405 lines
55 KiB
XML
405 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="004014A0C538A4C35AF659854172C7D5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.200535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09be65a5-7f38-4b46-bbad-c6e0cf6fe226" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="200535" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460288488801" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cline, Andrew R. & Huether, Jeffrey P." docDate="2011" docId="FE334E68B67EA324FF78FE1FB6718B5D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02832p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2832" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tricrania sanguinipennis Say 1824" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="020A3610B679A32EFFEFFFC5B52F8E6B" masterDocTitle="Revision of the nearctic blister beetle genus Tricrania LeConte, 1860 (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Nemognathinae)" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698250863381" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7DF4C7EC30C1F295E2A937C08D658F01">Revision of the nearctic blister beetle genus Tricrania LeConte, 1860 (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Nemognathinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="78C7D1C1B371498093D3F5C33BF4FE39">Cline, Andrew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BCF3413915956CDAB51169627E15AD29">Huether, Jeffrey P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="22F899D35833EF886A8C1E9F7F8E9DD1">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="401A8B175E2C001F45BDA87C986DBDC6" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="C5499DDA035D34841BFDFF5D77F7CB92">2832</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FE334E68B67EA324FF78FE1FB6718B5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6194902" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119398031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6194902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE334E68B67EA324FF78FE1FB6718B5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE334E68B67EA324FF78FE1FB6718B5D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF78FE1FB7BD8F9F" blockId="7.[151,658,474,500]" box="[151,658,474,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="2D6D4812B67EA329FF78FE1FB7BD8F9F" bold="true" box="[151,658,474,500]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="568AD850B67EA329FF78FE1FB7BD8F9F" box="[151,658,474,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF78FE1FB7BD8F9F" bold="true" box="[151,658,474,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB67EA329FF78FE1FB7768F9F" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,601,474,500]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF78FE1FB4E48F9F" bold="true" box="[151,459,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tricrania sanguinipennis</emphasis>
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(
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FE35FE1FB7768F9F" author="Say" box="[474,601,474,500]" page="279" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1824">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FE35FE1FB7768F9F" author="Say" box="[474,601,474,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Say, T. (1824) Description of Coleopterous Insects in the Late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 238 - 282." type="journal article" year="1824">Say) 1824</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: 279
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B67EA329FF78FDE4B1A68C18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF78FDE4B7248C5E" blockId="7.[151,1436,544,627]" box="[151,523,544,566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="568AD850B67EA329FF78FDE4B7248C5E" box="[151,523,544,566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB67EA329FF78FDE4B7248C5E" authority="Say 1824: 279" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="279" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,523,544,566]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Horia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF78FDE4B45C8C5D" box="[151,371,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB67EA329FF78FDE4B5FB8C5D" box="[151,212,545,566]" name="Georgia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Horia</collectingCountry>
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sanguinipennis
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</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FE96FDE5B7248C5E" author="Say" box="[377,523,544,565]" page="279" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1824">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FE96FDE5B4F48C5E" author="Say" box="[377,475,544,565]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Say, T. (1824) Description of Coleopterous Insects in the Late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 238 - 282." type="journal article" year="1824">Say 1824</bibRefCitation>
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: 279
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF78FD85B1A68C18" blockId="7.[151,1436,544,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="568AD850B67EA329FF78FD85B1A68C18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB67EA329FF78FD85B7408C3F" authority="LeConte 1860: 320" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="320" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,623,574,597]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF78FD85B4B88C3E" box="[151,407,576,597]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tricrania sanguinipennis</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FE49FDFAB7408C3F" author="LeConte" box="[422,623,574,596]" page="320" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1860">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FE49FDFAB7138C3F" author="LeConte" box="[422,572,574,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1860) Notes on Coleoptera found at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, with remarks on northern species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 315 - 321." type="journal article" year="1860">LeConte 1860</bibRefCitation>
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: 320
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FD94FDFBB6648C3F" author="Henshaw" box="[635,843,574,596]" page="130" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1885">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FD94FDFBB6378C3F" author="Henshaw" box="[635,792,574,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Henshaw, S. (1885) List of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, PA. 161 pp." type="book" year="1885">Henshaw 1885</bibRefCitation>
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: 130
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FCB8FDFBB1008C3F" author="Wellman" box="[855,1071,574,596]" page="219" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FCB8FDFBB6D48C3F" author="Wellman" box="[855,1019,574,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Wellman, C. (1910 a) On the classification of the Lyttidae (Meloidae s. Cantharidae auctt.). Entomological News, 21, 211 - 222." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Wellman 1910a</bibRefCitation>
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: 219
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FBD5FDFBB0358C3F" author="Blatchley" box="[1082,1306,574,596]" page="1354" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FBD5FDFBB1F68C3F" author="Blatchley" box="[1082,1241,574,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1910) An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana with bibliography and descriptions of new species. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, IN. 1386 pp." type="book" year="1910">Blatchley 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: 1354
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FAC9FDFBB41F8C19" author="Borchmann" page="172" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FAC9FDFBB5D28C19" author="Borchmann" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Borchmann, F. (1917) Pars 69: Meloidae, Cephaloidae. pp. 1 - 208. In S. Shenkling (Ed.) Coleopterum Catalogus. W. Junk, Berlin." type="book chapter" year="1917">Borchmann 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 172
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FED5FD9BB4F28C18" author="Leng" box="[314,477,605,627]" page="160" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1920">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FED5FD9BB4858C19" author="Leng" box="[314,426,605,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Leng, C. W. (1920) Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, NY. 470 pp." type="book" year="1920">Leng 1920</bibRefCitation>
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: 160
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FE07FD98B7E58C18" author="Blackwelder" box="[488,714,605,627]" page="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1939">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FE07FD98B78B8C19" author="Blackwelder" box="[488,676,605,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Blackwelder, R. E. (1939) Fourth Supplement 1933 to 1938 (inclusive) to The Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, NY. 146 pp." type="book" year="1939">Blackwelder 1939</bibRefCitation>
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: 35
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FD3AFD98B69F8C18" author="MacSwain" box="[725,944,605,627]" page="136" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1956">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FD3AFD98B6528C18" author="MacSwain" box="[725,893,605,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="MacSwain, J. W. (1956) A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 12, i - iv, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="1956">MacSwain 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 136
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="F73BD96FB67EA329FC55FD98B1A68C18" author="Campbell" box="[954,1161,605,627]" page="265" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1991">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB67EA329FC55FD98B1758C19" author="Campbell" box="[954,1114,605,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Campbell, J. M. (1991) Family Meloidae: blister beetles. pp. 263 - 266. In: Bousquet, Y. (Ed.), Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch, Publication 1861 / E. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 430 pp." type="book chapter" year="1991">Campbell 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 265
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B67EA326FF78FD65B5958C7C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF78FD65B7DD8D2C" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF78FD65B4658CD3" bold="true" box="[151,330,671,696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<typeStatus id="A92141DCB67EA329FF78FD65B5FF8CD3" box="[151,208,672,696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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||
</emphasis>
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Say’s unique
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<typeStatus id="A92141DCB67EA329FE19FD65B7098CD3" box="[502,550,672,696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
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specimen was presumably destroyed with his collection, and could not be located after an exhaustive search of museums and institutions. The authors expected the
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<typeStatus id="A92141DCB67EA329FB62FD00B1928CB6" box="[1165,1213,709,733]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
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to be located at the American Museum of Natural History, the Smithsonian Institution, or the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. A
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<typeStatus id="A92141DCB67EA329FEFBFCC8B4428D4E" box="[276,365,781,805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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||
has not been designated as there has not been an exceptional need to do so (see Article 75.3 of the
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<collectionCode id="108B67BBB67EA329FF2FFCEAB4298D2C" box="[192,262,815,839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
). The original
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||
<typeStatus id="A92141DCB67EA329FE46FCF4B4F68D22" box="[425,473,817,841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
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locality is Pennsylvania.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF2AFC96B6A48DBC" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
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<emphasis id="44EE236CB67EA329FF2AFC96B4988D07" bold="true" box="[197,439,851,876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Adult redescription.</emphasis>
|
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Length:
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB67EA329FDF0FC91B7B88D07" box="[543,663,852,876]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.85" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="11.75" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.5">8.5–15mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean =
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB67EA329FCE8FC91B6498D07" box="[775,870,852,876]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5mm</quantity>
|
||
, N=20), width
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB67EA329FBFBFC91B1BC8D07" box="[1044,1171,852,876]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5.5mm</quantity>
|
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(mean =
|
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<quantity id="B162529BB67EA329FAECFC91B0118D07" box="[1283,1342,852,876]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
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||
, N=20). Overall, body robust, nearly parallel-sided, convex, dark black to piceous with elytra brick-red, but elytra fading to a dull orange after death. Body surface covered with short black setae, most setae decumbent but sometimes erect on elytra, elytra more sparsely covered with setae than rest of body.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF2AFC21B4828ABF" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Head broadly triangular (W:L = 1.3:1); surface deeply densely punctate with irregular shaped punctures, some punctures coalescing. Punctures 1–2.5 diameter of eye facet; inner surface of punctures finely microreticulate; each puncture gives rise medially to an elongate fine decumbent seta; interspaces smooth to slightly granular, shining, <0.25 puncture diameters apart, more widely separated on temples. Antenna elongate, antennomere comparative lengths as follows: 1:0.66:1:1:1:0.85:0.85:0.85:0.66:0.66:1.33. Terminal antennomere longest, subequal to antennomeres 9 and 10 combined, apex acuminate. Antennomeres 1 and 3 widest, antennomere 2 distinctly shorter and more narrow than 1 or 3.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF22FB25B7D88BBB" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Mouthparts clearly visible, well developed. Labrum moderately transverse to subquadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB67EA329FB36FB25B0018A93" box="[1241,1326,1248,1272]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1074,1097]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,183,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Mouthparts: labrum, dorsal view (14) T. sanguinipennis (15) T. stansburii; mandibles, dorsal view (16) T. sanguinipennis (17) T. stansburii; right maxilla, ventral view (18) T. sanguinipennis (19) T. stansburii; labium, ventral view (20) T. sanguinipennis (21) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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); anterior margin appearing truncate, with moderately dense setal brush; posterior margin broadly concave. Mandibles large, somewhat slender, much longer than wide; lateral region with numerous projecting setae, more densely setose on right mandible; inner margin without well defined subapical tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB67EA329FC47FA89B6D18B0F" box="[936,1022,1356,1380]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1074,1097]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,183,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Mouthparts: labrum, dorsal view (14) T. sanguinipennis (15) T. stansburii; mandibles, dorsal view (16) T. sanguinipennis (17) T. stansburii; right maxilla, ventral view (18) T. sanguinipennis (19) T. stansburii; labium, ventral view (20) T. sanguinipennis (21) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxilla with terminal palpomere bearing few scattered setae at apex; lacinia with lateral margin straight; galea with apex rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB67EA329FB31FAB5B01E8BE3" box="[1246,1329,1392,1416]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1074,1097]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,183,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Mouthparts: labrum, dorsal view (14) T. sanguinipennis (15) T. stansburii; mandibles, dorsal view (16) T. sanguinipennis (17) T. stansburii; right maxilla, ventral view (18) T. sanguinipennis (19) T. stansburii; labium, ventral view (20) T. sanguinipennis (21) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labium with anterior margin appearing truncate; labial palpus elongate, terminal palpomere longest, apex with few scattered sort setae, moderately swollen mesally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB67EA329FD79FA7DB7C48BBB" box="[662,747,1464,1488]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1074,1097]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,183,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Mouthparts: labrum, dorsal view (14) T. sanguinipennis (15) T. stansburii; mandibles, dorsal view (16) T. sanguinipennis (17) T. stansburii; right maxilla, ventral view (18) T. sanguinipennis (19) T. stansburii; labium, ventral view (20) T. sanguinipennis (21) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF2AFA18B62D8937" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pronotum moderately transverse, appearing subquadrate, widest near anterior angles (W:L = 1.3:1); lateral margins somewhat constricted in posterior 0.33; anterior and posterior angles broadly rounded; anterior and posterior margin broadly evenly convex. Surface punctures similar to those on head; interspaces distinctly finely microreticulate, shining. Scutellum with apex rounded; deeply densely punctuate as on head and pronotum; interespaces finely granular, moderately shining. Elytron with humeri poorly developed; sutural striae not apparent along entire length; apices moderately to narrowly rounded. Surface punctures indistinct, appearing wrinkled with alutaceous to granular sculpturing. Prosternum deeply densely punctuate, punctures small, half the size of those on head or pronotum; interspaces smooth to granular, shining. Mesosternum with distinct medial glabrous region in anterior 0.5 of structure, surface granular; punctures on remaining areas similar to those on prosternum. Metasternum similarly punctuate as pro- and mesosternum in posterior 0.5, more similar to head and protnoum in anterior 0.5 with larger punctures and interspaces more shining.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB67EA329FF28F8ACB6048987" blockId="7.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Legs elongate, well developed. Pro- and mesotibia with two unequal apical spurs, anterior spur straight and posterior spur apically curved. Metatibial spurs unequal, both appearing flattened and spoon shaped with the anterior spur more so. Tarsal claws complex, each claw with a ventral blade subequal to length of dorsal blade, each dorsal blade also finely denticulate from apex to near base.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF28FF52B5ED8E9C" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ventrites 1–5 large, subequal in length to each other; punctures large and similar to those on head and pronotum, becoming more densely spaced laterally; interspaces distinctly microreticulate and granular, moderately shining.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF28FEC1B4FE8FA4" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Male genitalia well sclerotized. Tegmen with parameres fused, and articulated with phallobase (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB671A326FAF5FEC1B0438F77" box="[1306,1388,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1506,1529]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,578,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,574,1485]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Male genitalia: tegmen, lateral view (8) T. sanguinipennis (11) T. stansburii; tegmen, ventral view (9) T. sanguinipennis (12) T. stansburii; median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (10) T. sanguinipennis (13) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200539/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, parameres bluntly rounded apically, with deep medial fossa and deeply convex attachment to phallobase; phallobase wider than parameres, widest near middle, median fossa broadly shallow. In lateral view, parameres with sharp apical point and phallobase evenly convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB671A326FC91FEAAB6ED8FEC" box="[894,962,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1506,1529]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,578,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,574,1485]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Male genitalia: tegmen, lateral view (8) T. sanguinipennis (11) T. stansburii; tegmen, ventral view (9) T. sanguinipennis (12) T. stansburii; median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (10) T. sanguinipennis (13) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200539/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view with moderate declivity from apex to base, sharply defined tooth-like dorsal projection, and small apical field of minute projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB671A326FE98FE72B4E78FA4" box="[375,456,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1506,1529]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,578,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,574,1485]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Male genitalia: tegmen, lateral view (8) T. sanguinipennis (11) T. stansburii; tegmen, ventral view (9) T. sanguinipennis (12) T. stansburii; median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (10) T. sanguinipennis (13) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200539/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF2AFE19B5958C7C" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Female genitalia weakly to moderately sclerotized. Species level diagnostic characters unapparent for genitalia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="22E5AFF6B671A326FF78FA27B1DD8873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200539/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[155,1430,578,1482]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF78FA27B1DD8873" blockId="8.[151,1434,1506,1560]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FF78FA27B4688B93" bold="true" box="[151,327,1506,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 8–13.</emphasis>
|
||
Male genitalia: tegmen, lateral view (8)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FD0BFA21B6B98B92" box="[740,918,1508,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FD0BFA21B6B98B92" box="[740,918,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(11)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FC23FA21B1658B92" box="[972,1098,1507,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Horia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stansburii">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FC23FA21B1658B92" box="[972,1098,1507,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. stansburii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; tegmen, ventral view (9)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FAB8FA21B4228873" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FAB8FA21B4228873" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FEABF9C6B4ED8873" box="[324,450,1538,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Horia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stansburii">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FEABF9C6B4ED8873" box="[324,450,1538,1560]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. stansburii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (10)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FC6BF9C6B1198873" box="[900,1078,1539,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FC6BF9C6B1198873" box="[900,1078,1539,1560]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(13)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB671A326FB82F9C6B1C48873" box="[1133,1259,1538,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Horia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stansburii">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FB82F9C6B1C48873" box="[1133,1259,1538,1560]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. stansburii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B671A326FF2AF981B11388A3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF2AF981B11388A3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1604,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FF2AF981B4168836" bold="true" box="[197,313,1604,1629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Little variation observed in color, punctation and relative shape and size of male and female genitalia; however, notable differences were observed in overall length, width, and convexity among individuals, as well as the degree to which the pronotum is transverse with some individuals exhibiting a W:L = 1.45:1, the number of denticles on each tarsal claw also varies. Females were generally larger than males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B671A326FF2AF910B6D1897B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF2AF910B6D1897B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1604,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FF2AF910B4648886" bold="true" box="[197,331,1749,1773]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet is a combination of the Latin “sangui” meaning blood, and “penni", meaning wing; apparently this epithet is indicative of the dark red elytra of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B671A327FF2AF8D9B1138E9C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB671A326FF2AF8D9B0B38983" blockId="8.[151,1436,1604,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB671A326FF2AF8D9B471895E" bold="true" box="[197,350,1820,1845]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Eastern North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FDE3F8D9B742895F" box="[524,621,1820,1844]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB671A326FD91F8D9B7FC895F" box="[638,723,1820,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="16.[151,249,828,851]" captionTargetBox="[245,1342,193,807]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[245,1342,193,807]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 30. Distribution of T. sanguinipennis (triangle “ ˔ ”) and T. stansburii (circle “ ● ”). Question marks (“? ”) indicate state records for T. sanguinipennis that did not have specific locality data, or records that could not be substantiated." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200542/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
), including:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FC8DF8D9B699895F" box="[866,950,1820,1844]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(QC, ON) and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FB7BF8D9B003895F" box="[1172,1324,1820,1844]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(AR, CT, DC,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FF23F884B5DB8933" box="[204,244,1857,1880]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DE</collectingCountry>
|
||
, FL, GA, IA,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FE7CF884B49F8933" box="[403,432,1857,1880]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IL</collectingCountry>
|
||
, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MO, MN, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, VT and WI). One record from BMNH is listed as “Mex”; however, as mentioned above, the record is somewhat dubious. An exhaustive search at Mexican institutions, and persons and institutions known to have made collecting trips to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FE0CF869B71489AF" box="[483,571,1964,1988]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, yielded no additional Mexican records. We believe populations may exist in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FF78F815B5C08983" box="[151,239,2000,2024]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, however more fieldwork is required to test this. Therefore,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0E8DBFEEB671A326FC63F815B6CE8983" box="[908,993,2000,2024]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
is not indicated in the distribution map.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A327FF78FF52B1138E9C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Question marks for South Dakota and Oklahoma represent specimens labeled with only a state name, and for which no further records exist. The question mark in Minnesota represents a locality record from Olmsted County given in an unpublished thesis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB670A327FE5CFF1AB76D8E9C" author="Welles" box="[435,578,223,247]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Welles Jr., S. P. (1968) A monograph of the genus Tricrania (Coleoptera, Meloidae). University of California - Berkeley, Master of Science Thesis. 73 pp." type="book" year="1968">Welles 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and for which no voucher could be located.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E80ACF5B670A324FF2AFEC6B6718B5D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A327FF2AFEC6B1198FC6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FF2AFEC6B40A8F77" bold="true" box="[197,293,259,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
The first robust treatment of this species was provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB670A327FC3FFEC1B1D28F77" author="Parker" box="[976,1277,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Parker, J. B. & Boving, A. G. (1924) The blister beetle Tricrania sanguinipennis - biology, descriptions of different stages, and systematic relationship. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 64, 1 - 40 + 5 plates." type="book chapter" year="1924">Parker and Böving (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; however, we have greatly expanded on these initial observations (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="3B18CAC5B670A327FCF3FEE2B65F8F54" box="[796,880,295,319]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="13.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,198,1479]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 2. Faunal, floral and miscellaneous collecting records for T. stansburii (Haldeman) *" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
below). A slide of triungulins from MacSwain’s collection at the University of California - Berkeley also provides some insight into the biology of this species. The slide noted that adults were collected “in copula” in mid April, eggs were deposited six days later, and subsequent first instar larvae hatched approximately three weeks after oviposition in mid May.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A327FF2AFE7DB62A8C84" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
For several years, one of us (JPH) has recorded detailed biological information for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FB83FE7CB01D8FBB" box="[1132,1330,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FB83FE7CB01D8FBB" box="[1132,1330,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at a sand pit located in the southern part of the New York Adirondack State Park. The pit is ~
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB670A327FBA2FE19B1B08F9F" box="[1101,1183,476,500]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 miles</quantity>
|
||
east of the junction of Routes 8 and
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB670A327FEDEFE3AB4568C7C" box="[305,377,511,535]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.271" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="365.0">365 in</quantity>
|
||
Herkimer Co., NY. The floral composition of the area is considered southern Adirondack forest. The sand pit itself probably has not been mined for 20–30 years. The microhabitat of the pit includes coarse sand with small smooth pebbles intermixed with occasional small smooth rock (potential glacial outwash). The south facing north end has clumped small (
|
||
<quantity id="B162529BB670A327FD69FDA9B7D38CEF" box="[646,764,620,644]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 meter</quantity>
|
||
) hardwood trees and bushes with dispersed moss cover. In these areas, solitary ground bee burrows have been numerous, but much less common elsewhere, especially on both the east and west flanks of the pit. Small pieces of boards and other human-based debris along with sticks and small logs are scattered on the south facing north slope.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A327FF28FD39B1138D87" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
One observation on
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FE45FD39B7618D7F" box="[426,590,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2005-04-21">April 21, 2005</date>
|
||
yielded a single dead specimen under a small piece of board. However, the following year on
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FE8BFCDAB7128D5C" box="[356,573,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1956-04-11" valueMax="1956-04-20" valueMin="1956-04-11">
|
||
April 11 and 20,
|
||
<specimenCount id="609C34F7B670A327FDCEFCDAB7128D5C" box="[545,573,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">56</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens were found in the same place. On both days the weather was cool (~15°C) with clear skies and the sun intensely shining on the slope face. Collection events occurred between 11:00–1:00 pm on both days. Ground bees were numerous and extremely active, even though some snow was present in the surrounding woods. Of the 56 beetles collected, 63% were found live under small board pieces and/or sticks, 20% dead, 10% dead and lightly webbed by spiders, 6% dead on the sand, and 1% walking on the sand. All live and spider-webbed individuals under wood were upside down under the board.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A327FF28FC3CB4748B8F" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Return trips on
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FE92FC3CB7768A64" box="[381,601,1015,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-05-01" valueMax="2007-05-03" valueMin="2007-05-01">May 1 and 3, 2007</date>
|
||
yielded
|
||
<specimenCount id="609C34F7B670A327FD52FC32B6468A64" box="[701,873,1015,1039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">298 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
. Visits in May rather than April were due to late snowfall and an unusually cold late spring in the area. Both stops were only an hour in length, at around 11:00am. A thorough search of the pit on both dates for more specimens easily would have yielded 100–200 additional beetles. Of the 298 individuals, 148 were found dead on the sand or in small depressions, 128 were found live under wood, 32 were found dead under wood (killed by spiders, i.e. cocooned), and 17 were found crawling on the sand. Most live individuals under the boards, sticks, and small logs were producing large egg masses. Samples of live individuals were collected for molecular vouchers. Two spiders apparently feeding on the beetles also were collected as well as host ground bees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FDC7FB31B6078B67" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[552,808,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inequalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FDC7FB31B7DC8B67" box="[552,755,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colletes inequalis</emphasis>
|
||
Say
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Numerous other spiders of the same species were discovered under the pieces of wood. Bees were quite active due to the warm weather with partly cloudy to clear skies. There appeared to be a dramatic increase of solitary bee burrows from
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FC1AFAF9B1A58B3F" box="[1013,1162,1340,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2005" valueMax="2007">2005 to 2007</date>
|
||
, but the nests were more widely separated than in previous years at the prime collecting areas. No copulating pairs of beetles were observed from 2005 or 2007, thus it remains unclear when mating occurs. The method for the triungulin larvae to locate and invade ground bee borrows several inches to feet from the egg mass sites remains unknown, but presumably involves phoresy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB670A324FF28FA35B5C08E9C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Another set of observation events occurred on
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FD3CFA35B6E28863" box="[723,973,1520,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-04-17" valueMax="2008-04-25" valueMin="2008-04-17">April 17 and 25, 2008</date>
|
||
, at which time there were already freshly dead individuals on the sand, others on their back, kicking but near death, a few out walking rapidly on the surface, and a number under pieces of wood, but with no evidence of eggs. Five pairs were found together, but not in copulation at that time, e.g. 12:00–1:00 pm. No "pairs" were found of the hundreds observed in 2007. In 2008 the spiders were apparently killing and wrapping up only pairs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FCAFF944B68588F3" box="[832,938,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FCAFF944B68588F3" box="[832,938,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we cannot explain. On
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FAFEF945B05E88F3" box="[1297,1393,1664,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1925-04">25 April</date>
|
||
the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FF78F961B5DC88D7" box="[151,243,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FF78F961B5DC88D7" box="[151,243,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colletes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were estimated at about 40% of the 2007 population level, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FC26F960B11C88D7" box="[969,1075,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FC26F960B11C88D7" box="[969,1075,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
about 20% of the 2007 population. The dramatic drop in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FE2BF90DB70F888B" box="[452,544,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FE2BF90DB70F888B" box="[452,544,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colletes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population levels was not surprising given the extreme pressure put upon them by the immense
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FEB8F928B490896F" box="[343,447,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FEB8F928B490896F" box="[343,447,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
boom in 2007. Five live spiders were collected, which had lightly webbed (very few silken strands)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FEAAF8D4B4828943" box="[325,429,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FEAAF8D4B4828943" box="[325,429,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals for eventual feeding. The spiders were kept alive to allow them to mature. Two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FF3FF8F0B4178927" box="[208,312,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FF3FF8F0B4178927" box="[208,312,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were still laying eggs in the typical manner (i.e. upside down on a wooden surface). The adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FA85F8F1B5E5891B" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FA85F8F1B5E5891B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colletes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the early morning as they first crawl from the burrows, actively run about on the ground near the burrow entrance. However, during the day active flight is most typical with moderately frequent landings on the sand (short durations of a few seconds) and then the bees are airborne again. On the
|
||
<date id="0224D9BEB670A327FC0DF865B16A89D3" box="[994,1093,1952,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1925-04">25 April</date>
|
||
, as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB670A327FB72F865B1D689D3" box="[1181,1273,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB670A327FB72F865B1D689D3" box="[1181,1273,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colletes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were walking around their burrows, the air temperature was ~ 10˚C, but the ground likely was much cooler, except where direct sunlight was shining on the soil surface. That day was cloudless between 9:00a.m. and 10:00a.m. and the temperature near the sand areas receiving full sunlight may be much warmer than the surrounding shaded areas by as much as -7˚C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB673A324FF2AFEC1B0108FEC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
According to our data, there is a definitive seasonality associated with both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB673A324FBFFFEC0B1578F77" box="[1040,1144,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FBFFFEC0B1578F77" box="[1040,1144,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tricrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB673A324FB0FFEC1B0148F77" box="[1248,1339,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="17.[151,250,674,697]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,216,621]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,213,635]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 31. Phenological occurrence of (A.) T. sanguinipennis, and (B) T. stansburii. Data derived from information in appendices 2 and 3, as well as pers. obs. of authors." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200543/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 31B). Both species have short-lived spring active adults, which likely coincides with initial activity of ground dwelling bees and therefore soil temperature. Data from>300 unique collecting events for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB673A324FBC4FE88B1DE8F0F" box="[1067,1265,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FBC4FE88B1DE8F0F" box="[1067,1265,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest a peak in adult activity from March through early May; beginning near mid-March and extending into early-May.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB673A324FF2AFE51B7E18CA7" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FF2AFE51B4208FC7" bold="true" box="[197,271,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was originally described from a single specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FC19FE51B15A8FC7" author="Say" box="[1014,1141,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Say, T. (1824) Description of Coleopterous Insects in the Late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 238 - 282." type="journal article" year="1824">Say (1824)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who remarked that, “…it must be rare, only a single specimen having yet occurred”. Although rare in collections, we note here that this species is locally abundant, being collected in great abundance in sandy locations, but is temporally ephemeral in occurrence.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FECEFDC5B4838C7C" author="Enns" box="[289,428,511,535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Enns, W. R. (1956) A revision of the genera Nemognatha, Zonitis, and Pseudozonitis (Coleoptera, Meloidae) in America north of Mexico, with a proposed new genus. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37, 685 - 909." type="journal article" year="1956">Enns (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
inferred that this species was restricted to the single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB673A324FBE3FDC5B18B8C73" box="[1036,1188,512,536]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB673A324FB19FDC5B07E8C73" box="[1270,1361,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FB19FDC5B07E8C73" box="[1270,1361,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colletes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however as noted in Table 1, triungulins of this species are phoretic on at least three bee genera. The first instar larval description and diagnosis has been previously completed in detail (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FC7FFD82B1628C34" author="MacSwain" box="[912,1101,583,607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="MacSwain, J. W. (1956) A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 12, i - iv, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="1956">MacSwain 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FBB6FD82B0708C34" author="Parker" box="[1113,1375,583,607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Parker, J. B. & Boving, A. G. (1924) The blister beetle Tricrania sanguinipennis - biology, descriptions of different stages, and systematic relationship. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 64, 1 - 40 + 5 plates." type="book chapter" year="1924">Parker & Boving 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and will not be repeated herein; however, illustrations are provided (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA1E3FBB673A324FC8BFDA9B1398CEF" box="[868,1046,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[184,1410,200,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[168,1420,193,1914]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 29. First instar larvae: habitus, lateral view (22) T. sanguinipennis, (23) T. stansburii; habitus, ventral view (24) T. sanguinipennis (25) T. stansburii; head, ventral view (26) T. sanguinipennis (27) T. stansburii; metathoracic leg, ventral view (28) T. sanguinipennis (29) T. stansburii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200541/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 22, 24, 26</figureCitation>
|
||
, & 28). We have included molecular sequence data, i.e. COI barcode region, in Appendix 4 as an initial step to promote further explorations on the biology, systematics, and evolution of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7625FF7EB673A324FF78FD3CB6718B5D" blockId="10.[151,1077,761,784]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,1278,1334]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FF78FD3CB42B8D65" bold="true" box="[151,260,761,782]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Faunal, floral and miscellaneous collecting records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19A84FDB673A324FCD7FD3FB1058D7B" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[824,1066,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Meloidae" genus="Tricrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FCD7FD3FB6C58D64" box="[824,1002,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T. sanguinipennis</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
* 1
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FF71FAC4B4AA8B7C" author="Parker" box="[158,389,1281,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Parker, J. B. & Boving, A. G. (1924) The blister beetle Tricrania sanguinipennis - biology, descriptions of different stages, and systematic relationship. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 64, 1 - 40 + 5 plates." type="book chapter" year="1924">Parker & Böving 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FE61FAC4B7738B7C" author="Erickson" box="[398,604,1281,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Erickson, E. H., Enns, W. R. & Werner, F. G. (1976) Bionomics of the bee-associated Meloidae (Coleoptera); Bee and plant hosts of some Nearctic meloid beetles. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 959 - 970" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Erickson
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FE01FAC7B70E8B7C" box="[494,545,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 2
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FD82FAC4B7D68B7C" author="Stephen" box="[621,761,1281,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Stephen, W. P. (1954) A revision of the bee genus Colletes in America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 36, 149 - 527." type="journal article" year="1954">Stephen 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="120B828FB673A324FCECFAC4B6FF8B7C" author="Erickson" box="[771,976,1281,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Erickson, E. H., Enns, W. R. & Werner, F. G. (1976) Bionomics of the bee-associated Meloidae (Coleoptera); Bee and plant hosts of some Nearctic meloid beetles. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 959 - 970" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Erickson
|
||
<emphasis id="44EE236CB673A324FC8DFAC7B6BA8B7C" box="[866,917,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 3authors pers. obs. or label data from Appendix 2 below. *These records do not necessarily reflect rearing records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |