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<mods:title id="1624CFD2CAD46824F18B0DDFA2664E94">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD15296C6A63FFA7FF1AFE08DC9EA41A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679572" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679572" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A63FFA7FF1AFE08DC9EA41A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A63FFA7FF1AFE08DC9EA41A" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FF99FF1AFE08DA5FA4AE" box="[151,522,477,503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF1AFE08DA5FA4AE" blockId="31.[151,522,477,539]" box="[151,522,477,503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A63FF99FF1AFE08DA5FA4AE" bold="true" box="[151,522,477,503]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FF1AFE08DA5FA4AE" ID-CoL="GVQ" ID-ENA="286519" authority="Prado, 1969" authorityName="Prado" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,522,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF1AFE08DA5FA4AE" bold="true" box="[151,522,477,503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Syringogastridae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FEF9FE08DA5FA4AE" author="Prado, A. P. do" box="[372,522,477,503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref92025" refString="Prado, A. P. do (1969) Syringogastridae, uma nova familia de dipteros Acalyptratae, com a desricao de seis especies novas do genero Syringogaster Cresson. Studia Entomologica, 12 (14), 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1969">Prado, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FF99FF1AFDD4D92EA742" box="[151,379,513,539]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF1AFDD4D92EA742" blockId="31.[151,522,477,539]" box="[151,379,513,539]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FF12FDD4D968A742" box="[159,317,513,539]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 124–133" captionStart-1="FIGURES 134–139" captionStart-2="FIGURES 140–142" captionStartId-0="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="111.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionStartId-2="112.[151,264,1972,1997]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1422,180,1778]" captionTargetBox-2="[182,1395,181,1940]" captionTargetId-0="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@111.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetId-2="figure@112.[169,1419,166,1952]" captionTargetPageId-0="110" captionTargetPageId-1="111" captionTargetPageId-2="112" captionText-0="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 134–139. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype, terminalia; 134: sternites 6–8, ventral; 135: same, left lateral; 136: external genitalia, anterior; 137: ejaculatory apodeme; 138: internal genitalia, ventral; 139: same, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 140–142. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), female paratype, abdomen; 140: ventral; 141: lateral; 142: internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670800" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670802" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670800/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670802/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 124–142</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FEC5FDD4D921A742" box="[328,372,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">404</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FF99FF1AFD90D9BEA725" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF1AFD90D9BEA725" blockId="31.[151,1437,580,636]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF1AFD90D94CA704" bold="true" box="[151,281,581,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A63FF99FF1AFD90D899A704" box="[151,204,581,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FE92FD93DA21A704" ID-CoL="7RJW" authority="Cresson 1912: 392" authorityName="Cresson" authorityPageNumber="392" authorityYear="1912" box="[287,628,581,605]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FE92FD93D9F8A704" box="[287,429,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Syringogaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FE39FD90DA21A704" author="Cresson, E. T." box="[436,628,581,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref78455" refString="Cresson, E. T. (1912) Descriptions of several new neotropical acalyptrate Diptera. Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphian, 23, 389 - 396." type="journal article" year="1912">Cresson 1912: 392</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FD13FD91DB6AA704" author="Prado, A. P. do" box="[670,831,580,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref92025" refString="Prado, A. P. do (1969) Syringogastridae, uma nova familia de dipteros Acalyptratae, com a desricao de seis especies novas do genero Syringogaster Cresson. Studia Entomologica, 12 (14), 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1969">Prado (1969: 1)</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FCC7FD90DC6CA704" bold="true" box="[842,1081,580,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A63FF99FCC7FD90DB2AA704" box="[842,895,581,605]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FBB2FD93D8BAA725" ID-CoL="542MV" authority="Cresson, 1912: 393" authorityName="Cresson" authorityPageNumber="393" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FBB2FD93DCABA704" box="[1087,1278,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Syringogaster rufa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FA89FD90D8BAA725" author="Cresson, E. T." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref78455" refString="Cresson, E. T. (1912) Descriptions of several new neotropical acalyptrate Diptera. Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphian, 23, 389 - 396." type="journal article" year="1912">Cresson, 1912: 393</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FF99FF1AFD7FDAEEA60D" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF1AFD7FDAEEA60D" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FF1AFD7FD900A79D" authorityName="Prado" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,341,682,708]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
is a small, well-defined family of 22 extant and two fossil species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FB43FD7EDD3EA79C" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1912" box="[1230,1387,683,709]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FB43FD7EDD3EA79C" box="[1230,1387,683,709]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Syringogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that was last revised by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FEFAFD1BDA27A7B1" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[375,626,718,744]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FE6EFD1ADA49A7B1" box="[483,540,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FDF3FD1BDB23A7B1" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[638,886,718,744]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FD64FD1ADB76A7B1" box="[745,803,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
described 11 new species and divided the genus into four species groups following a phylogenetic analysis, with one of these groups consisting of the two known fossil species discovered in Dominican amber. Species are found throughout the Neotropics, with
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FB62FCC2D888A60D" authority="Feijen" authorityName="Feijen" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subnearctica">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FB62FCC2DDC8A669" box="[1263,1437,790,817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. subnearctica</emphasis>
Feijen
</taxonomicName>
narrowly extending into Nearctic
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A63FF99FDD3FCEFDAE2A60D" box="[606,695,826,852]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FF99FF4AFC88DA46A015" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF4AFC88DC17A071" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF4AFC88D972A621" bold="true" box="[199,295,861,888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Biology.</emphasis>
Most species are found below
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(but rarely up to
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) in lowland tropical forests, often on or underneath large leaves. Adults are uncommonly encountered but they can be abundant locally, sometimes as multispecies assemblages; while most are found singly, they sometimes occur in large groups, possibly representing mating aggregations (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FED3FC1FDA1DA6BD" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[350,584,970,996]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FE44FC1EDA52A6BD" box="[457,519,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.,</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FDDEFC1FDB0BA6BD" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M." box="[595,862,970,996]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="843 - 846" refId="ref87999" refString="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. (2010) 61: Syringogastridae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Woodley, N. E. &amp; Zum- bado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 843 - 846." type="book chapter" year="2010">Marshall &amp; Buck, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Adults have been attracted to sprayed maple syrup solutions and collected at extra-floral nectaries (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FD22FC3BDBC8A151" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[687,925,1006,1032]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FC96FC3ADB0CA151" box="[795,857,1006,1032]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.,</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). “Bubbling” behaviour between mating pairs been observed, and females in mating aggregations were seen with swollen abdomens that were perhaps filled with honeydew (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FE97FBE3DA59A109" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[282,524,1078,1104]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FE0AFBE2D992A109" box="[391,455,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.,</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Large numbers of one species were collected on “low, lush vegetation flanking a sea-level path”, and other specimens have been collected in primary forest, secondary forest, a garden, a swampy area at a forest edge, on foliage and “on pendulous
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FD61FBABDB0FA1C1" box="[748,858,1150,1176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FD61FBABDB0FA1C1" box="[748,858,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Heliconia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inflorescences” (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FBADFBABDD43A1C1" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[1056,1302,1150,1177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FB02FBAADC9CA1C1" box="[1167,1225,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Adults resemble pale to dark ants, a similarity exaggerated by their wing shape and pattern; field observations report very accurate ant-like walking behaviour (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FDB1FB13DAA4A1B9" author="Papavero, N." box="[572,753,1222,1248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="110 - 113" refId="ref91488" refString="Papavero, N. (1964) Notes on the myrmecomimicry of Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Diptera, Acalyptratae, Megamerinidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologica, Sao Paulo, 16 (12), 110 - 113." type="journal article" year="1964">Papavero, 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FD70FB13DBB8A1B9" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[765,1005,1222,1249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FCE4FB12DBF6A1B9" box="[873,931,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FC74FB13DD5FA1B9" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M." box="[1017,1290,1222,1248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="843 - 846" refId="ref87999" refString="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. (2010) 61: Syringogastridae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Woodley, N. E. &amp; Zum- bado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 843 - 846." type="book chapter" year="2010">Marshall &amp; Buck, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae and puparia are unknown, but eggs of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FD9BFB3EDAC2A05D" box="[534,663,1258,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atricalyx">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FD9BFB3EDAC2A05D" box="[534,663,1258,1285]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. atricalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(photographed) and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FC0CFB3EDBB5A05D" authorityName="Prado" authorityYear="1969" box="[897,992,1258,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" genus="Syringogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lopesi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FC0CFB3EDBDAA05C" box="[897,911,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FC10FB3FDBB5A05D" box="[925,992,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">lopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are described in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FB2DFB3FDDCDA05D" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[1184,1432,1258,1284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FA86FB3EDD11A05D" box="[1291,1348,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
, and the egg of an unidentified species is briefly described in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A63FF99FCCDFADBDC6BA071" author="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R." box="[832,1086,1294,1320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref89380" refString="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 325 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00181" type="journal article" year="2002">Meier &amp; Baker (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF4AFAE7DA46A015" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" box="[199,531,1330,1356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF4AFAE7D9C3A015" bold="true" box="[199,406,1330,1356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A63FFA7FF4AFA80DC9EA41A" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF4AFA80DB93A381" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF4AFA80D9C4A029" bold="true" box="[199,401,1365,1392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Adult Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Small, slender, ant-like (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FD34FA83DB08A029" box="[697,861,1366,1392]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 124–128</figureCitation>
); wing length 4.0–6.0mm. Colour yellow to dark brown or partially patterned. Inner verticals, fronto-orbitals, postocellars, vibrissae and most thoracic setae absent, excluding apical scutellar and posterior supra-alar. Antenna elbowed with first flagellomere slightly elongate; pedicel with dorsal seam. Back of head with supracervical collar and anterior portion of pronotum produced into short “neck”. Thorax mostly smooth; with sharp humeral and supra-alar carinae; posterior spiracle with surrounding ridge and processes. Precoxal bridge present; postmetacoxal bridge present; thorax produced at narrow point of attachment to abdomen. Enlarged hind femur with two rows of spines ventrally; hind tibia curved and with double sclerotized ridge ventrally (separate, not united as in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A63FF99FD69F987DBCCA334" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[740,921,1618,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
); fore and mid femora with row of glands posteroventrally (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FEB8F9A3D9C2A3C9" box="[309,407,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
); mid and hind tarsi with “sawlines” (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FCB7F9A3DBC9A3C9" box="[826,924,1653,1680]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 125</figureCitation>
). Wing variably patterned; alula absent; upper calypter margin pubescent, not long-haired; sc incomplete; costa unbroken (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FC6BF94FDC1CA3ED" box="[998,1097,1690,1716]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 404</figureCitation>
). Abdomen petiolate with segments 1–3(4) fused; external terminalia small, on underside of abdomen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FF99FF4AF934DC18A21D" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF4AF934D9DEA3A5" bold="true" box="[199,395,1761,1788]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Adult Definition</emphasis>
. Wing length 4.0–6.0mm. Ant-like, with form accentuated by slender petiolate abdomen and narrow patterned wings closely appressed to body (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A63FF99FD58F8D3DB21A279" box="[725,884,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 124–128</figureCitation>
). Colour yellow or reddish-orange with brownish to dark brown pattern, sometimes mostly dark and/or with light yellow to white legs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A63FFA6FF4AF89BDC59A4F6" blockId="31.[151,1437,682,2041]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="07C844686A63FF99FF4AF89BD912A231" box="[199,327,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 0 inner vertical; 1 outer vertical; 0 fronto-orbitals; 0–1 ocellar (short to very long); 0 postocellars; vibrissa absent, but vibrissal angle sometimes with prominent setae. 0 presutural intra-alars; 0 postpronotals; 0 anterior notopleurals; 0–1 small, setula-like posterior notopleural; 1 posterior supra-alar (on minute tubercle); 0 posterior intra-alars; 0 dorsocentrals; 0 acrostichals; 1 scutellar (on minute tubercle); 0 proepisternals; 0 anepisternals; 0 katepisternals. Parafacial and pedicel without outstanding setae. Back of head microsetulose. Metanotum and dorsal regions of pleuron microsetulose (remainder of pleuron glabrous); pleuron with scattered thin setae that are concentrated anteroventrally and on metapleuron, and on femora and abdomen. Posterior spiracle with dense setulae and several golden hair-like setae. Fore femur with anteroventral row of 2–12 small, stout pointed spinules, and sometimes with single posteroventral spinule; distal posteroventral margin also with rows of gland openings (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FF2DFEFCD957A41A" box="[160,258,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
). Hind femur with with both anteroventral and posteroventral rows of 4–15 spinules. Fore tibia with short brush of densely clustered pale setulae. Mid tibia with small ventroapical seta. Mid and hind tarsi with “sawlines” (longitudinal rows of dark, flattened setae;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FDF5FEA4DA87A4D2" box="[632,722,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 125</figureCitation>
)—present on anterior and posterior surfaces of basal 3–4 tarsomeres on mid and hind legs, excluding posterior surface of hind basitarsomere.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AFE6CDB27A796" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AFE6CD951A48A" box="[199,260,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Head</emphasis>
. Head partially globose with back of head mostly to partially flat. Antenna elbowed; pedicel with dorsal seam; first flagellomere elongate (2–3 times longer than wide), flat, dorsally carinate; arista sparsely short plumose (possibly bipectinate). Ocellar triangle glabrous or tomentose, nearly attaining anterior margin of frons; orbital plate not differentiated; remainder of frons matte and minutely setulose with setulae sometimes slightly longer anteromedially (never appearing as interfrontals); ocelli separated from vertex by area approximately as long as tubercle. Face narrow; microscales occurring at least medially; gena shallow; parafacial narrow, tomentose. Clypeus large, prominent; palpus narrow, subcylindrical. Back of head with short collar derived from semicircular carina with dorsomedial patch of microsetulae. Anterior ommatidia enlarged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AFD0CD998A14A" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AFD0CD94DA7AA" box="[199,280,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thorax</emphasis>
. Pronotal collar present, meeting corresponding process on back of head. Proepisternum shifted dorsally, displacing postpronotum posteriorly. Scutum with humeral and supra-alar carinae; notopleural and anepisternal junction sometimes also with carina (“notopleural carina”); scutum slightly bulging lateral to dorsocentral rows, sometimes obvious as one pair of flat ovate notopleural and supra-alar pads. Katatergite flat. Precoxal bridge present with suture between prosternum and proepisternum absent, setulose laterally, surface raised; postmetacoxal bridge present, fused to metasternum between hind coxae. Scutellum small, short, preceded by deep anterior and lateral grooves; subscutellum vestigial to absent. Greater ampulla absent. Metanotum with high, narrow cylindrical process meeting abdomen. Posterior spiracle prominent; flanked ventrally by bilobed ridge and anteriorly by two processes separated by circular notch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AFBCBDB97A19E" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AFBCBD954A16E" box="[199,257,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FE9BFBC8D923A16E" box="[278,374,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 404</figureCitation>
) Narrow, slender, wth alula and anal lobe highly reduced. Patterned with three coalescing transverse bands, or dark with three clear transverse spots. Vein bm-m absent or faint. CuA straight to shallowly rounded. Cell
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF40FBB3D8B2A126" box="[205,231,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">cu</emphasis>
a exceeding bm by usually more than length of CuA+CuP. M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A5CFFA6FC16FBA3DBF6A1DD" attach="left" box="[923,931,1142,1156]" fontSize="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">4</subScript>
not reaching wing margin; CuA+CuP some- times absent or reaching wing margin as weak vein or fold.
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A5CFFA6FCC0FB5CDBD8A1FA" box="[845,909,1161,1187]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Costa</collectingRegion>
unbroken; sc incomplete, sometimes partially coalescing with R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A5CFFA6FEEDFB6BD93DA195" attach="left" box="[352,360,1214,1228]" fontSize="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
. Calypter reduced with short to medium-length hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AFB07DAD4A022" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AFB07D8A9A1B2" box="[199,252,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Legs</emphasis>
. Legs slender with hind femur swollen; hind tibia correspondingly curved and stout with two ventral rows of black sclerotized ridges (separate, not fused), apically with shallow triangular process. Fore coxa broadly separated from mid coxa, inserted ventrolateral to shallow collar. Fore and mid femora with posteroventral row of gland openings; glands clustered in circular pits (often along distinctly raised surface), with ducts long, narrow and with slightly widened apical chamber (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FD9FFAB4DA21A022" box="[530,628,1377,1403]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AFA50DC26A376" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AFA50D964A0C6" box="[199,305,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Abdomen petiolate, widest past T3 and narrowed at pregenital segments, under which the terminalia is partially to mostly hidden (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FE51FA7CDA2FA09A" box="[476,634,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURES 140–142" captionStartId="112.[151,264,1972,1997]" captionTargetBox="[182,1395,181,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@112.[169,1419,166,1952]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="FIGURES 140–142. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), female paratype, abdomen; 140: ventral; 141: lateral; 142: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670802/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs 140–141</figureCitation>
); T3 and sometimes also T4 fused to syntergite T1+2, suture past T1 and sometimes T2 absent. Sternites much narrower than tergites, sometimes weakly sclerotized and mostly indistinct aside from presence of setae; wider than long past segment 4; S1 with very small, dark transverse posterolateral ridge. Spiracle
<quantity id="F244359F6A5CFFA6FECCF9C0D939A376" box="[321,364,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
margin of tergite, spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A5CFFA6FD28F9C0DAB9A376" box="[677,748,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 in</quantity>
membrane, spiracles 5–7 variable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5CFFA6FF4AF9ECDD3CA286" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5CFFA6FF4AF9ECD938A30A" box="[199,365,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5CFFA6FE0EF9ECDA75A30A" box="[387,544,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 134–139" captionStartId="111.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,180,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURES 134–139. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype, terminalia; 134: sternites 6–8, ventral; 135: same, left lateral; 136: external genitalia, anterior; 137: ejaculatory apodeme; 138: internal genitalia, ventral; 139: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670800/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs 134–139</figureCitation>
) S6 of variable shape, sometimes reduced or medially divided. S8 short, bandlike, fused to narrower, ventral S7, essentially symmetrical, enclosing 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A5CFFA6FC36F989DB9DA333" attach="left" box="[955,968,1628,1642]" fontSize="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">th</superScript>
spiracles. Epandrial sides often subparallel medially and sometimes with one pair of marginal dorsolateral lobes. Cerci small but well-developed, usually fused along most of length. Surstylus movable, usually more than half length of epandrium, often rounded apically, sometimes narrow. Subepandrial sclerite reduced to one pair of small lateral sclerites connected by broad membrane. Hypandrium with arms joined posterodorsally and anterior bridge usually complete; setose with pronounced ventrobasal lobe. Phallapodeme well-developed, slightly carinate apically; usually separate from hypandrium, with slender processes (“phallic guides”) reaching hypandrium. Pregonite lobate, setulose, articulating with hypandrium. Postgonite dark, rod-like, extending from base of phallapodeme to pregonite. Basiphallus large, wedge-shaped. Epiphallus absent. Distiphallus broad with apex sac-like, twisted and spinulose; with one pair of ventral bands. Ejaculatory apodeme with pale blade sometimes reduced, stem sometimes with medial setula-like structures; sperm pump shallow, venter with ill-defined sclerotization sometimes cup-like, sometimes extending to base of duct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5DFFA7FF4AFF4CDC9EA41A" blockId="33.[151,1436,153,323]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5DFFA7FF4AFF4CD9D3A5EA" box="[199,390,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5DFFA7FE11FF4CDA6DA5EA" box="[412,568,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURES 140–142" captionStartId="112.[151,264,1972,1997]" captionTargetBox="[182,1395,181,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@112.[169,1419,166,1952]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="FIGURES 140–142. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), female paratype, abdomen; 140: ventral; 141: lateral; 142: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670802/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 140–142</figureCitation>
) T7 and T8 short, wide. T10 and S10 simple, short. Terminal segments short, barely telescoping. Cercus narrow, relatively long and thin. Spermathecae telescoped and transversely wrinkled, in two pairs on long duct with short apical branches (paired bodies close, contiguous or fused); spermatheca and apex of duct pigmented. Ventral receptacle short, sac-like. Apex of genital chamber with lightly sclerotized dome (“vagi- nal plate” in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5DFFA7FEAAFEFCDA70A41A" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D." box="[295,549,297,323]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref87940" refString="Marshall, S. A., Buck, M., Skevington, J. &amp; Grimaldi, D. (2009) A revision of the family Syringogastridae (Diptera: Diopsoidea). Zootaxa, 1996 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1996.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Marshall
<emphasis id="07C844686A5DFFA7FE1FFEFFD996A41A" box="[402,451,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2009))
</bibRefCitation>
arched over shallow laterovental elaborations of membrane.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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