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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. &amp; Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="7BFABB1DD1DF04964EE34D810FD8D1E3" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum flexuosum Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10 (6): 143. 1846." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292705827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina &amp; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>200</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7BFABB1DD1DF04964EE34D810FD8D1E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7BFABB1DD1DF04964EE34D810FD8D1E3" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
17.
<taxonomicName authority="Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10 (6): 143. 1846." authorityName="Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10 (6): 143. 1846." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">Capsicum flexuosum Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10(6): 143. 1846.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figure 62. Capsicum flexuosum A flowering branch B flower C calyx D glandular trichome of the abaxial surface of the calyx E eglandular trichome of the adaxial surface of the calyx F sector of opened corolla G glandular trichome of the abaxial surface of the corolla H gynoecium I fruit J seed K seed, in cross section L embryo A from Hatschbach 18030 B-H from Subils &amp; Moscone 4273 I-L from Hunziker et al. 24993. Drawn by N. de Flury. Published in Barboza (2013), courtesy of the Board of the Instituto Darwinion (San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure62" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695477" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 62</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Capsicum flexuosum A fruiting branch B flowering node C stellate corolla with greenish spots D, H mature fruits E plant F flower bud G rotate-stellate corolla with purple and greenish spots A-D from Barboza et al. 1034 E Barboza et al. 3631 F-H from Carrizo Garcia 84. Photos by C. Carrizo Garcia." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 63</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum schottianum subsp. var. var. leptophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="schottianum" subSpecies="var." variety="leptophyllum">Capsicum schottianum Sendtn. var. leptophyllum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 416. 1852. Type. Brazil. &quot;In
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brasiliâ">Brasilia</normalizedToken>
australiore. (Sellow e Sendtn. l.c.)&quot; (no herbaria cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium subsp. var. var. sellowianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parvifolium" subSpecies="var." variety="sellowianum">Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn. var. sellowianum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 419. 1852. Type. Brazil. &quot;In Brasilia australiore. (Sellow.)&quot; (no herbaria cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chodat" authorityYear="1902" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="magis-puberula" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum campylopodium subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="campylopodium" subSpecies="forma">Capsicum campylopodium Sendtn. forma magis-puberula</taxonomicName>
Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 815. 1902. Type. Paraguay. [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canindeyú">Canindeyu</normalizedToken>
]: Sierra de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maracayú">Maracayu</normalizedToken>
, in silva
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ipé">Ipe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="hú">hu</normalizedToken>
, Oct 1898-1899,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="É">E</normalizedToken>
. Hassler 5134
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 38" refId="B32" refString="Barboza, GE, 2011. Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 2: 23 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" title="Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" volume="2" year="2011">Barboza 2011</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 26 [G], second step designated here: G [G00390263]; isolectotypes: A [00936719], BM [BM000074110], CORD [CORD00087947, fragment ex G], G [G00390264], G [G00390265], K [K000648540], NY [04206101], P [P00410080, P 00410081], S [S16-28249], UC [UC-944853]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="laurifolium" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum campylopodium subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="campylopodium" subSpecies="forma">Capsicum campylopodium Sendtn. forma laurifolium</taxonomicName>
Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 815. 1902. Type. Paraguay. [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itapuá">Itapua</normalizedToken>
]: in silva pr. fl. Capibary, 5 Dec 1898-1899,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="É">E</normalizedToken>
. Hassler 5893
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G [G00390270]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000074083], G [G00390269], K [K000648539], P[P00410127], S [S16-27826], UC [UC950167]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Toledo ex Handro" authorityYear="1953" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum mositicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mositicum">Capsicum mositicum</taxonomicName>
Toledo, Arq. Bot. Estado
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo 3(2): 64, f. 2. 1953. Type. Brazil.
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo: Mun. de Amparo, Monte Alegre, margem da estrada para Socorro, 740 m elev., 17 Dec 1942,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Kuhlmann 144</emphasis>
(holotype: SP [001631, acc. # 47939]; isotypes: CORD [CORD00006628, CORD00006629]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Witasek" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum ramosissimum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissimum">Capsicum ramosissimum</taxonomicName>
Witasek, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79(2): 320. 1910. Type. Brazil. &quot;Prov.
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo: Prope &quot;Fazenda bella vista&quot;, in districtu urbis Santa Cruz ad flumen Rio Pardo, ca. 500 m elev., VII, leg.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">v. Wettstein et Schiffner</emphasis>
&quot;, Jul 1901,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. v. Wettstein &amp; V. Schiffner</emphasis>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">338</emphasis>
] (lectotype, designated here: WU [acc. # 0037945]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD00006633], F [v0093723F, acc. # 871103, fragment], W [1922-0001510], WU [acc. # 0037946], Z [Z-000038683]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum schottianum subsp. var. var. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="schottianum" subSpecies="var." variety="flexuosum">Capsicum schottianum Sendtn. var. flexuosum</taxonomicName>
(Sendtn.) Hunz.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huitième">Huitieme</normalizedToken>
Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. Comptes Rend.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Séances">Seances</normalizedToken>
Rapp. &amp; Commun. 1954, sect.4: 73. 1956. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">Capsicum flexuosum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1979-12-27" collectorName="R. Kummrow" country="Brazil" location="Parque Iguacu" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana" typeStatus="neotype">
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. &quot;In Brasilia australiore: Sellow&quot; (no original material located;
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Parana">Parana</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: Mun. Curitiba,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7BFABB1DD1DF04964EE34D810FD8D1E3:881DF412769A1941A6EF20EEEDE2B263" country="Brazil" name="Parque Iguacu" stateProvince="Parana">
Parque
<normalizedToken originalValue="Iguaçu">Iguacu</normalizedToken>
</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1979-12-27">27 Dec 1979</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>R. Kummrow</collectorName>
1307
</emphasis>
;
<typeStatus>neotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: MBM [MBM064252]; isoneotype, CORD [CORD00101762])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect subshrubs or shrubs, (0.3-) 0.9-2 m tall, more rarely small trees 2-2.5 m tall, with the main stem thick 2-2.5 cm in diameter at base, much branched above, the branches dichotomously spreading in a typical
<normalizedToken originalValue="“zig-zag”">&quot;zig-zag&quot;</normalizedToken>
appearance. Young stems terete or slightly ridged, fragile, green, glabrous to moderately or densely pubescent, with antrorse simple, uniseriate, 2-6-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.9 mm long; nodes solid, green; bark of older stems dark brown, glabrous, rarely pubescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair unequal or more or less equal in size, similar in shape. Leaves membranous, discolorous, dark green above, light green or greenish-grey beneath, moderately pubescent on both sides or, if glabrescent, with an evident tuft of trichomes in the basal vein axils abaxially, the trichomes appressed-antrorse similar to those of the stems; blades of major leaves 5.2-14 cm long, 1.5-4.5 (7.5-) cm wide, ovate to elliptic, the major veins 4-7 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate or short-attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acuminate; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm, glabrous to moderately pubescent; blades of minor leaves 1.7-3.5 (-4.5) cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute to acuminate; petioles 0-0.5 cm, with same pubescence as the major leaves. Inflorescences axillary, 2-3 (-6)-flowers per axil or flowers solitary; flowering pedicels 10-21 mm long, terete, pendent, more rarely spreading, non-geniculate at anthesis, glabrous to moderately pubescent, the eglandular trichomes short, antrorse; pedicels scars inconspicuous. Buds globose, inflated, white with light green spots. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1.3-2 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, cup-shaped, green or greenish-yellow, hyaline at the margin, glabrous to moderately pubescent, the calyx appendages five, inconspicuous, umbo-like and the calyx pentagonal in outline with a tuft of short uniseriate eglandular trichomes on each angle, if the calyx appendages absent, the calyx circular in outline. Corolla 6-11 mm long, ca. 13 mm in diameter, white with yellowish-green pigmentation outside, white with variously yellowish-green spots in the base of lobes and throat within, exceptionally also with purple spots, stellate or rotate-stellate, with thin interpetalar membrane, lobed less than or up to nearly halfway to the base, the tube 3-6 mm long, pubescent adaxially with a continuous ring of glandular trichomes (stalk long 1-3-celled; head globose, peltate, unicellular), glabrous abaxially, the lobes 3-5 mm long, 2-4.5 (-5) mm wide, broadly triangular, spreading, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins involute, papillate, the tips cucullate, densely papillate. Stamens five, equal, filaments 2.5-3.5 mm long, cream, inserted on the corolla 1-1.3 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 1.1-1.9 mm, ellipsoid or ovoid, yellow, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 1.3-2 mm long, 1.2-1.4 mm in diameter, light green, ovoid; ovules more than two per locule; nectary ca. 0.4 mm tall; styles homomorphic, (3.8-) 4-5.7 mm, exserted 0.8-1 mm beyond the anthers, white, clavate; stigma 0.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, discoid, pale green. Berry 5-8 mm in diameter, subglobose or globose, brilliant green when immature, reddish-orange or red at maturity, deciduous, pungent, the pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 15-26 mm long, pendent, terete, widened distally, green; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, light green, sometimes the margin ripped. Seeds (4-) 5-25 per fruit, 2.8-3.4 mm long, 2.2-3 mm wide, C-shaped, subglobose or teardrop-shaped, brownish-black, the seed coat faintly reticulate (SM), reticulate (SEM), the cells polygonal to irregular in shape, the lateral walls sinuate in the seed body and straight to wavy at margins; embryo imbricate or coiled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species occupying a more or less continuous range from north-eastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones Provinces) and southern Paraguay (Alto
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
, Amambay,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caaguazú">Caaguazu</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caazapá">Caazapa</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canindeyú">Canindeyu</normalizedToken>
, Central,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guairá">Guaira</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itapuá">Itapua</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraguarí">Paraguari</normalizedToken>
and San Pedro Departments) to south and south-eastern Brazil (Minas Gerais,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo States) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="F61" captionText="Figure 61. Distribution of C. eximium and C. flexuosum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure61" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695476" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">61</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very common in the interior and margins of primary and secondary forests, in remnants of forests or disturbed areas. In Brazil, it occurs in a wide range of vegetation types, primarily in the Atlantic Rainforest (Floresta Estacional Decidual, Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana and Submontana, Floresta
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ombrófila">Ombrofila</normalizedToken>
Densa Submontana and Montana, Floresta
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ombrófila">Ombrofila</normalizedToken>
Mista Montana, Floresta
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ombrófila">Ombrofila</normalizedToken>
Densa das Terras Baixas), at low and medium altitudes, between 30 and 1,300 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers nearly all year around; fruiting occurs from January to July and from October to December.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 12 (
<bibRefCitation author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 297" refId="B308" refString="Moscone, EA, 1992. Estudios de cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261 - 297" title="Estudios de cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina." volume="31" year="1992">Moscone 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.71.275" author="Pozzobon, MT" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="275 - 287" refId="B381" refString="Pozzobon, MT, Schifino-Wittmann, MT, 2006. A meiotic study of the wild and semi-domesticated Brazilian species of genus Capsicum L. (Solanaceae). Cytologia 71 (3): 275 - 287, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.71.275" title="A meiotic study of the wild and semi-domesticated Brazilian species of genus Capsicum L. (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.71.275" volume="71" year="2006">Pozzobon and Schifino-Wittmann 2006</bibRefCitation>
); 2
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 2x = 24 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" author="Pozzobon, MT" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B382" refString="Pozzobon, MT, Schifino-Wittmann, MT, Bianchetti, L, 2006. Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" title="Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 259 - 269." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" year="2006">Pozzobon et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">Moscone et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Argentina</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cumbarí">Cumbari</normalizedToken>
(Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 2139</emphasis>
), Pimentina (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 2375</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pimentiña">Pimentina</normalizedToken>
(Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 2375</emphasis>
), Ai Jesu (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Buchinger &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
3222
</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cumbarí">Cumbari</normalizedToken>
(Corrientes,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bonpland s.n.</emphasis>
), Pimenta silvestre (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 2140</emphasis>
), Pimienta del monte (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schwindt 4310</emphasis>
), Pimiento del monte (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Buchinger &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
3222
</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pimentón">Pimenton</normalizedToken>
del monte (Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schwindt 1871</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brazil</emphasis>
: Pimenteira (Rio Grande do Sul,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Santos et al. 2869</emphasis>
), Pimenta-braba (Rio Grande do Sul,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abruzzi 576</emphasis>
), Pimenta de passarinho (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Lleras
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
et al. 1947
</emphasis>
), Pimenta do bugni (Santa Catarina,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neubert 216</emphasis>
), Pimento-do-mato, pimenta-braba (Santa Catarina,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schwirkowski 1519</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraguay</emphasis>
: Locote (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canindeyú">Canindeyu</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 3280</emphasis>
), Pimiento silvestre (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canindeyú">Canindeyu</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 3280</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="indigenous names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indigenous names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Argentina</emphasis>
: Guachu
<normalizedToken originalValue="ky’i">ky'i</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guabyrá">Guabyra</normalizedToken>
poty, Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Keller &amp; Ferreira 1349</emphasis>
), Guach
<normalizedToken originalValue="ky’yi">ky'yi</normalizedToken>
(Takuapi, Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Keller 2957</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Ka’a">'Ka'a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="ete’y’">ete'y'</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guabyrá">Guabyra</normalizedToken>
poty, Misiones,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Keller &amp; Ferreira 288</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraguay</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ke-jiú">Ke-jiu</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canindeyú">Canindeyu</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Montes 3280</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbarium labels record that fruits are used as condiments in Argentina and Paraguay due to their high pungency. There are no records of uses from Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species conservation assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species conservation assessment.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
EOO (778,640.645 km2); AOO (1,348 km2).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite abundant throughout its distribution. Based on the EOO, the AOO and its presence in many conservation units, we consider
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not under risk and assign the category of Least Concern (LC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the single member of the Flexuosum clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). It is a highly variable species in its pubescence density that varies from absent (plants glabrous) to moderate or dense on young branches, leaves and calyx; on leaves, the simple eglandular trichomes are located mainly on the abaxial surface of the lamina. The name
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. mositicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mositicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mositicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was applied to glabrous or glabrescent specimens with a tuft of trichomes in the abaxial leaf vein axils. Another striking aspect of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the profuse, dichotomous-divaricate branching at the apex of young branches that give the plant a messy aspect, with crowded leaves, flowers and fruits;
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. ramosissimum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ramosissimum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. ramosissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described, based on this peculiar trait. It is possible that this growth pattern is caused by a plant/pathogen (bacterium, fungus, virus or insect).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure62" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695477" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 62" startId="F62">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 62.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
flowering branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
calyx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
glandular trichome of the abaxial surface of the calyx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
eglandular trichome of the adaxial surface of the calyx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
sector of opened corolla
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
glandular trichome of the abaxial surface of the corolla
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
gynoecium
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
fruit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
seed
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
seed, in cross section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
embryo
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hatschbach 18030</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-H</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Subils &amp; Moscone 4273</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-L</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker et al. 24993</emphasis>
. Drawn by N. de Flury. Published in
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Barboza, GE, 2013. Capsicum. In: Barboza GE (Coord.) Solanaceae. Flora Argentina. Vol. 13. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET, Buenos Aires, 21-25." title="Capsicum. In: Barboza GE (Coord.) Solanaceae. Flora Argentina. Vol. 13. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET, Buenos Aires, 21 - 25." year="2013">Barboza (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, courtesy of the Board of the Instituto Darwinion (San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina), reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Another variable trait is the greenish-yellow pigmentation of the white corolla; this colouration can be present as many small spots interrupted by white lines covering the throat and the base of the lobes or it can be present as five large spots covering the surface (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Capsicum flexuosum A fruiting branch B flowering node C stellate corolla with greenish spots D, H mature fruits E plant F flower bud G rotate-stellate corolla with purple and greenish spots A-D from Barboza et al. 1034 E Barboza et al. 3631 F-H from Carrizo Garcia 84. Photos by C. Carrizo Garcia." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">63C</figureCitation>
) or the greenish-yellow pigmentation can extend over the lobes, leaving a thin white edge.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 63" startId="F63">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 63.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
fruiting branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flowering node
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
stellate corolla with greenish spots
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, H</emphasis>
mature fruits
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
plant
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
rotate-stellate corolla with purple and greenish spots
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 1034</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 3631</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F-H</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
84
</emphasis>
. Photos by C. Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A striking population from around Monteiro Lobato (
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo State, Brazil) is morphologically very similar to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its habit, pendent, non-geniculate flowering pedicels, pentagonal calyx, orange-red globose pungent fruits and black seeds. However, unlike other
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations in which the corolla is clearly stellate and white with greenish-yellow spots (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Capsicum flexuosum A fruiting branch B flowering node C stellate corolla with greenish spots D, H mature fruits E plant F flower bud G rotate-stellate corolla with purple and greenish spots A-D from Barboza et al. 1034 E Barboza et al. 3631 F-H from Carrizo Garcia 84. Photos by C. Carrizo Garcia." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">63E-H</figureCitation>
), the population in Monteiro Lobato has a rotate-stellate white corolla with greenish-yellow pigmentation in the throat and purple spots in the lobes (similar to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). An accession of this population (as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">Capsicum aff. flexuosum</taxonomicName>
) was included in the molecular phylogeny (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
) and was recovered within the Flexuosum clade. In addition, its chromosome number is 2n = 24 (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Cytogenetic information on Capsicum species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7466DBE9CCEE774BA9476BE56690A68D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="7466DBE9CCEE774BA9476BE56690A68D">2</tableCitation>
). Since this population occurs within other typical populations of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" author="Pozzobon, MT" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B382" refString="Pozzobon, MT, Schifino-Wittmann, MT, Bianchetti, L, 2006. Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" title="Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 259 - 269." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x" year="2006">Pozzobon et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">Moscone et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), is treated here as a local variant of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum schottianum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. campylopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="campylopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. campylopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the most morphologically similar species to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All three of these species lack calyx appendages and are extremely difficult to distinguish from one another in herbarium material, when the corolla colour is not stated on the labels or only fruit is present.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum flexuosum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. campylopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="campylopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. campylopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its non-geniculate (vs. geniculate) pedicels, yellowish-green spots on the adaxial surface of the corolla (absent in
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. campylopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="campylopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. campylopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in combination with purple spots in
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and edible reddish-orange or red fruit (vs. greenish-golden yellow fruits).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
For over 100 years,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been misinterpreted in both literature and herbaria.
<bibRefCitation author="Chodat, R" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Chodat, R, 1902. Plantae Hasslerianae I. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 2(9): 811-815." title="Plantae Hasslerianae I. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 2 (9): 811 - 815." year="1902">Chodat (1902)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Chodat, R" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B88" refString="Chodat, R, Hassler, E, 1903. Plantae Hasslerianae II. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 4(1): 77-92." title="Plantae Hasslerianae II. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 4 (1): 77 - 92." year="1903">Chodat and Hassler (1903)</bibRefCitation>
cited specimens of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Paraguay under
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. campylopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="campylopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. campylopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a Brazilian endemic. In addition, these authors described infraspecific names, such as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chodat" authorityYear="1902" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="magis-puberula" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum campylopodium subsp. forma" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="campylopodium" subSpecies="forma">Capsicum campylopodium forma magis-puberula</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="laurifolium" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum campylopodium subsp. forma" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="campylopodium" subSpecies="forma">Capsicum campylopodium forma laurifolium</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="225 - 247" refId="B196" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1950. Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay. Darwiniana 9: 225 - 247" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay." volume="9" year="1950">Hunziker (1950)</bibRefCitation>
confused
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but later amended the error (
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="201 - 203" refId="B206" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1998. Estudios sobre Solanaceae. XLVI. Los ajies silvestres de Argentina (Capsicum). Darwiniana 36: 201 - 203" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae. XLVI. Los ajies silvestres de Argentina (Capsicum)." volume="36" year="1998">Hunziker 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and restricted the distribution of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="- G, Ruggell" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B207" refString="Hunziker, AT, 2001. Genera Solanacearum. The genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. -G, Ruggell" title="Genera Solanacearum. The genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K." year="2001">Hunziker 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, in floristic Brazilian works, some specimens of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. recurvatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="recurvatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. recurvatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been referred to as
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Freire de Carvalho, L" journalOrPublisher="Hoehnea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 85" refId="B157" refString="Freire de Carvalho, L, 1985. Flora Fanerogamica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Hoehnea 12: 67 - 85" title="Flora Fanerogamica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (Sao Paulo, Brasil)." volume="12" year="1985">Freire de Carvalho 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sendtner, O" journalOrPublisher="Flora Brasiliensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 231" refId="B435" refString="Sendtner, O, 1846. Solanaceae et Cestrineae. Flora Brasiliensis 10 (1): 1 - 231" title="Solanaceae et Cestrineae." volume="10" year="1846">Sendtner (1846)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and cited a single un-numbered collection made by Friedrich Sellow from &quot;Brasilia australiore&quot;, but as was usual at the time, he did not cite a herbarium. Despite searching in the many herbaria (e.g., BM, F, G, K, M, W) where
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sellow’s">Sellow's</normalizedToken>
collections are held today, the only Sellow collection we have seen that corresponds to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was held in Berlin (F neg. 2868) and was destroyed in World War II. In the interests of fixing the application of this name, we are designating a neotype using a modern collection that shows all the diagnostic characters of the species (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Kummrow 1307</emphasis>
: MBM064252; CORD00101762).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B132" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
proposed
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum subsp. var. var. leptophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="schottianum" subSpecies="var." variety="leptophyllum">C. schottianum var. leptophyllum</taxonomicName>
for the unnamed var.
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sellow’s">Sellow's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sellow 1846: 144). This name refers to plants with narrower leaves and fruiting pedicels that are not curved, but arched throughout their length in contrast to the typical fruiting pedicels that are initially rigid, geniculate (curved) and erect to spreading in
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pedicels pendent in mature fruits). As no original material was found, we propose the varietal name
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum leptophyllum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum leptophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the pedicel features that fit exactly with that species (i.e. pedicels never curved in flower and fruit).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B132" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
based the name
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. parvifolium subsp. var. var. sellowianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="parvifolium" subSpecies="var." variety="sellowianum">C. parvifolium var. sellowianum</taxonomicName>
on a previous
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sellow’s">Sellow's</normalizedToken>
description (Sellow 1846: 146) given for a fruitful specimen with &quot;foliis glabrioribus, ... calyci deplanato 5-angulari ...&quot;. As no original material was found, we propose this name as a synonym of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexusoum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexusoum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexusoum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to glabrous leaves and pentagonal calyx (calyx appendages minute) described in the protologue which fit best with
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. flexuosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="flexuosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. flexuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has pubescent leaves and five well-developed calyx appendages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Chodat, R" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Chodat, R, 1902. Plantae Hasslerianae I. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 2(9): 811-815." title="Plantae Hasslerianae I. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 2 (9): 811 - 815." year="1902">Chodat (1902)</bibRefCitation>
based the description of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" form="laurifolium" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. campylopodium subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="form" species="campylopodium" subSpecies="forma">C. campylopodium forma laurifolium</taxonomicName>
on the collection
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hassler 5893</emphasis>
, without citing a herbarium. We found two sheets of this gathering at G, both consisting of very well-preserved reproductive branches. We select the better of these, G00390270, as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Witasek, J" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="313 - 375" refId="B499" refString="Witasek, J, 1910. Solanaceae. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 79 (2): 313 - 375" title="Solanaceae." volume="79" year="1910">Witasek (1910)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. ramosissimum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ramosissimum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. ramosissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of two Wettstein &amp; Schiffner specimens, both from &quot;Fazenda bella vista&quot; (
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo, Brazil). We found the two syntypes at WU where the collections she used are held; the specimen numbered
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wettstein &amp; Schiffner 338</emphasis>
(WU 0037945) is selected as the lectotype, because it is well-preserved and has duplicates housed at CORD, F, W, WU and Z.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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