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<document id="C43C5964A35AAE8EDDD6387283CEE4D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="22147" ID-DOI="10.1093/isd/ixaa006" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c2ad151-a6e0-4c1b-be84-d1950abe22dd" ID-ISSN="2399-3421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3826921" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589464781686" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Smith-Pardo, Allan H., Carpenter, James M. &amp; Kimsey, Lynn" docDate="2020" docId="514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectSystDivers.4.3.2.1-27.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3), No. 2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74.8:InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74" docStyleName="InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Vespa crabro Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="AD7AF92C7E5EFF99FF8F16743F73FFC9" masterDocTitle="The Diversity of Hornets in the Genus Vespa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Vespinae), Their Importance and Interceptions in the United States" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698839653073" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="8485A0DAD4AE65EEA47949580D471EFD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C8B1F40505A2AF0ABFCF8D120EDF6F2A">
<mods:title id="2AB3CE17256E5CCD436627E51CA501EF">The Diversity of Hornets in the Genus Vespa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Vespinae), Their Importance and Interceptions in the United States</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="9E3F9B4769414B365886DB4B9A3C16D4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A0238107686D333B9CA7F636CD19F01E">
<mods:roleTerm id="F419C126B8C1615CB33C0629B5B7F88F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A1F8E0B1187C40FEAF31ED0DE9C3D15F">Smith-Pardo, Allan H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="645843B1B67110FF4DEBCBFB20A440ED">USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Science and Technology (S &amp; T), Sacramento, CA,</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="240B3F01D45F801CBAB9477142C4C8F0" type="email">allan.h.smith-pardo@usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="02365918AF4B285F9056EB9AFCEDB1B2">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C7E2916AF1EA642E8AB165E2651E660F">Carpenter, James M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3439B44400B024214EBB279F38F100C8">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY,</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CAF51C8F50C13FDB3ACCBEB49C5D047A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2E8735EF91E0A1F6A4DB433C409996EA">
<mods:roleTerm id="171559E8DD1D34421664F489B198A1A2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FE48B5ABC2F0184C18282F39A35822DB">Kimsey, Lynn</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E633D1023562EDDEB4DB22E0FE2B1938">Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, and</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2C63BA6F35E686B65B8E3A802241BDD4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5EDC7A91EBCF95E19A4DF9111A0A5F6E">
<mods:title id="B57DCD1FCAFAFDB73BDB9538FC996CDD">Insect Systematics and Diversity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="01934A702D98B9FE763A66E95E2D2568">
<mods:date id="8CDC493856074FE4AFF1EA6A1F687B9F">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E9DE4F669DDBFD0A5A17CF6E58395D91" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B40F795F354B23FBADEB7397B75AD24F">2020-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="51F60FFB98A332004CFBA259E05722DB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DDAAA38328A999F493B8C3A9D9B78235">4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="C93ABA5F461D91EBB3D09F2A84089E8E" type="issue">
<mods:number id="2DE6A2216BB25BE458AE1DCEA1DE03E9">3</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3C7E9EFE2E1FA7CA1C8B538BACAD3A9A">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8BE13AB373D39DB8AD0297D87E9D1DFD">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="F14C50659635C42B8E06C35ECA87BD28">27</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="72BDD9E92140B366CEDE9041E990FBDE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D0F13E536B44FAF856E16FA8B90D3401" type="CLB-Dataset">22147</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B4D7116B39476E2657BB2D08C75C8257" type="DOI">10.1093/isd/ixaa006</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1A8596E2658EE0C6BF4F76948A5CB0A9" type="GBIF-Dataset">6c2ad151-a6e0-4c1b-be84-d1950abe22dd</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="483769F2918BC43F6555114E9DFB03AA" type="ISSN">2399-3421</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E5F1EAF3DA5A9D6DF8E2A1770A9F5191" type="Zenodo-Dep">3826921</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3847034" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164133873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3847034" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="91F063C97E57FF90FCBD10F63B40F950" box="[818,1075,1666,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D95530427E57FF90FCBD10F63B40F950" blockId="9.[818,1252,1666,1721]" box="[818,1075,1666,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="821D872E7E57FF90FCBD10F63B40F950" box="[818,1075,1666,1689]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E57FF90FCBD10F63B40F950" ID-CoL="5B9T3" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[818,1075,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabro">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E57FF90FCBD10F63CB6F950" box="[818,965,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91F063C97E57FF90FCBD10D13B97F971" box="[818,1252,1701,1721]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="D95530427E57FF90FCBD10D13B97F971" blockId="9.[818,1252,1666,1721]" box="[818,1252,1701,1721]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="41D12CC77E57FF90FCBD10D13C8BF971" box="[818,1016,1701,1721]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[146,181,1617,1634]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,148,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,147,1582]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Vespa morphology. Fig. 1 (a) Hindwing. (b) Forewing apex.(c) Lateral view of pronotal lobe.(e) Hindtarsal claws.(f)Thoracic dorsum. (g) Lateral view of metasomal segment 1. Fig. 2. (a) Lateral view of pronotal lobe. (b) Dorsal view of vertex, i =distance from hind ocellus to posterior head margin, ii=distance between lateral ocellus and eye. (c) Lateral view of metasomal segment 1. (d) Costal margin of forewing apex.(e) Dorsal view of vertex.(c) Front view of clypeus and mandibles. Fig. 3.(a, b) Lateral view of head. (c, d) Lateral view of metasoma.(3a, 3c)V.soror. Fig. 4. (a, b) Lateral view of metasomal tergum 2. (c, d) Lateral view of pronotal carina. (e, f) Front view of clypeus. Figs. 1a-g, 2a, 2b, 3b, 3d, V. crabro. Fig. 2c, V. binghami. Figs. 2d, 2e, V. analis. Fig. 2f, V. bicolor. Figs. 4a, 4e, V. fervida. Fig. 4b, V. multimaculata. Figs. 4c, 4f, V. luctuosa. Fig. 4d, V. affinis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3826923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 1, 2a, 2b, 3b, 3d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="41D12CC77E57FF90FB8C10D13B05F971" box="[1027,1142,1701,1721]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[146,181,1785,1802]" captionTargetBox="[187,1402,148,1736]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[186,1402,147,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 9–12. Vespa morphology. (a, b) Dorsal view of metasoma. (c, d) Dorsal view of basal metasomal terga. Fig. 10. (a, b) Dorsal view of scutum. (c, d) Dorsal view of metasoma. Fig. 11. (a, b) Lateral view of head. (c, d) Dorsal view of metasoma. Fig. 12. (a, b) Front view of clypeus.(c-f) Dorsal view of metanotum. Figs. 9a, 9b,V. orientalis. Figs. 9c, 10b, d, V. affinis. Fig. 9d, V. crabro. Figs. 10a, 10c, 11b, 11c, V. mocsaryana. Fig. 11a, V. fumida. Fig. 11d. V. dybowskii. Figs. 12a, 12f, V. multimaculata. Figs. 12b, d, e, V. bicolor. Fig. 12c, V. luctuosa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3826927/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9d, 11b, 11c</figureCitation>
, and
<figureCitation id="41D12CC77E57FF90FB2610D13B97F971" box="[1193,1252,1701,1720]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStart-2="Figs" captionStartId-0="10.[146,181,1528,1545]" captionStartId-1="11.[146,181,1539,1556]" captionStartId-2="12.[146,181,1494,1511]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1435,148,1493]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1429,148,1525]" captionTargetBox-2="[147,1429,148,1482]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[152,1435,147,1493]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[146,1429,147,1526]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[146,1429,147,1482]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="Figs. 21 and 22. Vespa color forms, (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view. (c) Front view of face.Fig. 21. Vespa binghami. Fig. 22. Vespa crabro." captionText-1="Figs. 23 and 24. Vespa crabro color forms. (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view. (c) Front view of face." captionText-2="Figs. 25 and 26. Vespa crabro color forms. (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view. (c) Front view of face." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826937" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826939" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826941" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3826937/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3826939/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3826941/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">22–26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91F063C97E57FF92FCBD10923BD8F97E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D95530427E57FF90FCBD10923C90F8DF" blockId="9.[818,1442,1765,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E57FF90FCBD10923C90F8DF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E57FF90FCBD10923B09F931" box="[818,1146,1765,1784]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E57FF90FCBD10923B09F931" ID-CoL="5B9T3" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 572" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="572" authorityYear="1758" box="[818,1146,1765,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabro">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E57FF90FCBD10923CDFF931" box="[818,940,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758: 572
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E57FF90FB0A10913BAFF931" box="[1157,1244,1765,1784]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female; ‘in Europae’ (LONDON-LS).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E57FF90FCBD11543CCBF899" blockId="9.[818,1442,1765,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E57FF90FCBD11543CCBF899" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E57FF90FCBD11543BFAF8FA" box="[818,1161,1824,1843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E57FF90FCBD11543BFAF8FA" ID-CoL="7FRBV" authority="Harris, 1776: 128" authorityName="Harris" authorityPageNumber="128" authorityYear="1776" box="[818,1161,1824,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexator">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E57FF90FCBD11543CCDF8FB" box="[818,958,1824,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vespa vexator</emphasis>
Harris, 1776: 128
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E57FF90FB1411543B81F8FA" box="[1179,1266,1824,1843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female; ‘English’ (destroyed).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E57FF90FCBD112F3B69F842" blockId="9.[818,1442,1765,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E57FF90FCBD112F3B69F842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E57FF90FCBD112F3A79F8A7" box="[818,1290,1882,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E57FF90FCBD112F3B45F8A7" ID-CoL="5B9WR" authority="Retzius" authorityName="Retzius" box="[818,1078,1882,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E57FF90FCBD112F3C99F8A4" box="[818,1002,1882,1901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vespa crabro major</emphasis>
Retzius
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E57FF90FBCA112F3B24F8A4" box="[1093,1111,1883,1901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">in</emphasis>
Degeer), 1783: 63
</treatmentCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E57FF90FA9A112F3A32F8A7" box="[1301,1345,1883,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
unknown (repository unknown).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<caption id="8D9560CA7E54FF93FF1D138C3B82F9C0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3826937" box="[146,1265,1528,1545]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3826937/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[146,181,1528,1545]" targetBox="[153,1435,148,1493]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D138C3B82F9C0" blockId="10.[146,1265,1528,1545]" box="[146,1265,1528,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D138C3E62F9C0" bold="true" box="[146,273,1528,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 21 and 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FE96138C3E39F9C0" ID-CoL="86JM" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[281,330,1528,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FE96138C3E39F9C0" box="[281,330,1528,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
color forms, (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view. (c) Front view of face.Fig. 21.
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FC3B138C3B4BF9C0" ID-CoL="5B9RT" box="[948,1080,1528,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binghami">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FC3B138C3B4BF9C0" box="[948,1080,1528,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa binghami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 22.
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FB0E138C3B9FF9C0" ID-CoL="5B9T3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1153,1260,1528,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabro">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FB0E138C3B9FF9C0" box="[1153,1260,1528,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D104C3D05F9A1" blockId="10.[146,772,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FF1D104C3D05F9A1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FF1D104C3D1BF982" box="[146,616,1591,1611]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FF1D104C3E0AF983" ID-CoL="5B9YQ" authority="Geoffroy" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1785" box="[146,377,1591,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D104C3E6CF983" box="[146,287,1592,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa pratensis</emphasis>
Geoffroy
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FE09104C3EEBF983" box="[390,408,1592,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">in</emphasis>
Fourcroy), 1785: 437
</treatmentCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FDFE104C3DEEF982" box="[625,669,1592,1611]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
unknown;
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FF2510213F98F9A1" box="[170,235,1621,1640]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">France</collectingCountry>
: ‘in Agro Parisiensi’ (repository unknown).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D10073C77F94C" blockId="10.[146,772,1591,1904]" box="[146,772,1650,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FF1D10073C77F94C" box="[146,772,1650,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FF1D10073D71F94C" box="[146,514,1650,1669]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FF1D10073D71F94C" ID-CoL="7FRD3" authority="Christ, 1791: 215" authorityName="Christ" authorityPageNumber="215" authorityYear="1791" box="[146,514,1650,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="germana">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D10073E28F94C" box="[146,347,1650,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro germana</emphasis>
Christ, 1791: 215
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FD8610073D46F94F" box="[521,565,1651,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
unknown (destroyed).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D10E43ED4F909" blockId="10.[146,772,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FF1D10E43ED4F909" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FF1D10E43E83F96A" box="[146,496,1679,1699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FF1D10E43E83F96A" authority="Smith, 1852: 40" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1852" box="[146,496,1679,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabroniformis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D10E43E25F96B" box="[146,342,1679,1698]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabroniformis</emphasis>
Smith, 1852: 40
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FE7710E43D33F96A" box="[504,576,1680,1699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
female, male; ‘
<materialsCitation id="69823A1F7E54FF93FD4910FB3ED0F909" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2618794312" collectionCode="LONDON-NHM" location="North China'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1">
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FD4910FB3F9BF909" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FD4910FB3F9BF909" name="North China'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">North China’</location>
(
<collectionCode id="BFFBA8877E54FF93FF7B10D93EEEF909" box="[244,413,1709,1728]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">LONDON-NHM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D10BF3D0EF8FC" blockId="10.[146,772,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FF1D10BF3D0EF8FC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FF1D10BF3DFFF914" box="[146,652,1738,1758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FF1D10BF3DFFF914" ID-CoL="5B9RZ" authority="Radoszkowski, 1863: 128" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityPageNumber="128" authorityYear="1863" box="[146,652,1738,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="borealis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D10BF3E7FF914" box="[146,268,1738,1757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FECF10BE3EFBF914" box="[320,392,1738,1757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">borealis</emphasis>
Radoszkowski, 1863: 128
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FD1710BE3D93F914" box="[664,736,1738,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
female, male;
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FEA810933E14F933" box="[295,359,1767,1786]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Russia</collectingCountry>
: ‘Pargolova i Osinovoa Roshchi’ (repository unknown). Nec
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FEFE11713D03F8D1" ID-CoL="5B9RZ" authority="Kirby, 1837" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1837" box="[369,624,1797,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FEFE11713E84F8D1" box="[369,503,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa borealis</emphasis>
Kirby, 1837
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FDF411713E39F8FC" ID-CoL="5B9RZ" authority="Zetterstedt, 1840" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FDF411713C72F8D1" box="[635,769,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa borealis</emphasis>
Zetterstedt, 1840
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FEF311573D0AF8FC" ID-CoL="5B9RZ" authority="Smith, 1843" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1843" box="[380,633,1826,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FEF311573D73F8FC" box="[380,512,1826,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa borealis</emphasis>
Smith, 1843
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FF1D11343D95F8B9" blockId="10.[146,772,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FF1D11343D95F8B9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FF1D11343D15F89A" box="[146,614,1855,1875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FF1D11343D49F89A" ID-CoL="5B9QT" authority="Gribodo, 1892" authorityName="Gribodo" authorityYear="1892" box="[146,570,1855,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="anglica">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FF1D11343E77F89B" box="[146,260,1855,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FEA0114B3E1EF89B" box="[303,365,1855,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">anglica</emphasis>
Gribodo, 1892 (1891)
</taxonomicName>
: 242
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FDE011343DC7F89A" box="[623,692,1856,1875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
females;
<materialsCitation id="69823A1F7E54FF93FF2511293D92F8B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2618794310" box="[170,737,1885,1904]" collectionCode="GENOA" country="United Kingdom" location="Inghilterra'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FF2511293F85F8B9" box="[170,246,1885,1904]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">England</collectingCountry>
: ‘
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FF7011293E10F8B9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FF7011293E10F8B9" box="[255,355,1885,1904]" country="United Kingdom" name="Inghilterra'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Inghilterra’</location>
(
<collectionCode id="BFFBA8877E54FF93FEE011293EB3F8B9" box="[367,448,1885,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">GENOA</collectionCode>
). Nec
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FE7811293D92F8B9" ID-CoL="5B9QT" authority="Smith, 1843" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1843" box="[503,737,1885,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anglica">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FE7811293D1DF8B9" box="[503,622,1885,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa anglica</emphasis>
Smith, 1843
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FCBD104C3BC3F9A1" blockId="10.[818,1443,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FCBD104C3BC3F9A1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FCBD104C3BC2F982" box="[818,1201,1591,1611]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FCBD104C3BC2F982" authority="du Buysson, 1902: 140" authorityName="du Buysson" authorityPageNumber="140" authorityYear="1902" box="[818,1201,1591,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oberthuri">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FCBD104C3CBBF983" box="[818,968,1591,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa oberthuri</emphasis>
du Buysson, 1902: 140
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FB31104C3A75F982" box="[1214,1286,1592,1611]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
females;
<materialsCitation id="69823A1F7E54FF93FAEB10433BDFF9A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2618794306" collectionCode="PARIS" country="China" location="Se-Tchouen" municipality="Sio-Lou'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FAEB10433AECF983" box="[1380,1439,1591,1610]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
: ‘Chine:
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FC1D10213B71F9A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FC1D10213B71F9A1" box="[914,1026,1621,1640]" country="China" municipality="Sio-Lou'" name="Se-Tchouen" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Se-Tchouen</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="3931AA387E54FF93FB8410213B2AF9A1" box="[1035,1113,1621,1640]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sio-Lou’</collectingMunicipality>
(
<collectionCode id="BFFBA8877E54FF93FBEA10213BD5F9A1" box="[1125,1190,1621,1640]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PARIS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FCBD10073B77F909" blockId="10.[818,1443,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FCBD10073B77F909" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FCBD10073BCFF94C" box="[818,1212,1650,1669]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FCBD10073BCFF94C" ID-CoL="7FRD9" authority="Cameron, 1903: 280" authorityName="Cameron" authorityPageNumber="280" authorityYear="1903" box="[818,1212,1650,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavofasciata">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FCBD10073C96F94C" box="[818,997,1650,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa flavofasciata</emphasis>
Cameron, 1903: 280
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FB4610073A50F94F" box="[1225,1315,1651,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
female (designated by Kojima, 1997: 21);
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FBF610E43BC2F96A" box="[1145,1201,1680,1699]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
: ‘
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FB4E10E43A7BF96A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FB4E10E43A7BF96A" box="[1217,1288,1680,1699]" country="Japan" name="Nugata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nügata</location>
(Shinanogawa)’ (LONDON-NHM).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FCBD10BF3A39F932" blockId="10.[818,1443,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FCBD10BF3A39F932" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FCBD10BF3A3CF914" box="[818,1359,1738,1758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FCBD10BF3A6DF914" ID-CoL="7G3BF" authority="du Buysson, 1905" authorityName="du Buysson" authorityYear="1905" box="[818,1310,1738,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="tartarea">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FCBD10BF3CD8F914" box="[818,939,1738,1757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FC5310BF3B57F914" box="[988,1060,1739,1757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">tartarea</emphasis>
du Buysson, 1905 (1904)
</taxonomicName>
: 506
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FAD610BE3AD2F914" box="[1369,1441,1738,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
females;
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FC15109C3CA1F932" box="[922,978,1768,1787]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
: ‘Yokohama ... Columbia’ (BUDAPEST).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FCBD11713CBEF8FC" blockId="10.[818,1443,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FCBD11713CBEF8FC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FCBD11713BD4F8D1" box="[818,1191,1797,1816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FCBD11713BD4F8D1" ID-CoL="5LR68" authority="Perez, 1910: 5" authorityName="Perez" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1910" box="[818,1191,1797,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="altaica">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FCBD11713CD9F8D1" box="[818,938,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FC5411713B64F8D1" box="[987,1047,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">altaica</emphasis>
Pérez, 1910: 5
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FB3D11713A7AF8D1" box="[1202,1289,1797,1816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FA9E11713A26F8D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FA9E11713A26F8D1" box="[1297,1365,1797,1816]" country="Russia" name="Female" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Altay">Female</location>
;
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FAD011713AECF8D1" box="[1375,1439,1797,1816]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E54FF93FCC511563C04F8FC" box="[842,887,1826,1845]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Altaï</collectingRegion>
(PARIS).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E54FF93FCBD11343A0CF8B9" blockId="10.[818,1443,1591,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E54FF93FCBD11343A0CF8B9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E54FF93FCBD11343B93F89B" box="[818,1248,1855,1875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E54FF93FCBD11343B93F89B" ID-CoL="7KV34" authority="Perez, 1910: 6" authorityName="Perez" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1910" box="[818,1248,1855,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="caspica">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FCBD11343CC0F89B" box="[818,947,1855,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E54FF93FC7B11343B45F89B" box="[1012,1078,1856,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">caspica</emphasis>
Pérez, 1910: 6
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E54FF93FB7B114B3A38F89B" box="[1268,1355,1855,1874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<collectingCounty id="303448CE7E54FF93FAD4114B3AECF89B" box="[1371,1439,1855,1874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Female</collectingCounty>
;
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E54FF93FCC511293CC2F8B9" box="[842,945,1885,1904]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
: ‘
<collectingMunicipality id="3931AA387E54FF93FC3411293B70F8B9" box="[955,1027,1885,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Talysch</collectingMunicipality>
et
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E54FF93FB9011293B09F8B9" box="[1055,1146,1885,1904]" country="Azerbaijan" name="Lankaran" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lenkoran</collectingRegion>
, région
<location id="DC3566997E54FF93FB4C11293A5BF8B9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E54FF93FB4C11293A5BF8B9" box="[1219,1320,1885,1904]" country="Azerbaijan" county="Female" municipality="Talysch" name="Caspienne'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Lankaran">Caspienne’</location>
(PARIS).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<caption id="8D9560CA7E55FF92FF1D10773CDEF9DD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3826939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3826939" box="[146,941,1539,1556]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3826939/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[146,181,1539,1556]" targetBox="[147,1429,148,1525]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FF1D10773CDEF9DD" blockId="11.[146,941,1539,1556]" box="[146,941,1539,1556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF1D10773E62F9DD" bold="true" box="[146,273,1539,1556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 23 and 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FE9610773EF0F9DD" ID-CoL="5B9T3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[281,387,1539,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabro">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FE9610773EF0F9DD" box="[281,387,1539,1556]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
color forms. (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view. (c) Front view of face.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FF1D10393D82F953" blockId="11.[146,771,1612,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FF1D10393D82F953" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FF1D10393EACF996" box="[146,479,1612,1631]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FF1D10393EACF996" ID-CoL="5B9XS" authority="Birula, 1925: 55" authorityName="Birula" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1925" box="[146,479,1612,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="nigra">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF1D10393E4DF996" box="[146,318,1612,1631]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro nigra</emphasis>
Birula, 1925: 55
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E55FF92FE6710393D4AF9A9" box="[488,569,1613,1632]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
female, male;
<materialsCitation id="69823A1F7E55FF92FD3010383D9EF953" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2618794308" country="Russia" location="West Siberia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Saint Petersburg">
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E55FF92FD3010383D8CF996" box="[703,767,1612,1631]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
<location id="DC3566997E55FF92FF25101E3E53F9B4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:514381547E57FF95FCBD10F63D8CF8D7:DC3566997E55FF92FF25101E3E53F9B4" box="[170,288,1642,1661]" country="Russia" name="West Siberia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Saint Petersburg">West Siberia</location>
from Urals to Enisei and slightly after Enisei [in Russian] (
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E55FF92FE8A10F33EC5F953" box="[261,438,1671,1690]" country="Russia" name="Saint Petersburg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ST. PETERSBURG</collectingRegion>
). Nec
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FE6010FC3D9EF953" ID-CoL="5B9XS" authority="Geoffroy, 1785" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1785" box="[495,749,1671,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FE6010FC3D2AF953" box="[495,601,1672,1690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa nigra</emphasis>
Geoffroy, 1785
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FF1D10D13EF5F91C" blockId="11.[146,771,1612,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FF1D10D13EF5F91C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FF1D10D13E89F97E" box="[146,506,1700,1719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FF1D10D13E89F97E" ID-CoL="7G3C7" authority="Birula, 1925: 55" authorityName="Birula" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1925" box="[146,506,1700,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="vulgata">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF1D10D13E25F97E" box="[146,342,1700,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro vulgata</emphasis>
Birula, 1925: 55
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E55FF92FD8A10D13D3EF971" box="[517,589,1701,1720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
female, male: west Europe (
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E55FF92FF7610B63E08F91C" box="[249,379,1730,1749]" country="Russia" name="Saint Petersburg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">St. Petersburg</collectingRegion>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FF1D10943E18F8E4" blockId="11.[146,771,1612,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FF1D10943E18F8E4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FF1D10943D3EF93B" box="[146,589,1759,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FF1D10943D3EF93B" ID-CoL="5LR6D" authority="Birula, 1925: 55" authorityName="Birula" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1925" box="[146,589,1759,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF1D10943EE7F93B" box="[146,404,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro meridionalis</emphasis>
Birula, 1925: 55
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E55FF92FDEF10AB3DDBF93B" box="[608,680,1759,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
females: Transcaucasia, north
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E55FF92FEFE10883EDAF8C6" box="[369,425,1788,1807]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Persia</collectingCountry>
, western part of Transcaspian region (ST. PETERSBURG).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FF1D114C3EA7F84C" blockId="11.[146,771,1612,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FF1D114C3EA7F84C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FF1D114C3D69F883" box="[146,538,1847,1866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FF1D114C3D69F883" ID-CoL="5B9SD" authority="Birula, 1925: 55" authorityName="Birula" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1925" box="[146,538,1847,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="chinensis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF1D114C3E1FF883" box="[146,364,1847,1866]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro chinensis</emphasis>
Birula, 1925: 55
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="06518EE07E55FF92FDA711433D0AF883" box="[552,633,1847,1866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
female, male: middle and south
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E55FF92FED711203EE3F8AE" box="[344,400,1876,1895]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">China</collectingCountry>
[in Russian] (ST. PETERSBURG). Nec
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FF2511063EA3F84C" ID-CoL="5B9SD" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[170,464,1906,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FF2511063E4AF84C" box="[170,313,1906,1925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa chinensis</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1793
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FCBD10393BF3F9B4" blockId="11.[818,1442,1612,1720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FCBD10393BF3F9B4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FCBD10393B95F996" box="[818,1254,1612,1632]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FCBD10393B95F996" ID-CoL="5LR69" authority="Bequaert, 1931: 105" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1931" box="[818,1254,1612,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="birulai">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCBD10393CD8F996" box="[818,939,1612,1631]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FC5210383B6AF996" box="[989,1049,1612,1631]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">birulai</emphasis>
Bequaert, 1931: 105
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FCE4101E3BF3F9B4" ID-CoL="5B9SD" authority="Birula." authorityName="Birula." box="[875,1152,1642,1661]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="crabro" subSpecies="chinensis">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCE4101E3B48F9B4" box="[875,1083,1642,1661]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro chinensis</emphasis>
Birula.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FCBD10FC3BD8F97E" blockId="11.[818,1442,1612,1720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F9FA176C7E55FF92FCBD10FC3BD8F97E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="584B16537E55FF92FCBD10FC3B99F953" box="[818,1258,1671,1691]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FCBD10FC3B99F953" ID-CoL="5LR6C" authority="Bequaert, 1931: 105" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1931" box="[818,1258,1671,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="gribodoi">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCBD10FC3CDAF953" box="[818,937,1671,1690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FC5810F33B56F953" box="[983,1061,1671,1690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">gribodoi</emphasis>
Bequaert, 1931: 105
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FCE410D13BD8F97E" ID-CoL="5B9QT" authority="Gribodo." authorityName="Gribodo." box="[875,1195,1700,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="crabro" variety="anglica">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCE410D13C91F97E" box="[875,994,1700,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FB8010D03B23F97E" box="[1039,1104,1700,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">anglica</emphasis>
Gribodo.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91F063C97E55FF92FCBD10AB3B6DF8C6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF92FCBD10AB3B6DF8C6" blockId="11.[818,1442,1759,1807]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCBD10AB3CD0F93B" bold="true" box="[818,931,1759,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution</emphasis>
. Eurasia,
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E55FF92FB9C10AB3B2BF93B" box="[1043,1112,1759,1778]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Algeria</collectingCountry>
. Introduced into eastern North America, and
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E55FF92FC3D10883B69F8C6" box="[946,1050,1788,1807]" name="Guatemala" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91F063C97E55FF95FCBD11433D8CF8D7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D95530427E55FF95FCBD11433D8CF8D7" blockId="11.[818,1442,1847,1925]" lastBlockId="12.[146,771,1598,1822]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FCBD11433CE7F883" bold="true" box="[818,916,1847,1866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Discussion</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="1EEA4BC17E55FF92FC2B114C3B53F883" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[932,1056,1847,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabro">
<emphasis id="EB9EEC507E55FF92FC2B114C3B53F883" box="[932,1056,1847,1866]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vespa crabro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually nests in sheltered aboveground sites, such as tree hollows, wall voids, beehives, and outhouses (
<bibRefCitation id="BD7B4DB37E55FF92FCB611063CC2F84C" author="Archer" box="[825,945,1906,1925]" firstAuthor="Archer" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="151 - 163" refId="ref11749" refString="Archer, M. E. 1993. The life history and colonial characteristics of the hornet, Vespa crabro L. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 129: 151 - 163." type="journal article" year="1993">Archer 1993</bibRefCitation>
). However, nests have been found in subterranean sites as well. This species adapts well to urban and suburban settings. It is widespread in Eurasia, and now eastern North America. The species was first reported in the
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E52FF95FE62100C3D14F942" box="[493,615,1656,1675]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">United States</collectingCountry>
in
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E52FF95FD07100D3D9AF942" box="[648,745,1656,1676]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">New York</collectingRegion>
in the 1800s. More recently, the species was recorded from a single worker collected in
<collectingRegion id="1B2EFEA07E52FF95FEC710C73EA9F90F" box="[328,474,1715,1734]" country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala City</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E52FF95FE6C10C73D39F90F" box="[483,586,1715,1734]" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
. It was found in the Entomological Collection of the Universidad del Valle de
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E52FF95FD1210A43C71F92A" box="[669,770,1744,1763]" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="BD7B4DB37E52FF95FF16109A3E38F8C8" author="Landolt" box="[153,331,1774,1793]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Landolt" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="61 - 68" refId="ref12958" refString="Landolt P. J., J. M. Siera, T. R. Unruh, and R. S. Zack. 2010. A new species of Vespula, and first record of Vespa crabro L. from Guatemala, Central America. Zootaxa 2629: 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">Landolt et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). There is no evidence that the species is established in
<collectingCountry id="A1FD70D27E52FF95FF6A117F3E3FF8D7" box="[229,332,1803,1822]" name="Guatemala" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
. Nests are built in cavities in trees or buildings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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