1505 lines
159 KiB
XML
1505 lines
159 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.865.34265" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1da5212a-04d8-4dba-8098-f6817902ea37" ID-PMC="PMC6663935" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-865-39" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F2CAF5738F195885AC2E4C89DD360FED" ID-PubMed="31379443" ID-ZooBank="C1E51F7FB5DF48089C8073A10D5746CD" ModsDocID="1313-2970-865-39" checkinTime="1563870671906" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hoare, Robert J. B., Patrick, Brian H. & Buckley, Thomas R." docDate="2019" docId="653F4624F62E405AAA8111F8C96AD8F1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 865: 39-65" docOrigin="ZooKeys 865" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.865.34265" docTitle="Sabulopteryx botanica Hoare & Patrick, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="AE827276-BA17-4BA6-83BC-A62912E77CF2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFABFFB8FFA98D3BAA54873B544BE615" masterDocTitle="A new leaf-mining moth from New Zealand, Sabulopteryx botanica sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), feeding on the rare endemic shrub Teucrium parvifolium (Lamiaceae), with a revised checklist of New Zealand Gracillariidae" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1668167607816" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new leaf-mining moth from New Zealand, Sabulopteryx botanica sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), feeding on the rare endemic shrub Teucrium parvifolium (Lamiaceae), with a revised checklist of New Zealand Gracillariidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hoare, Robert J. B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Patrick, Brian H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
|
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Buckley, Thomas R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>865</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>39</mods:start>
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<mods:end>65</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.865.34265</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.865.34265</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-865-39</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C1E51F7FB5DF48089C8073A10D5746CD</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">F2CAF5738F195885AC2E4C89DD360FED</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158849731" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AE827276-BA17-4BA6-83BC-A62912E77CF2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/653F4624F62E405AAA8111F8C96AD8F1" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="653f4624-f62e-405a-aa81-11f8c96ad8f1" authority="Hoare & Patrick" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">Sabulopteryx botanica Hoare & Patrick</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="42">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Sabulopteryx botanica, adults. 1 Male paratype, Halswell Quarry (Kennedy's Bush Rd), Christchurch MC, 29 Mar 2014 (NZAC) 2 female paratype, Christchurch Botanic Gardens MC, emg. 24 Apr 2014 (NZAC)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319037" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs 2-3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">4-6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">7-11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">14-15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–18" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 18. Sabulopteryx botanica, late mine, cocoon, and parasitoid. 16 Fully formed mine with silk spinning causing creases 17 folded leaf with cocoon 18 Sympiesis sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) partially emerged from cocoon of S. botanica in leaf from herbarium sheet AK 285999 (Auckland Museum)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures16-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319041" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">16-17</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
: NEW ZEALAND • ♂; Mid Canterbury [MC], Christchurch Botanic Gardens;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="south" minutes="31.8" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-43.53">43°31.8'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="172" direction="east" minutes="37.2" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="172.62">172°37.2'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; emg. 21 Apr. 2014; R.J.B. Hoare, B.H. Patrick leg.; larva in leaf-fold on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucridium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Teucridium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
31 Mar. 2014; NZAC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
: NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; same collection data as holotype; emg. 24 Apr. 2014; NZAC • 3 ♂♂; MC, Christchurch Botanic Gardens; 31 Mar. 2014; R.J.B. Hoare, B.H. Patrick leg.; beaten from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucridium" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Teucridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on labels]; NZAC • 2 ♀♀; same collecting data as preceding; ♀ genitalia on slides NZAC Grac. 2, NZAC Grac. 4; NZAC • 4 ♂♂; MC, Christchurch,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kennedy’s">Kennedy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bush Rd, Jensen property; 29 Mar. 2014; R.J.B. Hoare, B.H. Patrick leg.; on and around
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ♂ genitalia and wings on slide NZAC Grac. 3; NZAC • 1 ♂; MC, Banks Peninsula, Prices Valley; 1 Apr. 2014, R.J.B. Hoare, B.H. Patrick leg.; beaten from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ♂ genitalia on slide NZAC Grac. 1; NZAC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive amongst New Zealand gracillariids in its combination of small size (wingspan 10 mm or less) and yellow-ochreous black-speckled forewings. It is perhaps most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia selenitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="selenitis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Caloptilia selenitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1909), but this species has the centre of the vertex white and has three white spots along the forewing dorsum (there is no white on the vertex or forewing in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the male genitalia, the paired processes on the dorsum of the valva are diagnostic, and in the female, the deep invaginations of the S7-S8 intersegmental membrane are characteristic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Wingspan 8.5-10 mm.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Adult male</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Sabulopteryx botanica, adults. 1 Male paratype, Halswell Quarry (Kennedy's Bush Rd), Christchurch MC, 29 Mar 2014 (NZAC) 2 female paratype, Christchurch Botanic Gardens MC, emg. 24 Apr 2014 (NZAC)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319037" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
): Head: frons white; vertex yellow-ochreous with some scales tipped darker brown; labial palpus whitish with segments 2 and 3 tipped brown; antenna ochreous, ringed dark brownish (apex of each flagellomere), approximately equal in length to forewing; scape with inconspicuous pecten of ca 5 short bristles (often abraded away). Thorax yellow ochreous with tegulae anteriorly blackish. Forewing: yellow-ochreous, with numerous blackish scales
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="43" start="start">forming</pageBreakToken>
|
||
variable and irregular pattern of broken transverse fasciae; blackish scales often denser towards base of costa and in disc at ca 2/3 length of wing; fringe ochreous whitish, darker around apex to tornus, where dark-tipped scales form three indistinct fringe-lines (in fresh specimens). Hindwing pale greyish; fringe greyish white. Underside: forewing dark brown, paler on dorsum below fold, yellowish around base of cilia; hindwing dark brown on costa and dorsum, pale greyish centrally. Legs: foreleg and midleg with femur and tibia thickened with blackish scales and tarsi yellowish, each tarsomere tipped blackish above; hindleg yellowish, femur with black central patch exteriorly, tibia ringed brownish subapically and each tarsomere with a few brownish apical scales. Abdomen silvery grey, with yellowish anal tuft.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319037" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" start="Figures 2, 3" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figures 2, 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adults.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">1</emphasis>
|
||
Male paratype, Halswell Quarry (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kennedy’s">Kennedy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bush Rd), Christchurch MC, 29 Mar 2014 (NZAC)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">2</emphasis>
|
||
female paratype, Christchurch Botanic Gardens MC, emg. 24 Apr 2014 (NZAC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Adult female</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Sabulopteryx botanica, adults. 1 Male paratype, Halswell Quarry (Kennedy's Bush Rd), Christchurch MC, 29 Mar 2014 (NZAC) 2 female paratype, Christchurch Botanic Gardens MC, emg. 24 Apr 2014 (NZAC)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319037" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). As described for male, but abdomen tipped with glossy ochreous whitish scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Wing venation (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing 12-veined, as described for the genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who regarded the 12-veined condition as being due to coincidence of M2 and M3. Discal cell somewhat dilated posteriorly as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Hindwing very narrow (more so than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) with Rs strongly approximated to costa for most of its length; cell open between M2 and M3; M3 and CuA1 closely approximated and parallel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" start="Figures 4–6" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figures 4-6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult morphology.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">4</emphasis>
|
||
Wing venation
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">5</emphasis>
|
||
male abdominal base
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">6</emphasis>
|
||
male abdomen, segments 7-8 (sternites on left).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Male abdomen and genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal base as in
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
. S7 and S8 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) markedly shortened and much wider than long, each with lateral pair of coremata. T8 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) with T-shaped sclerite. Genital capsule (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): tegumen rather weakly sclerotised, elongate-triangular with attenuate apex. Tuba analis longer than tegumen; subscaphium slender, weakly sclerotised. Valva oblong, narrowed at base, with rounded apex; apical third bearing numerous long fine setae directed obliquely towards costa. Base of valva complex: costa extended into anteriorly-directed narrow, weakly curved process dorsad of anellus membrane (not fused with process from opposite valva, i.e. forming transtilla broken in the middle); from base of this process sclerotised ridge extends across inner (ventral) face of valva to base of long, sclerotised weakly curved spine that extends from valval dorsum at 1/3 valva length; a second, similar spine (slightly more strongly curved) on valval dorsum at 1/2 valva length. Juxta absent. Vinculum large, oval, saccus not differentiated. Phallus (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) very elongated, slender, with sharply pointed apex; basally extending smoothly into ovoid bulbus ejaculatorius; vesica without cornuti; caecum penis absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" start="Figures 7–11" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figures 7-11.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult and pupal morphology.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">7</emphasis>
|
||
Male genital capsule
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">8</emphasis>
|
||
male phallus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">9</emphasis>
|
||
female genitalia
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">10</emphasis>
|
||
pupal exuviae, head, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">11</emphasis>
|
||
pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ovipositor lobes rather short, membranous, basally with long setae, setae denser and shorter towards apex of each lobe; apophyses posteriores short. S7-S8 intersegmental membrane with pair of deep membranous sublateral invaginations; ostium lying between these, dorsal wall of ostium extended into T-shaped membranous area bordered posteriorly by strongly sclerotised transverse lamella postvaginalis, which is continuous with and broadens into lateral sclerotisations of S8. Ductus bursae entirely membranous, long and slender, ca 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of corpus bursae; corpus bursae more or less ovoid, with pair of spine-like signa, one long and one very short.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Immature stages. Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
Elongate-oval, flat, showing up as silvery white translucent
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘shell’">'shell'</normalizedToken>
|
||
at start of mine, apparently with rather coarsely sculptured chorion (not ob
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="44" start="start">served</pageBreakToken>
|
||
under SEM).
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head translucent pale yellow-brown, margined dark brown posteriorly and along adfrontal / ecdysial lines; blackish in region of stemmata. Body translucent yellowish white, with the gut contents showing through bright green; prothoracic plate in form of two irregular r-shaped sclerites with outlying smaller sclerites anteriorly. Thoracic legs with sclerotised areas dark grey-brown. Prolegs present on A3-5 and A10; crochets on A3-5 biserial: outer row a complete circle, with anterior crochets reduced, inner row a transverse semicircular band of larger crochets in posterior half of planta; A10 with single transverse band of large crochets in anterior half of planta. Anal plate a small transverse brownish sclerite with poorly defined margins. Chaetotaxy as described and figured for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx tringipennella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tringipennella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Aspilapteryx tringipennella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zeller, 1839) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Head (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
): frons smoothly rounded, without processes, without setae near antennal bases; antennae ca 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as labial palpi. Thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
): mesothorax and metathorax each with one pair of well-developed dorsal setae; forewings reaching to ca 1/2 way along A5, hindwings to A3/A4 junction. Abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
): A2-8 each with irregular rows of spinules dorsally, spinules slightly smaller and more widely spaced on A2; A7 not furrowed ventrally; abdominal tip truncate, with 3 pairs of small spinose tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" start="Figures 12–15" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Figures 12-15.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larva, host plant, and early mine.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">12</emphasis>
|
||
Larva, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">13</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">14</emphasis>
|
||
initial linear mine on leaf underside
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">15</emphasis>
|
||
early blotch mine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="45" start="start">Host</pageBreakToken>
|
||
plant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The only known host plant is the small-leaved divaricating shrub
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lamiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is endemic to New Zealand and was until recently placed in its own monotypic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucridium" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Teucridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/654.8" author="Salmaki, Y" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="805 - 822" refId="B31" refString="Salmaki, Y, Kattari, S, Heubl, G, Braeuchler, C, 2016. Phylogeny of non-monophyeltic Teucrium (Lamiaceae: Ajugoideae): Implications for character evolution and taxonomy. . Taxon 65: 805 - 822" title="Phylogeny of non-monophyeltic Teucrium (Lamiaceae: Ajugoideae): Implications for character evolution and taxonomy." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/654.8" volume="65" year="2016">Salmaki et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucridium" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Teucridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lamiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is phylogenetically nested within the large worldwide genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The shrub is wide
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="46" start="start">spread</pageBreakToken>
|
||
on both main islands of New Zealand, but rare and very local, and has a conservation status of 'At Risk -
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Declining’">Declining'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refId="B7">de Lange et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The habitat is described as 'fertile stream sides and river terraces in lowland dry forest and podocarp-hardwood forest, occasionally on forest margins, clearings and amongst
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="scrub’">scrub'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, J" journalOrPublisher="Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" refId="B25" refString="2019. . http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" url="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" year="2019">NZPCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="47" start="start">These</pageBreakToken>
|
||
fertile alluvial habitats have been cleared of forest throughout much of the country. Since no other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is native to New Zealand,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be considered strictly monophagous on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. parvifolium" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">T. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also Remarks below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="47" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The egg is laid on a leaf of the host plant, usually on the underside next to the midrib. The young sap-feeding larva forms a linear white mine (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), almost invariably on the leaf underside, that extends to the margin of the leaf (on the side of the midrib that the egg was laid), then typically crosses the midrib at the leaf apex and extends for some way down the leaf margin on the other side. A line of blackish frass is more or less visible in the centre of the mine at this stage. The larva then doubles back and begins to expand the mine into a white blotch (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Sabulopteryx botanica, larva, host plant, and early mine. 12 Larva, dorsal 13 Teucrium parvifolium in flower, Longbush, Wairarapa (photo courtesy of J. Rolfe) 14 initial linear mine on leaf underside 15 early blotch mine." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319040" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
), usually concentrated towards the leaf apex or to one side of the midrib, but often taking up the whole leaf on smaller leaves. These early mine stages are often rather hard to see unless the leaf is examined closely from the underside. Occasionally the egg and initial mine are on the upperside. Later the larva expands the mine and spins silk extensively in the interior (on the eroded inner surface of the leaf underside), causing the leaf to fold and creating creases in the underside (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–18" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 18. Sabulopteryx botanica, late mine, cocoon, and parasitoid. 16 Fully formed mine with silk spinning causing creases 17 folded leaf with cocoon 18 Sympiesis sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) partially emerged from cocoon of S. botanica in leaf from herbarium sheet AK 285999 (Auckland Museum)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures16-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319041" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the typical manner of many gracillariid miners. At this stage, patches of the palisade mesophyll are eaten, leaving small windows of upper epidermis towards the middle of the leaf (appearing like holes), and larger windows (browning with age) towards the leaf margin. Black frass is scattered across the inner surface of the upperside of the leaf. When full-fed, the larva leaves the mine and folds a fresh leaf in half from the underside (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–18" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 18. Sabulopteryx botanica, late mine, cocoon, and parasitoid. 16 Fully formed mine with silk spinning causing creases 17 folded leaf with cocoon 18 Sympiesis sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) partially emerged from cocoon of S. botanica in leaf from herbarium sheet AK 285999 (Auckland Museum)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures16-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319041" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming a cocoon of dense white silk within, in which it pupates. (In captivity, some larvae spin cocoons in tissue paper at the bottom of the rearing container.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures16-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319041" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" start="Figures 16–18" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figures 16-18.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, late mine, cocoon, and parasitoid.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">16</emphasis>
|
||
Fully formed mine with silk spinning causing creases
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">17</emphasis>
|
||
folded leaf with cocoon
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">18</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympiesis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sympiesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eulophidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) partially emerged from cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in leaf from herbarium sheet AK285999 (Auckland Museum).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="47" type="parasitoids">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Parasitoids.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
One species of hymenopteran parasitoid can be confidently associated with the early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and one tentatively. A specimen of an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympiesis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sympiesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1856 (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eulophidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Eulophinae">Eulophinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was found partially emerged from a cocoon in a folded leaf on an Auckland Museum herbarium sheet (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–18" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 18. Sabulopteryx botanica, late mine, cocoon, and parasitoid. 16 Fully formed mine with silk spinning causing creases 17 folded leaf with cocoon 18 Sympiesis sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) partially emerged from cocoon of S. botanica in leaf from herbarium sheet AK 285999 (Auckland Museum)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures16-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319041" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). The plant specimen (AK285999) was collected at Pareora Scenic Reserve SC on 17 Mar 2004 by P.J. de Lange. (The wasp specimen was removed and mounted, and is now in NZAC, cross-referenced with the herbarium sheet.) Interestingly, two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympiesis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sympiesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. euspilapterygis" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="euspilapterygis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">S. euspilapterygis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erdös">Erdoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1958) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. gregori" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gregori">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">S. gregori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boucek, 1959) have been associated with the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-mining
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx limosella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sabulopteryx limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe, but both also attack other leaf-mining
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see references in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, J" journalOrPublisher="Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/database/" refId="B24" refString="Noyes, J, 2018. . http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/database/" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/database/" year="2018">Noyes 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Prins, J" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" publicationUrl="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" refId="B8" refString="De Prins, J, De Prins, W, 2018. . http://www.gracillariidae.net/" url="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" year="2018">De Prins and De Prins 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
One specimen of an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Dolichogenidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichogenidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Dolichogenidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vierek, 1911 (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Braconidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was reared from amongst
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf-mines collected in Christchurch Botanic Gardens on 23 Jan 2018, emerging on 29 Jan (NZAC). It is thought most likely that this wasp was a parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, host remains were not found and the sample was discovered later to include one unidentified early instar tortricid larva (preserved, not parasitised). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Dolichogenidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichogenidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Dolichogenidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not appear to have been associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
before, but is recorded overseas from other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Gracillariinae">Gracillariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria syringella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syringella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Gracillaria syringella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1794)) as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ornixolinae">Ornixolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parectopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parectopa ononidis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ononidis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Parectopa ononidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zeller, 1839)) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Prins, J" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" publicationUrl="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" refId="B8" refString="De Prins, J, De Prins, W, 2018. . http://www.gracillariidae.net/" url="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" year="2018">De Prins and De Prins 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially microlepidoptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9920001" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 76" refId="B2" refString="Austin, AD, Dangerfield, PC, 1992. Synopsis of Australasian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to genera, and description of new taxa. . Invertebrate Taxonomy 6: 1 - 76" title="Synopsis of Australasian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to genera, and description of new taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9920001" volume="6" year="1992">Austin and Dangerfield 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most reared material of New Zealand
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympiesis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Sympiesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Dolichogenidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichogenidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Dolichogenidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in NZAC is associated with larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="48" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">New Zealand, from the following regions: CL, TO, GB, HB, RI, WI, WA / NN, MC, SC, CO.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The adult moth has only so far been found or reared in mid Canterbury (MC), but records of leaf-mines and cocoons on herbarium specimens of the host reveal a much wider range (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 19. Distribution of Teucrium parvifolium and Sabulopteryx botanica based mainly on records from herbarium sheets in Allan Herbarium, Lincoln and Auckland Museum herbarium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319042" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some of these areas the plant is very likely to be severely threatened or even extinct, and renewed searches for plant and moth are desirable throughout the country. Towards the north and south of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="plant’s">plant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
range, herbarium records of mines are scarce. The only Coromandel record is from a herbarium specimen collected at Kauaeranga near Thames prior to 1906 by J. Adams (Auckland Museum AK108237); no recent material of the plant from this area was seen. The only Otago record is from Gorge Creek, near Roxburgh CO, where P.N. Johnson found a colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a shaded rock cleft on 24 May 1993 (Allan Herbarium CHR481347; two early mines and one cocoon). It should be noted that only two major herbaria were visited during the course of this research, and there are likely to be preserved mines in other botanical collections that have not yet been visited. The host plant is not known from any offshore islands of New Zealand, so these have been omitted from the map (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 19. Distribution of Teucrium parvifolium and Sabulopteryx botanica based mainly on records from herbarium sheets in Allan Herbarium, Lincoln and Auckland Museum herbarium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319042" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319042" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 19" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Figure 19. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based mainly on records from herbarium sheets in Allan Herbarium, Lincoln and Auckland Museum herbarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="flight period">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Flight period.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Adults have been found in the wild or emerged from wild-collected larvae or pupae in every month of the year in mid Canterbury, and the species is probably more or less continuously brooded here. All stages from early mines to adults can usually be found in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens, where the species is common amongst its host. Phenology in other parts of the range is unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">The species name refers to the close association of this species with botany and botanists. It was discovered by a botanist (AE Esler) as a pressed larva in a botanical specimen of the host plant, and many further leaf-mines have now been found on herbarium sheets collected as part of botanical surveys. Its discovery by BHP as an adult in the type locality, Christchurch Botanic Gardens, completes the association.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Conservation status and potential management.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was accorded 'Nationally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vulnerable’">Vulnerable'</normalizedToken>
|
||
status in the latest review of the conservation status of New Zealand
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it was listed as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucridium" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Teucridium</taxonomicName>
|
||
" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refId="B15">Hoare et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This ranks as the third most critical category assigned to extant species (after 'Nationally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Critical’">Critical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and 'Nationally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Endangered’">Endangered'</normalizedToken>
|
||
), and was based on the rarity and declining status of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="moth’s">moth's</normalizedToken>
|
||
host plant. As noted above, survey for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
through most of the range of its host plant has been inadequate; most herbarium records of mines are over 25 years old (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 19. Distribution of Teucrium parvifolium and Sabulopteryx botanica based mainly on records from herbarium sheets in Allan Herbarium, Lincoln and Auckland Museum herbarium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319042" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
), and further field-work is needed to determine the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="moth’s">moth's</normalizedToken>
|
||
current distribution.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium parvifolium" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Teucrium parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an attractive, easily propagated and cultivated shrub that is tolerant of a wide range of conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, J" journalOrPublisher="Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" refId="B25" refString="2019. . http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" url="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" year="2019">NZPCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though relatively short-lived (P. Bellingham, pers. comm.). The moth appears to be thriving in situations where
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. parvifolium" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">T. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been planted around Christchurch, for example in the Botanical Gardens and in the native plantings maintained by botanist Carol Jensen at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kennedy’s">Kennedy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bush near Halswell Quarry. It should therefore be possible to boost the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="moth’s">moth's</normalizedToken>
|
||
population substantially by encouraging the propagation and cultivation of the host plant, with due attention to appropriate sourcing and hygiene. This
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="49" start="start">could</pageBreakToken>
|
||
be achieved in natural environments where the plant persists, as well as in public plantings and in suburban gardens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="systematic placement: morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Systematic placement: morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The new species described here can be confidently placed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group of genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Gracillariinae">Gracillariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based especially on the following characters: mid femur and tibia thickened beneath with rough scales; R1 of forewing arising near base of wing, with upper vein of cell weakened beyond branching point of R1; hindwing R2+3 very short and running parallel with and very close to apical part of Sc+R1; hindwing cell open between M2 and M3; male segments 7 and 8 weakly membranous, with coremata. The fol
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="50" start="start">lowing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
genera belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and updates from subsequent authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1825,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1822,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectropina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Ectropina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1961,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Eucalybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucalybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Eucalybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kumata, 1982,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Euspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Euspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Stephens, 1835 (treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haworth, 1828,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huemer, Lopez-Vaamonde & Triberti, 2016,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Povolnya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povolnya" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Povolnya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kuznetzov, 1979,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Vallissiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pereira &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arévolo">Arevolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2019.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
When first discovered as an adult by BHP in January 2013, and before detailed morphological examination,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was tentatively considered to be a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refId="B15">Hoare et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: see above). However, RJBH later noted its remarkable external similarity to some west Palaearctic gracillariids then placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx (Sabulopteryx)" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Sabulopteryx">Aspilapteryx (subgenus Sabulopteryx)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from central and southern Europe and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. inquinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="inquinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">S. inquinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern Europe, Turkey and Lebanon, which it closely resembles in size, wing shape and overall coloration. When describing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
anticipated the possibility that it might deserve full genus status. In a recent molecular phylogeny,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a 14 to 16% divergence in DNA barcodes between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polyphyletic if
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included. Our analysis (see below) also retrieves
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in separate lineages, so we accept the conclusions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and treat
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
As pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, morphological comparisons within the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are complicated by the apparently homoplasious distribution of character states amongst genera. Based largely on comparison with the descriptions and figures in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vari, L" journalOrPublisher="Transvaal Museum Memoirs" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 238" refId="B35" refString="Vari, L, 1961. South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae. . Transvaal Museum Memoirs 12: 1 - 238" title="South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae." volume="12" year="1961">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1961)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the characters listed below in combination lend support for placing the New Zealand
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-miner in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
1. Male abdomen with coremata on both segment 7 and segment 8 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). This conforms with most genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where there is only one pair of coremata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), nor with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Vallissiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where there are no coremata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
2. Outline of male valva (beyond sacculus) rounded, not angular, and lacking a ventro-apical lobe. In its rounded / oblong valva,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles most genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Euspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Euspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which have a distinctly angular valva (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), nor
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Vallissiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which have a distinct ventro-apical lobe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
3. Setae of valva confined to apical area, not extending into basal half. This character does not appear to have been commented on by previous authors:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Povolnya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povolnya" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Povolnya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all have the valva more extensively setose than the remaining genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), perhaps as a result of the relative reduction of the (non-setose) sacculus in these four genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="51" start="start">4</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Valva lacking stout peg-like or spine-like setae distally. This conforms with most genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Short, stout setae are present in the distal part of the valva in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Euspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Euspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and on the ventrodistal margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and longer, spine-like setae in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Eucalybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucalybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Eucalybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
5. Male phallus short and straight, without apical processes. The phallus of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to those of described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Povolnya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povolnya" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Povolnya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It lacks the apical modifications found in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Eucalybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucalybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Eucalybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 47 B, C),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Euspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Euspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Vallissiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3F) and the rod-like apical sclerite of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5). The phallus is long with a helical tip in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), very long and straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and curved or sinuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectropina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Ectropina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vari, L" journalOrPublisher="Transvaal Museum Memoirs" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 238" refId="B35" refString="Vari, L, 1961. South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae. . Transvaal Museum Memoirs 12: 1 - 238" title="South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae." volume="12" year="1961">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
1961
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
6. Female genitalia with two curved, spine-like signa (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), most
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Eucalybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucalybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Eucalybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia (Minyoptilia)" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Minyoptilia">Caloptilia subgenus Minyoptilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kumata, 1982,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Calybites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calybites" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Calybites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Ectropina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectropina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Ectropina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Euspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Euspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Vallissiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in all of which there is only a single signum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vari, L" journalOrPublisher="Transvaal Museum Memoirs" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 238" refId="B35" refString="Vari, L, 1961. South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae. . Transvaal Museum Memoirs 12: 1 - 238" title="South African Lepidoptera. I. Lithocolletidae." volume="12" year="1961">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
1961
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Povolnya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povolnya" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Povolnya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two signa, but these are short and stout (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B20" refString="Kumata, T, 1982. A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 26: 1 - 186" title="A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." volume="26" year="1982">Kumata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
7. Forewing brownish, without costal streak and with numerous irregularly arranged darker blotches (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Teucrium parvifolium. The specimen from Awahuri Reserve, Feilding, collected by AE Esler on 23 Dec 1961, on which the first mine of Sabulopteryx botanica was detected (Auckland Museum AK 362379). Photograph courtesy of Ewen Cameron, Auckland Museum herbarium: the sheet label has been enlarged in this reproduction relative to the specimen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319036" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Sabulopteryx botanica, adults. 1 Male paratype, Halswell Quarry (Kennedy's Bush Rd), Christchurch MC, 29 Mar 2014 (NZAC) 2 female paratype, Christchurch Botanic Gardens MC, emg. 24 Apr 2014 (NZAC)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319037" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This wing pattern accords with the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and as noted above, there is a strong superficial resemblance between adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the two Palaearctic members of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. inquinata" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="inquinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. inquinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No other member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gracillaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Gracillaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group closely approaches this wing pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
8. Host-plant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The hostplant genus is shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which mines in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium chamaedrys" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chamaedrys">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Teucrium chamaedrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. montanum" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="montanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">T. montanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. in xerothermic localities in central and southern Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The biology of the two species is also similar. No other gracillariid is known to mine in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Prins, J" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" publicationUrl="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" refId="B8" refString="De Prins, J, De Prins, W, 2018. . http://www.gracillariidae.net/" url="http://www.gracillariidae.net/" year="2018">De Prins and De Prins 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In addition, the pupal exuviae of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) match the description and illustrations of the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx limosella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the key to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Gracillariidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="B26">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Patočka">Patocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Turčáni">Turcani</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 75-76). The exuviae readily key out to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this key, but since the characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were based only on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be substituted. Characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that lead in this key to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are as follows: proboscis long, exceeding prothoracic femora; head without projection and rounded in lateral view; pronotum not disconnected on dorsomeson; frontal setae absent; A7 without longitudinal furrows ventrally; A10 with spine-like tubercles. From the description and illustrations in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Vallissiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vallissiana universitaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="universitaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Vallissiana universitaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pereira &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arévolo">Arevolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2019 shares most of these characters with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="52" start="start">Sabulopteryx</pageBreakToken>
|
||
botanica
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs strongly in some characters from its Palaearctic congeners. Neither of the other species has two large spine-like processes on the male valva (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. inquinata" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="inquinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. inquinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the single process is on or near the valval costa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: plate VI B, D);
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the processes on the valval dorsum. The placement of the ostium in the female genitalia in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in the intersegmental membrane between S7 and S8,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) is also atypical of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: in the other species it is at the caudal edge of S7 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="B33">Triberti 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The invaginations of the intersegmental membrane either side of the ostium (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–11" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7 - 11. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult and pupal morphology. 7 Male genital capsule 8 male phallus 9 female genitalia 10 pupal exuviae, head, ventral view 11 pupal exuviae, thorax and abdomen, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures7-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319039" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) are apparently unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has T8 in the form of a T-shaped sclerite (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Sabulopteryx botanica, adult morphology. 4 Wing venation 5 male abdominal base 6 male abdomen, segments 7 - 8 (sternites on left)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319038" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given the morphological and molecular support (see below) indicating a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these anomalous characters are tentatively considered autapomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" type="systematic placement: molecular phylogenetics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Systematic placement: molecular phylogenetics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Our molecular analysis, based as it is on a single gene, in no way supplants the much more substantial analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" author="Kawahara, AY" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="60 - 81" refId="B18" refString="Kawahara, AY, Plotkin, D, Ohshima, I, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Houlihan, PR, Breinholt, JW, Kawakita, A, Xiao, L, Regier, JC, Davis, DR, Kumata, T, Sohn, J-C, De Prins, J, Mitter, C, 2017. A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution. . Systematic Entomology 42: 60 - 81" title="A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" volume="42" year="2017">Kawahara et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but those authors did not include
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in their phylogeny. Our analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) provides provisional molecular support for the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Gracillariinae">Gracillariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as suggested by the studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kumata, T" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana new series" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="133 - 148" refId="B21" refString="Kumata, T, 1995. Ketapangia, a new genus for Macarostolaleucochorda and Acrocercopsregulifera (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera). . Insecta Matsumurana new series 52: 133 - 148" title="Ketapangia, a new genus for Macarostolaleucochorda and Acrocercopsregulifera (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera)." volume="52" year="1995">Kumata (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" author="Kawahara, AY" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="60 - 81" refId="B18" refString="Kawahara, AY, Plotkin, D, Ohshima, I, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Houlihan, PR, Breinholt, JW, Kawakita, A, Xiao, L, Regier, JC, Davis, DR, Kumata, T, Sohn, J-C, De Prins, J, Mitter, C, 2017. A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution. . Systematic Entomology 42: 60 - 81" title="A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" volume="42" year="2017">Kawahara et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and for the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as indicated above from the morphological comparisons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" start="Figure 20" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Anthophila fabriciana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Choreutidae" lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="family">Choreutidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Despite being only estimated from a single gene, many of the nodes in the phylogeny received posterior probability support values greater than 0.75. Three of the eight subfamilies recovered as monophyletic by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" author="Kawahara, AY" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="60 - 81" refId="B18" refString="Kawahara, AY, Plotkin, D, Ohshima, I, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Houlihan, PR, Breinholt, JW, Kawakita, A, Xiao, L, Regier, JC, Davis, DR, Kumata, T, Sohn, J-C, De Prins, J, Mitter, C, 2017. A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution. . Systematic Entomology 42: 60 - 81" title="A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" volume="42" year="2017">Kawahara et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are also recovered here, i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Gracillariinae">Gracillariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Caloptilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caloptilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Caloptilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Mercantouria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercantouria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Mercantouria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posterior probability 0.75,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Acrocercopinae">Acrocercopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spulerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spulerina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Spulerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Artifodina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artifodina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Artifodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posterior probability 0.53,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Parornichinae">Parornichinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parornix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parornix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Parornix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Callisto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callisto" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Callisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posterior probability 0.68,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). Only a single representative each of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Marmarinae">Marmarinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmara serotinella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serotinella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Marmara serotinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Busck, 1915),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Phyllocnistinae">Phyllocnistinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllocnistis ramulicola" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramulicola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Phyllocnistis ramulicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Langmaid & Corley, 2007) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Oecophyllembiinae">Oecophyllembiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Eumetriochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumetriochroa hederae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hederae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Eumetriochroa hederae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kumata, 1998) was included.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Macrosaccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were recovered as paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Marmarinae">Marmarinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ornixolinae">Ornixolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parectopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parectopa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Parectopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Chileoptila" lsidName="Chileoptila" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Chileoptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Micrurapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrurapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Micrurapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) appeared paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Oecophyllembiinae">Oecophyllembiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Phyllocnistinae">Phyllocnistinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The inconsistencies in our cladogram with respect to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" author="Kawahara, AY" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="60 - 81" refId="B18" refString="Kawahara, AY, Plotkin, D, Ohshima, I, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Houlihan, PR, Breinholt, JW, Kawakita, A, Xiao, L, Regier, JC, Davis, DR, Kumata, T, Sohn, J-C, De Prins, J, Mitter, C, 2017. A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution. . Systematic Entomology 42: 60 - 81" title="A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12210" volume="42" year="2017">Kawahara et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are to be expected from a single-gene tree, and suggest the limitations of the current analysis with respect to deeper nodes of the phylogeny. Similarly, there are some inconsistencies with the tree recovered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" author="Huemer, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="145 - 162" refId="B17" refString="Huemer, P, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, Triberti, P, 2016. A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen.n., sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). . Zookeys 586: 145 - 162" title="A new genus and species of leaf-mining moth from the French Alps, Mercantourianeli gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8375" volume="586" year="2016">Huemer et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but again these are to be expected and do not undermine the evidence for a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. limosella" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="limosella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. limosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. inquinata" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="inquinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. inquinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on COI, morphology and biology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The molecular phylogeny supports the treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aspilapteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspilapteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Aspilapteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate genera (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
), as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The two clades are supported as monophyletic with posterior probabilities of 1 and 0.96 respectively. Though the two clades are separated by two nodes that are only weakly supported (0.51 and 0.65 posterior probabilities,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 20. Bayesian consensus phylogeny reconstructed from the COI gene. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site, following the scale bar. The tree is rooted with Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319043" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
), we consider the evidence from the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="53" start="start">two</pageBreakToken>
|
||
independent analyses coupled with the differences in morphology and biology outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="53" refId="B33">Triberti (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" author="Pereira, CM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" pagination="141 - 160" refId="B29" refString="Pereira, CM, Arevalo-Maldonado, HA, Triberti, P, Brito, R, Isaias, RMS, Goncalves, GL, Moreira, GRP, 2019. Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. . Zootaxa 4604: 141 - 160" title="Vallissianauniversitaria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae): a new genus and species of leaf-mining moth associated with Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.1.5" volume="4604" year="2019">Pereira et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as sufficient to warrant full genus status for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Sabulopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/100098" author="Lees, DC" journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment" pageId="17" pageNumber="56" pagination="322 - 328" refId="B22" refString="Lees, DC, Lack, HW, Rougerie, R, Hernandez, A, Raus, T, Avtzis, ND, Augustin, S, Lopez-Vaamonde, C, 2011. Tracking origins of invasive herbivores using herbaria and archival DNA: the case of the horse-chestnut leafminer. . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 322 - 328" title="Tracking origins of invasive herbivores using herbaria and archival DNA: the case of the horse-chestnut leafminer." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/100098" volume="9" year="2011">Lees et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nicely demonstrated the importance of herbarium specimens as a source of information on insect-plant interactions. They searched herbaria for preserved mines of the horse-chestnut leaf miner
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria ohridella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ohridella">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Cameraria ohridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Deschka
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="54" start="start">&</pageBreakToken>
|
||
amp;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dimić">Dimic</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1986 (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Gracillariidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which has recently become invasive throughout Europe, in spite of remaining undetected by entomologists until 1984. From these pressed mines and the larval remains they contained, they were able to document the historical presence of this species in the native range of its host (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aesculus hippocastanum" order="Sapindales" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippocastanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Aesculus hippocastanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.) back to 1879, as well as revealing past outbreaks of the moth and novel haplotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Similarly, study of herbarium material (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Teucrium parvifolium. The specimen from Awahuri Reserve, Feilding, collected by AE Esler on 23 Dec 1961, on which the first mine of Sabulopteryx botanica was detected (Auckland Museum AK 362379). Photograph courtesy of Ewen Cameron, Auckland Museum herbarium: the sheet label has been enlarged in this reproduction relative to the specimen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.865.34265.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319036" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), in addition to alerting entomologists to the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Sabulopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulopteryx botanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Sabulopteryx botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has produced many historical records of the moth. It has greatly helped our knowledge of the distribution and also provided a parasitoid record (see above). The mines are not difficult to find on herbarium sheets, though sometimes magnification is required to scan for the earliest stages. Of 159 herbarium sheets examined in Auckland and Lincoln, 32 (20%) had at least one leaf-mine of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. botanica" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="botanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">S. botanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The oldest specimen so far found was a single early mine in a leaf from the Cheeseman collection in the Auckland Museum (AK7584): this was collected at Foxhill near Wakefield NN in January 1882. The plant specimen has been annotated appropriately in the Auckland Museum database and the mined leaf is now arrowed on the sheet (E. Cameron, pers. comm.). These old records of the moth also help to confirm that it is an endemic species on its natural host plant and not a recent adventive that has switched to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. parvifolium" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from an introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. To check this assumption further, RJBH examined all New Zealand specimens of introduced species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Teucrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including cultivated species) in the Allan Herbarium in June 2018, and found no evidence of any mines or cocoons. The following species were examined:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium betonicum" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betonicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Teucrium betonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Hér">L'Her</normalizedToken>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. chamaedrys" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="chamaedrys">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. chamaedrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. flavum" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="flavum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. flavum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. fruticans" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="fruticans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. fruticans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. hircanicum" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="hircanicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. hircanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. polium" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="polium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. polium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. pseudochamaepitys" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="pseudochamaepitys">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. pseudochamaepitys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. scorodonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="scorodonia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. scorodonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. Of these, probably only
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Teucrium hircanicum" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hircanicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">Teucrium hircanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. scorodonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="scorodonia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="54">T. scorodonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are established in the wild in New Zealand (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, J" journalOrPublisher="Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" refId="B25" refString="2019. . http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" url="http://www.nzpcn.org.nz" year="2019">NZPCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |