280 lines
35 KiB
XML
280 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="2C18829D41FA44E69500680E18F6A2C7" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8" ID-PMC="PMC6624213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-1" ID-PubMed="31327927" ID-ZooBank="11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia – Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" checkinTime="1562310422136" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 1-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" docTitle="Anthothela pacifica Kuekenthal 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="843C0C24FF815E5FFFDD405D045AFFC6" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1701315538016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DF9A5AD48B1A24DB857194A9343403BF">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0394279298072F686C35B1BF8BD9AD38">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4178014F23808BD919F020CEE3C35114">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D71C2548FF9088C8BC7353E3E97543B5">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0CC1A0998A1EB6BBC9BB5EE2B47E03A9">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="56207EBB5FDC4EEBC67AA596FCEA2249">860</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="54E8D363141A232449488BC9A5FA4977">66</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="4E47DDAFAC9C97B45DB4D6F07F6C529F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="77B883F376DC9CA91E57E812A6333A47" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B40EBF50984C0E5B2542071A9AB6868" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525336" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="80F7D85D3A1E9DE9AD2DDBFBEE2898B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9B97A9D5FAA897C2460DB455245A011E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FCC3830B75DC5776FF693D4922C9BBCF" ID-CoL="5VGP9" authority="Kuekenthal, 1913" authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1913" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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Anthothela pacifica (
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<normalizedToken id="9865989B2C6D6A5DAFC1E8EB4A6A02A7" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1913)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figures 1A, B, 2
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC228EA286F4E52FE76B032638DFAB3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="20CB6A11270A8A445136EC1E1AEA2093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DF7D599E4C03B0A8EE6E1DCEE8AE12E7" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="173A6EC3F94117C449CD56B33DD26A8C" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1913a): 237-239; text figs
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<normalizedToken id="A68380D90F9C800411B410C036F52D71" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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||
.
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<bibRefCitation id="A965114799CA5D661D949C9B73C087C7" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer 1961</bibRefCitation>
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: 336.
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<bibRefCitation id="58EB6F3F17FFEE69D156BFDA9DC41E13" author="Moore, KM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 1" title="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" volume="4304" year="2017">Moore et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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: 34-40.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B9CF8E770CD35D42307B02A9DB8DEED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(?)
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<taxonomicName id="61BCF0A5BC52FA59563B15BFC9552CC1" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Clavularia pacifica</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909: 686.
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<bibRefCitation id="6897405967D2DC9AAE25BFA8746A3F1C" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913 a">
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<normalizedToken id="066B402BC41F1CE3B7C66A596F8BA50C" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1913a
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 237-239.
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<bibRefCitation id="1CB4CE84A218D13FB651CE6DC0321484" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="541 - 557" title="Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" volume="37" year="1915">Hickson 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 548.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="77CAA652B192CFEBAD28DCC996579C11" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(?)
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<taxonomicName id="C4B2125C16E973F9BFF635A734CC3E61" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Sympodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympodium armatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">Sympodium armatum</taxonomicName>
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Wright & Studer, 1889: 272.
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<bibRefCitation id="1E5FDE71DF6629BA4B6E9A21C77A3629" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: 686.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="291369DC85A3E28115A0870D4504BD54" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(?)
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<taxonomicName id="C5B5F879347EB84BA1AAE8591BF4D394" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Anthothela argentea</taxonomicName>
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Studer, 1894: 60.
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<bibRefCitation id="E4800C695E74247D6EA88E2C3B3E41E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<normalizedToken id="BF8CFD0FC0134D8B55A6FB7DD0521BE1" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1919
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 45;
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<bibRefCitation id="B6CE054AB1294469F62559A438BD5BBD" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">1924</bibRefCitation>
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: 16. (No longer valid; see WoRMS Data Base,
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<bibRefCitation id="860A73F446239CAF3D6008AC66E88600" author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125324" year="2018 a">Cordeiro et al. 2018a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FE0F0D543F4D8F07B78193AAC926AD84" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E89F424C0178902BE55933C7AAE1FA7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="271B39808E3E94FC4B8AAB8AFDB7D8D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="286E4F38A8BD9D9DF6873386605318A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA, California, China Point, (?) San Clemente Island, SW tip, 50 fm (91 m).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A53C41DE0AD1397E7E7C24E1B3B91F04" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type specimen">
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<paragraph id="FE97DD55E4693B88C7F69B667ACAA02F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E6E838BD0336D2572DF0FE3F333F7FC7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Location of type unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4F56365E831C60D97CD66B550BD29A02" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C2B516BDC069F84D079BF64FD0C176BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="96F72FC984D494A85FCBEC3B27832775" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">One specimen in SBMNH collection was identified as this species (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E23193BA8327C5F79A08CD372CDD11E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3FCBDF0C9E0464944522EA73F7D6A2E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240F0B16A8B43AA60542E1A51DDC3ADA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Colony (Figure 1A) of thin, flattened branches, crooked, tortuous, somewhat anastomosed; no large main stem development. Rather low-lying, prostrate form; height 0.5 mm-7.0 mm;
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<normalizedToken id="E52962C18CB5B3BD1573FFAE5C2F9B9A" originalValue="“stolon”">"stolon"</normalizedToken>
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thin, membranous; arrangement of medulla and
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<normalizedToken id="722B02953B80E405838977987172F31A" originalValue="“cortex”">"cortex"</normalizedToken>
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as described for family. Calyces (Figure 1B) prominent, projecting cylinders up to 2.5-3.0 mm tall; polyps stout, with highly retractile portion up to 2.5 mm in length; total calyx/polyp size 5.0 mm tall by 2.0 mm wide. Calyces monomorphic, with eight deep, longitudinal grooves, delineating eight ridges or ribs with sharp edges. Distal part of polyp usually exsert, bearing eight double-rows of spindles. Polyps large, rather widely spaced. Color of living colony described as light yellow or straw-colored to grayish white; in alcohol, creamy white. Sclerites (Figure 2) of coenenchyme large, elongate, thin, pointed spindles, often with prominent projections on edges; generally, fusiform (0.25-0.3 mm long), not capstans; often appearing bent. Older descriptions indicate that sometimes these are strongly clavate at terminal end, appearing as clubbed spindles; this condition not seen in material examined. Anthocodial armature strong spindles, often clavate or bent, only rarely as radiate bodies and capstans. Spindles at base of tentacles (collaret), 0.18 mm long, those of calyx 0.22 mm long, none of these club-shaped. Sclerites widely spaced, showing transverse disposition at base of tentacles; sclerites of medulla strong thorny spindles. Colony surface rough to the touch due to projecting sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="D91796DBABA6B428EE015956E0F5B963" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph id="1C22166BD5020637D2963CB7D11F04BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="AF07AD719849653BEC9ADFB53691FD42" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 265939. A Large portion of colony fragment; several rocks accompanied specimen (presumed substrate); colony unattached, ~7.0 cm in length B close-up of polyps, each polyp ~0.5 mm tall.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="051FA7DBB85C1AC251F7BD0296A0684F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph id="28B785ED7237CC0C292AF9A45A768FD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName id="76663C4F7D5785C5559140B8BE4DF118" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 265939, SEM image. Coenenchymal sclerites, colored a very pale yellow to white. Length of largest sclerites examined ~400
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<normalizedToken id="E42FA7A75BD127DC30A10E2304D7F745" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3D3A454F5FD06B587FBBA6C150786287" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="EDB13B1939FEC767CAF0C27F60EEFFB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D6C6E20C8290DCE4342F0C465D351C67" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Presumably named for type locality, northern Pacific Ocean.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6EE43C95D96EFCE97F83CE378D85C5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common name">
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<paragraph id="EFE97913DB117AC33A7195C27A4CE28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common Name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="71F52DAECE76D6CEC6C35AC0E6B61C18" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dwarf white gorgonian.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="719B1C67D4FEB99F257EA4A0F0FE4A21" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="60EAD43CC3AEEB23F303FD25851A4B5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="654B57A2F62DD3819EED75D408A466B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Not definitively known at this time for coastal western United States; potentially from southern California: USA, California, San Diego, Point Loma, 200 m (
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<bibRefCitation id="02C366FE375CC27B7D822A4FA9B317B6" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
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) and China Point, (?) San Clemente Island, SW tip, 91 m, to at least northern California, Monterey Bay, 900 m (
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<bibRefCitation id="75D087313CAC113354265F6154F91DDB" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); possibly as far north as southern British Columbia, Canada (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="64B71555ED417F5329D0AFA7AC214FDB" author="Lamb, A" journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park-British Columbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes." year="2005">Lamb and Hanby 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D15FF897EDD36C9C648DF6DA9574F3BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="74B1C3382A53CFD77CF6ECC73DC39CD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EC7653B156590C29D0BAA0E1A593D0CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
According to Kozloff (1987), a shallow subtidal form.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64C246FA9D4F05CC5D25477C128DF42F" author="Lamb, A" journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park-British Columbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes." year="2005">Lamb and Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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state it as "subtidal, below 40 m (133 ft)."
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A5D7CCF7FB65172C6AA909ACFE32405F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="AF96B009F849C76A726EC8C85AD5C2F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4B72A0BEBC9F633DC6EA068A47D8A85A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3DE116AFBB41D941C87162E18E2B5202" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="92AC74CE457D452DF4F1BD541266BC9B" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated species is not equal to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="005A577967417A9EAED7605C7E10F9C5" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympodium armatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">Sympodium armatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wright and Studer as cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B58A07D6952801E6E8117B79F03B0684" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, an interesting aspect presented itself through an unexpected source. A letter, found in SBMNH archives, dated 1978, from Dr Frederick Bayer to Dr Eric Hochberg, indicated the suggestion of a possible synonymy between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58C324BEDAFD50F183282E6E084547AC" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Anthothela argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Studer, 1894 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58191BEF61FD21B0DF8E568B8FAA66AF" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In that letter Dr Bayer made two significant statements, the first being that the two lots reported and identified (and misidentified) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40FE282383E64CAB61E2744BD3C871CD" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 686) as "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9710BAD803E3A0981FDEB5471359F38A" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympodium armatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">Sympodium armatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wright & Studer, 1889," subsequently identified by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E6266588DC12C11DCA30B6B35723BC85" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F8F0B9C1A2BAC315C502F55927A7B7E" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Clavularia pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are in actuality gorgonians of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7851F84349FA4000E3D1F0BC0C77717" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F6769ECF4AE03306768CF757023ED13" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made mention of this in relation to the Atlantic Ocean species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="759C9BDA80FB66DE4A37D8297E9A1828" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela tropicalis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Anthothela tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bayer, 1961. Secondly (key point of the letter), Bayer believed that it was "possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="55BDF3EBB3E0A31C2BEAAB04C2EDCE41" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">' Clavularia ' pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is identical with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A2E8BE80E3C3A20097FF2130170CA60" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Anthothela argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Studer, in which case
|
||
<normalizedToken id="101504A48023A04E723484BD3B0FBB18" originalValue="Studer’s">Studer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
name takes precedence." Further reading in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E396E74943DD63CEF66B978FF237F6F7" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that there was indeed a genus name change. Bayer, discussing family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91EED0A2DAA1EE7DD4F7713808670043" family="Anthothelidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52E75DB6B61EBCB43896EE0D8E1DEF21" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
, made the following statement: "A distinctly different species has now been recorded from the Gulf of Mexico, also in deep water, which proves to be a new species closely related to the eastern Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="079B4EB1E5418BA13E6D6F7FBDE30F23" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="93383F5B737442ACEA162D41E9F2F662" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
), forming with it an eastern Pacific-western Atlantic twin-pair of species." Note the change in genus name (from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48E060D3E74FE7579464CE7ADF798478" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="385973C9E878E71973DBCCA2F7DCF243" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Regarding the distributional range for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AFC57DEE23508F7FA495412496F0638" lsidName="A. argentea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="argentea">A. argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, location records noted on distribution maps posted on the Encyclopedia Of Life website showed it occurring throughout the southeastern Pacific Ocean, extending into the northeastern Pacific, to at least central California (USA; USNM 94428 was collected in proximity of the western edge of the Bight). This indicated a possible geographic overlap with (or the possibility that it was synonymous with)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39A8BF12CE118006C4E671F1994B4A2C" lsidName="A. pacifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pacifica">A. pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5846F3FB2B07E6443DD395B37AC13FE5" author="Moore, KM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 1" title="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" volume="4304" year="2017">Moore et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
puts the suggested synonymy of Bayer in question, having reassigned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FF7375849F04F3B3669C6127D500EF3" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Anthothela argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDB3738DD41EB367F8D4D6B3D6114B42" class="Anthozoa" family="Victorgorgiidae" genus="Victorgorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Victorgorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Victorgorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E303F3188D6BB767D5E351E01213A013" originalValue="López-González">Lopez-Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Briand, 2002 and the new family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E139A2B05B12CDE657CA608D1AADCEC" family="Victorgorgiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Victorgorgiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they indicated that there are clear morphological and genetic differences from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EE2104B6D971369C89B013A10A888AB" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FFB57D0174749D9C8572A20FFDAB7801" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
From the World List of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06D15262F7F01FDCEF6C4FF6694C94F3" lsidName="Octocorallia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subclass" subclass="Octocorallia">Octocorallia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C0F57AC050F29CDE675149F080A70E3" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Anthothela pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an accepted scientific name, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DB7720B182AFF9A0B43CFEB8F6260EF" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Anthothela argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been accepted as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CD8F65F9BB07A8DC28AC6D0B6CC86D" class="Anthozoa" family="Victorgorgiidae" genus="Victorgorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Victorgorgia argentea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="argentea">Victorgorgia argentea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and from that listing it is clear that these two are considered separate species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2FC82F60E173C55A970048497E787B24" author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125324" year="2018 a">Cordeiro et al. 2018a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="90C34D09780911CEB58AB3C166D2036E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Identification of specimen relied on notes made by Dr Hochberg, with a description given by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C82C5D0B2CB54D213E33E224FDA27655" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
; fragility of specimen did not permit an extensive examination, but as far as it could be done, one was done with the specimen to hand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C91DC71194A900EE7A1B4DE1FC391AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E5422DCD43511DDED84146CC63A58C7C" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="541 - 557" title="Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" volume="37" year="1915">Hickson (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lamented: the "widely distributed and very variable genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FC61C0AE81E44FE6F6F900C68A98662" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is badly in need of revision. It is probable that such a revision would lead to a considerable reduction in the numbers of species, many of which have been founded on very in-adequate characters." He went on to say that the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C29E0BF0CF595CFCA17165E88CBFEDE5" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well represented in the North Pacific Ocean; how many other species belong in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCB4E555468C5C9C025F420AB8CD25C0" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and how many may be members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="518034982E02861FF24F5D9185A2A085" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or some other genus, remains to be seen.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4EC51A09F255244B3765F6253BE8EAF0" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">Bayer (1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:70) affirmed that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37DC02A10D066CC046DCA5FC40A00989" originalValue="Nutting’s">Nutting's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31CB5CC57C3AA9741C7EE2EF0A001E02" originalValue="Kükenthal’s">Kuekenthal's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens are gorgonians of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE8201A61D9CDD18F42FBC0E074508F5" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9ED3BCA762CDED0091F4BA363AA4ACC6" author="Hochberg, FG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Taxonomic Standardization Program" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="17 - 29" title="Southern California Stoloniferans, Telestaceans, Alcyonaceans." volume="7" year="1979">Hochberg (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated, "comparison with the type is needed to identify what has been called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4AEFCFEB2DDC04C65F21D4C8448DD24B" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Clavularia pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
from this area in the past. The generic change (to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35766F3D9617D69A0B5BCE9290B1168E" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthothela" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthothela</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is an obscure reference, being only a few lines in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3575578883513BCEC3A3DF81BC14DC83" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher=") Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 373" title="The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian Region: (A manual for marine biologists). In: Hummelinck W (Ed." volume="12" year="1961">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D977BB1C39E954FB61395F7399CC422E" originalValue="Bayer’s">Bayer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
work (1961)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on Caribbean octocorals."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00D981D3A27EFD9B238C64FC508D37ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Location of type is at issue; someone (unknown) noted: "China Point, 'San Clemente Island (SW tip).' " There was no way to confirm this statement, and there is the added problem of a China Point on Santa Catalina Island (SW side of island), as well. There was no means to identify which "China Point" was the correct collection location.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |