197 lines
35 KiB
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197 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e114601" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B380BB2E7E605801A96A19449738A2DA" ID-ZooBank="C573EF1BB2F44BCE953ED40FE0A4A487" ModsDocID="2193-0074-27-1-147" checkinTime="1710373370997" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sander, P. Martin & Wellnitz, Paul W." docDate="2024" docId="4B8E8481F42C5F9EABC092F8BA3B7CC4" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 27(1): 147-158" docOrigin="Fossil Record 27 (1)" docPubDate="2024-03-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e114601" docTitle="Archosauriformes Gauthier 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="B380BB2E7E605801A96A19449738A2DA" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="B380BB2E7E605801A96A19449738A2DA" masterDocTitle="A phytosaur osteoderm from a late middle Rhaetian bone bed of Bonenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany): Implications for phytosaur extinction" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1710373370997" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo id="34417E4A004871B6839DA88015551525">
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<mods:title id="9FB8B7119968313AF63B64647A28C2F1">A phytosaur osteoderm from a late middle Rhaetian bone bed of Bonenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany): Implications for phytosaur extinction</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="90F46904D24CEE7C2BA6D91FD2E227BB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="008F86FDEA98F40BA7A22E9CAB0BEB2D">Sander, P. Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E205A298104C979413CF52921068A21F">Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany & The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5F40AA37D7F6283F021F3565CAA17399" type="email">paulmartinsander1@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9D27FC511F327737D18F68FFDDCC9580">Wellnitz, Paul W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D250B143E01BE3F7693DF1F10C4B8A8D">Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BB3E7AA286CF03EEC7CC7D5D199AB616">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="39589E3FD6E372FD03517C250F1649ED">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E868A7D558225DDD772ACD3C9A2E1DF1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8A1CE49670C4291D76EF61CDB31D7776">2024-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="939A9E752D848DE6CD2EF97BA7C68E4D">27</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B44FAE172A2CA59C507D7CFF93B333DA" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="6CEA893B9D85B51DB2D0ED02926E9C32">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B9B537EE9F900679FBF92739D1BD2F3F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2BE362DE3D9D36842AB653CC4C59FC40" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e114601</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4B8E8481F42C5F9EABC092F8BA3B7CC4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4B8E8481F42C5F9EABC092F8BA3B7CC4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B8E8481F42C5F9EABC092F8BA3B7CC4" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<subSubSection id="0020543310DCB8B7A0B89988786B3300" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="80B496897D7892149BA8E6B524DFBB36" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="088F3335FD2B5222152641B98E7AF693" LSID="4B8E8481-F42C-5F9E-ABC0-92F8BA3B7CC4" authority="indet." authorityName="Gauthier" authorityYear="1986" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="order">Phytosauria indet.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="391B3C9BFF2269395A6065752EED15C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="5EED0F136484B6648982E38A170E9FFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="591EB666ADFF4068222321ED0969071C" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">One single, slightly damaged left paramedian osteoderm, WMNM P98442.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DCE7F30D98B80111A47EB353ECA4CA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="locality and horizon">
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<paragraph id="2E46BC16259C06ECC01102E65639719E" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Locality and horizon.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F9284A7969598C3E242B444D613284DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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Clay pit #3 of Lücking Brick Company, 1 km north of the village of Bonenburg, City of Warburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="81FD1C11DB9F035E83C993A2F6DFC1A7" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Locality and stratigraphy of Bonenburg clay pit # 3 of Luecking Brick Company. A. Location of the clay pit in the eastern part of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; B. Simplified stratigraphy of the Norian to Hettangian section exposed at the Bonenburg clay pit, with a special emphasis on the location of the four bone beds and the plesiosaur skeleton in the section. The main part of the section is made up by the Exter Formation which is subdivided into the Postera Beds, Contorta Beds and Triletes Beds, in ascending order. The thick dashed line on top of the Contorta Beds indicates truncation by a low-angle fault. Note that the reddish mudstones above the dashed white line also belong to the Triletes Beds. Colours of the rock types in the main stratigraphic column approximate colours in fresh outcrop. General abbreviations: Bb, bone bed; Cly, claystone; Fss, fine-grained sandstone; Het., Hettangian; L. J., Lower Jurassic; Md, mudstone; Nor., Norian; PF, Psilonotenton Formation; Slt, siltstone. Abbreviations of palynozones: CE, Classopollis - Enzonalasporites palynozone; RL, Rhaetipollis - Limbosporites palynozone; RP, Riccisporites - Polypodiisporites palynozone; PiK, Pinuspollenites - Kraeuselisporites palynozone. Subzones are labelled alphabetically. Modified from Wintrich et al. (2017), palynostratigraphy is from Gravendyck et al. (2020)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001482" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1A</figureCitation>
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). The specimen derives from Bone Bed 2 in the dark marine mudstones of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation, 7 m in the section above the base of the Contorta Beds and 17.5 m below the Triassic-Jurassic boundary exposed in the pit (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="E1EC353C9123CC9789C5FC7273787F92" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Locality and stratigraphy of Bonenburg clay pit # 3 of Luecking Brick Company. A. Location of the clay pit in the eastern part of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; B. Simplified stratigraphy of the Norian to Hettangian section exposed at the Bonenburg clay pit, with a special emphasis on the location of the four bone beds and the plesiosaur skeleton in the section. The main part of the section is made up by the Exter Formation which is subdivided into the Postera Beds, Contorta Beds and Triletes Beds, in ascending order. The thick dashed line on top of the Contorta Beds indicates truncation by a low-angle fault. Note that the reddish mudstones above the dashed white line also belong to the Triletes Beds. Colours of the rock types in the main stratigraphic column approximate colours in fresh outcrop. General abbreviations: Bb, bone bed; Cly, claystone; Fss, fine-grained sandstone; Het., Hettangian; L. J., Lower Jurassic; Md, mudstone; Nor., Norian; PF, Psilonotenton Formation; Slt, siltstone. Abbreviations of palynozones: CE, Classopollis - Enzonalasporites palynozone; RL, Rhaetipollis - Limbosporites palynozone; RP, Riccisporites - Polypodiisporites palynozone; PiK, Pinuspollenites - Kraeuselisporites palynozone. Subzones are labelled alphabetically. Modified from Wintrich et al. (2017), palynostratigraphy is from Gravendyck et al. (2020)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001482" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="16C9F81ADD7453F8F38D04646000DB7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DEC2C4CCCDB9BBAA43DE2DEA7DE8AF2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Morphological description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1056EF57275581BAB287E2781976A396" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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The external side of the Bonenburg osteoderm WMNM P98442 is extensively sculptured, whereas the internal, or visceral, side is smooth (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="1762CC11AFE66B6775A9804414E4E841" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2</figureCitation>
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). The external side is dominated by a rounded ridge or keel, indicating the orientation of the osteoderm relative to the body long axis (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="C1611B9D073E6272D63313B695896000" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2A, B</figureCitation>
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). This anteroposterior ridge is offset medially as can be seen on articulated phytosaur specimens, providing the medial direction. One end of the ridge extends to the margin of the osteoderm, whereas the other does not. The latter asymmetry indicates anterior because the ridge does not reach the anterior osteoderm margin in phytosaur osteoderms. Together with the asymmetry of the location of the ridge, the location of the anterior margin indicates that the osteoderm is from the left side of the body. The thickness of the osteoderm decreases in anterior and lateral directions (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="EC456FD007415AF03E9158FF5BA0E1FA" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2C, D</figureCitation>
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). The osteoderm shows two distinct indentations, one on the lateral and one on the posterior margin (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="FC6C3B0470DECAA497CFFE8A946283EF" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2</figureCitation>
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). The latter resulted from damage sustained during discovery. The bone shows no signs of abrasion.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="444D9EB76778D05D8EE8078488B2B66A" doi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph id="37A61BC1A876B4DDD698C5346590C0FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="14DB21679400D6D7C24A654A0B879E24" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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<emphasis id="798FB810E2B79FE4E1F7CD69B28C2520" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="6AFEF9A7825843A22B44E3A6898839AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B.</emphasis>
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Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge;
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<emphasis id="E1A65CF5D37A234E1A13CCC8E5757463" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B7EA62291A9C6084AA53BF637A534C40" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D.</emphasis>
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Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm;
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<emphasis id="A4F91C742D8DFE0186B554142EA4DD3E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="D894CF7958A29F121021740F05A1265B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F.</emphasis>
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Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="20BC3CAD1B5E9D0A5E95F141D0784ABB" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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In mediolateral direction, the osteoderm is 62 mm wide and in anteroposterior direction, it is 64 mm long. It shows a maximum thickness of about 13 mm at its centre. Except for the thick ridge, the external sculpture on the osteoderm is of relatively low relief (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="CBAAECF0E783F461F979476A56108FA3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2A, B</figureCitation>
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). Towards lateral, there are some indistinct pits, but there are no sharp crests or grooves. Only the region medial to the main ridge shows a deep sulcus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A9A53AF8C0A15D660A94C1E748268745" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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The lateral part of the external surface of the osteoderm, that is not sculptured, shows a radial, fan-like structure on the surface of the bone (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="AB95235C75A0BE9B3C224627ABCD16A8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2A, B</figureCitation>
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). This structure originates in the centre of the bone, right below the middle of the anteroposterior ridge. The fan structure also affects the silhouette of the lateral part of the bone. The internal surface of the osteoderm is completely flat and shows no sculpturing. There are multiple small hole-like structures on the medial part of the external surface of the bone (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="9C6DE75130E9092747C34EE55293CB2D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2E, F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5CC25F6F471079F9794538B8A0E64267" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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The general morphology of the Bonenburg osteoderm (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="D92C74097F362C810D73DC8D25693D5C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm WMNM P 98442 from the late middle Rhaetian Bone Bed 2 of the Contorta Beds of the Exter Formation of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A, B. Photograph and drawing of external view showing the typical phytosaur radiating sculpture and the central longitudinal ridge of a paramedian osteoderm. Note that the anterior part (left) is less sculptured and that the ridge does not extend to the anterior edge; C, D. Photograph and drawing of anterior view. Note the thinness of the edge which was underlapping the preceding osteoderm; E, F. Photograph and drawing of internal view, showing the flat and smooth surface. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001483" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2</figureCitation>
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) fits the description of phytosaur osteoderms in the literature (
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<bibRefCitation id="AD4990F38B86E62162739916745D5663" author="Huene, Fv" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="59 - 160" refId="B19" refString="Huene, Fv, 1922. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 42: 59 - 160" title="Neue Beitra ̈ ge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier." volume="42" year="1922">Huene 1922</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="068312BC0B7503B664635850515B371F" author="Gozzi, E" journalOrPublisher="Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="475 - 498" refId="B15" refString="Gozzi, E, Renesto, S, 2003. A complete specimen of Mystriosuchus (Reptilia, Phytosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Lombardy (Northern Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 109: 475 - 498" title="A complete specimen of Mystriosuchus (Reptilia, Phytosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Lombardy (Northern Italy)." volume="109" year="2003">Gozzi and Renesto 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E2E29BBE3CB47CE17E35D29470E49A69" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22849" author="Scheyer, TM" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="240 - 260" refId="B44" refString="Scheyer, TM, Desojo, JB, Cerda, IA, 2014. Bone histology of phytosaur, aetosaur, and other achosauriform osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha). The Anatomical Record 297: 240 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22849" title="Bone histology of phytosaur, aetosaur, and other achosauriform osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22849" volume="297" year="2014">Scheyer et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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) (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="399DF78772F902EA9BFC4CF102A25C1A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Comparison of selected Rhaetian and Norian phytosaur osteoderms in external view. A. WMNM P 98442, left paramedian osteoderm from the Rhaetian Bone Bed 2, Exter Formation, Bonenburg, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to C and D; B. MfN MB. R. 2747, five articulated paramedian osteoderms of the left side in association with anterior dorsal vertebrae of Mystriosuchus sp. (Butler et al. 2019), Exter Formation, Steinlah near Salzgitter, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to F; C. Isolated gular osteoderm MfN MB. R. 4224 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by Huene (1922, fig. 112) and assigned to ' Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri ' by him. Note the resemblance of sculpture to A and D; D. Isolated left paramedian osteoderm MfN MB. R. 4372.1 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to A and C; E. Isolated left paramedian caudal osteoderm MfN MB. R. 4374.1 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by Huene (1922, fig. 87) and assigned by him to a small indeterminate phytosaur; F. Right paramedian osteoderm NHMB N. B. 14 of ' Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri ' from the Rhaetian bone bed of Niederschoenthal (northern Switzerland) figured by Huene (1911 b, Pl. VIII, fig. 2). Note the resemblance of sculpture to B; G. Right paramedian osteoderm MfN MB. R. 4219 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by Huene (1922, fig. 113) and assigned to ' Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri ' by him; H. Left paramedian osteoderm SMNS uncatalogued of Mystriosuchus sp. from the middle Norian Stubensandstein of Aixheim, southwestern Germany; I. Right paramedian osteoderm SMNS 4063 / 7 of Nicrosaurus kapffi from the middle Norian Stubensandstein of Heslach near Stuttgart, south-western Germany. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial; o, osteoderm; v, vertebra." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001484" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">3</figureCitation>
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). A more detailed investigation of the osteoderms of the Lombardian
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<taxonomicName id="E008DB88C8DE38DB8AA3863994AAD764" authorityName="Fraas" authorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" family="Phytosauridae" genus="Mystriosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystriosuchus" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F42DB3728A115B5E793354AEC45156FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Mystriosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimen MCSNB 10087 (
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<bibRefCitation id="0858579BFB6C0D7DC61E4D33ADF44EC0" author="Gozzi, E" journalOrPublisher="Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="475 - 498" refId="B15" refString="Gozzi, E, Renesto, S, 2003. A complete specimen of Mystriosuchus (Reptilia, Phytosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Lombardy (Northern Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 109: 475 - 498" title="A complete specimen of Mystriosuchus (Reptilia, Phytosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Lombardy (Northern Italy)." volume="109" year="2003">Gozzi and Renesto 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) and other articulated and osteoderm-bearing phytosaur skeletons might help to further constrain the anatomical position of the Bonenburg osteoderm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="66A7B05F8B661D76011165E5592D5D00" doi="10.3897/fr.27.e114601.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001484" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph id="280D80B391387447E52BC397A09E0206" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="92B670AF6184E155BC9A4BE115D6D97F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Comparison of selected Rhaetian and Norian phytosaur osteoderms in external view.
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<emphasis id="B1E6EC84FA503385FA893797D079A485" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A.</emphasis>
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WMNM P98442, left paramedian osteoderm from the Rhaetian Bone Bed 2, Exter Formation, Bonenburg, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to C and D;
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<emphasis id="DB1D954380D07E6A0A8C4E814E7A74C7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B.</emphasis>
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MfN MB.R. 2747, five articulated paramedian osteoderms of the left side in association with anterior dorsal vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName id="625B3FB1B1886C1741E039C1AE898235" authorityName="Fraas" authorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" family="Phytosauridae" genus="Mystriosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystriosuchus" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="37014E4F94A6A0C3AC9DC895EFEDCAE9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Mystriosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<bibRefCitation id="7815F178A53DFF53C2A7B85CE0A5A4AB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz014" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="198 - 228" refId="B7" refString="Butler, RJ, Jones, AS, Buffetaut, E, Mandl, GW, Scheyer, TM, Schultz, O, 2019. Description and phylogenetic placement of a new marine species of phytosaur (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Late Triassic of Austria. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 198 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz014" title="Description and phylogenetic placement of a new marine species of phytosaur (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Late Triassic of Austria." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz014" volume="187" year="2019">Butler et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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), Exter Formation, Steinlah near Salzgitter, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to F;
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<emphasis id="24094E161D7456F9C38A93FCEAD568C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C.</emphasis>
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Isolated gular osteoderm MfN MB.R. 4224 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF1BDF68D2A967596F5C85730E75BC73" author="Huene, Fv" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="59 - 160" refId="B19" refString="Huene, Fv, 1922. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 42: 59 - 160" title="Neue Beitra ̈ ge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier." volume="42" year="1922">Huene (1922</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 112) and assigned to '
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<taxonomicName id="454BA7800116CDEE36A75B8131B56CCA" genus="Angistorhinops" lsidName="Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="ruetimeyeri">
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<emphasis id="35980247632300F59E945540B785E87A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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' by him. Note the resemblance of sculpture to A and D;
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<emphasis id="F150028181888737C29C324BDC676619" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D.</emphasis>
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Isolated left paramedian osteoderm MfN MB.R. 4372.1 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt, Germany. Note the resemblance of sculpture to A and C;
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<emphasis id="FCCBFA78B3D284E89F4DE7EDCB5B846F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E.</emphasis>
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Isolated left paramedian caudal osteoderm MfN MB.R. 4374.1 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="2EA2679D9FBF34C77825AB957F859A23" author="Huene, Fv" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="59 - 160" refId="B19" refString="Huene, Fv, 1922. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 42: 59 - 160" title="Neue Beitra ̈ ge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier." volume="42" year="1922">Huene (1922</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 87) and assigned by him to a small indeterminate phytosaur;
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<emphasis id="AB0A2E9950DD356E570364BDDD439798" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F.</emphasis>
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Right paramedian osteoderm NHMB N. B. 14 of '
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<taxonomicName id="79726E76FD6FCE0F69A5226B3AB4DE93" genus="Angistorhinops" lsidName="Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="ruetimeyeri">
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<emphasis id="6DB5B4F7C31B3FE473B291E766418F3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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' from the Rhaetian bone bed of
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<normalizedToken id="A39F0B21A483979AAFDD9CF44808E98E" originalValue="Niederschönthal">Niederschoenthal</normalizedToken>
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(northern Switzerland) figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="87EEBCB6C60E2E58456A92419391E0A2" author="Huene, Fv" journalOrPublisher="Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="67 - 121" refId="B18" refString="Huene, Fv, 1911b. Beitraege zur Kenntnis und Beurteilung der Parasuchier. Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge 10: 67 - 121" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis und Beurteilung der Parasuchier." volume="10" year="1911 b">Huene (1911b</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. VIII, fig. 2). Note the resemblance of sculpture to B;
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<emphasis id="F90749A25F2206B940C624CD518EF265" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">G.</emphasis>
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Right paramedian osteoderm MfN MB.R. 4219 from the Rhaetian of Halberstadt (Germany) figured by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5EC39633B982578377E702F10801CC33" author="Huene, Fv" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="59 - 160" refId="B19" refString="Huene, Fv, 1922. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 42: 59 - 160" title="Neue Beitra ̈ ge zur Kenntnis der Parasuchier." volume="42" year="1922">Huene (1922</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 113) and assigned to '
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<taxonomicName id="B466FECE764B1C2577F5405805067795" genus="Angistorhinops" lsidName="Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="ruetimeyeri">
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|
<emphasis id="1BB85A37B61C9F37312DA8B9A6FD744B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Angistorhinops ruetimeyeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
' by him;
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<emphasis id="2DD3851DC59276AD3DB1CDDF6CDE66D5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">H.</emphasis>
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Left paramedian osteoderm SMNS uncatalogued of
|
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<taxonomicName id="865535DD449086CC754399BB1736CAD7" authorityName="Fraas" authorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" family="Phytosauridae" genus="Mystriosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystriosuchus" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29AABD2724E2CD38B69A4DEEA1882617" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Mystriosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
sp. from the middle Norian Stubensandstein of Aixheim, southwestern Germany;
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|
<emphasis id="7BE035C30AE6B1B8EFCCF0315BD5212C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">I.</emphasis>
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Right paramedian osteoderm SMNS 4063/7 of
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|
<taxonomicName id="771F552BCCABAFEB3C7E38BE02B75D66" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1861" class="Reptilia" family="Phytosauridae" genus="Nicrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nicrosaurus kapffi" order="Phytosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapffi">
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|
<emphasis id="804082539C71ECF69B2EA878474AD02B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nicrosaurus kapffi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
from the middle Norian Stubensandstein of Heslach near Stuttgart, south-western Germany. Abbreviations: a, anterior; m, medial; o, osteoderm; v, vertebra.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |