known from crustacean intermediate hosts. Those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF86484DF923FE789CA8" authority="Yamaguti, 1935" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1935" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="anguillae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF86484DF923FEB99CA9" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema anguillae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864C53F947FE789CA8" author="Yamaguti" box="[266,448,1756,1781]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Yamaguti, S. (1935) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 9. I. Nematodes of fishes. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 6, 337 - 386." type="journal article" year="1935">Yamaguti, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are known to occur in the brachyurans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864EC9F946FB9D9CA9" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1851" box="[912,1061,1757,1780]" class="Malacostraca" family="Varunidae" genus="Hemigrapsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864EC9F946FB9D9CA9" box="[912,1061,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Hemigrapsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF8649D0F946FE9D9D45" authority="(De Haan, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="De Haan" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Malacostraca" family="Sesarmidae" genus="Perisesarma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF8649D0F946FAD19CA9" box="[1161,1385,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Perisesarma bidens</emphasis>
|
||
(De Haan, 1835)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF864C0BF89AFE2A9D45" box="[338,402,1793,1816]" name="Japan" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864CFDF964FD539D45" author="Katahira" box="[420,747,1791,1817]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Katahira, H. & Nagasawa, K. (2015) Heliconema anguillae Yamaguti, 1935, a physalopterid nematode found in Japanese eels: taxonomic resurrection with a note on the third-stage larva from intertidal crabs in western Japan. Folia Parasitologica, 62, 28. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2015.028" type="journal article" year="2015">Katahira & Nagasawa 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it is possible that the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864919F89BFB059D45" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1871" box="[1088,1213,1792,1816]" class="Chromadorea" family="Cystidicolidae" genus="Ascarophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864919F89BFB059D45" box="[1088,1213,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Ascarophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” third-stage larvae described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864C6DF8BEFD8C9D61" box="[308,564,1828,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Moravec, F., Fredensborg, B. L., Latham, A. D. M. & Poulin, R. (2003) Larval Spirurida (Nematoda) from the crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes in New Zealand. Folia Parasitologica, 50, 109 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2003.019" type="journal article">
|
||
Moravec
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864CFBF8BEFE6E9D61" box="[418,470,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the brachyuran
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864E6CF8BFFC4B9D61" box="[821,1011,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864EA7F8BFFAB89D60" authority="(Heller, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1022,1280,1828,1853]" class="Malacostraca" family="Macrophthalmidae" genus="Hemiplax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864EA7F8BFFBEC9D61" box="[1022,1108,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">hirtipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Heller, 1865)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864876F8BFFD519D3D" authority="(Jacquinot, in Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Jacquinot, in Hombron & Jacquinot" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Malacostraca" family="Macrophthalmidae" genus="Hemiplax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864876F8BFFF559D3D" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Hemiplax hirtipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Jacquinot, in Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BB4F2FF99FF864E57F8D2FC1C9D3D" box="[782,932,1863,1888]" name="New Zealand" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864E13F8DCFC1C9D3D" box="[842,932,1863,1888]" country="Netherlands" name="Zeeland" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Zealand</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
were also larvae of a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF86484DF8D3FA249D3D" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[1300,1436,1864,1888]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF86484DF8D3FA249D3D" box="[1300,1436,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Moravec, pers. comm.). Species of nematodes from other families also use callianassids as intermediate hosts and are trophically transmitted to elasmobranchs or bony fish as definitive hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF86496EF814FAE49DF5" author="Poinar" box="[1079,1372,1935,1960]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Poinar, G. O. Jr. & Thomas, G. M. (1976) Occurrence of Ascarophis (Nematoda: Spiruridea) in Callianassa californiensis Dana and other decapod crustaceans. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 43, 28 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Poinar & Thomas, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, two unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF864F14F82FFC0F9D91" authority="van Beneden, 1871" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1871" box="[589,951,1972,1997]" class="Chromadorea" family="Cystidicolidae" genus="Ascarophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF864F14F82FFD729D91" box="[589,714,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Ascarophis</emphasis>
|
||
van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864E50F82FFC0F9D91" author="Beneden" box="[777,951,1972,1997]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Van Beneden, P. - J. (1871) Les poissons des cotes de Belgique, leurs parasites et leurs commensaux. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 38, xx + 1 - 100, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1871">Beneden, 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FF99FF86492FF82EFE939DAC" authority="(Dana, 1854)" authorityName="" authorityYear="1854" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Neotrypaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FF99FF86492FF82EFA249D91" box="[1142,1436,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">Neotrypaea californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Dana, 1854)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49983A80FF99FF864C36F843FE589DAC" box="[367,480,2008,2033]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="31" pageNumber="282">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FF99FF864CB6F843FD439DAC" author="Poinar" box="[495,763,2008,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="282" refString="Poinar, G. O. Jr. & Thomas, G. M. (1976) Occurrence of Ascarophis (Nematoda: Spiruridea) in Callianassa californiensis Dana and other decapod crustaceans. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 43, 28 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Poinar & Thomas 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF23A4EAFFA6FFB94DCEFADFFE7C9FEB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1118002/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" targetBox="[165,1425,193,1313]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FFA6FFB94DCEFADFFE7C9FEB" blockId="32.[151,1436,1348,1462]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94DCEFADFFE999F04" bold="true" box="[151,289,1348,1370]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94FC8FADFFCB49F07" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[657,780,1348,1370]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94FC8FADFFCB49F07" box="[657,780,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E63FADEFCE89F07" box="[826,848,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">ex</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94E00FADFFAF99F07" authority="(Schmitt, 1935)" authorityName="Schmitt" authorityYear="1935" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[857,1345,1348,1370]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E00FADFFB2E9F07" box="[857,1174,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Lepidophthalmus louisianensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmitt, 1935)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 1459849
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94DACFAF8FEB39F25" box="[245,267,1379,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">ex</emphasis>
|
||
ULLZ 10208). A, whole juvenile worm, lateral view; B, anterior end,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E8BFAF8FBA29F25" box="[978,1050,1378,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">en face</emphasis>
|
||
view; C, anterior end, lateral view; D, posterior end, oblique view. P = cephalic papillae, to = median conical tooth, te = ridged teeth. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FFA6FFB94D9EFA46FDA09C93" blockId="32.[151,1436,1501,2030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">
|
||
There are no reports on the specific diet of the shrimp eel,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94E3AFA45FC659FA8" baseAuthorityName="Castelnau" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[867,989,1502,1525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Ophichthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E3AFA45FC659FA8" box="[867,989,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">O. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is likely an opportunistic feeder, based on the stomach contents of congeners (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94FFAF99AFC1E9C44" author="Casadevall" box="[675,934,1537,1562]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Casadevall, M., Matallanas, J. & Bartoli, T. (1994) Feeding habits of Ophichthus rufus (Anguilliformes, Ophichthidae) in the western Mediterranean. Cybium 18, 431 - 440." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Casadevall
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E70F999FCE59C44" box="[809,861,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and has been reported to feed “heavily on shrimps” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94C52F9BEFD949C63" author="Crites" box="[267,556,1573,1598]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Crites, J. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1991) Heliconema brooksi n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from the ophichthid eel Ophichthus gomesi in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 42 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3282553" type="journal article" year="1991">Crites & Overstreet 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94F18F9BDFD499C60" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[577,753,1573,1597]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94F18F9BDFD499C60" box="[577,753,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">L. louisianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore a potential prey item. Based on stomach content analyses, potential definitive hosts in the Gulf of Mexico for this species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94958F9D2FB309C3C" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[1025,1160,1609,1633]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94958F9D2FB309C3C" box="[1025,1160,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are bottom feeding fish predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94C70F9F5FE639CD8" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[297,475,1645,1669]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94C70F9F5FE639CD8" box="[297,475,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">L. louisianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including croaker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94F9CF9F6FCEF9CD8" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1861" box="[709,855,1645,1669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94F9CF9F6FCEF9CD8" box="[709,855,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Menticirrhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94EC9F9F6FBB39CDB" box="[912,1035,1645,1670]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and unspecified catfish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB9486AF9F6FEF79CF4" author="Felder" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Felder, D. L. & Rodrigues, S. de A. (1993) Reexamination of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) from the northern Gulf of Mexico and comparison to L. siriboia, new species, from Brazil (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 13, 357 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724093 X 00138" type="journal article" year="1993">Felder & Rodrigues 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Stingrays are also possible predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94E74F909FC669CF4" baseAuthorityName="Schmitt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[813,990,1681,1705]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="louisianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E74F909FC669CF4" box="[813,990,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">L. louisianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on observations of their feeding habits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94DB1F92EFDB39C93" author="Felder" box="[232,523,1717,1742]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Felder, D. L. & Rodrigues, S. de A. (1993) Reexamination of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935) from the northern Gulf of Mexico and comparison to L. siriboia, new species, from Brazil (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 13, 357 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724093 X 00138" type="journal article" year="1993">Felder & Rodrigues 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3F462FFA6FFB84D9EF942FB279BD5" blockId="32.[151,1436,1501,2030]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">
|
||
Anguilliform fish host the highest diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94F96F942FCEE9CAC" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[719,854,1753,1777]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94F96F942FCEE9CAC" box="[719,854,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but nematodes in this genus are also known from four other actinopterigian orders, as well as two orders of elasmobranchs (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB9490BF966FB5C9D4B" author="Akram" box="[1106,1252,1789,1814]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Akram, M. (1996) Heliconema savala n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from marine fish Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier) (Trichiuridae) and Psettodes erumei (Schneider) new host (Pisces: Pettodidae) of physalopterid nematode, Bulbocephalus inglisi Rasheed, 1966 in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 5, 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1996">Akram 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB949A9F966FA299D4B" author="Li" box="[1264,1425,1789,1814]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Li, L., Liu, Y. - Y. & Zhang, L. - P. (2013) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Heliconema hainanensis sp. nov. (Spirurina: Physalopteridae) from congers in the South China Sea, with a key to the species of Heliconema. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 108, 41 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762013000100007" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB9484BF965FAFC9D48" box="[1298,1348,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94CE7F8BAFDFD9D64" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[446,581,1825,1849]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94CE7F8BAFDFD9D64" box="[446,581,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported from snakes,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94E8CF8B9FB639D64" box="[981,1243,1825,1849]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Moravec, F., Taraschewski, H., Anantaphruti, M. T., Maipanich, W. & Laoprasert, T. (2007) Heliconema longissimum (Ortlepp, 1923) (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from Pisodonophis boro (Teleostei: Ophichthidae) in Thailand, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Proleptinae Schulz, 1927. Systematic Parasitology, 66, 73 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 006 - 9066 - 2" type="journal article">
|
||
Moravec
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB9491AF8B9FBCF9D64" box="[1091,1143,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized the persistent doubts as to the identity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E74AC0FFA6FFB94F3CF8DDFD2D9D03" box="[613,661,1862,1886]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">type</typeStatus>
|
||
hosts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94E5DF8DDFBD59D03" authority="(Ortlepp, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Ortlepp" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[772,1133,1861,1886]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longissimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E5DF8DDFCA09D00" box="[772,792,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94E7EF8DEFC0C9D00" box="[807,948,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">longissimum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94E9DF8DEFBDD9D03" author="Ortlepp" box="[964,1125,1861,1886]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Ortlepp, R. J. (1923) The nematode genus Physaloptera Rud. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 92, 999 - 1107. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1922. tb 07095. x" type="journal article" year="1923">Ortlepp, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The host of this nematode was originally identified as “snakes” (in quotation marks as originally given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94941F8F2FB0C9DDC" author="Ortlepp" box="[1048,1204,1897,1922]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Ortlepp, R. J. (1923) The nematode genus Physaloptera Rud. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 92, 999 - 1107. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1922. tb 07095. x" type="journal article" year="1923">Ortlepp, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but this species has subsequently been reported several times from eel hosts. Interestingly, only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB949FEF816FA969DF8" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1919" box="[1191,1326,1933,1957]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB949FEF816FA969DF8" box="[1191,1326,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Heliconema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was ever described from adult worms extracted from a host verified as a snake:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94EB7F829FA209D94" authority="Fusco & Palmieri, 1980" authorityName="Fusco & Palmieri" authorityYear="1980" box="[1006,1432,1969,1994]" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="serpens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94EB7F829FBBA9D94" box="[1006,1026,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB9494FF829FBD39D94" box="[1046,1131,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">serpens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB94920F829FA209D94" author="Fusco" box="[1145,1432,1969,1994]" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Fusco, A. C. & Palmieri, J. R. (1980) Heliconema serpens sp. n. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) and Camallanides malayemis sp. n. (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider) (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 47, 72 - 79." type="journal article" year="1980">Fusco & Palmieri, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA6FFB94C1EF84EFD549DB3" authority="(Schneider, 1799)" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[327,748,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Cerberus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rynchops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA6FFB94C1EF84EFDA59DB0" box="[327,541,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="283">Cerberus rynchops</emphasis>
|
||
(Schneider, 1799)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found in only a single host individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA6FFB8498DF84DFF6B9AED" author="Fusco" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="32" pageNumber="283" refString="Fusco, A. C. & Palmieri, J. R. (1980) Heliconema serpens sp. n. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) and Camallanides malayemis sp. n. (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider) (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 47, 72 - 79." type="journal article" year="1980">Fusco & Palmieri 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because these snakes are well-known consumers of eels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA7FFB84E2FFF03FBEF9AED" author="Gorman" box="[886,1111,152,176]" pageId="33" pageNumber="284" refString="Gorman, G. C., Licht, P. & McCollum, F. (1981) Annual reproductive patterns in three species of marine snakes from the central Philippines. Journal of Herpetology, 15, 335 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1563438" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Gorman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB84E85FF02FBB79AED" box="[988,1039,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) it is possible that the snake picked up the nematodes through parasitized prey and thus served as a postcyclic host (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB8493CFF26FB1B9A89" box="[1125,1187,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA7FFB849F3FF27FAF29A88" author="Odening" box="[1194,1354,188,213]" pageId="33" pageNumber="284" refString="Odening, K. (1976) Conception and terminology of hosts in parasitology. Advances in Parasitology, 14, 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0065 - 308 X (08) 60513 - 8" type="journal article" year="1976">Odening 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C8FE1FFA7FFB848D8FF26FF549AA5" authorityName="Fusco & Palmieri" authorityYear="1980" class="Chromadorea" family="Physalopteridae" genus="Heliconema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="33" pageNumber="284" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="serpens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB848D8FF26FA2D9A89" box="[1409,1429,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB84DCEFF7AFF549AA5" box="[151,236,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">serpens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the snake was not a paratenic host because the worms were mature. If true, this would be analogous to the situation reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA7FFB84CD2FE9FFD329B41" box="[395,650,260,285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="284" refString="Goldberg, S. R., Bursey, C. R. & Holycross, A. T. (2002) Abbreviata terrapenis (Nematoda: Physalopteridae): an accidental parasite of the banded rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus klauberi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38, 453 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 38.2.453" type="journal article">
|
||
Goldberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB84CA4FE9EFD979B41" box="[509,559,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who found mature lizard-parasitizing nematodes in the lumen of the digestive tract of snakes who preyed on parasitized lizards. Indeed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD8993FFA7FFB84EECFEBCFB039B1D" box="[949,1211,295,320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="284" refString="Goldberg, S. R., Bursey, C. R. & Holycross, A. T. (2002) Abbreviata terrapenis (Nematoda: Physalopteridae): an accidental parasite of the banded rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus klauberi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38, 453 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 38.2.453" type="journal article">
|
||
Goldberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B9282870FFA7FFB84970FEB2FBE59B1D" box="[1065,1117,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="284">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cautioned that any finding of adult nematodes in a snake must consider the possibility that the nematodes entered via the snake’s prey, their definitive host, and not because the snake ingested an intermediate host of the parasite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |