plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/BD/15/29/BD15296C6A5FFFA0FF1AFB04DC30A7F2.xml
maintenance 7c80d68289 added BD
2024-06-21 12:49:50 +02:00

620 lines
91 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="31220F60A7754F4CDD6FC8D8B9D2EAC3" ID-CLB-Dataset="24000" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffaf3b73-8bfe-499d-9073-0ce8c104e078" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3670762" ID-ZooBank="BD52DF91-3A7E-46FB-8975-38A67BFBBD61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581952963911" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lonsdale, Owen" docDate="2020" docId="BD15296C6A5FFFA0FF1AFB04DC30A7F2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4735.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4735 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Fergusoninidae Tonnoir 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="412C51146A7CFF86FF8DFFD5D855A559" masterDocTitle="Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships" masterLastPageNumber="177" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698783921049" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="72952BED8B52DEB776B7C932837BF417" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="BBFAB79D5345E02AE13C37B0083C5511">
<mods:title id="6677067860640BDC84ABBDB10CE69CED">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="824A153E105EC6C78275C2BB3650ABDB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="376D5DA16F5DFF2A2D3E2E31C842DCB8">
<mods:roleTerm id="E1C03B028BB9970FB80CA0EBB0816D93">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="40782387F80C6203D8A795B087211C40">Lonsdale, Owen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7206E19D6B297D474DF903B48449927E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="BEC0AA36F8FF943ED84A929D6B176B77" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="65EE645A128174D836AC2BAE104D528F">
<mods:title id="BA10B6D35602323A2A0BB81F72E1F9D2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="DA7A790E3CAFF5F0538928BD53BE6C77">
<mods:date id="41A1F488DD118A560140775DD9359044">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="30B0FC444DC59B11A1832EB911ED7ECD" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="BA414039AEC4A2CCA23029C61A59BDD7">2020-02-17</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="CF506AB182FF7F7DF6C1A79A3F0D445D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3AC985FACF24B0F75D208566B55CA7F4">4735</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="E949E0F265B7578CBE616C2E6B31C4A0" type="issue">
<mods:number id="33E42949E3FE22F6B6030435FE0CAF47">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="2618BA82264B83E05F46CC49207AC953" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E034310C65A89CB205B3076E949E5A45">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="48EA28FFC3FFA0833AFF4F8369772A2E">177</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="39C0B055C733895121BFBFF0580D3661">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="339F5CAC26CB50E471BF5774F4BCBFCD" type="CLB-Dataset">24000</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="71BC24E85B1C2200D7D12499E828A0D9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E292173E902349BBD8710C748AAF0EAC" type="GBIF-Dataset">ffaf3b73-8bfe-499d-9073-0ce8c104e078</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="27A5C486F9680B2F49A47FA90C56A82F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3E49C1E007ACD9D1CDD13DE2CA84FB52" type="Zenodo-Dep">3670762</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DCAFF1F9AC36E92676915C2D940F7740" type="ZooBank">BD52DF91-3A7E-46FB-8975-38A67BFBBD61</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="BD15296C6A5FFFA0FF1AFB04DC30A7F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679568" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147174" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679568" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A5FFFA0FF1AFB04DC30A7F2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A5FFFA0FF1AFB04DC30A7F2" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A5FFFA5FF1AFB04DA5EA1B2" box="[151,523,1233,1259]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA5FF1AFB04DA5EA1B2" blockId="35.[151,523,1233,1295]" box="[151,523,1233,1259]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A5FFFA5FF1AFB04DA5EA1B2" bold="true" box="[151,523,1233,1259]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FF1AFB04DA5EA1B2" ID-CoL="62442" ID-ENA="156410" authority="Tonnoir, 1937" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,523,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FF1AFB04DA5EA1B2" bold="true" box="[151,523,1233,1259]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Fergusoninidae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FEEDFB04DA5EA1B2" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[352,523,1233,1259]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="126 - 146" refId="ref98201" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1937) Revision of the genus Fergusonina Mall. (Diptera, Agromyzidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 126 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Tonnoir, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A5FFFA5FF1AFB20D92FA056" box="[151,378,1269,1295]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA5FF1AFB20D92FA056" blockId="35.[151,523,1233,1295]" box="[151,378,1269,1295]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5FFFA5FF12FB20D969A056" box="[159,316,1269,1295]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 191–194" captionStart-1="FIGURES 195–200" captionStart-2="FIGURES 201–204" captionStartId-0="119.[151,264,1709,1734]" captionStartId-1="120.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-2="121.[151,264,1680,1705]" captionTargetBox-0="[180,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1424,180,1776]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1423,183,1649]" captionTargetId-0="figure@119.[151,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetId-1="figure@120.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-2="figure@121.[151,1436,174,1661]" captionTargetPageId-0="119" captionTargetPageId-1="120" captionTargetPageId-2="121" captionText-0="FIGURES 191–194. Fergusonina spp. (Fergusoninidae); 191: male dorsal; 192: male lateral; 193: head, anterolateral; 194: female lateral." captionText-1="FIGURES 195–200. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), male terminalia; 195: left lateral; 196: external genitalia, posterior; 197: same, anterior; 198: internal genitalia, ventral; 199: detail of phallus; 200: internal genitalia, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 201–204. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), female; 201: segments 1–5, ventral; 202: segments 6–cerci, ventral; 203: same, lateral; 204: internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670818" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670821" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670823" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670818/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670821/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670823/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs 191–204</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5FFFA5FEC5FB20D927A056" box="[328,370,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">411</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A5FFFA5FF1AFAECDBD5A029" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA5FF1AFAECDBD5A029" blockId="35.[151,1437,1337,1392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FF1AFAECD94FA008" bold="true" box="[151,282,1337,1361]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A5FFFA5FF1AFAECD899A008" box="[151,204,1337,1361]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FEADFAEFDA3FA008" ID-CoL="4JTS" authority="Malloch 1924: 337" authorityName="Malloch" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1924" box="[288,618,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FEADFAEFD9F4A008" box="[288,417,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FE2AFAECDA3FA008" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[423,618,1337,1362]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="329 - 338" refId="ref86785" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1924) Notes on Australian Diptera. No. iii. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 49, 329 - 338." type="journal article" year="1924">Malloch 1924: 337</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FD18FAECDB37A008" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[661,866,1337,1362]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="126 - 146" refId="ref98201" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1937) Revision of the genus Fergusonina Mall. (Diptera, Agromyzidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 126 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Tonnoir (1937: 129)</bibRefCitation>
[as subfamily “Fergusoninae”].
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FB20FAECDDC8A008" bold="true" box="[1197,1437,1337,1362]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A5FFFA5FB20FAECDCB7A008" box="[1197,1250,1337,1361]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FF4AFA8CDAD0A029" ID-CoL="3DYL7" authority="Malloch, 1924: 338" authorityName="Malloch" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="1924" box="[199,645,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcera">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FF4AFA8CD9E0A029" box="[199,437,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina microcera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FE31FA82DAD0A029" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[444,645,1367,1392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="329 - 338" refId="ref86785" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1924) Notes on Australian Diptera. No. iii. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 49, 329 - 338." type="journal article" year="1924">Malloch, 1924: 338</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A5FFFA5FF1AFA4BDC1BA2D5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA5FF1AFA4BDA54A380" blockId="35.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FF1AFA4BD916A0E1" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,323,1438,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fergusoninidae</taxonomicName>
has 40 described species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FD78FA4ADC20A0E0" authority="(Purcell et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Purcell" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[757,1141,1438,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FD78FA4ADBD6A0E1" box="[757,899,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FC1FFA4BDC38A0E0" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Wallenius, T. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M." box="[914,1133,1438,1465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref92503" refString="Purcell, M. F., Wallenius, T. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M. (2016) Larval dorsal shield morphology is highly correlated with gall type in the enigmatic gall-forming fly, Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 64 (4), 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 16037" type="journal article" year="2016">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FC66FA4ADC7FA0E1" box="[1003,1066,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FB21FA4BDDC9A0E1" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Winkler, I. S. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Purcell, M. F. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[1196,1436,1438,1464]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="140 - 160" refId="ref93798" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Davies, K. A., Taylor, G. S., Thornhill, A. H., Lewis, M. L., Winkler, I. S., Yeates, D. K., Purcell, M. F., Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2017) Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 115, 140 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.07.023" type="journal article" year="2017">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FA9FFA4ADD1FA0E1" box="[1298,1354,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
identified 85 “putative species” in their study, and there are potentially upwards of hundreds of additional species awaiting discovery (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FEF5FA33DA35A359" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D." box="[376,608,1510,1536]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1216 - 1221" refId="ref93912" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Taylor, G. S., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Lewis, M. L., Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (6), 1216 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2004) 097 [1216: PRSLAH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FE52FA32DA48A359" box="[479,541,1510,1536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FDE7FA33DB14A359" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Nelson, L. A. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[618,833,1510,1537]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="363 - 370" refId="ref92348" refString="Purcell, M. F., Nelson, L. A., Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2013) Two new species of Fergusonina Malloch gall fly (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from leaf bud galls on black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis). Australian Journal of Entomology, 52 (4), 363 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12044" type="journal article" year="2013">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FD4DFA32DAA2A359" box="[704,759,1510,1536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Species can be difficult to differentiate, with diagnosis often depending on minutae of the male and female genitalia—see
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FC3CF9DFDC05A37D" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[945,1104,1546,1572]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. Molecular sequence data are currently being used to delimit and refine species boundaries and relationships for the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FBD1F9FBDC87A311" box="[1116,1234,1582,1608]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Tricholomataceae" genus="Melaleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FBD1F9FBDC87A311" box="[1116,1234,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-feeding
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FABAF9FAD99FA335" authority="(Scheffer et al., 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Scheffer" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FABAF9FAD89CA335" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FF5AF987D997A335" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D." box="[215,450,1618,1645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1216 - 1221" refId="ref93912" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Taylor, G. S., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Lewis, M. L., Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (6), 1216 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2004) 097 [1216: PRSLAH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FEB2F986D925A335" box="[319,368,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FE58F987DAE3A334" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Wallenius, T. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M." box="[469,694,1618,1645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref92503" refString="Purcell, M. F., Wallenius, T. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M. (2016) Larval dorsal shield morphology is highly correlated with gall type in the enigmatic gall-forming fly, Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 64 (4), 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 16037" type="journal article" year="2016">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FDA6F986DA31A335" box="[555,612,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
developed a phylogeny correlating the structure of the sclerotized larval dorsal shield to gall
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A5FFFA5FE4CF9A2D9A1A3C8" box="[449,500,1655,1681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
, and also supported the use of host and larval morphology in diagnosis. An updated molecular phylogeny of the family utilizing multiple and protein-coding genes is being developed (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FA8FF94FD886A381" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Wallenius, T. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref92503" refString="Purcell, M. F., Wallenius, T. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M. (2016) Larval dorsal shield morphology is highly correlated with gall type in the enigmatic gall-forming fly, Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 64 (4), 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 16037" type="journal article" year="2016">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FAD1F94EDDDBA3ED" box="[1372,1422,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
; S. Scheffer, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA5FF4AF937DC1BA2D5" blockId="35.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The family is Australasian in distribution, with species known from
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A5FFFA5FC5DF937DC6FA3A5" box="[976,1082,1762,1788]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A5FFFA5FBCBF937DCD7A3A5" box="[1094,1154,1762,1788]" name="India" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A5FFFA5FB02F936DD3BA3A5" box="[1167,1390,1762,1789]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A5FFFA5FF1AF8D3D940A279" box="[151,277,1798,1824]" name="Philippines" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A5FFFA5FEC6F8D2D9B5A279" box="[331,480,1798,1825]" name="New Zealand" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FE62F8D3DA2AA279" author="Harris, K. M." box="[495,639,1798,1824]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="211 - 216" refId="ref82340" refString="Harris, K. M. (1982) First record of Fergusoninidae (Diptera: Schizophora) outside Australia: a new species of Fergusonina on Syzygium in India. Systematic Entomology, 7, 211 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1982. tb 00132. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harris, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FD07F8D3DB09A279" author="Taylor, G. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Martin, N. &amp; Crosby, T." box="[650,860,1798,1824]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="548 - 557" refId="ref97945" refString="Taylor, G., Davies, K. A., Martin, N. &amp; Crosby, T. (2007) First record of Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and associated Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) forming galls on Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) from New Zealand. Systematic Entomology, 32, 548 - 557. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2007.00383. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
Taylor
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FD54F8D2DB4DA279" box="[729,792,1798,1824]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
). The last keys to species were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FAC9F8D3D8B1A21D" author="Tonnoir, A. L." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="126 - 146" refId="ref98201" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1937) Revision of the genus Fergusonina Mall. (Diptera, Agromyzidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 126 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Tonnoir (1937)</bibRefCitation>
, who recognized 20 species at the time, and by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FC89F8FFDBF7A21D" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[772,930,1834,1860]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, who keyed species associated
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FA8BF8FFDD29A21D" box="[1286,1404,1834,1860]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Tricholomataceae" genus="Melaleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FA8BF8FFDD29A21D" box="[1286,1404,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A catalogue to Australian species was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FD35F89BDBD6A231" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[696,899,1870,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="561" refId="ref80258" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (1989 g) Family Fergusoninidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 561." type="book chapter" year="1989">
Evenhuis (
<quantity id="F244359F6A5FFFA5FCBDF89BDB2EA231" box="[816,891,1870,1896]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.989" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="g" value="1989.0">1989g</quantity>
)
</bibRefCitation>
. The complete mitochondrial genome of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FADDF89AD961A2D5" authorityName="Nelson &amp; Yeates" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FADDF89AD961A2D5" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A5FFFA5FEB6F8A7D9DFA2D5" box="[315,394,1906,1932]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Yeates was published by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5FFFA5FD4BF8A7DC1FA2D5" author="Nelson, L. A. &amp; Cameron, S. L. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[710,1098,1906,1933]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="197 - 199" refId="ref90663" refString="Nelson, L. A., Cameron, S. L. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2011) The complete mitochondrial genome of the gall-forming fly, Fergusonina taylori Nelson and Yeates (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Mitochondrial DNA, 22 (5 - 6), 197 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 19401736.2011.632896" type="journal article" year="2011">
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A5FFFA5FD4BF8A7DB4DA2D5" box="[710,792,1906,1932]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nelson</collectingRegion>
, Cameron &amp; Yeates (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A5FFFA3FF4AF840DCDCA41A" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5FFFA2FF4AF840DDDAA5EA" blockId="35.[151,1437,1438,2041]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FF4AF840D972A2E9" bold="true" box="[199,295,1941,1968]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Biology.</emphasis>
All species of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FE5DF842DA0BA2E9" box="[464,606,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FE5DF842DA0BA2E9" box="[464,606,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for which biology is known are gall-feeders in the living tissue of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FAC3F842D89CA28C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
and are involved in an obligate mutualistic association with nematodes in the genus
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FBFBF86FDD11A28D" authority="Currie" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[1142,1348,1978,2004]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5FFFA5FBFBF86FDCA3A28D" box="[1142,1270,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fergusobia</emphasis>
Currie
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FADFF86FD88DA2A1" baseAuthorityName="Filipjev" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Secernentea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="order">Tylenchida</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A5FFFA5FF69F80BD9CCA2A0" authorityName="Thorne" authorityYear="1941" box="[228,409,2014,2041]" class="Secernentea" family="Neotylenchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Neotylenchidae</taxonomicName>
). This represents the only recorded mutualism between flies and nematodes. This relation- ship was first discovered by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE5AFF4CDAD5A5EA" author="Morgan, W. L." box="[471,640,153,179]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="125 - 127" refId="ref90426" refString="Morgan, W. L. (1933) Flies and nematodes associated in flower bud galls of spotted gum. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 44, 125 - 127." type="journal article" year="1933">Morgan (1933)</bibRefCitation>
and then described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FC09FF4CDC48A5EA" author="Currie, G. A." box="[900,1053,153,179]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="147 - 174" refId="ref78797" refString="Currie, G. A. (1937) Galls on Eucalyptus trees. A new type of association between flies and nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 147 - 174." type="journal article" year="1937">Currie (1937)</bibRefCitation>
for taxa reared from
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FA86FF4CDDD2A5EA" box="[1291,1415,153,179]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FA86FF4CDDD2A5EA" box="[1291,1415,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AFF68DD46A73A" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FF4AFF68D916A58E" box="[199,323,189,215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF4AFF68D916A58E" box="[199,323,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are host for most known
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FD37FF6BDB1DA58E" box="[698,840,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FD37FF6BDB1DA58E" box="[698,840,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but flies have also been reared from over 65 species of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FF34FF34D97AA5A2" box="[185,303,225,251]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Tricholomataceae" genus="Melaleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF34FF34D97AA5A2" box="[185,303,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FECDFF37DA37A5A2" authority=", Sygyzium" authorityName="Sygyzium" box="[320,610,225,251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FECDFF37DA37A5A2" box="[320,610,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Leptospermum, Sygyzium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FD12FF34DB67A5A2" box="[671,818,225,251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FD12FF34DB67A5A2" box="[671,818,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Metrosideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FCC9FF34DC7DA5A2" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Nelson, L. A. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[836,1064,225,251]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="363 - 370" refId="ref92348" refString="Purcell, M. F., Nelson, L. A., Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2013) Two new species of Fergusonina Malloch gall fly (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from leaf bud galls on black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis). Australian Journal of Entomology, 52 (4), 363 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12044" type="journal article" year="2013">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC2DFF37DB89A5A2" box="[928,988,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FBBAFF34DD7CA5A2" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Winkler, I. S. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Purcell, M. F. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[1079,1321,225,251]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="140 - 160" refId="ref93798" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Davies, K. A., Taylor, G. S., Thornhill, A. H., Lewis, M. L., Winkler, I. S., Yeates, D. K., Purcell, M. F., Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2017) Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 115, 140 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.07.023" type="journal article" year="2017">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB12FF37DC8EA5A2" box="[1183,1243,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Females select ovipositions sites in areas of new growth, specifically in the developing buds of shoots, inflorescences, flowers, leaves or stems of the host plant, and the number, location and morphology of the resultant galls appear to be characteristic for each
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FE15FE98DAFBA43E" box="[408,686,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FE15FE98DA71A43E" box="[408,548,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fergusonina</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FDBCFE98DAFBA43E" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[561,686,333,359]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Fergusobia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
pair (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FD7CFE98DBD1A43E" author="Currie, G. A." box="[753,900,333,359]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="147 - 174" refId="ref78797" refString="Currie, G. A. (1937) Galls on Eucalyptus trees. A new type of association between flies and nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 147 - 174." type="journal article" year="1937">Currie, 1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FC1DFE98DCFCA43E" author="Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Curole, J. &amp; Center, T. D. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Thomas, W. K." box="[912,1193,333,359]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref81867" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M., Scheffer, S. J., Davies, K. A., Taylor, G. S., Curole, J., Center, T. D., Goolsby, J. &amp; Thomas, W. K. (2003) Coevolution between Fergusobia and Fergusonina mutualists. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2, 407 - 417." type="journal article" year="2003">
Giblin-Davis
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FBA7FE9BDC0DA43E" box="[1066,1112,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FB38FE98DDC4A43E" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[1205,1425,332,359]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="286 - 291" refId="ref92436" refString="Purcell, M. F., Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2015) Are the shoot bud galls of Fergusonina Malloch, 1924 (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) founded by multiple mothers? Austral Entomology, 54 (3), 286 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12126" type="journal article" year="2015">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FA81FE9BDD6BA43E" box="[1292,1342,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). As a result, while multiple species pairs may be found on the same host plant, the galls of each are usually visually distinct (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FF77FE40D9C5A4F6" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[250,400,405,431]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Galls may house a single larva (“unilocular”) or many larvae (“multilocular”), each in its own locule (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FEA8FE6CDA50A48A" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[293,517,440,467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="286 - 291" refId="ref92436" refString="Purcell, M. F., Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2015) Are the shoot bud galls of Fergusonina Malloch, 1924 (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) founded by multiple mothers? Austral Entomology, 54 (3), 286 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12126" type="journal article" year="2015">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FEF2FE6FD9E7A48A" box="[383,434,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FD95FE6CDA99A48A" author="Ye, W. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. F. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Center, T. D. &amp; Morris, K. &amp; Thomas, W. K." box="[536,716,441,467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="123 - 141" refId="ref99897" refString="Ye, W., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M. F., Scheffer, S. J., Taylor, G. S., Center, T. D., Morris, K. &amp; Thomas, W. K. (2007) Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of host plant associations in the nematode genus Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Fergusobiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 123 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.02.027" type="journal article" year="2007">
Ye
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FDB2FE6FDA27A48A" box="[575,626,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
reported galls containing tens to hundreds of larvae. Larvae in multilocular galls may have been laid by one or more females (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FCD6FE08DC63A4AE" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[859,1078,476,503]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="286 - 291" refId="ref92436" refString="Purcell, M. F., Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2015) Are the shoot bud galls of Fergusonina Malloch, 1924 (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) founded by multiple mothers? Austral Entomology, 54 (3), 286 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12126" type="journal article" year="2015">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC3EFE0BDBA7A4AE" box="[947,1010,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.,</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). As many as four species of fly can be found on a single host species, and one species of fly may be found on one or more species of host plant, usually within the same host subgenus, but sometimes in more distantly related hosts if those hosts are sympatric, possibly as a result of the availability of novel host choice via artificial plantings (Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB08FD9FDCE3A73A" box="[1157,1206,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2017).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AFDB8DB90A606" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Overall host associations largely appear to be conservative, with all species restricted to a single host genus in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FF1AFD44D9DFA7F2" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Winkler, I. S. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Purcell, M. F. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[151,394,657,683]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="140 - 160" refId="ref93798" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Davies, K. A., Taylor, G. S., Thornhill, A. H., Lewis, M. L., Winkler, I. S., Yeates, D. K., Purcell, M. F., Makinson, J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2017) Phylogenetics of Australasian gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae): Evolutionary patterns of host-shifting and gall morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 115, 140 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.07.023" type="journal article" year="2017">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF70FD47D963A7F2" box="[253,310,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
, who analyzed fergusoninid phylogeny with respect to host usage and gall
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A58FFA2FB55FD44DD59A7F2" box="[1240,1292,657,683]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
. The authors found 73% of species on only a single host species, but they noted that this was a likely underestimate of monophagy in the group. Other studies found host usage among broad-leaved
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FC00FD0CDC56A7AA" box="[909,1027,729,755]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Tricholomataceae" genus="Melaleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC00FD0CDC56A7AA" box="[909,1027,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-feeders to be similarly conservative, where flies showed fidelity to only one or two host species (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FCB7FD28DB9BA64E" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[826,974,765,791]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FC54FD28DC97A64E" author="Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Lewis, M. L. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D." box="[985,1218,765,791]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1216 - 1221" refId="ref93912" refString="Scheffer, S. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Taylor, G. S., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Lewis, M. L., Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (6), 1216 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2004) 097 [1216: PRSLAH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
Scheffer
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FBB3FD2BDC25A64E" box="[1086,1136,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). This is in contrast to the similarly plant-feeding
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FE6AFCF4DAD7A662" box="[487,642,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agromyzidae</taxonomicName>
, whose relatively high levels of monophagy are likely only a result of limited sampling and likely to decrease substantially given further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AFCBCD983A102" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
There are 42 species of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FE43FCBCDA1BA6DA" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[462,590,873,899]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FE43FCBCDA1BA6DA" box="[462,590,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presently described (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FCB7FCBCDC5AA6DA" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Ye, W. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Thomas, W. K." box="[826,1039,873,899]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref79340" refString="Davies, K. A., Ye, W., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Taylor, G. S., Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Thomas, W. K. (2010) The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae. Zootaxa, 2633 (1), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2633.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Davies
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC02FCBFDB9BA6DA" box="[911,974,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.,</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FB94FCBCDC03A6DD" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Ye, W. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Scheffer, S. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[1049,1110,873,900]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="629 - 649" refId="ref79271" refString="Davies, K. A., Ye, W., Taylor, G. S., Scheffer, S. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2016) Galling problems-the Fergusobia nematode / Fer- gusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts. Nematology, 18 (6), 629 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003002" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
). The nematode-fly pairing is an exclusive relationship between one species of nematode and one species of fly (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FBB3FC58DDC5A6FE" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[1086,1424,909,935]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="291 - 319" refId="ref79129" refString="Davies, K. A. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2004) The biology and associations of Fergusobia (Nematoda) from the Melaleuca leucadendra - complex in eastern Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 291 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02034" type="journal article" year="2004">Davies &amp; Giblin-Davis, 2004</bibRefCitation>
), although the occurrence of multiple species pairings on the same host plant, and sometimes the same individual plant, allows for the theoretical possibility of the horizontal transfer of nematodes between fly species (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FA85FC00D881A14A" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="286 - 291" refId="ref92436" refString="Purcell, M. F., Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2015) Are the shoot bud galls of Fergusonina Malloch, 1924 (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) founded by multiple mothers? Austral Entomology, 54 (3), 286 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12126" type="journal article" year="2015">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FAD3FC03DDC3A6B6" box="[1374,1430,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Close patterns of co-evolution between the nematode, fly and host plant are evident, at least in some clades (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FF12FBC8D9A4A16E" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[159,497,1053,1079]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="291 - 319" refId="ref79129" refString="Davies, K. A. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2004) The biology and associations of Fergusobia (Nematoda) from the Melaleuca leucadendra - complex in eastern Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 291 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02034" type="journal article" year="2004">Davies &amp; Giblin-Davis, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE71FBC8DA9AA16E" author="Taylor, G. S. &amp; Head, E. &amp; Davies, K. A." box="[508,719,1052,1079]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="643 - 671" refId="ref98022" refString="Taylor, G. S., Head, E. &amp; Davies, K. A. (2005) Gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) on Myrtaceae: a mutualistic association between flies and nematodes. In: Rahman, A., Schaefer, C. W. &amp; Withers, T. M. (Eds.), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Vol. 2. Science Publishers, New Hampshire, pp. 643 - 671." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Taylor
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FDC1FBCBDAD0A16E" box="[588,645,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FD56FBC8DB95A16E" author="Nelson, L. A. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[731,960,1053,1079]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="36 - 48" refId="ref90841" refString="Nelson, L. A., Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2011 a) Three new species of Fergusonina Malloch gall-flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from terminal leaf bud galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in south-eastern Australia. Zootaxa, 3112 (1), 36 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3112.1.2" type="journal article" year="2011">
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A58FFA2FD56FBC8DB7FA16E" box="[731,810,1053,1079]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Nelson</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FCBFFBCBDB3EA16E" box="[818,875,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011a
</bibRefCitation>
, b), but much remains to be discovered of these complex relationships.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AFBB0DD33A056" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Adult female
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FEE4FBB3D9A2A126" box="[361,503,1126,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FEE4FBB3D9A2A126" box="[361,503,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carry
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FDCAFBB0DA92A126" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[583,711,1125,1151]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FDCAFBB0DA92A126" box="[583,711,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nematodes within their abdomens, the juveniles of which are deposited with fly eggs during oviposition on or near undifferentiated meristematic host plant tissue. The juvenile nematodes are the first to feed on the plant, inducing gall formation before the hatching of the fly egg (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FA87FB78D940A1B2" author="Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Center, B. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="239 - 247" refId="ref81783" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M., Makinson, J., Center, B. J., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Taylor, G. S., Scheffer, S. J., Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D. (2001) Fergusobia / Fergusonina- induced shoot bud gall development on Melaleuca quinquenervia. Journal of Nematology, 33 (4), 239 - 247." type="journal article" year="2001">
Giblin-Davis
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF1AFB07D890A1B2" box="[151,197,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The gall is maintained by the fly and provides shelter and a food source for the fly and nematode alike, which feed on hypertrophied plant cells and secretions in the chamber it excavates (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FBCFFB20DD0FA056" author="Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Curole, J. &amp; Center, T. D. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Thomas, W. K." box="[1090,1370,1269,1295]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref81867" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M., Scheffer, S. J., Davies, K. A., Taylor, G. S., Curole, J., Center, T. D., Goolsby, J. &amp; Thomas, W. K. (2003) Coevolution between Fergusobia and Fergusonina mutualists. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2, 407 - 417." type="journal article" year="2003">
Giblin-Davis
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB56FB23DD5CA056" box="[1243,1289,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AFACCDB1FA3E6" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
As summarized in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE10FACCDAD7A06A" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[413,642,1304,1331]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="286 - 291" refId="ref92436" refString="Purcell, M. F., Rowell, D. M. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2015) Are the shoot bud galls of Fergusonina Malloch, 1924 (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) founded by multiple mothers? Austral Entomology, 54 (3), 286 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12126" type="journal article" year="2015">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FE79FACFDA78A06A" box="[500,557,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
, the nematodes that are deposited on the host plant during oviposition develop into at least one generation of parthenogenetic females, which eventually lay eggs that become diploid females and males (the latter are also potentially haploid), producing the sexual, or amphimictic generation. The mated females of this generation are the preparasitic stage that invades the third instar of the fly larva, subsequently moulting without the development of a new cuticle. These female nematodes become fully parasitic, losing the stylet and digestive tract, and develop epidermal microvilli to absorb fly haemolymph. The eggs of this parasitic female hatch and move into the female host’s oviduct to be deposited with the next generation fly eggs in new plant tissue, completing the cycle (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE01F9C0DA48A376" author="Currie, G. A." box="[396,541,1557,1583]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="147 - 174" refId="ref78797" refString="Currie, G. A. (1937) Galls on Eucalyptus trees. A new type of association between flies and nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 147 - 174." type="journal article" year="1937">Currie, 1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FDA5F9C0DB15A376" author="Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Center, B. J. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D." box="[552,832,1557,1583]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="239 - 247" refId="ref81783" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M., Makinson, J., Center, B. J., Davies, K. A., Purcell, M., Taylor, G. S., Scheffer, S. J., Goolsby, J. &amp; Center, T. D. (2001) Fergusobia / Fergusonina- induced shoot bud gall development on Melaleuca quinquenervia. Journal of Nematology, 33 (4), 239 - 247." type="journal article" year="2001">
Giblin-Davis
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FD4DF9C3DAA2A376" box="[704,759,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). No male flies have ever been found with these nematodes present. Further details on life cycle, host specificity and diversity of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FC69F9ECDC31A30A" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[996,1124,1593,1619]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC69F9ECDC31A30A" box="[996,1124,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nematodes are discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FF1AF988D92EA321" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Ye, W. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Scheffer, S. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M." box="[151,379,1629,1656]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="629 - 649" refId="ref79271" refString="Davies, K. A., Ye, W., Taylor, G. S., Scheffer, S. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2016) Galling problems-the Fergusobia nematode / Fer- gusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts. Nematology, 18 (6), 629 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003002" type="journal article" year="2016">
Davies
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF60F98BD94AA32E" box="[237,287,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
</bibRefCitation>
, following a series of articles with nematode descriptions in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FBA6F988DD5AA32E" author="Davies, K. A. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Ye, W. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Makinson, J. &amp; Purcell, M." box="[1067,1295,1629,1655]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="237 - 258" refId="ref79184" refString="Davies, K. A., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Ye, W., Taylor, G. S., Makinson, J. &amp; Purcell, M. (2014) Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. X. Fergusobia from galls on narrow-leaved Melaleuca spp. in Australia, with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa, 3889 (2), 237 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3889.2.4" type="journal article" year="2014">
Davies
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB0CF98BDCE6A32E" box="[1153,1203,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
. A summary of
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF3BF954D999A3C2" box="[182,460,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FF3BF954D917A3C2" box="[182,322,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fergusonina</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FEC2F954D999A3C2" authorityName="Currie" authorityYear="1937" box="[335,460,1665,1691]" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Fergusobia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
species associations, host associations and gall
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A58FFA2FC61F954DC7FA3C2" box="[1004,1066,1665,1691]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">types</typeStatus>
, as influenced by fly oviposition placement and timing, were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FDEEF970DB13A3E6" author="Nelson, L. A. &amp; Davies, K. A. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Taylor, G. S. &amp; Purcell, M. F. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K." box="[611,838,1701,1727]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="699 - 718" refId="ref90730" refString="Nelson, L. A., Davies, K. A., Scheffer, S. J., Taylor, G. S., Purcell, M. F., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Thornhill, A. H. &amp; Yeates, D. K. (2014) An emerging example of tritrophic coevolution between flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and nematodes (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) on Myrtaceae host plants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 111 (4), 699 - 718. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12237" type="journal article" year="2014">
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A58FFA2FDEEF970DAE7A3E6" box="[611,690,1701,1727]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Nelson</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FD34F973DABFA3E6" box="[697,746,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA2FF4AF91CD937A22A" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Due to host specificity of the fly/nematode pair,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FD65F91FDC4EA3BA" authority="Taylor" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="2004" box="[744,1051,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FD65F91FDB99A3BA" box="[744,972,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusonina turneri</emphasis>
Taylor
</taxonomicName>
(paired with the nematode
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FADDF91FDACDA251" authority="Davies &amp; Giblin-Davis" authorityName="Davies &amp; Giblin-Davis" authorityYear="2004" class="Secernentea" family="Fergusobiidae" genus="Fergusobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="quinquenerviae">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FADDF91FD9DCA25E" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusobia quinquenerviae</emphasis>
Davies &amp; Giblin-Davis
</taxonomicName>
) were released as part of efforts to control
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FBF0F938DDC9A25E" authorityName="S. T. Blake" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Cav." box="[1149,1436,1773,1799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quinquenervia">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FBF0F938DDC9A25E" box="[1149,1436,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Melaleuca quinquenervia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A58FFA2FF39F8C4D95DA272" box="[180,264,1809,1835]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Florida</collectingRegion>
, where the plant is considered an invasive weed and a severe threat to everglade ecosystems (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FA92F8C4D881A216" author="Pratt, P. D. &amp; Blackwood, S. &amp; Wright, S. A. &amp; Purcell, M. &amp; Rayamajhi, M. B. &amp; Giblin-Davis, R. M. &amp; Scheffer, S. J. &amp; Tipping, P. W. &amp; Center, T. D." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="553 - 561" refId="ref92185" refString="Pratt, P. D., Blackwood, S., Wright, S. A., Purcell, M., Rayamajhi, M. B., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Scheffer, S. J., Tipping, P. W. &amp; Center, T. D. (2013) The release and unsuccessful establishment of the Melaleuca biological control agent Fergusonina turneri and its mutualistic nematode Fergusobia quinquenerviae. BioControl, 58 (4), 553 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 013 - 9505 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Pratt
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FAD0F8C7DDC9A272" box="[1373,1436,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.,</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Control efforts were considered unsuccessful, as viable populations did not establish following release events in
<date id="4102BEBA6A58FFA2FF39F88DD90BA22A" box="[180,350,1880,1907]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2005" valueMax="2006">2005 and 2006</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A58FFA3FF4AF8A8DCDCA41A" blockId="36.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FF4AF8A8D9C3A2CE" bold="true" box="[199,406,1917,1943]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Immature stages.</emphasis>
The egg and all larval instars of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FC83F8ABDC22A2CE" authority="Tonnoir" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1937" box="[782,1143,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicholsoni">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FC83F8ABDC4DA2CE" box="[782,1048,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fergusonina nicholsoni</emphasis>
Tonnoir
</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FAD8F8A8D8B1A2E2" author="Currie, G. A." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="147 - 174" refId="ref78797" refString="Currie, G. A. (1937) Galls on Eucalyptus trees. A new type of association between flies and nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62, 147 - 174." type="journal article" year="1937">Currie (1937)</bibRefCitation>
, who also discussed the third instars of 17 additional species. The third instar of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FB09F877DD69A2E2" authority="Harris" authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1982" box="[1156,1340,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syzygii">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB09F877DCB8A2E2" box="[1156,1261,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">F. syzygii</emphasis>
Harris
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE82F810D9FCA286" author="Harris, K. M." box="[271,425,1989,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="211 - 216" refId="ref82340" refString="Harris, K. M. (1982) First record of Fergusoninidae (Diptera: Schizophora) outside Australia: a new species of Fergusonina on Syzygium in India. Systematic Entomology, 7, 211 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1982. tb 00132. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harris (1982)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A58FFA2FE3FF810DA00A286" author="Hennig, W." box="[434,597,1988,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="505 - 688" refId="ref83429" refString="Hennig, W. (1958) Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 8, 505 - 688." type="journal article" year="1958">Hennig (1958)</bibRefCitation>
described the puparium and enclosed third instar of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A58FFA2FB18F813DDC8A286" authority="Tonnoir. The" authorityName="Tonnoir. The" authorityYear="1937" box="[1173,1437,1989,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tillyardi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A58FFA2FB18F813DD5CA286" box="[1173,1289,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">F. tillyardi</emphasis>
Tonnoir. The
</taxonomicName>
egg of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A59FFA3FF6EFF4FD919A5EA" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="2004" box="[227,332,154,179]" class="Insecta" family="Fergusoninidae" genus="Fergusonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF6EFF4FD919A5EA" box="[227,332,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">F. turneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was figured by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FE76FF4CDACDA5EA" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[507,664,153,179]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. Additional descriptions and/or photos and illustrations of the distinctive larvae of fergusoninid species are provided in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FD40FF68DB33A58E" author="Harris, K. M." box="[717,870,189,215]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="211 - 216" refId="ref82340" refString="Harris, K. M. (1982) First record of Fergusoninidae (Diptera: Schizophora) outside Australia: a new species of Fergusonina on Syzygium in India. Systematic Entomology, 7, 211 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1982. tb 00132. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harris (1982)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FCFCFF68DC5BA58E" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[881,1038,189,215]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FB94FF68DD72A58E" author="Taylor, G. S. &amp; Davies, K. A." box="[1049,1319,189,215]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="927 - 957" refId="ref97873" refString="Taylor, G. S. &amp; Davies, K. A. (2010) The gall fly, Fergusonina lockharti Tonnoir (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and description of its associated nematode, Fergusobia brittenae sp. nov. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae). Journal of Natural History, 44, 15 - 16, 927 - 957. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903383545" type="journal article" year="2010">Taylor &amp; Davies (2010)</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A59FFA3FABFFF68DDD4A58E" box="[1330,1409,189,215]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Nelson</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FA05FF6BD8E1A5A2" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(2011),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FE99FF34D9A5A5A2" author="Purcell, M. F. &amp; Wallenius, T. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M." box="[276,496,225,251]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref92503" refString="Purcell, M. F., Wallenius, T. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Rowell, D. M. (2016) Larval dorsal shield morphology is highly correlated with gall type in the enigmatic gall-forming fly, Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 64 (4), 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 16037" type="journal article" year="2016">
Purcell
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FEE6FF37D9F0A5A2" box="[363,421,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(2016
</bibRefCitation>
, 2017) and the references therein. Most fergusoninid larvae have a species-specific “dorsal shield” of sclerotized spicules, bands or combs extending from the mesothorax to abdominal segment 7; both the larva and puparium have a comb-like plate between abdominal segments 1 and 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A59FFA0FF4AFE99DC30A7F2" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFE99DB02A742" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFE99D9D1A43E" bold="true" box="[199,388,332,359]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Adult Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Very small, compact, mostly bright yellow flies with blackish patches, mostly black setae, and a strong, often black ovipositor (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FD81FEA4DA25A4D2" box="[524,624,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURES 191–194" captionStartId="119.[151,264,1709,1734]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetId="figure@119.[151,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 191–194. Fergusonina spp. (Fergusoninidae); 191: male dorsal; 192: male lateral; 193: head, anterolateral; 194: female lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670818/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 194</figureCitation>
). Head characteristically broad and flattened anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FB7FFEA4DD00A4D2" box="[1266,1365,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURES 191–194" captionStartId="119.[151,264,1709,1734]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetId="figure@119.[151,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 191–194. Fergusonina spp. (Fergusoninidae); 191: male dorsal; 192: male lateral; 193: head, anterolateral; 194: female lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670818/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 193</figureCitation>
), with small ventral face and antenna, and large parafacial and lunule. Setae sometimes not much larger than surrounding setulae; vibrissa present, 1–3 lateroclinate fronto-orbitals, 0–2 prescutellar acrostichals and 1–3 dorsocentrals near posterior margin of scutum. Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FDA7FE3BDA16A4A5" attach="left" box="[554,579,494,508]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FD02FE3BDAC2A4A5" attach="left" box="[655,663,494,508]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
subparallel (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FCA9FE08DBD0A4AE" box="[804,901,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 411</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A59FFA3FC15FE08DB8DA4AE" box="[920,984,477,503]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costa</collectingRegion>
with humeral break and sometimes with subcostal weakening; subcostal vein abbreviated, ending in R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FCC5FDC7DB05A779" attach="left" box="[840,848,530,544]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFDF1DDCEA7DE" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFDF1D9D9A766" bold="true" box="[199,396,548,575]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Adult Definition</emphasis>
. Colour yellow with characteristic pattern of black pigmentation dorsally, including spot on ocellar tubercle, one to three pairs of stripes on scutum (sometimes very reduced), frequently black ovipositor, and extensive to reduced pigmentation on abdomen (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FD35FDB8DBDBA7DE" box="[696,910,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURES 191–194" captionStartId="119.[151,264,1709,1734]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetId="figure@119.[151,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 191–194. Fergusonina spp. (Fergusoninidae); 191: male dorsal; 192: male lateral; 193: head, anterolateral; 194: female lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670818/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 191, 192, 194</figureCitation>
). Setae mostly black. Body length
<quantity id="F244359F6A59FFA3FA99FDB8DDC2A7DE" box="[1300,1431,621,647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.8mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFD44DB0BA6B6" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFD44D912A7F2" box="[199,327,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 1 inner vertical; 1 outer vertical (sometimes long); 2–3 fronto-orbitals (lateroclinate); 1 ocellar; 1 postocellar (divergent to subparallel); vibrissa short. Frons with numerous scattered setulae that continue along parafacial in single row, usually also continuing onto gena and postgena, with some of these scattered and sometimes forming a relatively linear series under eye. 1 presutural intra-alar (uncommonly 2); 1 postpronotal; 2 notopleurals; 2 postsutural supra-alar; 1 postsutural intra-alar; 2–3 dorsocentrals (postioned posteriorly on scutum); 0–2 acrostichals (postioned posteriorly on scutum); 2–3 scutellars; 0 proepisternal; 1 anepisternal; 1 katepisternal (sometimes also with additional shorter seta). Setae sometimes not much larger than surrounding setulae. Body micropruinose. Fore femur with several outstanding dorsal and posteroventral setae, both angled posteriorly, and with long, thin ventrobasal seta (sometimes also on mid leg); hind femur usually with 1 outstanding anteroventral seta subapically, but sometimes with 2 or more; mid tibia with ventroapical seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFC2CDC18A1FA" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFC2CD951A14A" box="[199,260,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Head</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FE97FC2CD92FA14A" box="[282,378,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 191–194" captionStartId="119.[151,264,1709,1734]" captionTargetBox="[180,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetId="figure@119.[151,1436,174,1690]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 191–194. Fergusonina spp. (Fergusoninidae); 191: male dorsal; 192: male lateral; 193: head, anterolateral; 194: female lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670818/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 193</figureCitation>
) Antenna small, porrect, held against face within shallow cavity; pedicel with dorsal seam absent; first flagellomere small, rounded; arista pubescent, with dorsobasal insertion. Lunule very large; frons strongly curved downwards anteriorly to meet face; ocellar tubercle near vertex. Face well sclerotized, small; with medial carina that is sometimes partially expanded over antenna. Gena approximately half height of eye. Clypeus rounded; palpus subcylindrical; labium short and tapered apically with one small pair of setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFB78DC7CA056" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFB78D94DA19E" box="[199,280,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Thorax</emphasis>
. Precoxal and postmetacoxal bridges absent. Prosternum narrow, subrectangular with anterior width slightly greater. Greater ampulla absent. Scutellum flat to slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with surface wrinkled. Subscutellum present, small or slightly enlarged. Coxopleural streak absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFACFDD4DA09A" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFACFD954A06A" box="[199,257,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FE95FACCD92DA06A" box="[280,376,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 411</figureCitation>
) Clear to greyish. Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FD28FAFFDAEAA061" attach="left" box="[677,703,1322,1336]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FC9DFAFFDB4DA061" attach="left" box="[784,792,1322,1336]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
subparallel.
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A59FFA3FC2AFACCDBB2A06A" box="[935,999,1305,1331]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costa</collectingRegion>
extending to M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FB11FAFFDCF1A061" attach="left" box="[1180,1188,1322,1336]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
, but often quite weak after R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FF6BFA9BD955A005" attach="left" box="[230,256,1358,1372]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2+3</subScript>
and sometimes apparently terminating at R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FD7BFA9BDB45A005" attach="left" box="[758,784,1358,1372]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4+5</subScript>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A59FFA3FC91FAE8DBE6A00E" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[796,947,1341,1367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Medial and cross-veins sometimes weak, with dm-m sometimes incomplete or absent. M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FD37FAA7DA97A0D9" attach="left" box="[698,706,1394,1408]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4</subScript>
ending at or near wing margin; CuA+CuP ending before wing margin. Vein bm-m incomplete to absent.
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A59FFA3FDE6FA50DAFEA0C6" box="[619,683,1413,1439]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costa</collectingRegion>
with humeral break, but sometimes also with subcostal weakening; subcostal vein abbreviated, ending in R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A59FFA3FDDCFA6FDA0CA091" attach="left" box="[593,601,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
. Cells
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FD25FA7FDA97A09A" box="[680,706,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">cu</emphasis>
p and bm very small. Calypter hairs moderately long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFA1BDD55A0BE" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" box="[199,1280,1485,1511]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFA1BD8A9A0BE" box="[199,252,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Legs</emphasis>
. Slender, short. Tarsomeres relatively short, with terminal 4 segments not longer than wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA3FF4AFA24D887A3E6" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AFA24D964A352" box="[199,305,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Sternites 1–4 small, sometimes desclerotized with chaetotaxy reduced, including bare S1; at least S5 with one pair of dominant lateral setae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FDD6F9C0DAEBA376" box="[603,702,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 201–204" captionStartId="121.[151,264,1680,1705]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,183,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[151,1436,174,1661]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURES 201–204. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), female; 201: segments 1–5, ventral; 202: segments 6–cerci, ventral; 203: same, lateral; 204: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670823/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 201</figureCitation>
). Spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A59FFA3FCCCF9C1DBDCA376" box="[833,905,1556,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 in</quantity>
membrane below tergites; 6
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FB47F9C1DC82A37B" attach="left" box="[1226,1239,1556,1570]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
spiracle in membrane anterior to segment in females, and 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FDF0F9EDDADFA31F" attach="left" box="[637,650,1592,1606]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
spiracle enclosed anterolaterally in T7 on posteriorly angled tubercle; male 6
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FF68F989D8A7A333" attach="left" box="[229,242,1628,1642]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
spiracle anterior to epandrium in membrane laterally and left 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FC47F989DB82A333" attach="left" box="[970,983,1628,1642]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
spiracle present near 6
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FB6DF989DCB8A333" attach="none" box="[1248,1261,1628,1642]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
. T3 sometimes incomplete on left side, tapering to a point and with “orphaned” spiracle on that side adjacent to 4
<superScript id="C2C935326A59FFA3FB7FF955DCAAA3D7" attach="left" box="[1266,1279,1664,1678]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">th</superScript>
spiracle (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FAE2F954D890A3E6" captionStart="FIGURES 201–204" captionStartId="121.[151,264,1680,1705]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,183,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[151,1436,174,1661]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURES 201–204. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), female; 201: segments 1–5, ventral; 202: segments 6–cerci, ventral; 203: same, lateral; 204: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670823/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 201</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A59FFA0FF4AF91CDD12A41A" blockId="37.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,153,683]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07C844686A59FFA3FF4AF91CD938A3BA" box="[199,365,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A59FFA3FE09F91CDA74A3BA" box="[388,545,1736,1763]" captionStart="FIGURES 195–200" captionStartId="120.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,180,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURES 195–200. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), male terminalia; 195: left lateral; 196: external genitalia, posterior; 197: same, anterior; 198: internal genitalia, ventral; 199: detail of phallus; 200: internal genitalia, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670821/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 195–200</figureCitation>
) Pregenital sclerites reduced to thin dorsal strip (possibly only remnant of S8) that may be completely membranous; essentially symmetrical. Epandrium with one or two pairs of dominant setae; ventral margin somewhat narrowed, approximating base of surstyli. Subepandrial sclerite mostly flat, weakly sclerotized and plate-like with deep ventromedial desclerotization and one pair of thick, sclerotized ventral lobes with irregular vertical row of short setae. Cerci small, lobate, largely fused. Surstylus small, lobate, curved in crosssection with anterior margins directed medially. Hypandrium broad, essentially planar with arms lateral; setae in concealed cluster at base of pregonite. Phallic plate absent. Phallapodeme flat, carinate, with one pair of anteromedial processes meeting inner-medial surface of hypandrium; broadly arched or U-shaped in profile. Pregonite long, band-like, fused to inner-medial surface of hypandrium, with scattered small setae along length. Postgonite short with pointed tooth-like apex; position apical to, and largely contiguous with postgonite; with short setae and empty sockets. Phallus (basiphallus+distiphallus) small, clear, tubular, with oblique ovate opening not reaching distal margin of postgonite; ventrobasal margin shortly before opening contiguous with phallapodeme base. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, globular, on very short, but relatively wide duct that barely exceeds arch of pregonite.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A5AFFA0FF4AFE98DC30A7F2" blockId="38.[151,1437,153,683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="07C844686A5AFFA0FF4AFE98D9DFA43E" box="[199,394,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A5AFFA0FE2EFE98DA16A43E" box="[419,579,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURES 201–204" captionStartId="121.[151,264,1680,1705]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,183,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[151,1436,174,1661]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURES 201–204. Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae), female; 201: segments 1–5, ventral; 202: segments 6–cerci, ventral; 203: same, lateral; 204: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670823/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figs 201–204</figureCitation>
) T6 and S6 completely fused into medially bulging sclerotized tube with few posteromedial and ventromedial setae sometimes arranged in transverse series, and larger row of larger setae completely encircling segment posteriorly; partially retracted into segment 5. T7 and S7 fused into oviscape with sutures sometimes still visible; segments distal to oviscape retracted. S8 and T8 divided medially, band-like and minutely textured. Segment 10 reduced to “internal process” of S10, which forms long, narrow, well-sclerotized stylet. Intersegmental membrane after segment 8 very elongate, basally with anteriorly directed spicules. Spermathecae (2) present (described for the first time here but noted as present in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A5AFFA0FC7BFDF0DCCAA766" author="Taylor, G. S." box="[1014,1183,549,575]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="251 - 290" refId="ref97827" refString="Taylor, G. S. (2004) Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 02033" type="journal article" year="2004">Taylor (2004))</bibRefCitation>
; flattened, pigmented, with shape subcircular to subtriangular, with short apical stem supporting small, dark apical bulb; ducts clear, short, fused before union with genital chamber. Ventral receptacle approximately as long as spermatheca, subcylindrical with shallow transverse wrinkles before wider subapical collar and rounded apical cap.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink