294 lines
35 KiB
XML
294 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="48AD39437815A816822F8CCD08078CA3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274436" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34ba49f6-55b5-4414-9f26-e491df98bfa7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274436" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459908139372" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matthews, Robert W. & González, Jorge M." docDate="2008" docId="03DBAE07230CFFD15AEFFBEEF02AFDB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01854p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1854" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Melittobia chalybii Ashmead 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFE2D67F230EFFD55A78FFECF500FFAE" masterDocTitle="The acasta conundrum: Polymorphism and taxonomic confusion within the parasitoid genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698229192346" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="20087268E99778AE55694F9ED03E245C">The acasta conundrum: Polymorphism and taxonomic confusion within the parasitoid genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C9CB3DD407BE4F33AF391EBDB6A49B6A">Matthews, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1301E2345113BF852D44BE2459E311F7">González, Jorge M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BB58C99A4405C754753364CEC6135C1B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A2B7D47CF9C267F3102845BFC9255EB6">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DBAE07230CFFD15AEFFBEEF02AFDB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5694388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119373638" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5694388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DBAE07230CFFD15AEFFBEEF02AFDB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DBAE07230CFFD15AEFFBEEF02AFDB2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="C3684C9A230CFFD75AEFFBEEF5FFF9C1" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230CFFD75AEFFBEEF73FFBB2" blockId="2.[151,575,1026,1052]" box="[151,575,1026,1052]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D085A87D230CFFD75AEFFBEEF73FFBB2" bold="true" box="[151,575,1026,1052]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75AEFFBEEF73FFBB2" ID-CoL="72XVS" authority="Ashmead, 1892" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,575,1026,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75AEFFBEEF73FFBB2" bold="true" box="[151,575,1026,1052]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75AEFFBEEF47AFBB2" bold="true" box="[151,378,1026,1052]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Melittobia chalybii</emphasis>
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Ashmead, 1892
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230CFFD75AEFFBA1F5FFF9C1" blockId="2.[151,1437,1101,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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Based on male variability in field collections, we initially hypothesized that
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75E54FBA1F1B4FBC8" box="[1068,1204,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75E54FBA1F1B4FBC8" box="[1068,1204,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. chalybii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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might represent an early- or late-maturing variant among the
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75806FB99F60EFB20" box="[638,782,1141,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75806FB99F60EFB20" box="[638,782,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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brood. Unfortunately, the seven males in Ashmead’s
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75F04FB99F5F6FB18" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75F04FB99F5F6FB18" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. chalybii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230CFFD75A87FB71F45AFB19" box="[255,346,1181,1207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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series were found to be in relatively poor condition, making it difficult to properly assess critical characters. We also found that there were puzzling discrepancies between Dahms’ description and figures, and our observations of key characters on Ashmead’s specimens. However, these incongruities appear to stem from the fact that Dahms’ (1984a) drawings and description of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD7599CFAF9F169FA80" box="[996,1129,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD7599CFAF9F169FA80" box="[996,1129,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. chalybii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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male were made not from the
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<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230CFFD75ABDFAD1F5F8FAF9" box="[197,248,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
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series, but instead from two males he mounted on a slide (deposited in QM) taken from a vial of reared
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75A9FFA89F461FAD0" box="[231,353,1381,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75A9FFA89F461FAD0" box="[231,353,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Melittobia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vouchers deposited by Schmieder in the USNM. We have shown previously that
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230CFFD75F66FA89F4A7FA09" author="Schmieder" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Schmieder, R. G. (1933) The polymorphic forms of Melittobia chalybii Ashmead and the determining factors involved in their production (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 65, 338 - 352." type="journal article" year="1933">Schmieder (1933 and later papers)</bibRefCitation>
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made multiple collections and incorrectly applied the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75E09FA61F1F8FA08" box="[1137,1272,1421,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75E09FA61F1F8FA08" box="[1137,1272,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. chalybii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to all, though in reality he may have had as many as four different species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230CFFD759FCFA59F1DDFA61" author="Gonzalez" box="[900,1245,1461,1487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. & Matthews, R. W. (2002) Life history development and sex ratio of Melittobia australica and M. digitata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on M. rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and Trypoxylon politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist, 35 (1), 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2002">González & Matthews 2002</bibRefCitation>
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); indeed part of Schmieder’s material was included among the specimens Dahms studied and named as
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75EB3FA31F042FA58" box="[1227,1346,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75EB3FA31F042FA58" box="[1227,1346,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. evansi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. While Dahms properly designated a male
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<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230CFFD75831F9E9F7B4F9B1" box="[585,692,1541,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75895F9E9F677F9B0" box="[749,887,1541,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75895F9E9F677F9B0" box="[749,887,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. chalybii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Ashmead’s
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<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230CFFD75E2CF9E9F1AFF9B1" box="[1108,1199,1541,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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series (see below), apparently his description and illustrations of the male were entirely based on the slide-mounted Schmieder material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3684C9A230CFFD15ABDF991F02AFDB2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230CFFD75ABDF991F703F879" blockId="2.[151,1437,1101,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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Comparative examination showed that the males that Dahms mounted from the vial of Schmieder’s vouchers were apparently first-brood individuals; in their antennae form, wing shape, and middle femur setae pattern, they agree closely with our first-brood
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD758A9F921F664F948" box="[721,868,1741,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD758A9F921F664F948" box="[721,868,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males (
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<figureCitation id="13490394230CFFD759BCF921F10EF949" box="[964,1038,1741,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). In fact, Dahms’ drawing of the antennal flagellum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230CFFD75BFAF919F7B5F8A1" author="Dahms" box="[386,693,1781,1807]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 b) A review of the biology of species in the genus Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interpretations and additions using observations on Melittobia australica. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 337 - 360." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Dahms 1984b, his Fig. 12</bibRefCitation>
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) of the slide-mounted, unidentified
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75E26F919F1ABF8A0" box="[1118,1195,1781,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75E26F919F1ABF8A0" box="[1118,1195,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">acasta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group males (which specimens we also examined in this study) nearly matches that of our first-brood
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75E33F8F1F1DCF898" box="[1099,1244,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75E33F8F1F1DCF898" box="[1099,1244,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens (
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<figureCitation id="13490394230CFFD75F14F8F1F5A7F8F1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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a), making it likely that these are first-brood specimens conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75E7CF8A9F196F8F0" box="[1028,1174,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75E7CF8A9F196F8F0" box="[1028,1174,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. femorata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75EB8F8A9F067F8F0" box="[1216,1383,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75EB8F8A9F067F8F0" box="[1216,1383,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. megachilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, see below). However, there was considerable variation in the first funicular segment among the first-brood males (
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<figureCitation id="13490394230CFFD75AE7F879F5E5F801" box="[159,229,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,314,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1397,314,1762]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Variation in M. megachilis from a single culture. a – c: antennae of different first-brood males, showing range of variation. d: antenna of second-brood male. e: forewing of first-brood male. f: forewing of second-brood male. g: middle leg of first-brood male. h: middle leg of second-brood male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274438/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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a–c); this would result in some specimens keying mistakenly to Dahms’ couplet 11, forcing a choice of either
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75A99F851F463F878" box="[225,355,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapata">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75A99F851F463F878" box="[225,355,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. scapata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230CFFD75BF2F851F4FCF878" box="[394,508,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230CFFD75BF2F851F4FCF878" box="[394,508,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. evansi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0D4F99230DFFD65AEFFC1AF5C0FBFD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274437/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[151,1435,197,987]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230DFFD65AEFFC1AF5C0FBFD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1014,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65AEFFC1AF419FBA0" bold="true" box="[151,281,1014,1038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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Examples of
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<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65BD4FC1BF71BFBA0" box="[428,539,1015,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65BD4FC1BF71BFBA0" box="[428,539,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Melittobia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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polymorphism. a: long-winged (MF) female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65E65FC1BF1E6FBA0" box="[1053,1254,1015,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65E65FC1BF1E6FBA0" box="[1053,1254,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Melittobia digitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; b: short-winged (BF)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65AA9FBF6F448FB9F" box="[209,328,1050,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65AA9FBF6F448FB9F" box="[209,328,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. digitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; c: second-brood male of
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD6581BFBF6F68DFB9F" box="[611,909,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD6581BFBF6F7E7FB9F" box="[611,743,1050,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">M. femorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65969FBF6F685FB9F" box="[785,901,1050,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">megachilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; d: first-brood male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65EF3FBF6F00FFB9F" box="[1163,1295,1050,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">M. femorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65F41FBF6F5B3FBFD" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">megachilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230DFFD65ABEFB6BF617F906" blockId="3.[151,1437,1159,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Despite this male variability, however, our reared females from the early and late samples of MF brood were virtually identical in all morphological characters and measurements, and none shared the suite of morphological characteristics that Dahms used to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65923FB3BF6E5FB5E" box="[859,997,1239,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65923FB3BF6E5FB5E" box="[859,997,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dahms’ (1984a) key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65F5AFB3BF09CFB5E" box="[1314,1436,1239,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65F5AFB3BF09CFB5E" box="[1314,1436,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Melittobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, couplet 5, separates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65B8EFB13F77EFAB6" box="[502,638,1279,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65B8EFB13F77EFAB6" box="[502,638,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65902FB13F6C6FAB6" box="[890,966,1279,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65902FB13F6C6FAB6" box="[890,966,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as having “eyes densely clothed with long setae” versus “eyes relatively bare, with a few short scattered setae.” Eye hairiness varied from absent to scant in our field-collected and laboratory-reared samples, but was never as distinct and dense as we confirmed for the six females in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65837FA9BF7D7FA3E" box="[591,727,1399,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65837FA9BF7D7FA3E" box="[591,727,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230DFFD65898FA9BF63BFA3F" box="[736,827,1399,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
series. In addition to hirsute eyes, head shape was generally more rounded, particularly the genal-clypeal margin. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65E5AFA73F1C9FA16" box="[1058,1225,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65E5AFA73F1C9FA16" box="[1058,1225,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65F7BFA73F094FA16" box="[1283,1428,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65F7BFA73F094FA16" box="[1283,1428,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the female antennae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65BD7FA2BF736FA4E" box="[431,566,1479,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65BD7FA2BF736FA4E" box="[431,566,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have distinctly fewer multiporous plate sensilla on the three funicle segments according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230DFFD65BF9FA03F73BF9A7" author="Dahms" box="[385,571,1519,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Comparison of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65954FA03F6B3F9A6" box="[812,947,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65954FA03F6B3F9A6" box="[812,947,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230DFFD659C3FA03F6EEF9A7" box="[955,1006,1519,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material to our reared and collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65AEFF9FBF429F99E" box="[151,297,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65AEFF9FBF429F99E" box="[151,297,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230DFFD65858F9FBF752F99F" box="[544,594,1559,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material, the submedian lobes of the scutellum had more setae (3 to 5 versus
|
||
<quantity id="4C8AB2F4230DFFD65A93F9D3F436F9F7" box="[235,310,1599,1625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 in</quantity>
|
||
ours), and the submarginal vein of the forewing had more setae (5 to 6 versus
|
||
<quantity id="4C8AB2F4230DFFD65E92F9D3F050F9F7" box="[1258,1360,1599,1625]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="0.762" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 5 in</quantity>
|
||
ours). Thus, based on our measurements and Dahms’ descriptions, support for synonymy of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65E9CF98BF069F92E" box="[1252,1385,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65E9CF98BF069F92E" box="[1252,1385,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65AEFF963F428F906" box="[151,296,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65AEFF963F428F906" box="[151,296,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65B31F963F4EFF906" box="[329,495,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65B31F963F4EFF906" box="[329,495,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see below) is equivocal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230DFFD65ABDF95BF1FCF837" blockId="3.[151,1437,1159,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Therefore, at this time it seems premature to synonymize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD6591BF95BF6E7F97E" box="[867,999,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD6591BF95BF6E7F97E" box="[867,999,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65E4FF95BF1C8F97E" box="[1079,1224,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65E4FF95BF1C8F97E" box="[1079,1224,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. femorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65E97F95BF095F97E" box="[1263,1429,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65E97F95BF095F97E" box="[1263,1429,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. megachilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see below), although the possibility remains open that it is a variant of
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD659A1F933F187F956" box="[985,1159,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD659A1F933F183F956" box="[985,1155,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megachilis">M. megachilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65F53F933F5B6F88E" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65F53F933F5B6F88E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were essentially nonexistent in our
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65820F8EBF7CFF88E" box="[600,719,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Trypoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65820F8EBF7CFF88E" box="[600,719,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">T. politum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
host samples suggests that to better understand these supposedly common polyphagous parasitoids, future field studies should focus upon different host complexes and habitats (e.g., cavity nesting aculeates). Whether the apparent morphological differences reflect true species differences or simply nutritionally or environmentally induced variation awaits further research.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD1F11230DFFD15ABDF84BF02AFDB2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1159,2025]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,540]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
A footnote to all this is the matter of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230DFFD658DFF84BF7D9F86F" box="[679,729,1959,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230DFFD65919F84BF6E8F86E" box="[865,1000,1959,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230DFFD65919F84BF6E8F86E" box="[865,1000,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which Ashmead listed only as “Virginia” in his original description. As was often customary in that era, he did not state how many specimens were included in his
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD15BF6FF74F4C1FF1C" box="[398,449,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, nor did he designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD1595FFF74F692FF1C" box="[807,914,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In the USNM collection there are 14 pointmounted specimens, six females and eight males that appear to constitute the material from which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C726492230AFFD15F6FFF2CF09DFF77" box="[1303,1437,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906C303230AFFD15F6FFF2CF09DFF77" box="[1303,1437,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">M. chalybii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described.. Only some of the specimens bear Ashmead’s handwritten labels and only seven bear a typewritten “Va.” label (we suspect that they were added by subsequent workers, apparently a common practice in the early 20th century).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE362E0230AFFD15BDFFED6F75CFEFA" author="Dahms" box="[423,604,314,340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984 a) Revision of the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea; Eulophidae) with the description of seven new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 271 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Dahms (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied six “Va.” labeled specimens (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D74D498230AFFD15E62FED6F175FEFA" box="[1050,1141,314,340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D74D498230AFFD15ED7FED6F025FEFA" box="[1199,1317,314,340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
), and designated one male as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD15BEAFE8EF701FED2" box="[402,513,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and the other five specimens as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD159EFFE8EF144FED2" box="[919,1092,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. In his listing of these
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C9A1B3230AFFD15F26FE8EF09CFED2" box="[1374,1436,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">types</typeStatus>
|
||
Dahms’ added new locality information, "Bladensb. VA”, he found on Ashmead’s handwritten labels on some specimens. However, both Ashmead and Dahms were in error because Bladensburg is not in Virginia, but is a suburb of Washington, District of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3655F81230AFFD15856FE36F7A5FE5A" box="[558,677,474,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, falling in Maryland. (In fairness to Dahms, Ashmead's flowing handwriting of the letters "Md" (or perhaps they really were “Va”) could easily be misread as "Va".)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |