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<document id="EF3413150DEC2A09A645ABF3DABF0D52" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022326" ID-ZooBank="CC6CCB19-15AE-4EB3-94B4-6D59DBB23E8E" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1730452564353" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Radashevsky, Vasily I., Al-Kandari, Manal, Malyar, Vasily V. &amp; Pankova, Victoria V." docDate="2024" docId="222E87ABB573C44357C0B35C8E93F9FC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5529.2.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5529 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polydora hoplura Claparede 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="252" masterDocId="DE17FFD3B575C4445757B27B8A6EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A twin of Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, with review of primers used for barcoding of Spionidae" masterLastPageNumber="268" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="251" updateTime="1731006908670" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="04ED1CE4DE91A7EA5A7C58EEC5F25413">A twin of Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, with review of primers used for barcoding of Spionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A1001C2C6330C287C5B2BA3BE867D04">A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BF55E2A2C8D0CFA876C5899C94728637">Al-Kandari, Manal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="602A69C6B64C9CE2C9401154A9C517E7">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 22107, Salmiya, Kuwait</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="444AD1EF938D89AFF19499365668B4CD">Malyar, Vasily V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E6585C50BDBD88948F19589D856DD801">A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BB8886FB4E5FA9156DFEFCBC0B26E22B">Pankova, Victoria V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2FC7F34D700C23AC838190F8108B4AAA">A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia &amp; A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia &amp; A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB573C44257C0B35C8851FEBA" ID-CoL="4L63Z" authority="Claparede, 1868" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,575,294,322]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B35C8851FEBA" bold="true" box="[151,575,294,322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B35C8B02FEB9" bold="true" box="[151,364,295,322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Polydora hoplura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425624B35D8851FEBA" author="Claparede, E." box="[371,575,294,321]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" refId="ref13696" refString="Claparede, E. (1868) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve, 500 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="AA3836BDB573C44257C0B3308B5CFE9E" blockId="6.[151,575,294,357]" box="[151,306,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B573C44257C0B3308B6EFE9E" box="[151,256,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1127,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-343@6.[189,1398,1126,1784]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Natural and post-fixation pigmentation of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens).A, anterior end, left lateral view, palps missing, showing black pigment scattered on prostomium and lateral side of peristomium. B, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin. C, posterior end, dorsal view, showing heavy recurved spines in posterior notopodia. Scale bars: A−C = 200 µm. A−C—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Figures 2</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B573C4425673B3308B5CFE9E" box="[292,306,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Methyl green staining of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens; palps missing). A, general view. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, curved. E, anterior end, dorsal view. F, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B−F = 200 µm. A—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029), B−F—Gulf of Naples, Italy (MIMB 28148)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">3</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8A971193B573C44257C0B3EB8E25FE3D" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<treatmentCitation id="2B2610ACB573C44257C0B3EB880BFE53" author="Claparede, E." box="[151,613,399,424]" page="319" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" year="1868">
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB573C44257C0B3EB880BFE53" ID-CoL="4L63Z" authority="Claparede, 1868: 318 - 319" authorityName="Claparede" authorityPageNumber="318 - 319" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,613,399,424]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B3EB8B23FE53" box="[151,333,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Polydora hoplura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425602B3EB880BFE53" author="Claparede, E." box="[341,613,399,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" refId="ref13696" refString="Claparede, E. (1868) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve, 500 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868: 318–319</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. XXII, figure 2; 1869: 58–59, pl. XXII, fig. 2; 1870: 58–59, pl. XXII, fig. 2. Radashevsky
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C4425604B3D48BE9FE3D" box="[339,391,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al.</emphasis>
2017: 545–551, figs 2–4 (references); 2023a: 7–9, fig. 4 (references).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB573C44257C0B38F8992FCA8" blockId="6.[151,1437,500,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B38F8BA1FDF5" bold="true" box="[151,463,500,526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Adult diagnostic features.</emphasis>
The adult morphology of
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB573C4425454B38E8914FDF5" ID-CoL="4L63Z" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[771,890,500,526]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C4425454B38E8914FDF5" box="[771,890,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">P. hoplura</emphasis>
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from different countries, including the
<typeStatus id="753C881FB573C4425213B38E8FF3FDF4" box="[1348,1437,501,527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and other individuals from the type locality in the Gulf of Naples,
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB573C44254CCB06389A1FDC9" box="[923,975,536,562]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Italy</collectingCountry>
, was described by various authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C44257C0B0478B7BFDAC" author="Read, G. B." box="[151,277,572,599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="395 - 419" refId="ref18772" refString="Read, G. B. (1975) Systematics and biology of polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Wellington Harbour. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 5 (4), 395 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1975.10419361" type="journal article" year="1975">Read 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425674B0478B9DFDAC" author="Sato-Okoshi, W." box="[291,499,572,599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="277 - 288" refId="ref19062" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (1998) Three new species of polydorids (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from Japan. Species Diversity, 3, 277 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 3.277" type="journal article" year="1998">Sato-Okoshi 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425557B0478931FDAC" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Olivares, C." box="[512,863,572,599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="489 - 496" refId="ref18295" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Olivares, C. (2005) Polydora uncinata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Chile: an accidental transportation across the Pacific. Biological Invasions, 7 (3), 489 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 004 - 5686 - 0" type="journal article" year="2005">Radashevsky &amp; Olivares 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Radashevsky
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C442535EB0468E53FDAD" box="[1033,1085,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2017, 2023a;
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C44253BDB0478B5DFD80" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="859 - 868" refId="ref18145" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2017) First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (3), 859 - 868. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 016 - 0515 - 0" type="journal article" year="2017">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425669B01B8824FD80" author="Sato-Okoshi, W. &amp; Abe, H. &amp; Nishitani, G. &amp; Simon, C. A." box="[318,586,608,635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="1675 - 1684" refId="ref19103" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W., Abe, H., Nishitani, G. &amp; Simon, C. A. (2017) And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97 (8), 1675 - 1684. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 002531541600093 x" type="journal article" year="2017">
Sato-Okoshi
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C4425686B01A886CFD81" box="[465,514,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C4425503B01B894DFD80" author="Almon, B. &amp; Perez-Dieste, J. &amp; de Carlos, A. &amp; Banon, R." box="[596,803,608,635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref12779" refString="Almon, B., Perez-Dieste, J., de Carlos, A. &amp; Banon, R. (2022) Identification of the shell-boring parasite Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) on wild stocks of Pecten maximus in Galician waters, NW Spain. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 190, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jip. 2022.107750" type="journal article" year="2022">
Almón
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44255FFB01A888EFD81" box="[680,736,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). The diagnostic features of the adults include palps with black bands, prostomium weakly incised anteriorly, caruncle extending to the end of chaetiger 3, short occipital antenna, and two kinds of spines (heavy sickle-shaped and slender awl-like) in addition to slender capillary chaetae in the posterior postbranchiate notopodia (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B573C442552CB0B78897FD1C" box="[635,761,716,743]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1127,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-343@6.[189,1398,1126,1784]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Natural and post-fixation pigmentation of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens).A, anterior end, left lateral view, palps missing, showing black pigment scattered on prostomium and lateral side of peristomium. B, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin. C, posterior end, dorsal view, showing heavy recurved spines in posterior notopodia. Scale bars: A−C = 200 µm. A−C—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). However, some characters are variable (see
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C442525FB0B78B48FCF0" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. &amp; Choi, J. - W. &amp; Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T." pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17979" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Malyar, V. V., Pankova, V. V., Choi, J. - W., Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (2023 a) Searching for a home port in a polyvectic world: molecular analysis of the marine worm Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae). Biology, 12, 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / biology 12060780" type="book chapter" year="2023">
Radashevsky
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B08A8AA2FCF1" box="[151,204,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2023a
</bibRefCitation>
). None of these characters is unique; all of them are shared by some other spionids. Nevertheless, the combination of these characters defines the species unambiguously, and the heavy sickle-shaped spines in the postbranchiate chaetigers are the most diagnostic (
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB573C442559CB143899EFCA8" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. &amp; Choi, J. - W. &amp; Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T." box="[715,1008,824,851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17979" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Malyar, V. V., Pankova, V. V., Choi, J. - W., Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (2023 a) Searching for a home port in a polyvectic world: molecular analysis of the marine worm Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae). Biology, 12, 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / biology 12060780" type="book chapter" year="2023">
Radashevsky
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C442543FB14289F7FCA9" box="[872,921,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2023a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E29D6536B573C4435790B1278E93F9FC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" type="description">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB573C4425790B1278BA5FC19" blockId="6.[151,1437,500,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C4425790B1278BADFC8C" bold="true" box="[199,451,860,887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Gamete morphology.</emphasis>
Of more than 1000 individuals studied (from newly settled 17-chaetiger to the largest 180-chaetiger) from Europe, Asia and North and South America, those whose length did not exceed
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B573C4425255B1FA8F3FFC60" box="[1282,1361,897,923]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
for 80 chaetigers were immature and had no gametes. Of the more than 800 mature individuals, only two were males, and all the others were females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB573C4425790B196890EFBB5" blockId="6.[151,1437,500,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">In males, spermatogonia were about 10 µm in diameter. Spermatids, each about 5 µm in diameter, were interconnected in octads. Spermatozoa were introsperm less than 1 µm in diameter, with pointed acrosome about 1 µm, nucleus 7 µm, midpiece 10 µm, and flagellum 85 µm long.</paragraph>
<caption id="FEF86635B573C44257C0B56B8B55F843" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" startId="6.[151,250,1808,1832]" targetBox="[189,1398,1127,1784]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB573C44257C0B56B8B55F843" blockId="6.[151,1437,1808,1976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44257C0B56B8B7CF8D3" bold="true" box="[151,274,1808,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Natural and post-fixation pigmentation of
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB573C44255E9B56B891FF8D3" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[702,881,1808,1832]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB573C44255E9B56B891FF8D3" box="[702,881,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Polydora hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(formalin-fixed specimens). A, anterior end, left lateral view, palps missing, showing black pigment scattered on prostomium and lateral side of peristomium. B, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin. C, posterior end, dorsal view, showing heavy recurved spines in posterior notopodia. Scale bars: A−C = 200 µm. A−C—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FEF86635B572C44357C0B1648E34FC58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022334/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" startId="7.[151,250,799,823]" targetBox="[189,1398,181,775]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB572C44357C0B1648E34FC58" blockId="7.[151,1437,799,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C44357C0B1648B7CFCCC" bold="true" box="[151,274,799,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Methyl green staining of
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB572C4435541B16488A4FCCC" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[534,714,799,823]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435541B16488A4FCCC" box="[534,714,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Polydora hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(formalin-fixed specimens; palps missing). A, general view. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, curved. E, anterior end, dorsal view. F, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation:
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C44356FBB1138BABFC84" box="[428,453,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">an</emphasis>
= occipital antenna,
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C44355CBB11C88DDFC84" box="[668,691,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">br</emphasis>
= branchiae,
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435468B11C890DFC84" box="[831,867,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B−F = 200 µm. A—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029), B−F—Gulf of Naples, Italy (MIMB 28148).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB572C4435790B1AA8832FBC8" blockId="7.[151,1437,977,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Females laid oocytes into transparent capsules which attached to the inner wall of the burrow. Recently laid capsules each contained up to five fertile eggs or early embryos 140−153 µm in diameter, and up to 55 oval nurse eggs 130–155x175–205 µm in diameter.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB572C4435790B6468E48FB64" blockId="7.[151,1437,977,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435790B6468860FBAC" bold="true" box="[199,526,1085,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Post-fixation pigmentation.</emphasis>
The formalin-fixed specimens had paired patches or narrow transverse bands of dark ochre pigment on the dorsal side of 10–50 posterior branchiate chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B572C443534BB61A8E1BFB80" box="[1052,1141,1121,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1127,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-343@6.[189,1398,1126,1784]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Natural and post-fixation pigmentation of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens).A, anterior end, left lateral view, palps missing, showing black pigment scattered on prostomium and lateral side of peristomium. B, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin. C, posterior end, dorsal view, showing heavy recurved spines in posterior notopodia. Scale bars: A−C = 200 µm. A−C—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022332/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Ochre pigmentation was absent on the postbranchiate chaetigers with heavy spines in notopodia (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B572C4435497B6FE8E77FB64" box="[960,1049,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1127,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-343@6.[189,1398,1126,1784]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Natural and post-fixation pigmentation of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens).A, anterior end, left lateral view, palps missing, showing black pigment scattered on prostomium and lateral side of peristomium. B, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin. C, posterior end, dorsal view, showing heavy recurved spines in posterior notopodia. Scale bars: A−C = 200 µm. A−C—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022332/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB572C4435790B6D28E93F9FC" blockId="7.[151,1437,977,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435790B6D28BBBFB38" bold="true" box="[199,469,1193,1219]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Methyl green staining.</emphasis>
In total, 58 formalin-fixed specimens were stained with
<collectionCode id="CC96AE78B572C4435301B6D28EE8FB38" box="[1110,1158,1193,1219]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MG</collectionCode>
, including
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C4435253B6D28FF3FB38" box="[1284,1437,1193,1219]" count="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">30 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB572C4435782B6B68B66FB1C" box="[213,264,1229,1255]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C443564FB6B68BD6FB1C" box="[280,440,1229,1255]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 28148</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C4435694B6B68862FB1C" box="[451,524,1229,1255]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">33028</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C443554FB6B6880CFB1C" box="[536,610,1229,1255]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">33029</specimenCode>
),
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C4435522B6B68960FB1C" box="[629,782,1229,1255]" count="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">21 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB572C4435404B6B6898EFB13" box="[851,992,1229,1256]" name="South Korea" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">South Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C44354B8B6B68EFEFB1C" box="[1007,1168,1229,1255]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 28076</specimenCode>
), and
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C4435383B6B58F31FB1C" box="[1236,1375,1229,1256]" count="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB572C44357C0B6898B43FAF0" box="[151,301,1265,1292]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C443566CB68A8BB2FAF7" box="[315,476,1265,1292]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 28150</specimenCode>
).
<location id="AF586066B572C44356B9B6898846FAF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB573C44357C0B35C8E93F9FC:AF586066B572C44356B9B6898846FAF7" box="[494,552,1266,1292]" country="Italy" county="Ionian Sea" municipality="Taranto" name="Most" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Most</location>
of the specimens showed the same pattern of staining, including dense staining on the anterior part of the prostomium in front of eyes, dorsal side of the peristomium, antero-lateral and ventral sides of chaetigers 1–4, paired blotches (gatherings of stained cells) on the dorsal side of chaetigers 1–4, and from chaetigers 9–10 onwards (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B572C44356EBB726885AFA8C" box="[444,564,1373,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Methyl green staining of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens; palps missing). A, general view. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, curved. E, anterior end, dorsal view. F, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B−F = 200 µm. A—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029), B−F—Gulf of Naples, Italy (MIMB 28148)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022334/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Fig. 3A–F</figureCitation>
).
<location id="AF586066B572C4435510B72588F3FA83" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB573C44357C0B35C8E93F9FC:AF586066B572C4435510B72588F3FA83" box="[583,669,1374,1400]" country="Italy" county="Ionian Sea" municipality="Taranto" name="Narrow" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Narrow</location>
transverse bands were stained on the anterior and posterior edges on the ventral side from chaetiger 7 to chaetigers 20–50.
<location id="AF586066B572C44355A0B7FA8926FA60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB573C44357C0B35C8E93F9FC:AF586066B572C44355A0B7FA8926FA60" box="[759,840,1409,1435]" country="Italy" county="Ionian Sea" municipality="Taranto" name="Ventral" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Ventral</location>
side of the peristomium did not absorb the dye.
<location id="AF586066B572C443523DB7FA8FF2FA60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB573C44357C0B35C8E93F9FC:AF586066B572C443523DB7FA8FF2FA60" box="[1386,1436,1409,1435]" country="Italy" county="Ionian Sea" municipality="Taranto" name="Five" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Five</location>
of the
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C44357B4B7DE8B13FA44" box="[227,381,1445,1471]" count="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">19 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingMunicipality id="4A5CACC7B572C4435693B7DD8877FA3B" box="[452,537,1446,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Taranto</collectingMunicipality>
(
<collectingCounty id="43594E31B572C443557DB7DE88C9FA44" box="[554,679,1445,1471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Ionian Sea</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB572C44355E2B7DE8884FA44" box="[693,746,1445,1471]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Italy</collectingCountry>
) had dense staining on the dorsal side from chaetigers 9–10 onwards and moderate staining on the ventral side from chaetiger 7, very weak staining on the prostomium and ventral side of chaetigers 1–4, and complete absence of staining on the dorsal side of chaetigers 1–4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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