treatments-xml/data/03/C7/87/03C7879D060BDA1C92DCF1C1FB14A7AF.xml

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<mods:title id="A0CEF4EE9EB1DA9A2F922CB227AA00A6">Exploiting mimicry: Prosorhynchoides thomasi n. sp. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the fang blenny genus Plagiotremus (Bleeker) (Blenniidae) from off Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E159C49DC5E3D04D9596DDE48D57601">Bott, Ashley Roberts-Thomson Nathan J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C7879D060BDA1C92DCF1C1FB14A7AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6252026" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119363072" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6252026" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7879D060BDA1C92DCF1C1FB14A7AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7879D060BDA1C92DCF1C1FB14A7AF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<subSubSection id="C3746500060BDA1F92DCF1C1FD45A3C4" box="[151,683,1933,1959]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060BDA1F92DCF1C1FD45A3C4" blockId="0.[151,683,1933,1959]" box="[151,683,1933,1959]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<heading id="D09981E7060BDA1F92DCF1C1FD45A3C4" bold="true" box="[151,683,1933,1959]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060BDA1F92DCF1C1FD45A3C4" bold="true" box="[151,683,1933,1959]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D08060BDA1F92DCF1C1FE36A3C4" ID-CoL="4MXK5" box="[151,472,1933,1959]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thomasi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060BDA1F92DCF1C1FE36A3C4" bold="true" box="[151,472,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Prosorhynchoides thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E2060BDA1F93ABF1C1FDCCA3C4" box="[480,546,1933,1959]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="13552A0E060BDA1F907AF1C1FD4CA3C4" box="[561,674,1933,1959]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1678,1702]" captionTargetBox="[246,1337,191,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[165,1450,157,1663]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Prosorhynchoides thomasi n. sp. 1. Ventral view of holotype from Plagiotremus tapeinosoma. 2. Cirrus-sac, ventral view. Scale bars 1, 200 µm; 2, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177277/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3746500060BDA1E92DCF19EFED1A3C8" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060BDA1E92DCF19EFC19A342" blockId="0.[151,940,2002,2026]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,1801,2033]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060BDA1F92DCF19EFEE0A389" bold="true" box="[151,270,2002,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<typeStatus id="54D58829060BDA1F92DCF19EFF21A389" box="[151,207,2002,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Type</typeStatus>
host:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D08060BDA1F935FF19EFD4EA38A" authority="Bleeker" authorityName="Bleeker" box="[276,672,2002,2025]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapeinosoma">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060BDA1F935FF19EFDDCA38A" box="[276,562,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Plagiotremus tapeinosoma</emphasis>
(Bleeker)
</taxonomicName>
. Prevalence: 55% (6/11) 
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E928DF145FEBAA342" bold="true" box="[198,340,1801,1825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Other hosts:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D08060ADA1E9311F146FD16A342" authority="Bleeker" authorityName="Bleeker" box="[346,760,1802,1825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhinorhynchos">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E9311F146FD64A342" box="[346,650,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos</emphasis>
(Bleeker)
</taxonomicName>
. Prevalence: 85% (5/6)
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF116603060ADA1E92DCF0C2FD0EA2AA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177277/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[246,1337,191,1648]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060ADA1E92DCF0C2FD0EA2AA" blockId="1.[151,1436,1678,1737]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E92DCF0C2FEAAA2C5" bold="true" box="[151,324,1678,1702]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">FIGURES 1–2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D08060ADA1E9307F0C3FD87A2C5" box="[332,617,1679,1702]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thomasi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E9307F0C3FD87A2C5" box="[332,617,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Prosorhynchoides thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E2060ADA1E903AF0C3FD45A2C5" box="[625,683,1679,1702]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E90F8F0C2FD29A2C5" bold="true" box="[691,711,1678,1702]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">1.</emphasis>
Ventral view of holotype from 
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E9654F0C3FAA8A2C5" box="[1055,1350,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D08060ADA1E9654F0C3FAAFA2C5" box="[1055,1345,1679,1702]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapeinosoma">Plagiotremus tapeinosoma</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E971EF0C2FA87A2C5" bold="true" box="[1365,1385,1678,1702]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">2.</emphasis>
Cirrus-sac, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E93CDF0FEFE18A2AA" box="[390,502,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Scale bars</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E93B6F0FDFDFFA2AA" bold="true" box="[509,529,1713,1737]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">1,</emphasis>
200µm; 
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E9039F0FDFD68A2AA" bold="true" box="[626,646,1713,1737]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">2,</emphasis>
100µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060ADA1E928DF160FE08A320" blockId="1.[151,1436,1801,2033]" box="[198,486,1836,1860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E928DF160FE6AA327" bold="true" box="[198,388,1836,1860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Site of Infection:</emphasis>
Intestine
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060ADA1E928DF102FCBCA305" blockId="1.[151,1436,1801,2033]" box="[198,850,1870,1894]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E928DF102FE87A305" bold="true" box="[198,361,1870,1894]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<typeStatus id="54D58829060ADA1E928DF102FF12A305" box="[198,252,1870,1894]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Type</typeStatus>
Locality:
</emphasis>
Lizard Island, 
<collectingCountry id="F379761B060ADA1E9047F103FD80A305" box="[524,622,1871,1894]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE5A504C060ADA1E9036F103FD39A305" box="[637,727,1871,1894]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-14.666667">14°40’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5A504C060ADA1E90A8F103FCA7A305" box="[739,841,1871,1894]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="145.33333">145°20’E</geoCoordinate>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060ADA1E928DF13DFED1A3C8" blockId="1.[151,1436,1801,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E928DF13DFE05A3EA" bold="true" box="[198,491,1905,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Deposition of Specimens:</emphasis>
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 
<collectingCountry id="F379761B060ADA1E9112F13EFC50A3EA" box="[857,958,1906,1929]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Australia</collectingCountry>
; 
<typeStatus id="54D58829060ADA1E9186F13EFBDEA3EA" box="[973,1072,1906,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
QM G227597, 
<typeStatus id="54D58829060ADA1E96A9F13EFAA4A3EA" box="[1250,1354,1906,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
QM G 227598-227606
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3746500060ADA1E928DF1FAFF00A392" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B060ADA1E928DF1FAFF00A392" blockId="1.[151,1436,1801,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B91AEA99060ADA1E928DF1FAFEA4A3AD" bold="true" box="[198,330,1974,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Etymology:</emphasis>
This species is named after our friend and colleague, Mr Rick Thomas for all his encouragement and support.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37465000609DA1D928DF6DBFE74A69F" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1D928DF6DBFDC7A574" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D928DF6DBFEA4A4CC" bold="true" box="[198,330,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13552A0E0609DA1D9312F6D4FE18A4CC" box="[345,502,152,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1678,1702]" captionTargetBox="[246,1337,191,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[165,1450,157,1663]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Prosorhynchoides thomasi n. sp. 1. Ventral view of holotype from Plagiotremus tapeinosoma. 2. Cirrus-sac, ventral view. Scale bars 1, 200 µm; 2, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177277/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figures 1 &amp; 2</figureCitation>
). Based on 11 whole-mounts. Body ellipsoidal, 
<date id="FFD0104B0609DA1D965BF6D4FB69A4CC" box="[1040,1159,152,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" value="1120" valueMax="1496">1120–1496</date>
(1289) × 272–560 (407), tegument spiny. Rhynchus a simple muscular sucker, 128–183 (161) long × 141–183 (162) wide. Mouth ventral, at midbody; pharynx, spherical 87–148 (116) long × 96–145 (115) wide. Caecum, sac-like, extends anteriorly beyond anterior margin of ovary, 170–331 (213) long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1D928DF76EFE50A66A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Testes, two, round, symmetrical, between pharynx and posterior extremity of body, with anterior testicular margin occasionally overlapping pharynx; anterior testis 93–173 (142) long × 96–173 (144) wide; posterior testis 100–170 (137) long × 100–180 (142) wide. Cirrus-sac (
<figureCitation id="13552A0E0609DA1D9005F724FD44A51C" box="[590,682,360,383]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1678,1702]" captionTargetBox="[246,1337,191,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[165,1450,157,1663]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Prosorhynchoides thomasi n. sp. 1. Ventral view of holotype from Plagiotremus tapeinosoma. 2. Cirrus-sac, ventral view. Scale bars 1, 200 µm; 2, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177277/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figure 2</figureCitation>
) median to sinistral, 308–475 (367) long × 70–106 (89) wide, extending to mid-level of posterior testis. Seminal vesicle ovoid 37–80 (61) long × 48–167 (82) wide, within proximal portion of cirrus-sac. Pars prostatica straight, highly glandular, 241–286 (261) long, joins with seminal vesicle. Ejaculatory duct narrow, short. Genital atrium ovoid containing hook-shaped genital lobe with 2 projections. Common genital pore median ventro-subterminal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1D928DF459FE74A69F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Ovary, pre-testicular, spherical, 98–173 (139) long × 105–183 (147) wide, antero-dextral to pharynx, 562–784 (642) from posterior extremity. Mehlis’ gland dextral, between posterior testis and ovary. Laurer’s canal not seen. Vitelline follicles forming two compact lateral groupings at level of posterior third of rhynchus, extending anteriorly to 109–164 (133) from anterior extremity. Vitelline ducts open into öötype within Mehlis’ gland. Uterus voluminous and convoluted, ascending sinistrally to level of vitelline follicles, then descending and opening into genital atrium. Eggs numerous, tanned, oval 13–22 (18) long × 7–12 (10) wide. Excretory pore terminal. Excretory vesicle I shaped, extending to anterior quarter of body.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37465000609DA1C928DF54BFB14A7AF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1D928DF54BFEE5A194" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D928DF54BFED0A77C" bold="true" box="[198,318,775,799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Discussion</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9306F544FD47A77C" authority="Dollfus, 1929" authorityName="Dollfus" authorityYear="1929" box="[333,681,776,799]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9306F544FDE0A77C" box="[333,526,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
Dollfus, 1929
</taxonomicName>
includes a large number of species grouped together due to the common feature of having a simple sucker for a rhynchus and pre-testicular ovary (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D9659F566FABDA722" author="Overstreet" box="[1042,1363,810,833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Overstreet, R. M. &amp; Curran, S. S. (2002) Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907. In: Gibson, D. I., Jones, A. &amp; Bray, R. A. (Eds) Keys to the digenean parasites of vertebrates, CAB International, Wallingford, U. K. pp 67 - 110." type="book chapter" year="2002">Overstreet and Curran, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The present species conforms to this diagnosis. The genus is in need of a major revision (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D962BF501FA7BA707" author="Overstreet" box="[1120,1429,845,868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Overstreet, R. M. &amp; Curran, S. S. (2002) Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907. In: Gibson, D. I., Jones, A. &amp; Bray, R. A. (Eds) Keys to the digenean parasites of vertebrates, CAB International, Wallingford, U. K. pp 67 - 110." type="book chapter" year="2002">Overstreet and Curran, 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and has received some attention recently (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D901EF53CFCA8A7E4" author="Bott" box="[597,838,880,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Bott, N. J. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2005 a) First report of a bucephalid digenean from an apogonid teleost: Prosorhynchoides apogonis n. sp. from Cheilodipterus macrodon on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 60, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Bott and Cribb, 2005a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D911BF53CFBD1A7E4" author="Bott" box="[848,1087,880,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Bott, N. J. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2005 b) Prosorhynchoides lamprelli n. sp. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the brassy trevally, Caranx papuensis (Teleostei: Carangidae), from off Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 1059, 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Bott and Cribb, 2005b</bibRefCitation>
) though further disentanglement of the various synonymies is required. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9070F5DEFC9AA7CA" authority="Diesing, 1855" authorityName="Diesing" authorityYear="1855" box="[571,884,914,937]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9070F5DEFD38A7CA" box="[571,726,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bucephalopsis</emphasis>
Diesing, 1855
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9134F5DEFB25A7CA" authority="Dayal, 1948" authorityName="Dayal" authorityYear="1948" box="[895,1227,914,937]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Neobucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9134F5DEFBACA7CA" box="[895,1090,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Neobucephalopsis</emphasis>
Dayal, 1948
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D96B4F5DEFEDBA7AF" authority="Hopkins, 1954" authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1954" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephaloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D96B4F5DEFA72A7CA" box="[1279,1436,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bucephaloides</emphasis>
Hopkins, 1954
</taxonomicName>
are considered junior synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D90F7F5F9FC93A7AF" box="[700,893,949,972]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D90F7F5F9FC93A7AF" box="[700,893,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D91F3F5F9FB1EA7AF" author="Overstreet" box="[952,1264,949,972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Overstreet, R. M. &amp; Curran, S. S. (2002) Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907. In: Gibson, D. I., Jones, A. &amp; Bray, R. A. (Eds) Keys to the digenean parasites of vertebrates, CAB International, Wallingford, U. K. pp 67 - 110." type="book chapter" year="2002">Overstreet and Curran, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D971FF5F9FEF7A78C" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D971FF5F9FEF7A78C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, gut morphology is considered important for species differentiation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D9651F594FAB2A78C" author="Overstreet" box="[1050,1372,984,1007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Overstreet, R. M. &amp; Curran, S. S. (2002) Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907. In: Gibson, D. I., Jones, A. &amp; Bray, R. A. (Eds) Keys to the digenean parasites of vertebrates, CAB International, Wallingford, U. K. pp 67 - 110." type="book chapter" year="2002">Overstreet and Curran, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). An important distinguishing feature of the present species is the testes, which are symmetrical. Only eight of the sixty-three species that we can find assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9066F251FD03A057" box="[557,749,1053,1076]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9066F251FD03A057" box="[557,749,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D90B6F251FC76A057" box="[765,920,1053,1076]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D90B6F251FC76A057" box="[765,920,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bucephalopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D91E2F251FB82A057" box="[937,1132,1053,1076]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Neobucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D91E2F251FB82A057" box="[937,1132,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Neobucephalopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D96EEF251FAACA057" box="[1189,1346,1053,1076]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephaloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D96EEF251FAACA057" box="[1189,1346,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bucephaloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess testes that are symmetrical or nearly symmetrical. We compared figures and descriptions of these seven to the present species. Of these, the unusual specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D903CF22FFB66A01A" authority="Rudolphi, 1819" authorityName="Rudolphi" authorityYear="1819" box="[631,1160,1122,1146]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gracilescens">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D903CF22FFC2BA019" box="[631,965,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides gracilescens</emphasis>
(Rudolphi, 1819)
</taxonomicName>
(with symmetrical rather than tandem testes) reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D93A0F2C9FD57A0FF" box="[491,697,1157,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Bartoli, P., Gibson, D. I. &amp; Bray, R. A. (2006) Prosorhynchoides gracilescens (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from Lophius piscatorius L. is a species complex: a redescription of this species (sensu stricto) from the western Mediterranean and the description of P. borealis n. sp. from the northern North-east Atlantic. Systematic Parasitology, 63, 203 - 221." type="journal article">Bartoli et al.(2006)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D908FF2C9FAA4A0FF" authority="(Verma, 1936) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Verma, 1936) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" box="[708,1354,1157,1180]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="garuai">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D908FF2C9FC3CA0FF" box="[708,978,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides garuai</emphasis>
(Verma, 1936) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D971FF2C9FC8AA0DC" authority="(Lebedev, 1968) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Lebedev, 1968) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="productiovalis">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D971FF2C9FE53A0DC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides productiovalis</emphasis>
(Lebedev, 1968) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9138F2E4FB74A0DC" box="[883,1178,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9138F2E4FBDAA0DC" box="[883,1076,1192,1215]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Prosorhynchoides</taxonomicName>
magnum
</emphasis>
(Verma, 1936) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D936FF287FBAAA082" authority="(Agarwal &amp; Agarwal, 1986) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Agarwal &amp; Agarwal, 1986) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" box="[292,1092,1226,1250]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mehrai">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D936FF287FDD6A081" box="[292,568,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides mehrai</emphasis>
(Agarwal &amp; Agarwal, 1986) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9632F287FEF2A167" authority="Wang, 1985" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1985" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rhynchobati">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9632F287FA72A081" box="[1145,1436,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bucephalopsis rhynchobati</emphasis>
Wang, 1985
</taxonomicName>
, differ from our specimens by having posteriorly rather than anteriorly directed caecum. We propose 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D97CEF2A1FE4EA144" authority="Wang, 1985" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1985" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Bucephalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rhynchobati">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D97CEF2A1FEF9A144" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">B. rhynchobati</emphasis>
Wang, 1985
</taxonomicName>
, be recombined with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D90C8F35CFCAAA144" box="[643,836,1296,1319]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D90C8F35CFCAAA144" box="[643,836,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to become 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D91F6F35CFE47A12A" authority="(Wang, 1985) Roberts-Thomson &amp; Bott" authorityName="(Wang, 1985) Roberts-Thomson &amp; Bott" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rhynchobati" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D91F6F35CFAEAA144" box="[957,1284,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides rhynchobati</emphasis>
(Wang, 1985) Roberts-Thomson &amp; Bott
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E20609DA1D93F8F37EFDFEA12A" box="[435,528,1330,1353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
as it conforms to the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9130F37FFBD5A129" box="[891,1083,1331,1354]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9130F37FFBD5A129" box="[891,1083,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9605F37FFDEDA10F" authority="(Gupta, 1953) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Gupta, 1953) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gauhatiensis">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9605F37FFA72A129" box="[1102,1436,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides gauhatiensis</emphasis>
(Gupta, 1953) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9071F319FB2EA10F" authority="(Dayal, 1948) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Dayal, 1948) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" box="[570,1216,1365,1388]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thapari">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9071F319FCA1A10F" box="[570,847,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides thapari</emphasis>
(Dayal, 1948) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, both have a caecum directed anteriorly like in the present species. However, their caeca recurve anteriorly. Both species also have ovaries situated anterior to the caecum whereas the ovary of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9086F3D6FCD2A1D2" box="[717,828,1434,1457]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thomasi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9086F3D6FCD2A1D2" box="[717,828,1434,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E20609DA1D910FF3D6FC93A1D2" box="[836,893,1434,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is always posterior to the anterior extremity of the caecum. Specimens examined were morphologically distinct from other members of the genus and justify distinct species status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1D928DF04EFF15A3F4" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D928DF04EFE61A27A" box="[198,399,1538,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Dyer, W. G., Williams, E. H. &amp; Williams, L. B. (1988) Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Okinawa, Japan. Journal of Parasitology, 74, 638 - 645." type="journal article">
Dyer 
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D934EF04FFED9A279" box="[261,311,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
. (1988)
</bibRefCitation>
examined specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D90E8F04FFC2DA279" box="[675,963,1539,1562]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapeinosoma">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D90E8F04FFC2DA279" box="[675,963,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Plagiotremus tapeinosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D91B5F04FFB64A279" box="[1022,1162,1539,1562]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laudandus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D91B5F04FFB64A279" box="[1022,1162,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. laudandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
finding bucephalids that were identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D932EF069FBE3A25F" authority="(Ozaki, 1928) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005" authorityName="(Ozaki, 1928) Bott &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2005" box="[357,1037,1573,1596]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D932EF069FD68A25F" box="[357,646,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides koreana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D90DCF069FCCEA25F" author="Ozaki" box="[663,800,1573,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Ozaki, Y. (1928) Some Gasterostomatous Trematodes. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, (1), 35 - 60." type="journal article" year="1928">Ozaki, 1928</bibRefCitation>
) Bott &amp; Cribb, 2005
</taxonomicName>
, and specimens were not figured or described. Although, on initial inspection, bucephalids found in the present study appear similar to 
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D96A1F004FAB4A23C" box="[1258,1370,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. ko rea na</emphasis>
, they exhibit a number of differences. The caecum in the new species extends anteriorly from the pharynx, whereas in 
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9700F026FF51A2C7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. k o re - ana</emphasis>
, it initially extends anteriorly then turns posteriorly with caecal termination posterior to the pharynx. The genital pore in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D92A7F0FCFEB1A2A4" box="[236,351,1712,1735]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D92A7F0FCFEB1A2A4" box="[236,351,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sinistral whereas in the present species the genital pore is median. Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D96B7F0FCFA9EA2A4" box="[1276,1392,1712,1735]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D96B7F0FCFA9EA2A4" box="[1276,1392,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has ovary and testes posterior to the pharynx, whereas the current species has an ovary extending anteriorly to the pharynx. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D92DCF0B9FE59A36F" box="[151,439,1781,1804]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D92DCF0B9FE59A36F" box="[151,439,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from the fresh water catfish, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D91D4F0B9FB34A36F" authority="Ozaki, 1928" authorityName="Ozaki" authorityYear="1928" box="[927,1242,1781,1804]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asotus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D91D4F0B9FBD6A36F" box="[927,1080,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Silurus asotus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D9603F0B9FB3CA36F" author="Ozaki" box="[1096,1234,1781,1804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Ozaki, Y. (1928) Some Gasterostomatous Trematodes. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, (1), 35 - 60." type="journal article" year="1928">Ozaki, 1928</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. We suggest that examining the specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9381F154FD65A34C" box="[458,651,1816,1839]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9381F154FD65A34C" box="[458,651,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Prosorhynchoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9087F154FC3FA34C" box="[716,977,1816,1839]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laudandus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9087F154FC3FA34C" box="[716,977,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Plagiotremus laudandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Okinawa, 
<collectingCountry id="F379761B0609DA1D96C9F154FB51A34C" box="[1154,1215,1816,1839]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Japan</collectingCountry>
would be of interest to assess if they are conspecific with 
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9054F176FD65A332" box="[543,651,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. th oma si</emphasis>
n. sp. or indeed a new species. Currently the habitat range reported for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D97C3F176FF03A317" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D97C3F176FF03A317" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">P. koreana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fresh and seawater) is exceptional and would pose interesting questions about the identity of suitable intermediate hosts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0609DA1C928DF1EEFF2DA5A7" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,799]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Adoption of what can be termed traditional bucephalid transmission (larger fish eating smaller fish) has also been observed in the cleaner wrasse: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D93A6F189FD3EA3BF" box="[493,720,1989,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Labroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D93A6F189FD3EA3BF" box="[493,720,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Labroides dimidiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D9096F189FCBBA3BF" box="[733,853,1989,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Labroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolour">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D9096F189FCBBA3BF" box="[733,853,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">L. bicolour</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080609DA1D91C2F189FBA9A3BF" box="[905,1095,1989,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Bodianus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="axilaris">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990609DA1D91C2F189FBA9A3BF" box="[905,1095,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Bodianus axilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1D961EF189FAFDA3BF" author="Jones" box="[1109,1299,1989,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Jones, C. M., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2003) Rhipidocotyle labroidei n. sp. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes) (Labridae). Zootaxa, 327, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="2003">Jones et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0609DA1C9754F189FF3FA4CC" author="Jones" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Jones, C. M., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2004) Cleaner fish become hosts: a novel form of parasite transmission. Coral Reefs, In Press," type="book" year="2004">Jones et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The mimicry of cleaner wrasse colouration and behaviour is strikingly apparent within the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C974DF6D4FA7AA4CC" box="[1286,1428,152,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C974DF6D4FA7AA4CC" box="[1286,1428,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Plagiotremus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. By mimicking cleaner wrasse, fang blennies are able to approach fish in the same manner as cleaner wrasse. Members of this genus were found primarily at cleaning stations and were frequently observed darting in to feed on cleaner wrasse ‘clients’. Cleaner wrasse have become hosts to bucephalids by cleaning ‘clients,’ or nipping fins, flesh, or mucus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0608DA1C9714F74CFEF6A55A" author="Jones" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Jones, C. M., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2004) Cleaner fish become hosts: a novel form of parasite transmission. Coral Reefs, In Press," type="book" year="2004">Jones et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C937DF76EFE2AA55A" box="[310,452,290,313]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C937DF76EFE2AA55A" box="[310,452,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Plagiotremus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species undertake only micropredatory behaviour, with a diet of mucous, scales and fins (Randall, 1990). The bucephalid faunas of fang blennies and cleaner wrasse differ. Bucephalids from the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C9712F709FF1FA51C" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Rhipidocotyle" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C9712F709FF1FA51C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Rhipidocotyle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in cleaner wrasse and while 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C90C4F724FBA7A51C" authority="Jones, Grutter &amp; Cribb, 2003" authorityName="Jones, Grutter &amp; Cribb" authorityYear="2003" box="[655,1097,360,383]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Rhipidocotyle" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="labroidei">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C90C4F724FCE0A51C" box="[655,782,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">R. labroidei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF4B7A0608DA1C915FF724FBA7A51C" author="Jones" box="[788,1097,360,383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refString="Jones, C. M., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Cribb, T. H. (2003) Rhipidocotyle labroidei n. sp. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes) (Labridae). Zootaxa, 327, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="2003">Jones, Grutter &amp; Cribb, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
exploits the symbiotic relationship between cleaner wrasse and their ‘clients’, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C90DEF7C6FCEAA5C2" box="[661,772,394,417]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thomasi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C90DEF7C6FCEAA5C2" box="[661,772,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">P. thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E20608DA1C9141F7C6FCADA5C2" box="[778,835,394,417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
exploits the mimicry of cleaner wrasse by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C9746F7C6FA72A5C2" box="[1293,1436,394,417]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C9746F7C6FA72A5C2" box="[1293,1436,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Plagiotremus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0608DA1C928DF79CFDECA6D4" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
This study also included examination of 86 other blennies from 15 species from the northern (Lizard Island) and southern (Heron Island) Great Barrier Reef. Three other species of the tribe Nemophini were examined with no digeneans being found in the intestines of eight specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C90ACF459FC45A64F" box="[743,939,533,556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Petroscirtes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fallax">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C90ACF459FC45A64F" box="[743,939,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Petroscirtes fallax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, three specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C96C2F459FA80A64F" box="[1161,1390,533,556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Meiacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C96C2F459FA80A64F" box="[1161,1390,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Meiacanthus lineatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C931DF474FD8FA62C" box="[342,609,568,591]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Meiacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grammistes">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C931DF474FD8FA62C" box="[342,609,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Meiacanthus grammistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is plausible that this transmission pathway is unique within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C9763F474FA75A62C" box="[1320,1435,568,591]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Blenniidae</taxonomicName>
to the tribe Nemophini and further restricted to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C90B1F416FC66A612" box="[762,904,602,625]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C90B1F416FC66A612" box="[762,904,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Plagiotremus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is interesting to note that 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C96F4F416FAC3A612" box="[1215,1325,602,625]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" genus="Prosorhynchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="thomasi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C96F4F416FAC3A612" box="[1215,1325,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">P. thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22957E20608DA1C977FF416FA82A612" box="[1332,1388,602,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was not found from the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island) even though the type-host, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C963DF431FA7BA6F7" box="[1142,1429,637,660]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" genus="Plagiotremus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapeinosoma">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C963DF431FA7BA6F7" box="[1142,1429,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Plagiotremus tapeinosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was examined on three occasions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0608DA1C928DF48EFC62A77C" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Bucephalid definitive hosts are known to include piscivorous members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C964AF48EFB68A6BA" box="[1025,1158,706,729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apogonidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C96DBF48EFAE2A6BA" box="[1168,1292,706,729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Carangidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C975DF48EFA76A6BA" box="[1302,1432,706,729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scombridae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C92DCF4A9FEC6A69F" box="[151,296,741,764]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sphyraenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sphyraenidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C9317F4A9FE20A69F" box="[348,462,741,764]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Serranidae</taxonomicName>
on the Great Barrier Reef. The dietary adoption of fin biting by fang blennies has allowed the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C92F5F544FEA1A77C" box="[190,335,776,799]" class="Trematoda" family="Bucephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Bucephalidae</taxonomicName>
to colonise an unlikely host family in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6E4D080608DA1C915AF544FC66A77C" box="[785,904,776,799]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Blenniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Blenniidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1368B0608DA1C928DF500FB14A7AF" blockId="3.[151,1436,844,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B91AEA990608DA1C928DF500FE44A707" bold="true" box="[198,426,844,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Acknowledgements.</emphasis>
The authors wish to thank the staff of Lizard and Heron Island Research Stations. Dr Tom Cribb, Tavis Anderson, Saioa Martinez, Pete Cook, Dr Matt Nolan, Conor Jones, Jon Yantsch, Bart McKenzie, Dr Gaines Tyler and Dr Gaby Munoz from the University of Queensland for their advice and assistance with collections. Dr Craig Hayward (University of Tasmania) kindly made comments about an earlier draft of the manuscript.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>