treatments-xml/data/03/E1/87/03E187AB6B73FFF6FCFDFF3012DB4A2B.xml

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<mods:title>Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Grazia, Jocelia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jocelia@ufrgs.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Schuh, Randall T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wheeler, Ward C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Cladistics</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2008-11-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number>24</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x</mods:identifier>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[836,1474,182,1886]" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">
<heading bold="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" reason="0">
<emphasis box="[836,1257,182,206]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">
<taxonomicName authority="Leach" authorityName="Leach" box="[836,1138,182,206]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">PENTATOMIDAE Leach</taxonomicName>
sensu lato
</emphasis>
(including Aphylinae and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[1014,1165,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[836,1474,182,1886]" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">
<emphasis box="[862,982,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">Historical:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Rolston, L. H. &amp; McDonald, F. J. D." box="[991,1344,243,267]" journalOrPublisher="NY Entomol. Soc." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="189 - 207" part="87" refId="ref31389" refString="Rolston, L. H., McDonald, F. J. D., 1979. Keys and diagnoses for the families of Western Hemisphere Pentatomoidea, subfamilies of Pentatomidae and tribes of Pentatominae (Hemiptera). J. NY Entomol. Soc. 87, 189 - 207." title="Keys and diagnoses for the families of Western Hemisphere Pentatomoidea, subfamilies of Pentatomidae and tribes of Pentatominae (Hemiptera). J" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rolston and 
<collectingCountry box="[1141,1265,243,267]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">McDonald</collectingCountry>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
recognized five subfamilies in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1078,1235,273,297]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
from the Western
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[836,1474,182,1886]" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">
Hemisphere (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1850" box="[1002,1113,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asopinae">Asopinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1860" box="[1140,1329,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discocephalinae">Discocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Barcellos and Grazia" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1355,1469,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Edessinae">Edessinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rider" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[836,996,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentatominae">Pentatominae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1088,1215,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Podopinae">Podopinae</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Slater, J. A." journalOrPublisher="Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" refId="ref32078" refString="Schuh, R. T., Slater, J. A., 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY." title="True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" type="book" year="1995">Schuh and Slater (1995)</bibRefCitation>
included two additional subfamilies from the Eastern Hemisphere (
<taxonomicName box="[1080,1278,395,419]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phyllocephalinae">Phyllocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, and Serbaninae) and included the 
<taxonomicName box="[1039,1189,426,450]" class="Insecta" family="Cyrtocoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtocoridae</taxonomicName>
as a subfamily, giving a total of eight subfamilies. 
<bibRefCitation author="Rolston, L. H." box="[1171,1351,457,481]" journalOrPublisher="NY Entomol. Soc." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="40 - 42" part="89" refId="ref31354" refString="Rolston, L. H., 1981. Ochlerini, a new tribe in Discocephalinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. NY Entomol. Soc. 89, 40 - 42." title="Ochlerini, a new tribe in Discocephalinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J" type="journal article" year="1981">Rolston (1981)</bibRefCitation>
proposed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rolston" authorityYear="1981" box="[836,941,487,511]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ochlerini">Ochlerini</taxonomicName>
as a new tribe in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1860" box="[1139,1329,487,511]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discocephalinae">Discocephalinae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kamaluddin, S. &amp; Ahmad, I." journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="185 - 240" part="22" refId="ref29855" refString="Kamaluddin, S., Ahmad, I., 1988. A revision of the tribe Phyllocephalini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo- Pakistan subcontinent with description for five new species. Orient. Insects 22, 185 - 240." title="A revision of the tribe Phyllocephalini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo- Pakistan subcontinent with description for five new species. Orient" type="journal article" year="1988">Ahmad and Kamaluddin (1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Ahmad, I. &amp; Kamaluddin, S." box="[1065,1119,518,542]" journalOrPublisher="Annot. Zool. Bot. Bratislava" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="1 - 20" part="195" refId="ref27595" refString="Ahmad, I., Kamaluddin, S., 1990. A new tribe for Phyllocephalinae genera Gellia Stal and Tetroda Amyot &amp; Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and their revision. Annot. Zool. Bot. Bratislava 195, 1 - 20." title="A new tribe for Phyllocephalinae genera Gellia Stal and Tetroda Amyot &amp; Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and their revision" type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Kamaluddin, S. &amp; Ahmad, I." journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="185 - 240" part="22" refId="ref29855" refString="Kamaluddin, S., Ahmad, I., 1988. A revision of the tribe Phyllocephalini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo- Pakistan subcontinent with description for five new species. Orient. Insects 22, 185 - 240." title="A revision of the tribe Phyllocephalini (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo- Pakistan subcontinent with description for five new species. Orient" type="journal article" year="1988">Kamaluddin and Ahmad (1988)</bibRefCitation>
established a tribal classification of the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phyllocephalinae">Phyllocephalinae</taxonomicName>
recognizing four tribes: Cressonini, Megarrhamphini, 
<taxonomicName box="[976,1155,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Phyllocephalini">Phyllocephalini</taxonomicName>
, and Tetrodini. In the 
<taxonomicName authority=", Hassan and Kitching (1993)" authorityName=", Hassan and Kitching" authorityYear="1993" box="[836,1338,640,664]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentatominae">
Pentatominae, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hassan, S. A. &amp; Kitching, I. J." box="[1010,1338,640,664]" journalOrPublisher="Jpn. J. Entomol." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="651 - 669" part="61" refId="ref29597" refString="Hassan, S. A., Kitching, I. J., 1993. A cladistic analysis of the tribes of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera). Jpn. J. Entomol. 61, 651 - 669." title="A cladistic analysis of the tribes of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1993">Hassan and Kitching (1993)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
provided a cladistic analysis of some of the tribes but did not propose a revised formal classification. For the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Podopinae">Podopinae</taxonomicName>
, Davidová -Vilimová and Štys (1994) recognized five tribes: Brachycerocorini, Deroploini, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Graphosomatini">Graphosomatini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[894,1001,793,817]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Podopini">Podopini</taxonomicName>
, and Tarisini; 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Slater, J. A." box="[1183,1474,793,817]" journalOrPublisher="Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" refId="ref32078" refString="Schuh, R. T., Slater, J. A., 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY." title="True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" type="book" year="1995">Schuh and Slater (1995)</bibRefCitation>
recognized eight tribes (Aeptini, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1909" box="[1235,1363,823,847]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diemeniini">Diemeniini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1381,1469,823,847]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Halyini">Halyini</taxonomicName>
, Lestonocorini, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1852" box="[1024,1140,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mecideini">Mecideini</taxonomicName>
, Myrocheini, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1327,1469,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pentatomini">Pentatomini</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[896,1015,884,908]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Sciocorini">Sciocorini</taxonomicName>
). Recently, 
<bibRefCitation author="Rider, D. A." box="[1167,1319,884,908]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="802 - 806" part="93" refId="ref31274" refString="Rider, D. A., 2000. Stirotarsinae, new subfamily for Stirotarsus abnormis Bergroth (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93, 802 - 806." title="Stirotarsinae, new subfamily for Stirotarsus abnormis Bergroth (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)" type="journal article" year="2000">Rider (2000)</bibRefCitation>
proposed a new subfamily, 
<taxonomicName authority="Grazia &amp; Schuh &amp; Wheeler, 2008" authorityName="Grazia &amp; Schuh &amp; Wheeler" authorityYear="2008" box="[1022,1170,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Hemiptera (awaiting allocation)" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="975" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="new subfamily" subFamily="Stirotarsinae">Stirotarsinae</taxonomicName>
, for the monotypic genus 
<taxonomicName authority="Bergroth" authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1911" box="[836,1078,945,970]" class="Insecta" family="Hemiptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Stirotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[836,958,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">Stirotarsus</emphasis>
Bergroth
</taxonomicName>
, based on the unique antennal, rostral, and tarsal characters, along with the relatively rare ostiolar, tibial, and spiracular characters. 
<bibRefCitation author="Cassis, G. &amp; Gross, G. F." bookContentInfo="737 pp." editor="Houston, W. W. K. &amp; Wells, A." journalOrPublisher="Melbourne, Australia, Vol. 27.3 B" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" refId="ref28008" refString="Cassis, G., Gross, G. F., 2002. Hemiptera- Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K., Wells, A. (Eds.), Zoological Catalog of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, B. Melbourne, Australia, Vol. 27.3 B, xiv + 737 pp." title="Hemiptera- Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha)" type="book" volumeTitle="Zoological Catalog of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, B" year="2002">Cassis and Gross (2002)</bibRefCitation>
summarized the suprageneric classifications of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[965,1122,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
of some earlier authors who had a broad concept of the family, incorporating the dinidorids, plataspids, tessaratomids, and scutellerids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkaldy, G. W." box="[897,1076,1159,1183]" journalOrPublisher="F. L. Dames, Berlin" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" refId="ref29900" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W., 1909. Catalogue of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with Biological and Anatomical References, List of Food Plants and Parasites, etc. vol. 1 Cimicidae. F. L. Dames, Berlin." title="Catalogue of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with Biological and Anatomical References, List of Food Plants and Parasites, etc. vol. 1 Cimicidae" type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy, 1909</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, N. C. E." box="[1094,1241,1159,1183]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" refId="ref31051" refString="Miller, N. C. E., 1956. The Biology of Heteroptera. Leonard Hill Ltd., London." title="The Biology of Heteroptera. Leonard Hill Ltd" type="book" year="1956">Miller, 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="China, W. E. &amp; Miller, N. C. E." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomol." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="1 - 45" part="8" refId="ref28214" refString="China, W. E., Miller, N. C. E., 1959. Check-list and keys to the families and subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomol. 8, 1 - 45." title="Check-list and keys to the families and subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera" type="journal article" year="1959">
<collectingCountry box="[1258,1327,1159,1183]" name="China" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">China</collectingCountry>
and Miller, 1959
</bibRefCitation>
). Most recently, 
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2006-07-21" author="Rider, D. A." box="[1122,1276,1190,1214]" journalOrPublisher="North Dakota State University" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" publicationUrl="http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/" refId="ref31311" refString="Rider, D. A., 2006. Pentatomoidea Home Page. North Dakota State University. http: // www. ndsu. nodak. edu / ndsu / rider / Pentatomoidea / [accessed on 21 July 2006]." title="Pentatomoidea Home Page" type="url" year="2006">Rider (2006)</bibRefCitation>
recognized ten subfamilies within 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1053,1210,1220,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
[Aphylinae, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1850" box="[1359,1469,1220,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asopinae">Asopinae</taxonomicName>
, Cyrtocorinae, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1860" box="[1007,1196,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discocephalinae">Discocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Barcellos and Grazia" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1214,1328,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Edessinae">Edessinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hassan and Kitching" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentatominae">Pentatominae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[893,1089,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phyllocephalinae">Phyllocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1104,1229,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Podopinae">Podopinae</taxonomicName>
, Serbaninae (see discussion under 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1035,1150,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Phloeidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phloeidae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName authority="Grazia &amp; Schuh &amp; Wheeler, 2008" authorityName="Grazia &amp; Schuh &amp; Wheeler" authorityYear="2008" box="[1254,1403,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Hemiptera (awaiting allocation)" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="975" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="new subfamily" subFamily="Stirotarsinae">Stirotarsinae</taxonomicName>
], the 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hassan and Kitching" authorityYear="1993" box="[836,993,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentatominae">Pentatominae</taxonomicName>
comprising 42 nominal tribes. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gapud, V." journalOrPublisher="Philippine Entomol." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="865 - 961" part="8" refId="ref29174" refString="Gapud, V., 1991. A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomol. 8, 865 - 961." title="A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud (1991)</bibRefCitation>
considered the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1091,1248,1373,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
to be probably the most ‘‘advanced’’ family in the 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[1231,1406,1404,1428]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
, supported by six apomorphies: the dorsally membranous eighth abdominal segment in males, the rigid phallotheca, the vesica without a conjunctival sheath (an extremely variable character within the 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[1295,1470,1526,1550]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
, as are the majority of male genitalic characters), the fixed position of the ejaculatory reservoir on the phallotheca, triangulin present, and the completely fused 2nd valvifers (shared with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1212,1362,1648,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scutelleridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[836,1474,182,1886]" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">
<emphasis box="[862,1106,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">Aphylinae Bergroth:</emphasis>
This exclusively Australian group, known from two genera and three species, was first reported in the description of 
<taxonomicName authority="Bergroth (1906)" authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheticum">
<emphasis box="[1233,1473,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">Aphylum syntheticum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Bergroth, E." box="[836,1020,1770,1794]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Anz." pageId="38" pageNumber="970" pagination="644 - 649" part="29" refId="ref27787" refString="Bergroth, E., 1906. Aphylinae und Hyocephalinae, zwei neue Hemipteren-Subfamilien. Zool. Anz. 29, 644 - 649." title="Aphylinae und Hyocephalinae, zwei neue Hemipteren-Subfamilien" type="journal article" year="1906">Bergroth (1906)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The author proposed a new subfamily, considering 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1906" box="[984,1152,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheticum">
<emphasis box="[984,1152,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="970">A. syntheticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be an isolated taxon combining characters of the pentatomoid family-groups 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[836,984,1862,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="970" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scutellerinae">Scutellerinae</taxonomicName>
, Graphosomatinae, Plataspinae, and Pent-
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[113,752,182,1886]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
atominae. 
<bibRefCitation author="Schouteden, H." box="[233,458,182,206]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="215 - 216" part="50" refId="ref31940" refString="Schouteden, H., 1906 b. Une nouvelle espe`ce du genre Aphylum. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 50, 215 - 216." title="Une nouvelle espe`ce du genre Aphylum" type="journal article" year="1906">Schouteden (1906b)</bibRefCitation>
described the new species 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schouteden" box="[113,250,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bergrothi">
<emphasis box="[113,250,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">A. bergrothi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and was inclined to place Aphylinae in the neighborhood of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[357,505,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scutellerinae">Scutellerinae</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1906" box="[517,617,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[517,617,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Aphylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was monographed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Schouteden, H." box="[249,472,273,297]" editor="Wytsman, M. P." journalOrPublisher="Brussels" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="47" refId="ref31901" refString="Schouteden, H., 1906 a. Heteroptera, Fam. Pentatomidae, Subfam. Aphylinae. In Wytsman, M. P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 47, Brussels." title="Heteroptera, Fam. Pentatomidae, Subfam. Aphylinae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Genera Insectorum, Fasc" year="1906">Schouteden (1906a)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently raised
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[113,752,182,1886]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
to family rank by 
<bibRefCitation author="Reuter, O. M." box="[358,527,304,328]" journalOrPublisher="Finska Vet. - Soc. Forh." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="1 - 54" part="54" refId="ref31243" refString="Reuter, O. M., 1912. Bemerkungen uber mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofv. Finska Vet. - Soc. Forh. 54, 1 - 54." title="Bemerkungen uber mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofv" type="journal article" year="1912">Reuter (1912)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="China, W. E." box="[548,707,304,328]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="204 - 210" part="8" refId="ref28131" refString="China, W. E., 1955. A new genus and species representing a new subfamily of Plataspidae, with notes on the Aphylidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 204 - 210." title="A new genus and species representing a new subfamily of Plataspidae, with notes on the Aphylidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1955">
<collectingCountry box="[548,617,304,328]" name="China" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">China</collectingCountry>
(1955)
</bibRefCitation>
, in establishing his new subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[490,622,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lestoniinae">Lestoniinae</taxonomicName>
under the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dallas" authorityYear="1851" box="[113,269,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plataspididae</taxonomicName>
, compared it to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1906" box="[478,578,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[478,578,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Aphylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="China, W. E." box="[598,751,365,389]" journalOrPublisher="J. Entomol. Soc. Queensland" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="67 - 68" part="2" refId="ref28180" refString="China, W. E., 1963. Lestonia haustorifera China (Hemiptera: Lestoniidae) - a correction. J. Entomol. Soc. Queensland 2, 67 - 68." title="Lestonia haustorifera China (Hemiptera: Lestoniidae) - a correction" type="journal article" year="1963">
<collectingCountry box="[598,667,365,389]" name="China" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">China</collectingCountry>
(1963)
</bibRefCitation>
properly corrected his statement of 1955 concerning the absence of trichobothria in both subfamilies. 
<bibRefCitation author="McDonald, F. J. D." journalOrPublisher="J. Nat. Hist." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="413 - 417" part="4" refId="ref30930" refString="McDonald, F. J. D., 1970. The morphology of Lestonia haustorifera China (Het. Lestoniidae). J. Nat. Hist. 4, 413 - 417." title="The morphology of Lestonia haustorifera China (Het. Lestoniidae)" type="journal article" year="1970">
<collectingCountry box="[626,750,426,450]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">McDonald</collectingCountry>
(1970)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed the morphology and relationships of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bergroth" authorityYear="1906" box="[113,213,487,511]" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Aphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[113,213,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Aphylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gross, G. F." box="[237,394,487,511]" journalOrPublisher="Handbook Flora Fauna South Australia. A. B. James, Adelaide" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" refId="ref29521" refString="Gross, G. F., 1975. Plant Feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia-Heteroptera pt. I. Handbook Flora Fauna South Australia. A. B. James, Adelaide." title="Plant Feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia-Heteroptera pt. I" type="book" year="1975">Gross (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, considering it to be closely related to the pentatomid genera 
<taxonomicName authority="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Tarisa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[544,616,518,542]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Tarisa</emphasis>
Amyot &amp; Serville
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" box="[263,478,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Kumbutha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[263,378,549,573]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Kumbutha</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
, returned the taxon to subfamily status. 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Slater, J. A." box="[324,612,579,603]" journalOrPublisher="Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" refId="ref32078" refString="Schuh, R. T., Slater, J. A., 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY." title="True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" type="book" year="1995">Schuh and Slater (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Cassis, G. &amp; Gross, G. F." bookContentInfo="737 pp." editor="Houston, W. W. K. &amp; Wells, A." journalOrPublisher="Melbourne, Australia, Vol. 27.3 B" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" refId="ref28008" refString="Cassis, G., Gross, G. F., 2002. Hemiptera- Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K., Wells, A. (Eds.), Zoological Catalog of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, B. Melbourne, Australia, Vol. 27.3 B, xiv + 737 pp." title="Hemiptera- Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha)" type="book" volumeTitle="Zoological Catalog of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, B" year="2002">Cassis and Gross (2002)</bibRefCitation>
accepted family rank for the group. Štys and Davidová -Vilimová(2001) described 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stys &amp; Davidova-Vilimova" authorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Aphylidae" genus="Neoaphylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Neoaphylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include the new species 
<taxonomicName authorityName="McDonald" box="[485,586,671,695]" class="Insecta" family="Lestoniidae" genus="Lestonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossi">
<emphasis box="[485,586,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">N. grossi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2006-07-21" author="Rider, D. A." box="[605,750,670,694]" journalOrPublisher="North Dakota State University" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" publicationUrl="http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/" refId="ref31311" refString="Rider, D. A., 2006. Pentatomoidea Home Page. North Dakota State University. http: // www. ndsu. nodak. edu / ndsu / rider / Pentatomoidea / [accessed on 21 July 2006]." title="Pentatomoidea Home Page" type="url" year="2006">Rider (2006)</bibRefCitation>
treated the taxon as a pentatomid subfamily.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[113,752,182,1886]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
<emphasis box="[140,393,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
<taxonomicName authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" box="[140,387,732,756]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae Distant</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
This exclusively Neotropical taxon was recently revised by 
<bibRefCitation author="Packauskas, R. &amp; Schaefer, C. W." journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="363 - 386" part="91" refId="ref31164" refString="Packauskas, R., Schaefer, C. W., 1998. Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91, 363 - 386." title="Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea)" type="journal article" year="1998">Packauskas and Schaefer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
; it includes four genera and 11 species. Besides the record of 
<taxonomicName authority="(Germar)" baseAuthorityName="Germar" box="[313,673,823,848]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Cyrtocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trigonus">
<emphasis box="[313,543,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Cyrtocoris trigonus</emphasis>
(Germar)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion box="[113,229,854,878]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">California</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Banks, N." box="[255,407,854,878]" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, PA" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" refId="ref27672" refString="Banks, N., 1910. Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera Heteroptera. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, PA." title="Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera Heteroptera" type="book" year="1910">Banks, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; Horváth, 1916; 
<bibRefCitation author="Brailovsky, H. &amp; Cervantes, L. &amp; Mayorga, C." journalOrPublisher="An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Auton. Mex., ser. zool." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="537 - 560" part="58" refId="ref27900" refString="Brailovsky, H., Cervantes, L., Mayorga, C., 1988. Hemiptera- Heteroptera de Me'xico XL: La Familia Cyrtocoridae Distant en la estacion de biologia tropical '' Los Tuxtlas' ' (Pentatomoidea). An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Auton. Mex., ser. zool., 58, 537 - 560." title="Hemiptera- Heteroptera de Me'xico XL: La Familia Cyrtocoridae Distant en la estacion de biologia tropical '' Los Tuxtlas' ' (Pentatomoidea)" type="journal article" year="1988">Brailovsky et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="Packauskas, R. &amp; Schaefer, C. W." box="[276,662,884,908]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="363 - 386" part="91" refId="ref31164" refString="Packauskas, R., Schaefer, C. W., 1998. Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91, 363 - 386." title="Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea)" type="journal article" year="1998">Packauskas and Schaefer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
agreed with 
<bibRefCitation author="Henry, T. J. &amp; Froeschner, R. C." box="[172,513,915,939]" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, New York" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" refId="ref29681" refString="Henry, T. J., Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.)., 1988. Catalog of Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York." title="Catalog of Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States" type="book" year="1988">Henry and Froeschner (1988)</bibRefCitation>
that the lack of any subsequent discovery of 
<taxonomicName authority="White" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1842" box="[395,590,945,970]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Cyrtocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[395,512,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Cyrtocoris</emphasis>
White
</taxonomicName>
in the 
<collectingCountry name="United States of America" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">United States</collectingCountry>
makes Bank̕s record suspect. 
<bibRefCitation author="Packauskas, R. &amp; Schaefer, C. W." journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="363 - 386" part="91" refId="ref31164" refString="Packauskas, R., Schaefer, C. W., 1998. Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91, 363 - 386." title="Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea)" type="journal article" year="1998">Packauskas and Schaefer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
stated that 
<bibRefCitation author="Kormilev, N. A." box="[432,621,1006,1030]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parasitol." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="321 - 334" part="2" refId="ref29984" refString="Kormilev, N. A., 1955. La subfamilia Cyrtocorinae Distant en la Argentina (Hemiptera Pentatomoidae) [sic]. Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parasitol. 2, 321 - 334." title="La subfamilia Cyrtocorinae Distant en la Argentina (Hemiptera Pentatomoidae) [sic]" type="journal article" year="1955">Kormilev (1955)</bibRefCitation>
appears to have been the first person to present evidence for raising 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[113,263,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
to family rank as distinct from the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[113,270,1098,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
(based on features of the fore- and hindwing venation, the position of the second abdominal spiracle in the membrane, and the placement of the abdominal trichobothria), allying 
<taxonomicName box="[533,683,1190,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Cyrtocoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtocoridae</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Dolling." authorityYear="1981" box="[113,225,1220,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Cydnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cydnidae</taxonomicName>
; but, at the same time, they argued that placement of the anterior trichobothria lateral to the spiracles, also found in the pentatomid subfamily 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1860" box="[113,302,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discocephalinae">Discocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, represents convergence. The differences in the venation of fore- and hindwings may be an issue of degree; the second abdominal spiracle, lying in the membranous part of the segment, needs a more complete survey, as this situation varies in different groups of pentatomids. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gapud, V." box="[390,549,1465,1489]" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Entomol." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="865 - 961" part="8" refId="ref29174" refString="Gapud, V., 1991. A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomol. 8, 865 - 961." title="A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud (1991)</bibRefCitation>
separated 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
(as a pentatomid subfamily) from the rest of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[113,270,1526,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
by the absence of a triangulin, 2nd valvifers with a distinct median fusion line, and male phallotheca relatively flexible. 
<bibRefCitation author="Packauskas, R. &amp; Schaefer, C. W." journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="363 - 386" part="91" refId="ref31164" refString="Packauskas, R., Schaefer, C. W., 1998. Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91, 363 - 386." title="Revision of the Crytocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea)" type="journal article" year="1998">Packauskas and Schaefer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
considered the presence of a triangulin, 2nd valvifers completely fused, and a rigid phallotheca as apomorphies of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[327,484,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
minus 
<taxonomicName box="[594,748,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Cyrtocoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtocoridae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gapud, V." box="[113,271,1709,1733]" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Entomol." pageId="39" pageNumber="971" pagination="865 - 961" part="8" refId="ref29174" refString="Gapud, V., 1991. A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomol. 8, 865 - 961." title="A generic revision of the subfamily Asopinae with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud (1991)</bibRefCitation>
placed the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[400,550,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[594,751,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[113,249,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">sensu stricto</emphasis>
as the most apical taxa, ‘‘strongly separated from the rest of Pentatomoidea’’ by the loss of first valvulae, the absence of the gonangulum, the invagination and dilation on the spermathecal duct, the retention of membranous flaps of the 2nd valvulae, and the
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[815,1453,182,1397]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">presence of an antero-posterior pair of basal sclerites on the spermathecal base.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[815,1453,182,1397]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
<emphasis box="[841,1032,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Analytical result:</emphasis>
This, the largest family-group within the 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[857,1032,273,297]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
, is resolved as monophyletic in every
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[815,1453,182,1397]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
analysis—except the 16S, 18S, and CO1 partitions—testifying to the strength of character support for it. Morphological characters that consistently support the recognition of a broadly conceived 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1295,1452,396,420]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
include: the loss of gonapophyses 8 and the first rami (
<superScript attach="none" box="[822,860,451,481]" fontSize="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">452</superScript>
), gonapophyses 9 reduced and fused to gonocoxites 9 (
<superScript attach="none" box="[854,892,481,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">492</superScript>
), gonangulum absent (
<superScript attach="none" box="[1189,1227,481,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">502</superScript>
), and the ductus receptaculi dilated and invaginated, forming three distinct walls (
<superScript attach="right" box="[969,1007,542,572]" fontSize="7" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">511</superScript>
). The overall sample of taxa and characters for the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1043,1200,579,603]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
in this study is too small to provide a robust scheme at the subfamily and tribal level. We can comment, however, on the relationships of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[957,1114,670,694]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1123,1260,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">sensu stricto</emphasis>
with the familygroup taxa Aphylinae and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[1127,1280,701,725]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[815,1453,182,1397]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
Discussions of the systematic position and rank of the Aphylinae and Crytocorinae have occupied considerable space in the literature. Many of those discussions have focused on differences instead of similarities. We cannot adduce information from sequence data for these two taxa. We can point out, however, that our morphological analysis offers strong character support for the grouping (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[822,973,945,969]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
(Aphylinae + 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1190,1347,945,969]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">sensu stricto</emphasis>
)). Thus, it would seem that discussions concerning whether or not 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" box="[999,1149,1006,1030]" class="Insecta" family="PENTATOMIDAE" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtocorinae">Cyrtocorinae</taxonomicName>
and Aphylinae should be recognized at the family level, or as part of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
, simply amount to preference regarding degree of difference, rather than a substantive interpretation of relationships. We have chosen to treat both taxa at subfamily rank in recognition of their many shared similarities with the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1042,1199,1190,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1206,1341,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">sensu stricto</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="39.[815,1453,182,1397]" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">
Sister-group relationships of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[1226,1383,1220,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">sensu lato</emphasis>
at the next higher level are not as clear-cut. Nonetheless, the totality of the evidence seems to point towards a sister-group relationship with the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Acanthosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthosomatidae</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName box="[975,1110,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Lestoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lestoniidae</taxonomicName>
, as suggested in 
<figureCitation box="[1316,1448,1342,1366]" captionStart="Figs 45–48. 45" captionStartId="25.[113,152,1786,1805]" captionTargetBox="[141,1425,1005,1754]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 45–48. 45. One of two trees derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 1: 1 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio. 46. Single tree derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 2: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 47. Single tree derived from analysis of ~500 bp of 16S rRNA data using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 48. Single tree derived from analysis of ~1800 bp of 18S rRNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3968615/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="971">Figs 45, 46</figureCitation>
, and 51–53.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>