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<document id="C941416EAF0C15F5567B95082239CFA2" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184950" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b652166d-e8aa-4d19-89b3-74ce8634d436" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184950" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460041670198" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kehlmaier, Christian &amp; Assmann, Thorsten" docDate="2008" docId="367D87D6FFD28D65FF78F9EBFD0AE0E0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01936p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1936" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chalarus Walker 1834" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="CA44FFAEFFC28D74FFEFFFEDFFD2E12A" masterDocTitle="The European species of Chalarus Walker, 1834 revisited (Diptera: Pipunculidae)" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698234417507" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="393F1681582D4832BEE04AA9E4ABCB9B">The European species of Chalarus Walker, 1834 revisited (Diptera: Pipunculidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01BE9D9065779166885E372D52F399E0">Kehlmaier, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7822EB21DE77F213B1CB0DB3776321F4">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="86796F4C8DE092F881F4150C09461AE7">1936</mods:number>
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<treatment id="367D87D6FFD28D65FF78F9EBFD0AE0E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5622194" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119382693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5622194" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:367D87D6FFD28D65FF78F9EBFD0AE0E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/367D87D6FFD28D65FF78F9EBFD0AE0E0" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="F6CE654BFFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BE6B36C0FFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" blockId="16.[151,433,1542,1568]" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="E52381ACFFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" bold="true" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" ID-CoL="62LQW" ID-ENA="115250" authority="Walker, 1834" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Chalarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<bibRefCitation id="DA454B31FFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" author="Chalarus" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Chalarus WALKER, 1834 (H, L - sex)" type="book" year="1834">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD28D64FF78F9EBFE63E70A" bold="true" box="[151,433,1542,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD28D64FF78F9EBFEDAE70A" bold="true" box="[151,264,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chalarus</emphasis>
Walker, 1834
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE6B36C0FFD28D64FF78F9BCFE1EE742" blockId="16.[151,460,1617,1640]" box="[151,460,1617,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9EC411EEFFD28D64FF78F9BCFE1EE742" box="[151,460,1617,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitation id="3F7510D1FFD28D64FF78F9BCFE1AE742" author="Chalarus" box="[151,456,1617,1640]" page="269" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1834">
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD28D64FF78F9BCFE1AE742" ID-CoL="62LQW" authority="Walker, 1834: 269" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="269" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,456,1617,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Chalarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<bibRefCitation id="DA454B31FFD28D64FF78F9BCFE40E742" author="Chalarus" box="[151,402,1617,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Chalarus WALKER, 1834 (H, L - sex)" type="book" year="1834">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD28D64FF78F9BCFF28E742" box="[151,250,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chalarus</emphasis>
Walker, 1834
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: 269
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE6B36C0FFD28D64FF78F975FACFE799" blockId="16.[151,1436,1688,2035]" box="[151,1309,1688,1715]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD28D64FF78F975FEE9E798" bold="true" box="[151,315,1688,1714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="616F8862FFD28D64FF78F975FF06E798" box="[151,212,1688,1714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD28D64FEACF974FD68E799" authority="Fallen, 1816" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1816" box="[323,698,1689,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Cephalops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spurius">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD28D64FEACF974FDCFE798" box="[323,541,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cephalops spurius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA454B31FFD28D64FDCAF974FD68E799" author="Fallen" box="[549,698,1689,1715]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fallen, C. F. (1816) Syrphici Sveciae [Part]. Berling, Lundae, 1 - 22 pp." type="book chapter" year="1816">Fallén, 1816</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="DA454B31FFD28D64FBE5F974FAC2E799" author="Westwood" box="[1034,1296,1689,1715]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Synopsis of the genera of British insects. In: Westwood, J. O. (ed.), An introduction to the modern classification of insects: Founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families, vol. 2. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, pp. 125 - 154." type="journal article" year="1840">Westwood, 1840: 135</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE6B36C0FFD28D65FF2AF92CFAF6E078" blockId="16.[151,1436,1688,2035]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,152,458]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The main morphological autapomorphy of the genus, that readily distinguishes it from any other
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD28D64FADDF92CFF01E629" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
, is the reduced wing venation with its open discal cell and a poorly developed anal vein. As for male genitalia, unlike the remaining
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD28D64FDECF8FCFD57E601" box="[515,645,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chalarinae">Chalarinae</taxonomicName>
, the phallic processes do not branch off from the base of the phallus (see
<bibRefCitation id="DA454B31FFD28D64FF22F8D4FE59E679" author="Kehlmaier" box="[205,395,1849,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Kehlmaier, C. (2006) The West-Palaearctic species of Jassidophaga Aczel and Verrallia Mik described up to 1966 (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 697, 34 pp." type="book" year="2006">Kehlmaier 2006</bibRefCitation>
) but distally together with the membranous tip of distiphallus, and can be reduced or secondarily lost. These phallic processes, as well as the tip of the distiphallus, are highly diverse in length and shape and represent the main features enabling recognition of most species. Additional structures exhibiting interspecific genital variability on species or species group level are the degree of curvature and width of the phallic shaft, the placement of the two lower ejaculatory ducts, the shape of the ejaculatory apodeme as well as the shape of the gonopods and surstyli (see
<figureCitation id="26EF2A45FFD38D65FD5DFF75FCF8E198" box="[690,810,152,178]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStart-1="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStart-2="FIGURES 12 – 23" captionStart-3="FIGURES 24 – 33" captionStartId-0="7.[151,269,1761,1785]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,269,1761,1785]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,269,1761,1785]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,269,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1430,197,1734]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1430,197,1734]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1431,197,1734]" captionTargetBox-3="[155,1430,197,1471]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[155,1432,197,1735]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[155,1432,197,1735]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[155,1432,197,1734]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[155,1432,197,1471]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 6. Inner male genitalia (phallus). 1. C. fimbriatus agg.; 2. C. absconditus spec. nov.; 3. C. clarus; 4. C. immanis spec. nov.; 5. C. juliae; Abbreviations: lower ej. d., lower ejaculatory ductuli; mtdp, membranous tip of distiphallus; php, phallic processes; phs, phallic shaft; tdp, tip of distiphallus; upper ej. d., upper ejaculatory duct; 6. C. latifrons. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 7 – 11. Inner male genitalia (phallus). 7. C. decorus; 8. C. spurius; 9. C. zyginae; 10. C. griseus; 11. Chalarus sp. near zyginae. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 12 – 23. Figs 12 – 15. Inner male genitalia (phallus). 12. C. marki spec. nov.; 13. C. indistinctus; 14. C. brevicuadis; 15. C. longicaudis. Figs 16 – 23. Ejaculatory apodeme of male. 16. C. juliae; 17. C. latifrons; 18. C. absconditus spec. nov.; – 19. C. griseus; – 20. C. saxonicus spec. nov.; 21. C. spurius; 22. C. immanis spec. nov.; 23. C. marki spec. nov. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 24 – 33. Figs 24 – 28. Inner gonopod of male. 24. C. absconditus spec. nov.; 25. C. fimbriatus agg.; 26. C. marki spec. nov.; 27. C. saxonicus spec. nov.; 28. C. griseus. Fig. 29. Inner gonopod and surstylus of male C. immanis spec. nov. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gpd, gonopod; sur, surstylus. Figs 30 – 33. Inner surstylus of male. 30. C. marki spec. nov.; 31. C. juliae; 32. C. absconditus spec. nov.; 33. C. saxonicus spec. nov. Abbreviation: mps, medial protuberance of surstylus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184951/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184952/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/184953/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/184954/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 1–33</figureCitation>
). Hence, for a successful identification it is inevitable to dissect and study male genitalia with care at a magnification of at least 50. In females, species identification can be achieved by focusing on the size of the enlarged frontal ommatidial facets, the degree of narrowing of the frons, coloration of legs and body hairs, size of pulvilli and shape of the ovipositor. In some cases, it is advisable to remove the latter from the abdomen and study it from lateral, dorsal and ventral views.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE6B36C0FFD38D65FF2AFE8DFD0AE0E0" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,458]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Apart from the newly described taxa, the morphological investigation of the material plus the obtained barcoding data result in additional observations with taxonomic implications. In the following, the European
<taxonomicName id="79D44D43FFD38D65FF78FE5DFED6E0E3" box="[151,260,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Chalarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CA0EAD2FFD38D65FF78FE5DFED6E0E3" box="[151,260,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chalarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are briefly characterised and discussed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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