422 lines
50 KiB
XML
422 lines
50 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CAFD641B758771ED1ABCEC0625F9E14A">Two echinoid species from the early Aptian (Early Cretaceous) of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03EF87BA542D3E3B5595F8F6FAA9DF7F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159126031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EF87BA542D3E3B5595F8F6FAA9DF7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EF87BA542D3E3B5595F8F6FAA9DF7F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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<subSubSection id="C35C6527542D3E365595F8F6FDE7DF20" box="[151,630,1836,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542D3E365595F8F6FDE7DF20" blockId="5.[151,630,1836,1899]" box="[151,630,1836,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542D3E365595F8F6FDE7DF20" authority="(Sismonda, 1844)" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[151,630,1836,1863]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542D3E365595F8F6FDE7DF20" bold="true" box="[151,630,1836,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542D3E365595F8F6FE09DF21" bold="true" box="[151,408,1836,1863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">Miotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D542D3E3654A5F8F7FDFFDF20" author="Sismonda, E." box="[423,622,1836,1862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" pagination="341 - 411" refId="ref6103" refString="Sismonda, E. (1844) Memoria geo-zoologica sugli echinidi fossili del Contado di Nizza. Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie 2, 6, 341 - 411." type="journal article" year="1844">Sismonda, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C6527542D3E355595F88AFCFCDA47" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542D3E365595F88AFEB6DF0D" blockId="5.[151,630,1836,1899]" box="[151,295,1872,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137D2A29542D3E36559DF88AFF79DF0C" box="[159,232,1872,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1637,1662]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1617]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,181,1617]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Miotoxaster collegnii, all from the vicinity of the village Gelian, NE Iran, (Sarcheshmeh Formation, early Aptian), GSINET97FE238 (A: apical, B: oral, C: lateral); GSINET97FE245 (D: apical, E: oral, F: lateral); GSINET97FE243 (G: apical); 97FE247 (H: apical, K: lateral), GSINET97FE240 (I: apical, L: lateral), GSINET97FE246 (J: lateral)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366786/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137D2A29542D3E3655F6F88AFE95DF0D" box="[244,260,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1540,1565]" captionTargetBox="[374,1214,1137,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[374,1214,1137,1515]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Miotoxaster collegnii, GSINET97FE238; A: detail of the adapical area, 97FE240; B: detail of the aboral tuberculation and granulation below the posterior paired petal, note the traces of a protofasciole, lower margin of the protofasciole is indicated by arrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137D2A29542D3E365412F88AFE8FDF0D" box="[272,286,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,791,816]" captionTargetBox="[430,1159,222,737]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[397,1190,181,765]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Miotoxaster collegnii, all from the vicinity of the village Gelian, NE Iran, (Sarcheshmeh Formation, early Aptian), GSINET97FE238 (A, B); GSINET97FE240 (C); A: plate drawing of the oral surface, B, C: plate drawings of the apical disc; Scale bars equal 10 mm (A) and 2 mm (B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366790/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542D3E365595F84EFD76DFCB" blockId="5.[151,747,1940,2027]" box="[151,743,1940,1965]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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1844
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542D3E3655D2F84DFE62DFCB" authority="Sismonda" authorityName="Sismonda" box="[208,499,1940,1965]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542D3E3655D2F84DFE17DFCB" box="[208,390,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">Toxaster collegnii</emphasis>
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Sismonda
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 361, pl. 1, figs 9–11.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542D3E365595F86FFD7BDFAA" blockId="5.[151,747,1940,2027]" box="[151,746,1971,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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1848
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542D3E3655D2F86FFD9FDFAA" authority="Gras" authorityName="Gras" box="[208,526,1972,1996]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="micrasteriformis">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542D3E3655D2F86FFE47DFAA" box="[208,470,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">Toxaster micrasteriformis</emphasis>
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Gras
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 60, pl. 4, figs 5, 6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542D3E365595F809FD7ADF8D" blockId="5.[151,747,1940,2027]" box="[151,747,2002,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">
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1853
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542D3E3655D2F809FDD6DF8D" authority="Collegnii d'Orbigny" authorityName="Collegnii d'Orbigny" box="[208,583,2002,2027]" genus="Echinospatagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="126" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542D3E3655D2F809FE47DF8C" box="[208,470,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="126">Echinospatagus Collegnii</emphasis>
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d’Orbigny
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 169, pl. 846.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FF43FD2ED8D7" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,703,152,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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1858
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FF42FE58D8D6" authority="Fittoni Desor" authorityName="Fittoni Desor" box="[208,457,153,177]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Enallaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FF42FE14D8D6" box="[208,389,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Enallaster Fittoni</emphasis>
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Desor
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 357, pl. 40, figs 5–7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FF6CFC56D8B6" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,967,183,208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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1873
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FF6CFDC0D8B6" authority="Collegnii (Sismonda)" box="[208,593,183,208]" genus="Echinospatagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FF6CFE47D8A9" box="[208,470,183,207]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Echinospatagus Collegnii</emphasis>
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(Sismonda)
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</taxonomicName>
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—de Loriol, p. 350, pl. 30, figs 1–5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FF0DFC8AD888" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,795,213,238]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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1878
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FF0DFDB7D888" authority="Fittoni Forbes, Wright" authorityName="Fittoni Forbes, Wright" box="[208,550,213,238]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Enallaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FF0DFE14D888" box="[208,389,214,238]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Enallaster Fittoni</emphasis>
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Forbes, Wright
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 288, pl. 65, figs 1–2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FF2EFBB6D96A" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,1063,244,269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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||
non 1878
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555FFFF2EFD14D96B" authority="Sismonda, Wright" authorityName="Sismonda, Wright" box="[253,645,244,269]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Enallaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
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||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555FFFF2EFE54D96B" box="[253,453,245,269]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Enallaster collegnii</emphasis>
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Sismonda, Wright
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, p. 283, pl. 64, fig. 4 [=
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E355678FF2EFC65D96A" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[890,1012,245,268]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E355678FF2EFC65D96A" box="[890,1012,245,268]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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sp.].
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FEC8FDB0D94D" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,545,275,300]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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||
1960
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<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FECFFE4CD94A" authority="Devries" authorityName="Devries" box="[208,477,275,300]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FECFFE17D94D" box="[208,390,275,299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster collegnii</emphasis>
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||
Devriès
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, p. 30.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FEE9FC0BD92C" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,922,305,330]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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||
2002
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FEE8FD09D92C" authority="Sismonda, Villalba Curras" authorityName="Sismonda, Villalba Curras" box="[208,664,305,330]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FEE8FE17D92C" box="[208,390,306,330]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster collegnii</emphasis>
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||
Sismonda, Villalba Currás
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 112, pl. 2, figs 12–15.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FE8AFCC7D90F" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,854,336,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
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||
2002
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FE8AFDFFD90F" authority="Agassiz, Villalba Curras" authorityName="Agassiz, Villalba Curras" box="[208,622,336,361]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FE8AFEE0D90F" box="[208,369,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz, Villalba Currás
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 115, pl. 3, figs 1–5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FEB4FEB6D9C0" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
2008
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555D2FEABFDB9D9EE" authority="(Sismonda)" authorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[208,552,367,392]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555D2FEABFE3BD9E1" box="[208,426,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Miotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
(Sismonda)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Smith & Wright, p. 578, pl. 185, figs 1–3, pl. 186, figs 1–3, pl. 187, figs 1–2, text-figs 244–247.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FE76FB0BD9A3" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,1178,428,453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
? 2011
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555E3FE76FE76D9A3" authority="Wright" authorityName="Wright" box="[225,487,428,453]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="renevieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555E3FE76FE09D9A2" box="[225,408,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster renevieri</emphasis>
|
||
Wright
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Taherpour-Khalil-Abad
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3557E7FE76FC88D9A3" box="[741,793,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 87, pl. 1, figs 1a–d, pl. 3, figs 1, 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FE10FB0FD985" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,1182,459,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
? 2011
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555E3FE17FE0BD985" box="[225,410,460,483]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555E3FE17FE0BD985" box="[225,410,460,483]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster granosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
d`Orbigny, Taherpour-Khalil-Abad
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E35560BFE17FCACD985" box="[777,829,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 3a–d, pl. 3, fig. 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FE31FB88DA64" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,1049,489,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
? 2011
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555E3FE30FD92DA64" authority="Sismonda" authorityName="Sismonda" box="[225,515,489,514]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555E3FE30FE07DA64" box="[225,406,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Toxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
Sismonda
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Taherpour-Khalil-Abad
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E355603FE30FCA4DA64" box="[769,821,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 87, pl. 2, fig. 1a–c.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FDD2FCFCDA47" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,545]" box="[151,877,520,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
? 2012
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E3555E0FDD2FDABDA47" authority="(Sismonda)" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" box="[226,570,520,545]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Pliotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555E0FDD2FE2CDA47" box="[226,445,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Pliotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
(Sismonda)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Forner
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E35578CFDD2FD53DA47" box="[654,706,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 31, fig. 2a–e.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35C6527542E3E3B5595FD95FAA9DF7F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E355595FD95FD55DAB3" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E355595FD95FE97DA0F" bold="true" box="[151,262,590,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
The following
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D40FD25542E3E3554B4FD94FDDEDA0F" box="[438,591,591,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from the vicinity of the village Gelian, NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F351763C542E3E35513CFD8BFBFFDA0C" box="[1086,1134,592,618]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, (Sarcheshmeh Formation, early Aptian) were studied:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E3554DEFDA8FDD0DAEB" box="[476,577,627,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE234–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E3557B4FDA8FC8ADAEB" box="[694,795,627,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE247, from which the specimens
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E3551C9FDA8FAA0DAEB" box="[1227,1329,627,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE234,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E355595FD4CFF6DDAD7" box="[151,252,663,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE237–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E355473FD4CFE47DAD7" box="[369,470,663,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE238,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E355756FD4CFD2BDAD7" box="[596,698,663,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE240,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E35563BFD4CFC31DAD7" box="[825,928,663,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE243, and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E355158FD4DFB2FDAD7" box="[1114,1214,662,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">GSINET</collectionCode>
|
||
97FE245–GSINET- 97FE247 were included in the biometric analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E3555C5FD05FDBBDBEF" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555C5FD05FED3DA9F" bold="true" box="[199,322,734,761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
A small-sized and relatively thin-shelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542E3E35561EFD3BFC32DA9F" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[796,931,736,761]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E35561EFD3BFC32DA9F" box="[796,931,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with adapically enlarged partitioned isopores in the anterior (unpaired) ambulacrum (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED57AE69542E3E3557BFFCD8FD62DB7B" box="[701,755,771,797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">AIII</collectionCode>
|
||
). The aboral paired ambulacra are only very slightly sunken and form petals. The apical disc is subcentrally positioned. The posterior paired petals are short in comparison to the anterior paired petals. The posterior face is obliquely truncated; it slopes adorally. Scattered granules are present in the perradius of the paired petals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E3555C5FC49FC72DCAB" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542E3E3555C5FC49FEC8DBCB" bold="true" box="[199,345,914,941]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Small species with a relatively thin test, with a maximum length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBE9B49542E3E35515DFC48FB56DBC8" box="[1119,1223,915,942]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.69" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="26.9">26.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The outline of the test varies from elongate to subcircular (width is 91–101% of test length, mean = 0.95, n = 9). An anterior notch is faintly to moderately developed. The posterior face is obliquely truncated, with an anal angle of 66–82° (mean = 73°, n = 6). The tests are flattened to somewhat inflated (height is 61–71% of test length, mean = 67%, n = 9) with a flattened oral side. The tallest point of the test is located behind the apical disc, the position of which ranges from subcentrally to displaced to the posterior edge (50–59% of the test length, mean = 54%, n = 6). The apical disc has an ethmophract structure, with four gonopores. Genital plate 2 (the madreporite) is distinctly larger than the other genital plates. The posterior genital plates are either in contact with or separated from each other by genital plate 2. The posterior ocular plates meet behind the genital plates (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="137D2A29542E3E355651FB68FC47DCAB" box="[851,982,1203,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,791,816]" captionTargetBox="[430,1159,222,737]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[397,1190,181,765]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Miotoxaster collegnii, all from the vicinity of the village Gelian, NE Iran, (Sarcheshmeh Formation, early Aptian), GSINET97FE238 (A, B); GSINET97FE240 (C); A: plate drawing of the oral surface, B, C: plate drawings of the apical disc; Scale bars equal 10 mm (A) and 2 mm (B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366790/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">Figs 8 B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E3555C5FB0CFDACDD8B" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
The paired ambulacra are petaloid, with only very faintly depressed petals. The anterior paired petals are relatively long, approximately 35–43% (mean = 38%, n = 6) of the test length and flexed in the proximity of the apex and distally, in the last third of their length. The pore pairs at the distal ends of the anterior petals are diverging, thus shaping an opened termination. The anterior column of the anterior petals is narrow with circular pores in the perradial row of the pore pairs and more elongated pores in the adradial side. The posterior columns of the anterior petals show well-elongated, conjugate pore pairs, with 53 pore pairs present in a single anterior petal at a test length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBE9B49542E3E3555B5FA74FE99DDAC" box="[183,264,1455,1482]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
and 68 at a test length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBE9B49542E3E35573AFA74FD1ADDAC" box="[568,651,1455,1482]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively. The perradius of the paired petals is smooth and wide, bearing few, scattered small granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E3555C5FA2CFBC3DE3F" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">
|
||
The slightly curved posterior paired petals are relatively short, 16–21% (mean = 19%, n = 6) of the length of the anterior paired petals, and their pore pairs are conjugate showing elongated pores. At a test length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBE9B49542E3E355005F9C0FAC9DE50" box="[1287,1368,1563,1590]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, there are 29 pore pairs and 35 at a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBE9B49542E3E355744F9E4FD04DE3C" box="[582,661,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
respectively, in a single posterior petal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542E3E3555C5F9B8FE17DEA3" blockId="6.[151,1437,590,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="127">The anterior ambulacrum is faintly to moderately sunken on the aboral side, with slightly oblique pore pairs. The pores of each pair are separated by a knob-like partition. The outer pore is somewhat elongated, while the inner pore is more circular.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF396624542F3E345595F9BEFB33DEA0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366786/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="128" startId="7.[151,250,1637,1662]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1617]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542F3E345595F9BEFB33DEA0" blockId="7.[151,1436,1637,1734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542F3E345595F9BEFE82DE18" bold="true" box="[151,275,1637,1662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="128">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F542F3E34541BF9BDFE63DE18" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[281,498,1638,1662]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="128" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE542F3E34541BF9BDFE63DE18" box="[281,498,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="128">Miotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all from the vicinity of the village Gelian, NE Iran, (Sarcheshmeh Formation, early Aptian), GSINET97FE238 (A: apical, B: oral, C: lateral); GSINET97FE245 (D: apical, E: oral, F: lateral); GSINET97FE243 (G: apical); 97FE247 (H: apical, K: lateral), GSINET97FE240 (I: apical, L: lateral), GSINET97FE246 (J: lateral).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542F3E3455C5F92FFC99DF1C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1780,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="128">The peristome is mostly wider than long and has a variable shape, from subcircular to subpentagonal in outline. It is marked by a smooth rim formed by the surrounding inter- and ambulacral plates. The peristome faces downwards or is slightly inclined towards the anterior region and its anterior border is located at a distance to the anterior edge of 18–26% (mean = 23%, n = 6) of the test length.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC542F3E3455C5F85FFA19DF80" blockId="7.[151,1437,1780,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="128">The plastron shows an amphisternous architecture. The triangular-shaped labral plate has a slightly concave contact to the larger sternal plate (5.a.2). Plate 5.b.2 has only a small contact with the labral plate. The asymmetrical sternal plates are separated by an oblique median suture. The labrum abuts with ambulacral plates I.a.2 and I.b.2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC54203E3B55C5FF42FC27D8D5" blockId="8.[151,1437,153,1079]" box="[199,950,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">The periplastronal ambulacra have a smooth, non-granular surface.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC54203E3B55C5FF66FE26D925" blockId="8.[151,1437,153,1079]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">
|
||
On the aboral surface, tubercles are scattered, set in a dense matrix of very minute granules. A protofasciole can be recognised between the anterior and posterior petals (characterised by horizontally aligned granules, sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B5595FEDEFE08D979" author="Neraudeau, D. & David, B. & Madon, C." box="[151,409,261,287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="323 - 333" refId="ref5725" refString="Neraudeau, D., David, B. & Madon, C. (1998) Tuberculation in spatangoid fascioles: Delineating plausible homologies. Lethaia, 31, 323 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1998. tb 00522. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Néraudeau
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5415FEDDFEDED979" box="[279,335,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tubercles are more crowded, especially on the anterior-lateral, ventral-lateral, and plastronal plates of the oral side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC54203E3B55C5FE96FC13DC51" blockId="8.[151,1437,153,1079]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B55C5FE96FEAAD901" bold="true" box="[199,315,333,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Provisionally, we assign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5765FE95FCA2D901" box="[615,819,333,359]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5765FE95FCA2D901" box="[615,819,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B56D5FE95FBCFD901" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[983,1118,334,359]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B56D5FE95FBCFD901" box="[983,1118,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B51E3FE96FF75D9ED" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B54C1FEA9FDB3D9ED" box="[451,546,370,395]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B54C1FEA9FDB3D9ED" box="[451,546,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5765FEA9FD7FD9ED" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[615,750,370,395]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5765FEA9FD7FD9ED" box="[615,750,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of subpetaloid pore pairs in the adapical part of the anterior ambulacrum, until a detailed revision regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B565DFE4DFC2FD9C9" box="[863,958,406,431]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B565DFE4DFC2FD9C9" box="[863,958,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B56CFFE4DFBC5D9C9" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[973,1108,406,431]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B56CFFE4DFBC5D9C9" box="[973,1108,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5011FE4EFA0DD9C9" box="[1299,1436,405,431]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Pliotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5011FE4EFA0DD9C9" box="[1299,1436,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Pliotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the latter genus is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5754FE61FD4CD9B5" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[598,733,442,467]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5754FE61FD4CD9B5" box="[598,733,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their more sunken petals), is available (compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B5038FE62FEBAD991" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B543DFE05FDF3D991" authority="d'Orbigny, 1853" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1853" box="[319,610,476,503]" class="Echinoidea" family="Micrasteridae" genus="Epiaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B543DFE05FE0FD991" box="[319,414,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Epiaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B54A5FE06FDF3D991" author="d'Orbigny, A. D." box="[423,610,476,503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" refId="ref4755" refString="d'Orbigny, A. D. (1853 - 1855) Paleontologie Francaise. Description zoologique et geologique de tous les Animaux Mollusques et Rayonnes fossiles de la France, comprenant leur application a la reconnaissance des couches. Terrains Cretaces. Tome Sixieme, contenant les Echinodermes. Victor Masson, Paris, 596 pp." type="book" year="1853">d’Orbigny, 1853</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be delineated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B567BFE05FB91D991" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[889,1024,478,503]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B567BFE05FB91D991" box="[889,1024,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as understood by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B51DFFE06FF43DA7D" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in which we follow here) by the straight petals. The specific assignment of our material to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B51F5FDD9FA11DA7D" box="[1271,1408,513,539]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B51F5FDD9FA11DA7D" box="[1271,1408,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">M. collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat problematic as it was not possible to trace the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FD880E54203E3B5615FDFEFCD6DA59" box="[791,839,549,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B56D2FDFEFB01DA59" author="Sismonda, E." box="[976,1168,549,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="341 - 411" refId="ref6103" refString="Sismonda, E. (1844) Memoria geo-zoologica sugli echinidi fossili del Contado di Nizza. Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie 2, 6, 341 - 411." type="journal article" year="1844">Sismonda (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the description and illustration of Sismonda is brief and lacks detail (1844, p. 361, pl. 1, figs 9–11). However, the drawing of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FD880E54203E3B506EFD92FA0DDA05" box="[1388,1436,585,611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">type</typeStatus>
|
||
suggests that its general test shape and the size of its posterior petals are similar to those of the specimens described herein. Additionally, the described specimens have only faintly sunken paired petals and relatively short posterior paired petals, so match best with the material described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B562CFD6EFBA5DAA9" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." box="[814,1076,693,719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the British Aptian as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5064FD6DFECADA95" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5064FD6DFECADA95" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, our material deviates from previous interpretation of the test shape. The test shape in the Iranian material ranges from subcircular to more elongate and in lateral profile from flattened to a more domed upper surface, instead of being only subcircular in outline and having a domed apical-sided test. Additionally, the posterior genital plates are not separated by the madreporite of the apical disc in the British material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B503AFC9EFEA3DBE5" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This architecture occurs in herein described specimens together with the architecture in which the posterior genital plates are separated by the madreporite. This difference is likely not due to allometric changes, as all studied specimens are of a similar size. We believe that the differences between the Iranian and British specimens represent intraspecific variation as already mentioned for toxasterids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B56AAFC0EFB25DB96" author="Francois, E. & David, B." box="[936,1204,981,1008]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="355 - 371" refId="ref4939" refString="Francois, E. & David, B. (2006) Variations morphologiques des Toxaster (Echinoida: Spatangoida) en regard des fluctuations spatiales (Arc de Castellane, SE France) et temporelles (Valanginien-Hauterivien) du milieu sedimentaire: expression d'un potentiel adaptatif restreint. Geobios, 39, 355 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2005.01.002" type="journal article" year="2006">François & David 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and can also be observed in other spatangoid echinoids (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B577EFC22FC8CDC75" author="Schluter, N." box="[636,797,1017,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="0148341" refId="ref5964" refString="Schluter, N. (2016) Ecophenotypic Variation and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Echinoid Micraster brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida). PloS ONE, 11, e 0148341. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0148341" type="journal article" year="2016">Schlüter 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B562BFC22FBA5DC75" author="Schluter, N. & Wiese, F." box="[809,1076,1017,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="194 - 205" refId="ref6011" refString="Schluter, N. & Wiese, F. (2017) The variable echinoid Micraster woodi sp. nov. - Trait variability patterns in a taxonomic nightmare. Cretaceous Research, 87, 194 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2017.05.019" type="journal article" year="2017">Schlüter & Wiese 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Intraspecific variations should be considered in the much needed revision of toxasterid echinoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF39662454203E3B5595F9DFFEF7DE02" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3366788/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" startId="8.[151,250,1540,1565]" targetBox="[374,1214,1137,1515]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC54203E3B5595F9DFFEF7DE02" blockId="8.[151,1436,1540,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5595F9DFFE82DE7B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1540,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5418F9DEFE65DE7A" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[282,500,1540,1564]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5418F9DEFE65DE7A" box="[282,500,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Miotoxaster collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, GSINET97FE238; A: detail of the adapical area, 97FE240; B: detail of the aboral tuberculation and granulation below the posterior paired petal, note the traces of a protofasciole, lower margin of the protofasciole is indicated by arrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF936AC54203E3B55C5F948FAA9DF7F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1683,1817]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B55C5F948FDF5DECB" author="Taherpour-Khalil-Abad, M. & Aryaei, A. A. & Ashouri, A. R. & Ghaderi, A." box="[199,612,1683,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="83 - 94" refId="ref6324" refString="Taherpour-Khalil-Abad, M., Aryaei, A. A., Ashouri, A. R. & Ghaderi, A. (2011) Introducing some echinoderms from the Tirgan Formation, Kopeh-Dagh Basin, NE of Iran. Geopersia, 1, 83 - 94." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Taherpour-Khalil-Abad
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B54DAF94FFD83DECB" box="[472,530,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5608F94FFC47DECB" box="[778,982,1684,1709]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="renevieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5608F94FFC47DECB" box="[778,982,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster renevieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5113F94FFB71DECB" box="[1041,1248,1684,1709]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5113F94FFB71DECB" box="[1041,1248,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster granosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Tirgan Formation (late Barremian-early Aptian) from the Kopet-Dagh Basin.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B56BAF963FB15DEB7" box="[952,1156,1720,1745]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="renevieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B56BAF963FB15DEB7" box="[952,1156,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster renevieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was treated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B5D54203E3B5039F96CFEA8DE93" author="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="129" pagination="569 - 635" refId="ref6194" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (2008) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 9, Atelostomata, 2. Spatangoida (1). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 569 - 635." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith & Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a synonym to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B5701F907FD1DDE93" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[515,652,1755,1781]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B5701F907FD1DDE93" box="[515,652,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">M. collegnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this view is followed here.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B56D0F907FB30DE93" box="[978,1185,1756,1781]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Toxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B56D0F907FB30DE93" box="[978,1185,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">Toxaster granosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deviates by its longer posterior paired petals and the more elongated pores in the aboral anterior ambulacrum from
|
||
<emphasis id="B932EABE54203E3B51ABF8DBFAA9DF7F" box="[1193,1336,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C464D2F54203E3B51ABF8DBFAA2DF7F" baseAuthorityName="Sismonda" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1193,1331,1791,1817]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxasteridae" genus="Miotoxaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="129" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="collegnii">M. collegnii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |