299 lines
42 KiB
XML
299 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="830A8985AAB5DD7EF0AEEBEF69E85851">Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Synopsia Hübner, 1825 in the Middle East (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="246C6FDDD0384FF9C1D660407329DD6A">Wanke, Dominic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A4E84FCA665BF56C3682F435D1D91BEE">University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1, D- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6260AC8F2771CE792F205D7FBC941E0">Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8E5C650DEC59267394571F69A270FB42">SNSB-ZSM, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E9702834B522210E83FC4B437B5734FC">Sihvonen, Pasi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="146C3ABDDC720D485369F22546761EED">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, FI- 00014</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="819F8319F19C3FD2002B675F58495C42">University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1, D- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany & lars. krogmann @ smns-bw. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3724 - 1735</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="67F190BEFC9C1C831C3C5C909C6839A9">Rajaei, Hossein</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="38768109D78649BF810993D52FE36792">hossein. rajaei @ smns-bw. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3940 - 3734</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03BB942B5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFAECFB2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4328366" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170676443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4328366" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB942B5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFAECFB2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB942B5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFAECFB2B" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFC9AFF44" bold="true" box="[151,842,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFD9CFF44" authority="(Wiltshire, 1966)" authorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Wiltshire" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[151,588,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centralis">
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<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF3AFF4FFEA4FF47" bold="true" box="[151,372,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Synopsia centralis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8358CC5A20FFF7FE2EFF4FFD94FF44" author="Wiltshire, E. P." box="[387,580,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" pagination="138 - 152" refId="ref11201" refString="Wiltshire, E. P. (1966) Osterreichische entomologische Iran-Afghanistan-Expeditionen, Beitrage zur Lepidopterenfauna, Teil 10, Subfamilien Larentiinae und Ennominae (sensu lato) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Middle East Lepidoptera XXIII. Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51, 138 - 152." type="journal article" year="1966">
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<collectingRegion id="49D6EBDF5A20FFF7FE2EFF4FFE2BFF44" box="[387,507,151,177]" country="United Kingdom" name="Wiltshire" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Wiltshire</collectingRegion>
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, 1966
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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comb nov., bona sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30876B65A20FFF7FF3AFF63FA57FEC3" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF3AFF63FEA5FF20" blockId="15.[151,842,151,214]" box="[151,373,187,214]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
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(
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<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FF32FF63FECAFF20" box="[159,282,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–26" captionStartId="10.[151,262,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[315,1303,156,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-311@10.[315,1304,151,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 5–26. Wing pattern of Synopsia species. 5-7: S. sociaria (5: France, Le Meés; 6: Armenia, Syunik, g.prep. 0230/2019 D. Wanke; 7: Italy, Naturns, g.prep. 0497/2019 D. Wanke); 8-22: Nominotypical subspecies; 8: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria ardschira syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Fars, g.prep. 11026); 9: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria alvandi syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Alvand, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1470, NHMUK 010920110); 10: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria jodes syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Demawend, g.prep. 7100, NHMUK 014172449); 11: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0501/2020 D. Wanke); 12: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0502/2020 D. Wanke); 13-22: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (13: Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke; 14: Armenia, Yeranos, g.prep. 0381/2019 D. Wanke; 15: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0106/2018 D. Wanke; 16: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0477/2019 D. Wanke; 17: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0105/2018 D. Wanke; 18: Iran, Tehran, g.prep. 0472/2019 D. Wanke; 19: Iran, Fars, Sine Sefid, g.prep. 11027 [no type specimen of Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza was traced in the collection of Brandt, except this specimen labeled as Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza by Brandt]; 20: Iran, Yasuj, g.prep. 0485/2019 D. Wanke; 21: Iran, Golestan, g.prep. 0483/2019 D. Wanke; 22: Iran, Lorestan, g.prep. 0478/2019 D. Wanke); 23: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul); 24: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 25: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467, NHMUK 010920114); 26: Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, NHMUK 014172450); a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296349/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">figs 25, 26</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FE8BFF63FE94FF23" box="[294,324,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[202,1390,172,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-73@13.[191,1400,159,1897]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–35. Male genitalia of Synopsia species. 33: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke); 34: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 35: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus. Scale-bar 1mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296357/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">35</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FEFDFF63FEBDFF20" box="[336,365,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1022,1046]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,190,991]" captionTargetId="figure-28@18.[151,1436,181,998]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 42. Map of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov., Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. and Synopsia centralis bona sp. showing the distribution of these taxa. Different symbols illustrated in the rectangle indicating on the type localities of the subspecies of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov.." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296365/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">42</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF3AFED8FA57FEC3" blockId="15.[151,1436,255,311]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FF3AFED8FD58FEE2" authority="Wiltshire, 1966" authorityName="Wiltshire" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,648,255,280]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="phasidaria" subSpecies="centralis">
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<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF3AFED8FE0EFEED" box="[151,478,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Synopsidia phasidaria centralis</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B7A2F605A20FFF7FE4BFED8FD58FEE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2988980322" box="[486,648,255,280]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft" location="Wiltshire" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wiltshire" typeStatus="holotype">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8358CC5A20FFF7FE4BFED8FD58FEE2" author="Wiltshire, E. P." box="[486,648,255,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" pagination="138 - 152" refId="ref11201" refString="Wiltshire, E. P. (1966) Osterreichische entomologische Iran-Afghanistan-Expeditionen, Beitrage zur Lepidopterenfauna, Teil 10, Subfamilien Larentiinae und Ennominae (sensu lato) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Middle East Lepidoptera XXIII. Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51, 138 - 152." type="journal article" year="1966">
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<collectingRegion id="49D6EBDF5A20FFF7FE4BFED8FD96FEED" box="[486,582,256,280]" country="United Kingdom" name="Wiltshire" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Wiltshire</collectingRegion>
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, 1966
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</bibRefCitation>
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</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
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<collectorName id="26E740EB5A20FFF7FD39FED8FB6AFEED" box="[660,1210,256,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft</collectorName>
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, 51, 146.
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<typeStatus id="54A99B9F5A20FFF7FA8FFED8FA50FEED" box="[1314,1408,256,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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♂ (NHMUK). Hereby combined with genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FDD9FEC7FD1FFEC3" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[628,719,287,310]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FDD9FEC7FD1FFEC3" box="[628,719,287,310]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Synopsia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
and regarded as
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<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FCD6FEC6FBD2FEC3" bold="true" box="[891,1026,286,310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">bona species</emphasis>
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based on morphological examination.
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</paragraph>
|
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<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF3AFEBDFE12FE8B" bold="true" box="[151,450,356,383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Type material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B7A2F605A20FFF7FE64FEBCFB9EFE56" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2988980302" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="E. P. Wiltshire" country="Iran" elevation="2591" location="Kuh Taj Kirmani" municipality="Bavant" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fars" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54A99B9F5A20FFF7FE64FEBCFDE5FE8B" box="[457,565,356,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, ♂, Persia [
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], N.
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<collectingRegion id="49D6EBDF5A20FFF7FC8FFEBDFC86FE8A" box="[802,854,357,383]" country="Iran" name="Fars" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Fars</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BC9BF475A20FFF7FCCCFEBDFC64FE8A" box="[865,948,357,383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Bavant</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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,
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[
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA88D85A20FFF7FAAAFEBCFAB3FE8A" box="[1287,1379,356,383]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.591" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="2591.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003FC20E5A20FFF7FAAAFEBCFAB3FE8A" box="[1287,1379,356,383]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.591" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="2591.0">2591 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
], 7.viii.[19]50, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="26E740EB5A20FFF7FEC5FE51FDD7FE57" box="[360,519,392,419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">E.P. Wiltshire</collectorName>
|
||
, g.prep.
|
||
<collectorName id="26E740EB5A20FFF7FDC6FE51FCD7FE57" box="[619,775,392,419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">E.P. Wiltshire</collectorName>
|
||
1467; in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03BDF85A20FFF7FCD4FE51FC33FE56" box="[889,995,393,419]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FC59FE50FB95FE56" box="[1012,1093,392,419]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–26" captionStartId="10.[151,262,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[315,1303,156,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-311@10.[315,1304,151,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 5–26. Wing pattern of Synopsia species. 5-7: S. sociaria (5: France, Le Meés; 6: Armenia, Syunik, g.prep. 0230/2019 D. Wanke; 7: Italy, Naturns, g.prep. 0497/2019 D. Wanke); 8-22: Nominotypical subspecies; 8: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria ardschira syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Fars, g.prep. 11026); 9: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria alvandi syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Alvand, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1470, NHMUK 010920110); 10: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria jodes syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Demawend, g.prep. 7100, NHMUK 014172449); 11: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0501/2020 D. Wanke); 12: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0502/2020 D. Wanke); 13-22: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (13: Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke; 14: Armenia, Yeranos, g.prep. 0381/2019 D. Wanke; 15: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0106/2018 D. Wanke; 16: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0477/2019 D. Wanke; 17: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0105/2018 D. Wanke; 18: Iran, Tehran, g.prep. 0472/2019 D. Wanke; 19: Iran, Fars, Sine Sefid, g.prep. 11027 [no type specimen of Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza was traced in the collection of Brandt, except this specimen labeled as Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza by Brandt]; 20: Iran, Yasuj, g.prep. 0485/2019 D. Wanke; 21: Iran, Golestan, g.prep. 0483/2019 D. Wanke; 22: Iran, Lorestan, g.prep. 0478/2019 D. Wanke); 23: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul); 24: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 25: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467, NHMUK 010920114); 26: Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, NHMUK 014172450); a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296349/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7A2F605A20FFF7FBF6FE51FE4BFE32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2988980338" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="E. P. Wiltshire" country="Iran" elevation="2591" location="Kuh Taj Kirmani" municipality="Bavant" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fars" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A99B9F5A20FFF7FBF6FE51FB11FE56" box="[1115,1217,393,419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, 1 ♂, same data as Holotype; in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03BDF85A20FFF7FE80FE75FE4BFE32" box="[301,411,429,455]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30876B65A20FFF7FF6AFE08FD26FC6E" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFE08FAB7FDC6" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFE08FE92FE1F" bold="true" box="[199,322,464,490]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FEE5FE09FDD1FE1F" box="[328,513,464,490]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Wings and body.</emphasis>
|
||
Wingspan ♂
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA88D85A20FFF7FD37FE09FD39FE1E" box="[666,745,465,491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
(forewing length ♂
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA88D85A20FFF7FC60FE08FBE4FE1E" box="[973,1076,464,491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.5">15.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Ground colour of wings bright beige with some brown spots (similar forms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FD1FFE2DFC98FDFB" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[690,840,500,527]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FD1FFE2DFC98FDFB" box="[690,840,500,527]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; beige to brown, spotted dark in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FB6EFE2DFAECFDFB" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1219,1340,501,527]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FB6EFE2DFAECFDFB" box="[1219,1340,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Transverse lines present, brown (faint or slightly visible in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FD43FDC1FC53FDC7" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[750,899,536,563]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FD43FDC1FC53FDC7" box="[750,899,536,563]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; strongly black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FBF8FDC1FB1DFDC7" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1109,1229,537,563]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FBF8FDC1FB1DFDC7" box="[1109,1229,537,563]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FB4BFDC0FA8BFDC6" box="[1254,1371,536,563]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–26" captionStartId="10.[151,262,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[315,1303,156,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-311@10.[315,1304,151,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 5–26. Wing pattern of Synopsia species. 5-7: S. sociaria (5: France, Le Meés; 6: Armenia, Syunik, g.prep. 0230/2019 D. Wanke; 7: Italy, Naturns, g.prep. 0497/2019 D. Wanke); 8-22: Nominotypical subspecies; 8: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria ardschira syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Fars, g.prep. 11026); 9: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria alvandi syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Alvand, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1470, NHMUK 010920110); 10: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria jodes syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Demawend, g.prep. 7100, NHMUK 014172449); 11: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0501/2020 D. Wanke); 12: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0502/2020 D. Wanke); 13-22: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (13: Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke; 14: Armenia, Yeranos, g.prep. 0381/2019 D. Wanke; 15: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0106/2018 D. Wanke; 16: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0477/2019 D. Wanke; 17: Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0105/2018 D. Wanke; 18: Iran, Tehran, g.prep. 0472/2019 D. Wanke; 19: Iran, Fars, Sine Sefid, g.prep. 11027 [no type specimen of Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza was traced in the collection of Brandt, except this specimen labeled as Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza by Brandt]; 20: Iran, Yasuj, g.prep. 0485/2019 D. Wanke; 21: Iran, Golestan, g.prep. 0483/2019 D. Wanke; 22: Iran, Lorestan, g.prep. 0478/2019 D. Wanke); 23: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul); 24: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 25: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467, NHMUK 010920114); 26: Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, NHMUK 014172450); a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296349/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">figs. 5–24</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFDE4FEC8FCA6" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFDE4FEBDFDA3" box="[199,365,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FED3FDE4FE1BFDA2" box="[382,459,572,599]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–35" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[202,1390,172,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-73@13.[191,1400,159,1897]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–35. Male genitalia of Synopsia species. 33: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke); 34: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 35: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus. Scale-bar 1mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296357/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). Uncus sclerotized, tip concave (sclerotized, slightly bifurcate or tip only concave in the centre in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FE87FDB9FE10FD8F" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[298,448,608,635]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FE87FDB9FE10FD8F" box="[298,448,608,635]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; sclerotized and strongly bifurcate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FCC1FDB9FC35FD8F" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[876,997,609,635]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FCC1FDB9FC35FD8F" box="[876,997,609,635]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Gnathos well developed, arms fused, forming a tongue-shaped upturned plate, variable in shape (similar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FC07FD5DFBEFFD6B" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[938,1087,644,671]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FC07FD5DFBEFFD6B" box="[938,1087,644,671]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; almost similar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FAB9FD5DFA5CFD6B" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1300,1420,645,671]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FAB9FD5DFA5CFD6B" box="[1300,1420,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Costa of valva without any central projection (central projection present, usually bearing one to three spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FA2AFD71FEC0FD13" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FA2AFD71FEC0FD13" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; central projection bearing one to two spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FC9FFD15FC7BFD13" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[818,939,717,743]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FC9FFD15FC7BFD13" box="[818,939,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Harpe thumb-shaped (harpe sickle-shaped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FF3AFD29FEFDFCFF" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,301,752,779]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF3AFD29FEFDFCFF" box="[151,301,752,779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; harpe absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FE5CFD29FDBBFCFF" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[497,619,753,779]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FE5CFD29FDBBFCFF" box="[497,619,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Aedeagus thick, bearing 8 cornuti (number of cornuti variable, from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA88D85A20FFF7FA23FD29FF0FFCDB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 8 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FF4BFCCDFEABFCDB" authorityName="Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1873" box="[230,379,788,815]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF4BFCCDFEABFCDB" box="[230,379,788,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; vesica with two groups of cornuti, with a total amount of up to 25 spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FB77FCCDFA82FCDB" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1242,1362,789,815]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FB77FCCDFA82FCDB" box="[1242,1362,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. sociaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FAC7FCCCFF30FCA6" captionStart-0="FIGURES 27–29" captionStart-1="FIGURES 30–32" captionStart-2="FIGURES 33–35" captionStartId-0="11.[151,264,1878,1902]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,264,1878,1902]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,264,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox-0="[195,1377,181,1858]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1380,174,1856]" captionTargetBox-2="[202,1390,172,1888]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@11.[191,1388,166,1867]" captionTargetId-1="figure-99@12.[192,1391,166,1867]" captionTargetId-2="figure-73@13.[191,1400,159,1897]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURES 27–29. Male genitalia of Synopsia species. 27: Synopsia sociaria (Kazakhstan, NE Rudnichnyy, g.prep. 0103/2018 D. Wanke); 28: Synopsia sociaria (Armenia, Syunik, g.prep. 0230/2019 D. Wanke); 29: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria ardschira syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Fars, g.prep. 11026); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus. Scale-bar 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 30–32. Male genitalia of Synopsia species. 30: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria alvandi syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Alvand, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1470, NHMUK 010920110); 31: Holotype of Synopsia phasidaria mirabica syn. nov. of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Iran, Kuh i Mirabi, g.prep. 0501/2020 D. Wanke); 32: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (Iran, Zanjan, g.prep. 0106/2018 D. Wanke); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus. Scale-bar 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 33–35. Male genitalia of Synopsia species. 33: Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov. (Turkey, Hakkari, g.prep. 0466/2019 D. Wanke); 34: Paratype of Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. (Afghanistan, Kabul, g.prep. WW216); 35: Holotype of Synopsia centralis bona sp. (Iran, Fars, g.prep. EP Wiltshire 1467); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus. Scale-bar 1mm" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296351" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296355" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296357" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4296351/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4296355/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4296357/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">figs. 27–34</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FF46FCE0FEDBFCA6" box="[235,267,824,851]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="14.[158,255,1632,1656]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,184,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-28@14.[151,1436,181,1616]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 36. Details of the male genitalia capsule and the aedeagus of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov., showing the intraspecific variation. A: distal margin of the harpe; B1: gnathos from posterior view; B2-3: gnathos from ventral view, C1-6: cornuti on the vesica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296359/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">36</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFC84FDDAFC83" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,522,860,887]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFC84FE56FC83" box="[199,390,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFC59FD26FC6E" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,758,896,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFC59FE99FC6E" bold="true" box="[199,329,897,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Phenology.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens (n=2) collected in August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30876B65A20FFF7FF6AFC7CFD81FC16" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFC7CFCB3FC4A" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,867,932,959]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFC7CFEF7FC4B" bold="true" box="[199,295,932,958]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Most likely similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FDDBFC7DFC8BFC4B" authorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[630,859,932,959]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FDDBFC7DFC8BFC4B" box="[630,859,932,959]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Synopsia phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFC10FD81FC16" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,593,968,995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFC10FEFAFC17" bold="true" box="[199,298,968,994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
In altitudes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA88D85A20FFF7FE58FC10FD9DFC16" box="[501,589,968,995]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30876B65A20FFF7FF6AFC34FAECFB2B" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFC34FBA5FBF2" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,1141,1004,1031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFC34FEB1FBF3" bold="true" box="[199,353,1004,1030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
So far only known from its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A99B9F5A20FFF7FD30FC35FD1DFBF2" box="[669,717,1005,1031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30565AD5A20FFF7FC1EFC35FC30FBF2" box="[947,992,1005,1031]" name="Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="132939B85A20FFF7FBB1FC34FBB9FBF2" box="[1052,1129,1004,1031]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1022,1046]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,190,991]" captionTargetId="figure-28@18.[151,1436,181,998]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 42. Map of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov., Synopsia phasidaria afghana comb. nov. and Synopsia centralis bona sp. showing the distribution of these taxa. Different symbols illustrated in the rectangle indicating on the type localities of the subspecies of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria comb. nov.." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296365/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFBC8FDE8FBDF" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" box="[199,568,1040,1067]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFBC8FEB6FBDE" bold="true" box="[199,358,1040,1067]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Genetic data.</emphasis>
|
||
No data available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD253D5A20FFF7FF6AFBECFAECFB2B" blockId="15.[151,1437,356,1247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF6AFBECFE10FBBA" bold="true" box="[199,448,1076,1103]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FE64FBEDFD9AFBBB" authorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[457,586,1076,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FE64FBEDFD9AFBBB" box="[457,586,1076,1103]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. centralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares similar external and internal character combinations with its sister species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FF5AFB81FE5DFB87" authorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Wanke & Hausmann & Sihvonen & Krogmann & Rajaei" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[247,397,1112,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FF5AFB81FE5DFB87" box="[247,397,1112,1139]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like wing pattern, shape of the uncus, gnathos and the harpe. Nevertheless, on the costa of valva this species lacks the central projection, which is unique and does not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C125EBE5A20FFF7FBFEFBA5FAB9FB63" authority="phasidaria" authorityName="phasidaria" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="phasidaria (Rogenhofer" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1107,1385,1148,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synopsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="phasidaria" subSpecies="phasidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966F92F5A20FFF7FBFEFBA5FAB9FB63" box="[1107,1385,1148,1175]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="42">S. phasidaria phasidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We therefore suggest to treat this taxon as separate species and upgrade it therefore from subspecies to species level. This taxonomic decision needs further examination based on a larger series of specimens to be confirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |