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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1113-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1113-1" checkinTime="1658252710949" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe, Dahlgren, Thomas G., Amon, Diva J., Cairns, Stephen, Drennan, Regan, Durden, Jennifer M., Eleaume, Marc P., Hosie, Andrew M., Kremenetskaia, Antonina, McQuaid, Kirsty, O'Hara, Timothy D., Rabone, Muriel, Simon-Lledo, Erik, Smith, Craig R., Watling, Les, Wiklund, Helena &amp; Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2022" docId="B306AD78526D5D6F912E2D5CAD3DDF6A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1113: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1113" docPubDate="2022-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" docTitle="Zoroaster stet. CCZ _ 065" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" masterDocTitle="Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1658253014331" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-8724</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">l.bribiesca-contreras@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dahlgren, Thomas G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-2031</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden &amp; Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Amon, Diva J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-9271</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Drennan, Regan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-5464</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Durden, Jennifer M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-9109</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Eleaume, Marc P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Collections &amp; Research, Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hosie, Andrew M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-662X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kremenetskaia, Antonina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-3318</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McQuaid, Kirsty</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8332</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>O'Hara, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rabone, Muriel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-2313</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Simon-Lledo, Erik</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Craig R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3976-0889</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Watling, Les</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-1168</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wiklund, Helena</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-3504</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Glover, Adrian G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-074X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1113</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>110</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1113-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B306AD78526D5D6F912E2D5CAD3DDF6A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B306AD78526D5D6F912E2D5CAD3DDF6A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="B306AD78-526D-5D6F-912E-2D5CAD3DDF6A" authority="stet. CCZ _ 065" authorityName="stet. CCZ _ 065" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoroaster" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Zoroaster stet. CCZ_065</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Zoroaster stet. CCZ _ 065 A in situ image B abactinal view of whole specimen C detail of abactinal surface D detail of actinal surface before preservation. Scale bars: 3 cm (A); 2 cm (B); 5 mm (C, D). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716353" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="ON400691, ON406607" collectingDate="2018-05-27" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="3132" latitude="4.8877" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-141.7569" specimenCount="1">
Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; APEI 7;
<geoCoordinate degrees="4.8877" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="4.8877">4.8877°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="141.7569" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-141.7569">141.7569°W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.132" unit="m" value="3132.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.132" unit="m" value="3132.0">3132 m</elevation>
</quantity>
deep;
<collectingDate value="2018-05-27">27 May. 2018</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Smith</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Durden</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400691">ON400691</accessionNumber>
(COI),
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406607">ON406607</accessionNumber>
(16S); NHMUK 2022.78;
<collectorName>Voucher</collectorName>
code: CCZ_065
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Single specimen (R = 16.6 cm, r = 1.3 cm). Actinal and abactinal surfaces are bright orange when alive, with ambulacrum slightly darker orange (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Zoroaster stet. CCZ _ 065 A in situ image B abactinal view of whole specimen C detail of abactinal surface D detail of actinal surface before preservation. Scale bars: 3 cm (A); 2 cm (B); 5 mm (C, D). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716353" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27A-D</figureCitation>
). Small disc; with five long, slender arms, gradually tapering distally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Zoroaster stet. CCZ _ 065 A in situ image B abactinal view of whole specimen C detail of abactinal surface D detail of actinal surface before preservation. Scale bars: 3 cm (A); 2 cm (B); 5 mm (C, D). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716353" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27B</figureCitation>
). Carinal plates bear conical primary spines, forming a single longitudinal row that runs along the arm (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Zoroaster stet. CCZ _ 065 A in situ image B abactinal view of whole specimen C detail of abactinal surface D detail of actinal surface before preservation. Scale bars: 3 cm (A); 2 cm (B); 5 mm (C, D). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716353" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27A, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716353" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoroaster" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zoroaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_065
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
in situ image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
abactinal view of whole specimen
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail of abactinal surface
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail of actinal surface before preservation. Scale bars: 3 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 2 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Morphological characters are concordant with the description of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoroaster" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zoroaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The phylogenetic analyses also recovered the specimen in a well-supported clade with other species of the genus (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Asteroidea. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, COI, and H 3) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716350" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24</figureCitation>
). However, COI divergence between species in the genus is very low (K2P distance ≈ 1-2%) and species-level clades were not recovered in the phylogeny, preventing us from assigning it to any species based on COI sequences. The closest match to the COI sequence of the CCZ specimen is a sequence from the long-armed morphotype (K2P distance 0.6%, GenBank accession number AY225785.1) identified for
<taxonomicName genus="Z." lsidName="Z. fulgens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z. fulgens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wyville Thomson, 1873 in the Porcupine Seabight, Atlantic Ocean (
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.1987" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="50.1987">50.1987°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="14.6593" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-14.6593">14.6593°W</geoCoordinate>
; 4001 m depth;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1248-8" author="Howell, KL" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="977 - 984" refId="B46" refString="Howell, KL, Rogers, AD, Tyler, PA, Billett, DSM, 2004. Reproductive isolation among morphotypes of the Atlantic seastar species Zoroaster fulgens (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Marine Biology 144 (5): 977 - 984, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1248-8" title="Reproductive isolation among morphotypes of the Atlantic seastar species Zoroaster fulgens (Asteroidea: Echinodermata)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1248-8" volume="144" year="2004">Howell et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Although this value is concordant with intraspecific divergence in the genus, the 16S sequences divergence between the CCZ specimen and the long-armed morphotype (K2P 1.1%) is larger than between the long-armed morphotype and
<taxonomicName genus="Z." lsidName="Z. spinulosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fisher, 1906 (K2P 0.0%) and between
<taxonomicName genus="Z." lsidName="Z. spinulosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="Z." lsidName="Z. ophiactis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ophiactis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z. ophiactis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fisher, 1916 (K2P 0.3%).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specimen was found partially buried in the sediment on the seamount on APEI 7 at 3133 m depth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
No similar
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Zoroasteridae</taxonomicName>
morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ nor in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoroaster" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Zoroaster</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_065 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoroaster" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zoroaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. indet., AST_025).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Class
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
To date, there are 66 records of crinoids occurring deeper than 3000 m in the CCZ, with only seven of these representing preserved specimens (
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Three specimens, belonging to two species, were collected in the western CCZ. The barcoding gene COI was amplified for all specimens, and sequences were included in a concatenated alignment (16S, 18S, 28S, COI, and CytB) used to estimate a phylogenetic tree for the class (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Crinoidea. Concatenated (16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and CytB) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716354" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716354" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 28" startId="F28">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 28.</emphasis>
Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
. Concatenated (16S, 18S, 28S, COI, and CytB) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subclass
<taxonomicName class="Articulata" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Articulata</taxonomicName>
Zittel, 1879
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Order
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Suborder
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Bourgueticrinina">Bourgueticrinina</taxonomicName>
Sieverts-Doreck, 1953
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Millericrinida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
AH Clark, 1907
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Porphyrocrininae">Porphyrocrininae</taxonomicName>
AM Clark, 1973
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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