262 lines
29 KiB
XML
262 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="DB0B6EADD73285CF4025AE94B3223409">
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<mods:title id="61165D8B14EE3C67F1DC9E16C0137493">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 11. Heteropterinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="702B51EF5D6CBE9C73D16037A0C87BDE">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="04B2973E2267F395E193BA66740EC3EE">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A157FFEFAFFFB0B6AE3D9E5F1B18A87A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="22EACA2597DFE6EF239793F4A5DB3A2F">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6140B34B4B1E04581C97FEE3FCE2FF31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5670010" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127628017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5670010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B1E04581C97FEE3FCE2FF31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6140B34B4B1E04581C97FEE3FCE2FF31" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B1E04461C97FEE3FB4AFD02" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461C97FEE3FD86FE8B" blockId="15.[151,582,295,322]" box="[151,582,295,322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<heading id="B21EB5314B1E04461C97FEE3FD86FE8B" bold="true" box="[151,582,295,322]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461C97FEE3FD86FE8B" ID-CoL="42G49" authority="Wallengren, 1857" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,582,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willemi">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461C97FEE3FD86FE8B" bold="true" box="[151,582,295,322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461C97FEE3FEA5FE88" bold="true" box="[151,357,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Metisella willemi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461D6CFEECFD86FE8B" author="Wallengren" box="[364,582,296,322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Wallengren, H. D. J. (1857) Kafferlandets Dagfjarilar indsamlede aren 1838 - 1845 af J. A. Wahlberg. Kafferlandets Dag-Fjarilar, insamlade aren 1838 - 1845 af J. A. Wahlberg (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, in Terra Caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a J. A. Wahlberg). Kungliga Svenska Fetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar (n. s.), 2 (4), 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1857">Wallengren, 1857</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461C97FEAAFB4AFD02" blockId="15.[151,1437,366,859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1E04461C97FEAAFAE2FE06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520773" country="Somalia" location="South" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
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Originally described from Kaffraria (Natal) the range of this species extends from
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E0446183CFEAAFBBDFE4E" box="[1084,1149,366,391]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">South</collectingRegion>
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Africa to DR
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E04461921FEABFF07FE63" isEnumeration="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Congo and East</collectingRegion>
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Africa, with one record from
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1E04461E22FE56FDBEFE62" box="[546,638,402,427]" name="Somalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461E8EFE57FCD9FE62" author="Evans" box="[654,793,403,427]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp. [30 plates.]" type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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). This seems to be a very localised species, but where it does occur, it is not rare. Thus for a while it could be found regularly in the grounds of the
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E044618A3FE72FB19FE06" box="[1187,1241,438,463]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Kisii</collectingRegion>
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Hotel
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1E0446192EFE73FC30FD6E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520797" collectingDate="1991-02" country="Kenya" location="Kisii" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kisii">
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1E0446192EFE73FABAFE06" box="[1326,1402,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, in the late 1980s. Here parts of the grounds had been neglected for some years and only cut back in patches at intervals. The resultant mixture of vegetation included a scattering of the food plant,
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E0446187BFE3BFA99FDDE" box="[1147,1369,510,535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E0446187BFE3BFA99FDDE" box="[1147,1369,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461987FE3BFF39FDF2" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plicatilis">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461987FE3BFF39FDF2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">S. plicatilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), growing amongst other vegetation up to one metre high, and partially shaded by large trees. Unfortunately, on MJWC’s last visit (
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<date id="9D57249D4B1E04461E37FD82FD20FD96" box="[567,736,582,607]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" value="1991-02">
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<collectingDate id="8D13DD754B1E04461E37FD82FD20FD96" box="[567,736,582,607]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" value="1991-02">February 1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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), almost the whole area had been cut back, and the grounds are now set to lawns (http://kisii-hotel.awardspace.info/index.htm) and far less interesting entomologically. What was particularly attractive about
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461DD7FD4BFDB7FD6E" box="[471,631,654,679]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461DD7FD4BFDB7FD6E" box="[471,631,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">S. megaphylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E04461EC7FD4AFD3EFD6E" box="[711,766,654,679]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Kisii</collectingRegion>
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situation is not clear
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="598108004B1E04461FFCFD4BFB4AFD02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520798" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Kenya" location="Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kakamega">
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<collectionCode id="8FF89A984B1E04461FFCFD4BFB8DFD6E" box="[1020,1101,655,679]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">MJWC</collectionCode>
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has seen similar sites with
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461987FD4BFEDAFD02" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461987FD4BFEDAFD02" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">S. megaphylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the more open parts of
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461E40FD76FD78FD02" box="[576,696,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamega">
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<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E04461E40FD76FD78FD02" box="[576,696,690,715]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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<location id="EC3654864B1E04461EBFFD77FCC8FD03" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6140B34B4B1E04581C97FEE3FCE2FF31:EC3654864B1E04461EBFFD77FCC8FD03" box="[703,776,691,714]" country="Kenya" name="Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" stateProvince="Kakamega">Forest</location>
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, but never found
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461FCBFD70FB83FD02" box="[971,1091,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willemi">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461FCBFD70FB83FD02" box="[971,1091,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">M. willemi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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there.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A1F351D64B1E04581CC7FD12FCE2FF31" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461CC7FD12FC00FC92" blockId="15.[151,1437,366,859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461CC7FD12FE4EFD26" bold="true" box="[199,398,726,751]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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. The adults are weak fliers and settle frequently on grass stems with their wings closed (Figure 18.2).
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461D38FD3FFE1BFCDA" author="Cooper" box="[312,475,763,787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Cooper, R. (1973) Butterflies of Rhodesia. Longman Rhodesia, Salisbury, Rhodesia, 138 pp." type="book" year="1973">Cooper (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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associates this species with open bush in
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<collectingCountry id="91FE42CD4B1E04461FADFD3EFBE8FCDA" box="[941,1064,762,787]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, where it can be locally abundant and notes that ‘it has a low flight and seeks shady grassy spots where it settles on low shrubs, grass or sometimes on the ground’. The adults will also drink at wet places (
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461F0EFC86FC73FC92" author="Kielland" box="[782,947,834,859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="BD9652D54B1E04461C97FAF9FD2CFAB8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265108/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" targetBox="[151,1436,914,1316]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461C97FAF9FD2CFAB8" blockId="15.[151,1436,1340,1393]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461C97FAF9FED8FA9B" bold="true" box="[151,280,1341,1363]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">FIGURE 18</emphasis>
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. Adult male of
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461DB6FAF8FDA5FA9B" box="[438,613,1340,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willemi">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461DB6FAF8FDA5FA9B" box="[438,613,1340,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Metisella willemi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected as caterpillar 6–7 Jul 1990 on
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461802FAF9FB07FA9B" box="[1026,1223,1340,1362]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461802FAF9FB07FA9B" box="[1026,1223,1340,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kisii; adult 24 Aug; photographed 24 Aug; 89/86A.
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461DD9FA9FFE26FAB9" bold="true" box="[473,486,1371,1392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">1</emphasis>
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, upper side;
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461E69FA9FFDB5FAB9" bold="true" box="[617,629,1371,1392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">2</emphasis>
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, underside.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461CC7FA5AFEDDF98E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1438,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
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||
<materialsCitation id="598108004B1E04461CC7FA5AFEDDF98E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1426520796" collectionCode="MJWC" location="Kisii" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kisii">
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||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461CC7FA5AFE9BFA7E" bold="true" box="[199,347,1438,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Food plants.</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461D62FA5AFDFDFA7E" author="Sevastopulo" box="[354,573,1438,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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lists the food plants as grasses generally.
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461814FA5AFB06FA7E" author="Kielland" box="[1044,1222,1438,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E044618FEFA5BFA5CFA7E" author="Larsen" box="[1278,1436,1439,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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repeat this and the latter adds MJWC’s record from
|
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<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461EEAFA07FCFBFA13" box="[746,827,1475,1498]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461EEAFA07FCFBFA13" box="[746,827,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Setaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. We assume this is the source of the same food plant record in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461D07FA22FDC0FA36" box="[263,512,1510,1535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Folume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461D71FA23FE64FA36" box="[369,420,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D787FAC4B1E04461E3CFA22FCC0FA36" author="Woodhall" box="[572,768,1510,1535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The caterpillars which
|
||
<collectionCode id="8FF89A984B1E04461817FA23FBA8FA36" box="[1047,1128,1511,1535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
found at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E044618DAFA22FAD1FA36" box="[1242,1297,1510,1535]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Kisii</collectingRegion>
|
||
were all
|
||
<collectedFrom id="5AF541A04B1E04461980FA23FEB2F9EA" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B1E04461C97F9CFFEB2F9EA" box="[151,370,1546,1571]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461C97F9CFFEB2F9EA" box="[151,370,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
, and we anticipate that this species may be selective as to which species of grass it will use for oviposition.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461CC7F996FC5BF91E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1438,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461CC7F996FEA7F9A2" bold="true" box="[199,359,1618,1643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
The shelters are formed in the apical part of the leaf, by rolling the leaf downwards, and feeding is from the edges of the same leaf, basal to the shelter, so that the basal portion of the leaf is positioned normally.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B1E04461988F9B3FA5CF946" box="[1416,1436,1655,1679]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
first or second instar caterpillar made a shelter from the apical
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1E04461F81F95EFC08F97B" box="[897,968,1690,1714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
of a
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1E0446180DF95EFB96F97B" box="[1037,1110,1690,1715]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||
leaf. Large caterpillars will completely bare the midrib so that the shelter hangs by it like a stalk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B1E04461CC7F926FAD0F867" blockId="15.[151,1437,1438,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B1E04461CC7F926FE91F932" bold="true" box="[199,337,1762,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="502">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The early instars are green with a dark head. The penultimate instar (Figure 19.1–2) is
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1E0446191FF926FA99F933" box="[1311,1369,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" unit="mm" value="8.0">8mm</quantity>
|
||
when newly moulted. Head 1.25 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B1E04461DECF8C3FDFBF8D6" box="[492,571,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="502" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; matt, rugose; translucent dull green, epicranial and adfrontal sutures narrowly dark or black, a wider line from vertex, over apex to top of stemmata; posterior margin narrowly dark, in one case with an adjacent small diffuse dark patch laterally; scattered short, pale, semi-recumbent setae. T1 with a dark dorsal spot and another below each white dorsolateral line. Body pale, slightly yellowish green; distinct subdorsal and dorsolateral lines, the latter extending onto T1; diffuse pale lateral line; short pale setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD9652D54B0104591C97FC09FA9AFBE8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265109/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" targetBox="[151,1436,195,949]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B0104591C97FC09FA9AFBE8" blockId="16.[151,1436,973,1057]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591C97FC09FEDBFC2B" bold="true" box="[151,283,973,995]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">FIGURE 19</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B0104591DC5FC09FDB6FC2A" box="[453,630,973,995]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willemi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591DC5FC09FDB6FC2A" box="[453,630,973,995]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Metisella willemi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 21 Feb 1989 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B0104591F94FC0AFB9CFC2A" box="[916,1116,973,995]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591F94FC0AFB9CFC2A" box="[916,1116,973,995]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kisii.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B01045918AAFC09FB10FC2B" bold="true" box="[1194,1232,973,994]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">1–2</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar, moulted to penultimate instar 24 Mar; photographed 27 Mar; died; 89/8D;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591F98FC28FC64FBC8" bold="true" box="[920,932,1004,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591871FC28FBBDFBC8" bold="true" box="[1137,1149,1004,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head anterodorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591CD3FBCFFF39FBE9" bold="true" box="[211,249,1035,1056]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">3–4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar; photographed 22 Feb 1989; pupated 25 Feb; 89/8A;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591F94FBCFFC60FBE9" bold="true" box="[916,928,1035,1056]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B010459182FFBCFFBFCFBE9" bold="true" box="[1071,1084,1035,1056]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="BD9652D54B0104591C97F9A2FD1EF952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265110/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" targetBox="[151,1436,1109,1614]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B0104591C97F9A2FD1EF952" blockId="16.[151,1436,1638,1691]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591C97F9A2FEDBF9B2" bold="true" box="[151,283,1638,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">FIGURE 20</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B0104591D83F9A2FDF5F9B5" box="[387,565,1638,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willemi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591D83F9A2FDF5F9B5" box="[387,565,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Metisella willemi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dorsal view; collected 21 Feb 1989 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EE979DE4B0104591FDCF9A3FB64F9B5" box="[988,1188,1638,1660]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591FDCF9A3FB64F9B5" box="[988,1188,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kisii; pupated 25 Feb; photographed 26 Feb; adult female 7 Mar; 21mm; 89/8A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B0104591CC7F903FC83F85D" blockId="16.[151,1437,1735,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">
|
||
The final instar (Figure 19.3–4) grows to at least
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B0104591F05F90CFC8FF929" box="[773,847,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
, with a distinctive dull brownish green head, 1.9 x
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B0104591C97F928FF25F8CD" box="[151,229,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4). Based largely on 89/8B, the head is pale brownish green, paler down centre of face; matt, rugose; scattered short, pale, semi recumbent setae. T1 concolorous with body. Body dull green; white subdorsal line T1–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B0104591D66F8F0FEBDF885" box="[358,381,1844,1868]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9, slightly diffuse, especially on lateral margin; distinct white dorsolateral line T1–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B0104591917F8F0FAEEF885" box="[1303,1326,1844,1868]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9; a rather diffuse, greenish white lateral line; spiracles and connecting line of trachea visible through cuticle pale, inconspicuous; body covered with scattered short, pale setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E956025D4B0104581CC7F85BFCE2FF31" blockId="16.[151,1437,1735,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB9DDE4F4B0104591CC7F85BFECCF871" bold="true" box="[199,268,1951,1976]" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71D21ED84B0104591D8CF85BFE3CF871" box="[396,508,1951,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1638,1660]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1109,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,1109,1614]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 20. Pupa of Metisella willemi, dorsal view; collected 21 Feb 1989 on Setaria megaphylla, Kisii; pupated 25 Feb; photographed 26 Feb; adult female 7 Mar; 21 mm; 89 / 8 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265110/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">Figure 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to others of the genus and formed in the last leaf shelter. Individual 89/ 8
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B2DCCBF4B0104591CA3F800FF79F815" box="[163,185,1988,2012]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="503">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B0104591CF5F800FEFDF815" box="[245,317,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="21.0">21mm</quantity>
|
||
long, frontal spike
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B0104591E1BF800FDAAF815" box="[539,618,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="2E11AFB84B0104591EB3F800FCC1F815" box="[691,769,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at the base, slightly upturned at the tip; smooth; pale whitish green, with dark dorsal line from tip of spike to cremaster, bordered by distinct white subdorsal and dorsolateral lines, and a diffuse lateral line. The cuticle is transparent and the pupa takes the colour of the developing adult, completing development in 10–15 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |