420 lines
76 KiB
XML
420 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document id="6238F2C0F99B8E2CD379A446A489E75C" ID-CLB-Dataset="28120" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4568.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d4a9aef-6b65-4af8-9d92-32924bf6827f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2601710" ID-ZooBank="AD20F4C5-9E81-4B0C-A7F3-294B0FD06C04" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553173036048" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Silva, Alessandra C. G. & Grossi, Paschoal C." docDate="2019" docId="AB2F87FAFFAAFFCBFF57158B829DFDF9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4568.3.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4568 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Casignetus MacLeay 1819" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="504" masterDocId="5716FF82FFABFFC8FFC01601817BFFC5" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of the genus Casignetus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)" masterLastPageNumber="519" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="502" updateTime="1698703561375" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="CD166B5417D11362393CBA0EC1CB37CB">Immature stages of the genus Casignetus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4ADEFC3EAD9FBCA26AEA271D43EE94CB">Silva, Alessandra C. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="396E90CF4274CD4D97B7D4BC7613ADFE">Grossi, Paschoal C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="63240BE3FAE8321B2B40970C02D54141">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="283ACA4DF03CFB694FFC7EFECE1C0E9D">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6DEEBBEA3702CF029439E5431AB0437D">4568</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AB2F87FAFFAAFFCBFF57158B829DFDF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5941844" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154475024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5941844" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB2F87FAFFAAFFCBFF57158B829DFDF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB2F87FAFFAAFFCBFF57158B829DFDF9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<subSubSection id="6B9C6567FFAAFFCAFF57158B82CFFBF0" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="233936ECFFAAFFC9FF57158B809AFC61" blockId="1.[151,481,906,932]" box="[151,481,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<heading id="78718180FFAAFFC9FF57158B809AFC61" bold="true" box="[151,481,906,932]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFAAFFC9FF57158B809AFC61" ID-CoL="3J2L" authority="MacLeay, 1819" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[151,481,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FF57158B809AFC61" bold="true" box="[151,481,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FF57158B8067FC61" bold="true" box="[151,284,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Casignetus</emphasis>
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MacLeay, 1819
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="233936ECFFAAFFCAFF5715D082CFFBF0" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FF5715D083F0FC2F" bold="true" box="[151,651,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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Third instar description (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FE1215D08350FC2F" box="[466,555,977,1002]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
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). Body:
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</emphasis>
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Scarabaeiform, light yellow, length 21.98–28.27 mm.
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<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FACC15D0842DFC2F" bold="true" box="[1292,1366,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Head:</emphasis>
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Head capsule (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FF3D15F48036FBCB" box="[253,333,1013,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1967,1990]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval head and the mouthparts and their components. 1, Head capsule (frontal); 2, epipharynx; 3, hypopharynx; 4, mandibles; 5, maxillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601712/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FE9D15F780DEFBCB" box="[349,421,1014,1038]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[191,1384,249,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[181,1409,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Head capsule (frontal), labrum and epipharynx of Casignetus larvae. 10, Casignetus humboldti; 11, C. spixi; 12, C. lindei; 13, labrum of C. humboldti; 14, labrum of C. spixi; 15, labrum of C. lindei; 16, epipharynx of C. humboldti; 17, epipharynx of C. spixi; 18, epipharynx of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601716/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">10–12</figureCitation>
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) globose, hypognatha, color yellow-testaceous. Epicranial suture present, coronal suture inverted “V-shape”, long; frontal sutures extending to the base of the antennae, with curved apex. Cranium surface with 3 dorsoepicranial setae, 1–2 lateroepicranial setae, and 1 anteroepicranial seta on each side. Each side of frons with 1 seta at anterior frontal angle, 2–3 externofrontal setae, 2 anterofrontal setae and 2 posterofrontal setae, stemmata absent. Foramen magnum rounded, measuring 60% of the diameter of the cephalic capsule. Gula transverse, membranous. Antennae with 3 antennomeres, first antennomere longer than the length of second and third together, dilated distally, less pigmented than others. Last antennomere smaller. Antennomeres 1 and 2 with scattered setae; last antennomere (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FDD512F0831EFACF" box="[533,613,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
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) surrounded by 4 subapical setae and 1 apical seta. Clypeus (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FAD012F084E3FACF" box="[1296,1432,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[191,1384,249,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[181,1409,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Head capsule (frontal), labrum and epipharynx of Casignetus larvae. 10, Casignetus humboldti; 11, C. spixi; 12, C. lindei; 13, labrum of C. humboldti; 14, labrum of C. spixi; 15, labrum of C. lindei; 16, epipharynx of C. humboldti; 17, epipharynx of C. spixi; 18, epipharynx of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601716/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 13–15</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FF57131481CDFAEB" box="[151,182,1301,1326]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">64</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FF021317819BFAEB" box="[194,224,1302,1326]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">74</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FF2D13178071FAEB" box="[237,266,1302,1326]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">87</figureCitation>
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) trapezoidal, sclerotized, medial line more sclerotized, right and left margins with 2 long medioclypeal setae and 1 lateroclypeal seta approximately half the length of the other two setae. Labrum (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FB771338843BFA97" box="[1207,1344,1337,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[191,1384,249,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[181,1409,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Head capsule (frontal), labrum and epipharynx of Casignetus larvae. 10, Casignetus humboldti; 11, C. spixi; 12, C. lindei; 13, labrum of C. humboldti; 14, labrum of C. spixi; 15, labrum of C. lindei; 16, epipharynx of C. humboldti; 17, epipharynx of C. spixi; 18, epipharynx of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601716/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 13–15</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FA8D13388417FA97" box="[1357,1388,1337,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">64</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FAB9133B84ECFA97" box="[1401,1431,1338,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">74</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FF57135F81CFFAB3" box="[151,180,1374,1398]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">87</figureCitation>
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) ellipsoidal, more sclerotized laterally, with 7 elongate setae, 2 anterolabral, 4 mediolabral, and 1 posterolabral, usually smaller than other setae. Epipharynx (
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FD711380827EFA5F" box="[689,773,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1967,1990]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval head and the mouthparts and their components. 1, Head capsule (frontal); 2, epipharynx; 3, hypopharynx; 4, mandibles; 5, maxillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601712/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FCD513808225FA5F" box="[789,862,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[191,1384,249,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[181,1409,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Head capsule (frontal), labrum and epipharynx of Casignetus larvae. 10, Casignetus humboldti; 11, C. spixi; 12, C. lindei; 13, labrum of C. humboldti; 14, labrum of C. spixi; 15, labrum of C. lindei; 16, epipharynx of C. humboldti; 17, epipharynx of C. spixi; 18, epipharynx of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601716/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">16–18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FCAD138082F0FA5F" box="[877,907,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">65</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FC5B138082C2FA5F" box="[923,953,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">75</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FC091383829DFA5F" box="[969,998,1410,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">88</figureCitation>
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) asymmetric;
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<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FB4F13808466FA5C" box="[1167,1309,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">haptomerum</emphasis>
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with 3–11 sensillae,
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FEC713A48039FA78" box="[263,322,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">helus</emphasis>
|
||
absent, pedium glabrous,
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FDB113A7839BFA78" box="[625,736,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">acroparia</emphasis>
|
||
present with about 3–6 setae,
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FB8013A485ACFA78" box="[1088,1239,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">achantoparia</emphasis>
|
||
with 6–8 thicker setae,
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FF2013C88047FA24" box="[224,316,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">corypha</emphasis>
|
||
with 6–9 setae; right
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FD8113C883B3FA24" box="[577,712,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">chaetoparia</emphasis>
|
||
with 48–54 setae, denser than left
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FBA713C88595FA24" box="[1127,1262,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">chaetoparia</emphasis>
|
||
(27–39 setae);
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FF5713EC8062F9C0" box="[151,281,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">protophoba</emphasis>
|
||
with 10–15 sensillae, and 2–4 setae;
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FD1F13EC8228F9C0" box="[735,851,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">laeotorma</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FC5413EC8568F9C0" box="[916,1043,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">dexiotorma</emphasis>
|
||
fused;
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FBB013EF8587F9C0" box="[1136,1276,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">pternotorma</emphasis>
|
||
subtriangular shaped, convex, with sharp apex, and slightly asymmetrical;
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FC88101382D6F9EC" box="[840,941,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">epitorma</emphasis>
|
||
long, slender;
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FB96101085A4F9EC" box="[1110,1247,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">haptolachus</emphasis>
|
||
with three
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FAA1101384E7F9EC" box="[1377,1436,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">nesia</emphasis>
|
||
and with few short setae, left
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FE2C10378340F988" box="[492,571,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">nesium</emphasis>
|
||
smaller than right, central
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFAAFFC9FCB3103782B9F988" box="[883,962,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">nesium</emphasis>
|
||
more developed, about four times bigger than others, apex more sclerotized. Mouthparts protruding. Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FC1D1058854AF9B7" box="[989,1073,1625,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1967,1990]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval head and the mouthparts and their components. 1, Head capsule (frontal); 2, epipharynx; 3, hypopharynx; 4, mandibles; 5, maxillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601712/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FB82105B8526F9B7" box="[1090,1117,1626,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[194,1403,244,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[179,1413,193,1935]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–27. Mandibles of Casignetus larvae. 19–22, Casignetus humboldti right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 23–26, C. spixi right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); and 27–30, C. lindei right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601718/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">19</figureCitation>
|
||
–30, 66–69, 78–81, 91–94) subtriangular, asymmetrical, strongly sclerotized with teeth decreasing in size from apex to base; apical and inner margins black including molar area, lighter near middle and on external margins. Accessory condyle present. Inner angle with a subtriangular ventromolar process; external angle strongly sclerotized, and with rounded prostartis. Mola present, with distal lobes projected; molar area concave. Right mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FBD410E88463F8C7" box="[1044,1304,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[194,1403,244,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[179,1413,193,1935]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–27. Mandibles of Casignetus larvae. 19–22, Casignetus humboldti right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 23–26, C. spixi right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); and 27–30, C. lindei right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601718/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 19–20, 23–24, 27</figureCitation>
|
||
–28, 66–67, 78–79, 91–92) with 4 incisor teeth; dorsal surface with 2–4 dorsolateral setae, and 9–16 dorsomolar setae; ventral surface with 2–3 ventrolateral setae, 3–6 ventromedial setae, and 1–4 ventromolar setae. Left mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FAF211308072F8AB" captionStart="FIGURES 19–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox="[194,1403,244,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[179,1413,193,1935]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–27. Mandibles of Casignetus larvae. 19–22, Casignetus humboldti right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 23–26, C. spixi right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral); and 27–30, C. lindei right mandible (ventral, dorsal), and left mandible (dorsal, ventral). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601718/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 21– 22, 25–26</figureCitation>
|
||
, 29–30, 68–69, 80–81, 93–94) with 5 incisor teeth; dorsal surface with 2–4 dorsolateral setae, and 10–16 dorsomolar setae; ventral surface with 2 ventrolateral setae, 3–5 ventromedial setae, and 4–6 ventromolar setae. Maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FECB119C8027F873" box="[267,348,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1967,1990]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval head and the mouthparts and their components. 1, Head capsule (frontal); 2, epipharynx; 3, hypopharynx; 4, mandibles; 5, maxillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601712/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FEA9119F80A5F873" box="[361,478,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[226,1390,219,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–39. Mouthparts of Casignetus larvae. 31–33, Casignetus humboldti labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 34–36, C. spixi labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 37–39, C. lindei labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601720/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">33, 36, 39</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FE2C119C8371F873" box="[492,522,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">60</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FDD7119F831BF873" box="[535,608,1950,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">70–71</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FDAD119C83CEF873" box="[621,693,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">76–77</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFAAFFC9FD02119F8271F873" box="[706,778,1950,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">89–90</figureCitation>
|
||
) with separate galea and lacinia, and with many long and robust setae. Galea articulated, with uncus surrounded dorsally by a group of long setae; lacinia elongate. subconical, and with apex unciform, strongly pigmented, and with a group of long inner setae, shorter setae at middle, and below uncus. Maxillary palpi with 4 palpomeres, palpomere 1 with 1 seta; palpomere 2–3 each with 2 setae, palpomere 4 glabrous; stipe elongate, with 5–10 setae; cardo with 1 short seta. Hypopharynx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB3516DE843FFF3D" box="[1269,1348,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1967,1990]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1412,195,1948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval head and the mouthparts and their components. 1, Head capsule (frontal); 2, epipharynx; 3, hypopharynx; 4, mandibles; 5, maxillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601712/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFA9016E181CEFED9" captionStart="FIGURES 31–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[226,1390,219,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–39. Mouthparts of Casignetus larvae. 31–33, Casignetus humboldti labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 34–36, C. spixi labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 37–39, C. lindei labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601720/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">32, 35, 38</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFF061705819FFED8" box="[198,228,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">60</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFF3517058068FED9" box="[245,275,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">71</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFEE417058016FED9" box="[292,365,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">82–83</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFEBD170580BFFED8" box="[381,452,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">95–96</figureCitation>
|
||
) with densely setose, marginal setae of medium to long size, central setae shorter; scleroma with 2 strongly sclerotized tooth-shaped projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFC9F172682CFFE85" box="[863,948,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
|
||
), right scleroma more developed, with 13– 16 setae on right margin, and 27–28 setae on left margin. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFC50174D853EFEA1" box="[912,1093,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[226,1390,219,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–39. Mouthparts of Casignetus larvae. 31–33, Casignetus humboldti labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 34–36, C. spixi labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively; 37–39, C. lindei labium, hypopharynx, and left maxilla (dorsal), respectively. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601720/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 31, 34, 37</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB92174D850BFEA1" box="[1106,1136,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">70</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFBBD174D85E0FEA1" box="[1149,1179,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">84</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB68174D85BEFEA1" box="[1192,1221,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">97</figureCitation>
|
||
) with mentum and prementum fused with 4 long subapical setae, central setae shorter than lateral setae, and with some short scattered subapical setae; 2 long medial setae, and 1–3 long lateral setae on each side. Labial palpi with 2 palpomeres and few short setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFE8E17B680D5FE15" bold="true" box="[334,430,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Prothorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFDF417B683FDFE15" box="[564,646,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
|
||
) larger than mesothorax and metathorax, divided into two portions by a transverse medial groove, anterior portion with 2 rows of setae and a group of lateral setae; posterior portion of prothorax, and other thoracic segments with only 1 row of setae. Thoracic spiracle C-shaped, with concavity facing the anterior region, located laterally on the prothorax under a setose tubercle. Legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB9F14258592FDF9" box="[1119,1257,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 64–73" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[201,1385,232,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 64–73. Casignetus humboldti larvae. 64, Labrum; 65, epipharynx; 66–67, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 68–69, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 70, maxillae and labium (ventral); 71, maxillae and hypopharynx (dorsal); 72, mesothoracic leg (external); 73, metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: M. Cherman." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601728/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 72–73</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB3714258444FDF8" box="[1271,1343,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 74–86" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,217,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 74–86. Casignetus spixi larvae. 74, Labrum 75, epipharynx 76–77, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 78–79, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 80–81, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 82–83, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 84, labium; 85, left mesothoracic leg (external); 86, left metathoracic leg (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: D. Basílio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">85–86</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFA8D142584EFFDF9" box="[1357,1428,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 87–99" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,242,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1407,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 87–99. Casignetus lindei larvae. 87, Labrum; 88, epipharynx; 89–90, left maxilla (dorsal, ventral); 91–92, right mandible (ventral, dorsal); 93–94, left mandible (dorsal, ventral); 95–96, hypopharynx (dorsal, lateral); 97, labium; 98, right mesothoracic leg (external); 99, right metathoracic legs (internal). Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs: A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601732/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">98–99</figureCitation>
|
||
) well developed, prothoracic leg smaller than mesothoracic and metathoracic leg. Coxae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB7714468477FDA5" box="[1207,1292,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFADD1449841DFDA5" box="[1309,1382,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1882,1905]" captionTargetBox="[220,1373,203,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1392,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–51. FIGURES 40–45. Stridulatory organs Casignetus larvae. 40, Pars stridens of C. humboldti; 41, pars stridens of C. spixi; 42, pars stridens of C. lindei; 43, plectrum of C. humboldti; 44, plectrum of C. spixi; 45, plectrum of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm. FIGURES 46–51. Last abdominal segment of Casignetus larvae. 46, Raster of C. humboldti; 47, raster of C. spixi; 48, raster of C. lindei; 49, anal lobes (posterior) of C. humboldti; 50, anal lobes (posterior) of C. spixi; 51, anal lobes (posterior) of C. lindei (dilated anal region due to the presence of excrement at death). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601722/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">40–42</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFAB7144684EFFDA5" box="[1399,1428,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">62</figureCitation>
|
||
) globose, with posterior face excavated, with few basal setae. Trochanter fused to femur in prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, articulated in metathoracic legs. Distal femoral face dilated, with sclerotized anterior face. Metatrochanter with posterior distal tip pointed, sclerotized on anterior distal end. All legs with long setae on tibiae. Tarsungulus sclerotized, with sharp apex, and 2 subapical setae. Par stridens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB8B14D685E1FD35" box="[1099,1178,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB6714D9858BFD35" box="[1191,1264,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1882,1905]" captionTargetBox="[220,1373,203,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1392,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–51. FIGURES 40–45. Stridulatory organs Casignetus larvae. 40, Pars stridens of C. humboldti; 41, pars stridens of C. spixi; 42, pars stridens of C. lindei; 43, plectrum of C. humboldti; 44, plectrum of C. spixi; 45, plectrum of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm. FIGURES 46–51. Last abdominal segment of Casignetus larvae. 46, Raster of C. humboldti; 47, raster of C. spixi; 48, raster of C. lindei; 49, anal lobes (posterior) of C. humboldti; 50, anal lobes (posterior) of C. spixi; 51, anal lobes (posterior) of C. lindei (dilated anal region due to the presence of excrement at death). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601722/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">40–42</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFB3B14D68463FD35" box="[1275,1304,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">62</figureCitation>
|
||
) located on external face of mesocoxae with 51–74 teeth, formed by a slightly arched, longitudinal row of robust and sclerotized teeth, clearer on extremities, on proximal end teeth may form 3–4 slightly rows or a little scattered distally. Plectrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFEA9154580CCFC99" box="[361,439,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFE0315458377FC98" box="[451,524,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1882,1905]" captionTargetBox="[220,1373,203,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1392,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–51. FIGURES 40–45. Stridulatory organs Casignetus larvae. 40, Pars stridens of C. humboldti; 41, pars stridens of C. spixi; 42, pars stridens of C. lindei; 43, plectrum of C. humboldti; 44, plectrum of C. spixi; 45, plectrum of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm. FIGURES 46–51. Last abdominal segment of Casignetus larvae. 46, Raster of C. humboldti; 47, raster of C. spixi; 48, raster of C. lindei; 49, anal lobes (posterior) of C. humboldti; 50, anal lobes (posterior) of C. spixi; 51, anal lobes (posterior) of C. lindei (dilated anal region due to the presence of excrement at death). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601722/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">43–45</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFDD615458348FC98" box="[534,563,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–63" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[228,1376,231,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 59–63. Casignetus larvae. 59, Last antennomere; 60, maxillae and hypopharynx (anterior); 61, prothorax (lateral); 62, mesocoxae (external); 63, metatrochanter (internal). Scale bars: 59 = 0.2 mm; 60–61 = 1 mm; 62–63 = 0.5 mm. Photographs: 59, M. Cherman; 60–63, A. Guedes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601726/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">63</figureCitation>
|
||
) formed by a transverse row of 44–50 suboval teeth on inner metatrochanteral face, closer and thinner distally.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFDC415668303FC45" bold="true" box="[516,632,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFCC61566822CFC45" box="[774,855,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
|
||
) 10-segmented, with a transverse row of long setae on each segment, and many short setae from segment 1–6; abdominal spiracles C-shaped, located laterally from segment 1–8, facing anterior region, decreasing in size posteriorly; segment 10 obliquely projected relative to the longitudinal axis of the larval body; raster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFD4E15D583A4FC29" box="[654,735,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFD2F15D5824CFC28" box="[751,823,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1882,1905]" captionTargetBox="[220,1373,203,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1392,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–51. FIGURES 40–45. Stridulatory organs Casignetus larvae. 40, Pars stridens of C. humboldti; 41, pars stridens of C. spixi; 42, pars stridens of C. lindei; 43, plectrum of C. humboldti; 44, plectrum of C. spixi; 45, plectrum of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm. FIGURES 46–51. Last abdominal segment of Casignetus larvae. 46, Raster of C. humboldti; 47, raster of C. spixi; 48, raster of C. lindei; 49, anal lobes (posterior) of C. humboldti; 50, anal lobes (posterior) of C. spixi; 51, anal lobes (posterior) of C. lindei (dilated anal region due to the presence of excrement at death). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601722/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">46–48</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 270–290 setae, disc glabrous; palidium absent. Anal opening longitudinal, located between two lobes. Anal lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFC7F15F68536FBD5" box="[959,1101,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1882,1905]" captionTargetBox="[220,1373,203,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1392,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–51. FIGURES 40–45. Stridulatory organs Casignetus larvae. 40, Pars stridens of C. humboldti; 41, pars stridens of C. spixi; 42, pars stridens of C. lindei; 43, plectrum of C. humboldti; 44, plectrum of C. spixi; 45, plectrum of C. lindei. Scale bars = 1 mm. FIGURES 46–51. Last abdominal segment of Casignetus larvae. 46, Raster of C. humboldti; 47, raster of C. spixi; 48, raster of C. lindei; 49, anal lobes (posterior) of C. humboldti; 50, anal lobes (posterior) of C. spixi; 51, anal lobes (posterior) of C. lindei (dilated anal region due to the presence of excrement at death). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601722/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 49–51</figureCitation>
|
||
) with glabrous central area, sometimes presenting 5–6 short setae, setae thinner on anterior margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6B9C6567FFA9FFCAFF07123E85C2F95F" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA9FFCAFF07123E85D0FBB9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF07123E804DFB9D" bold="true" box="[199,310,1087,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFEFD12418349FB9D" baseAuthorityName="Gyllenhal" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[317,562,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humboldti">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFEFD12418349FB9D" box="[317,562,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Casignetus humboldti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA9FFCAFD831241831EFB9D" box="[579,613,1088,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA9FFCAFD5C123E83BBFB9D" box="[668,704,1087,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Nova Friburgo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA9FFCAFC40123E855EFB9D" box="[896,1061,1087,1112]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA9FFCAFBF0123E8502FB9D" box="[1072,1145,1087,1112]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFB4B1241859BFB92" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1163,1248,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spixi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFB4B1241859BFB92" box="[1163,1248,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. spixi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA9FFCAFB311241846FFB9D" box="[1265,1300,1088,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
e
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA9FFCAFAEE1241842AFB9D" box="[1326,1361,1088,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Nova Friburgo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA9FFCAFEC6126580D0FBB8" box="[262,427,1124,1149]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA9FFCAFE7612658084FBB8" box="[438,511,1124,1149]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFDD212658308FBB9" baseAuthorityName="Boileau" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[530,627,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lindei">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFDD212658308FBB9" box="[530,627,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. lindei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA9FFCAFD45126583DDFBB9" box="[645,678,1124,1148]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Ponta Grossa,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA9FFCAFC96126582DEFBB9" box="[854,933,1124,1148]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA9FFCAFC7012658283FBB8" box="[944,1016,1124,1149]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
), all in CERPE.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA9FFCAFF07128685C2F95F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF0712868292FB65" bold="true" box="[199,1001,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
Pupae description (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFE6E12868085FB65" box="[430,510,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFDCC1286832EFB65" box="[524,597,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">53–58</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFCC6128682EBFB65" box="[774,912,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 53, 56</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Form elongate, length about 2.5 times the width, male with 3.5 cm, and females with 1.9–2.3 cm in length. General color yellow, yellowish white on female.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF3512CE804FFB2D" bold="true" box="[245,308,1231,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. Partially covered by pronotum on male, completely on female in dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFB1C12CE844EFB2D" bold="true" box="[1244,1333,1231,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Surface smooth, shiny. Pronotum subtrapezoidal; on female transverse, presenting an anteromedian expansion; length measuring 1.2 times the length of mesonotum and metanotum together, convex, with rounded angles, with a group of setae above posterior angles, and on anterior and posterior borders, medial region presenting a longitudinal groove, deeper on extremities, anteromedial margin expanded. Mesonotum and metanotum ranging from yellowtestaceous to brown. Posterior margin of mesonotum widely rounded, with few marginal setae. Metanotum with a median longitudinal groove, converging apically in female; margins rounded.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFBC613A985F7FA05" box="[1030,1164,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pterothecae</emphasis>
|
||
(pt
|
||
<subScript id="BF0234A9FFA9FFCAFB7313B785C0FA01" attach="left" box="[1203,1211,1462,1476]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">1</subScript>
|
||
and pt
|
||
<subScript id="BF0234A9FFA9FFCAFAC813B7846BFA01" attach="left" box="[1288,1296,1462,1476]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">2</subScript>
|
||
) subparallel with slightly rounded sides, base wide apex sharp, with soft longitudinal striae; pt? completely visible, pt? partially visible; both
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFEFA13F280C6F9CE" box="[314,445,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">pterothecae</emphasis>
|
||
partially visible in female.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFCDA13F282E5F9CE" box="[794,926,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Podothecae</emphasis>
|
||
partially visible.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFBBB13F38594F9CE" bold="true" box="[1147,1263,1522,1547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
9 segmented; abdominal tergites wider in female; tergites 1 and 2 darker, tergites 1–4 with a setose lateral tubercle on both sides, tubercle decreasing in size posteriorly; tergites surface moderately wrinkled; tergites 1–8 with a transverse row of setae; tergite 8 narrower, about 1.5 times longer than others; tergite 9 with 2 laminate lobes; genitalia visible. Female with tergite 9 presenting shorter urogomphi, and rounded sides; genitalia not apparent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6B9C6567FFA9FFCBFF0710A78433FED9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA9FFCAFF0710A78438F8B3" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF0710A7830AF97A" bold="true" box="[199,625,1702,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
Lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFEAD10A780C5F97A" box="[365,446,1702,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[207,1420,224,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Schematic drawings of Casignetus larval parts. 6, Mesocoxae (external) with indications of pars stridens; 7, metatrochanter (internal) with indications of plectrum; 8, last abdominal segment (ventral) with indications of raster and anal opening; 9, pupa (lateral) with indications of the main structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601714/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFE0C10A7836EF97A" box="[460,533,1702,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">54, 57</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Form hypognathous.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFCA910A685AFF97A" box="[873,1236,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFCA910A6857CF97A" box="[873,1031,1703,1727]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cephalothecaceae" genus="Cephalotheca" kingdom="Fungi" order="Sordariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Cephalotheca</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ophthalmothecae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFACB10A684E7F97A" box="[1291,1436,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">ceratothecae</emphasis>
|
||
visible, similar color, translucent.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFDD410CA83CBF926" box="[532,688,1739,1763]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cephalothecaceae" genus="Cephalotheca" kingdom="Fungi" order="Sordariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFDD410CA83CBF926" box="[532,688,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Cephalotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an apical depression in female.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFB9210CA8592F926" box="[1106,1257,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Ceratothecae</emphasis>
|
||
elongate, thick, curved; shorter, and thicker in female. Mandibles backward reaching abdomen; shorter, and perpendicularly projected in female.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFEBC111380AEF8EE" bold="true" box="[380,469,1810,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFE231112831CF8EE" box="[483,615,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Podothecae</emphasis>
|
||
(pod
|
||
<subScript id="BF0234A9FFA9FFCAFD61112083D2F8EA" attach="left" box="[673,681,1825,1839]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">1</subScript>
|
||
, pod
|
||
<subScript id="BF0234A9FFA9FFCAFD2011208393F8EA" attach="left" box="[736,744,1825,1839]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">2</subScript>
|
||
, and pod
|
||
<subScript id="BF0234A9FFA9FFCAFC8F1120822CF8EA" attach="left" box="[847,855,1825,1839]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">3</subScript>
|
||
) long, extending up to half of abdomen, completely visible, shorter in female.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFE0511388342F897" bold="true" box="[453,569,1849,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Sternites 1–4 presenting elliptical and oblique spiracles along longitudinal body axis, decreasing in size posteriorly; genitalia like-spiral, apex extending up to about half of sternite 9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA9FFCBFF0711808433FED9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,573]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF0711808322F85F" bold="true" box="[199,601,1921,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
Ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBBD2A69FFA9FFCAFEB211808379F85F" box="[370,514,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURES 52–58" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,304,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,278,1843]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 52–58. Casignetus immatures. 52, Third instar (lateral); 53–55, female pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 56–58, male pupae (dorsal, lateral, ventral). Scale bars = 1 cm. Photographs: P.C. Grossi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601724/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 55, 58</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Mandibles clearly visible, hiding
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFC2F118085EAF85C" box="[1007,1169,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">cephatothecae</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFB14118084E0F85C" box="[1236,1435,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">ophthalmothecae,</emphasis>
|
||
with incurved apex. In female all structures are completely visible,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA9FFCAFC6611A48540F878" box="[934,1083,1957,1981]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cephalothecaceae" genus="Cephalotheca" kingdom="Fungi" order="Sordariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFC6611A48540F878" box="[934,1083,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">cephalotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with subtrapezoidal apex, and
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFF5711CB8023F827" box="[151,344,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">ophthalmothecae</emphasis>
|
||
parallel.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFE0211C88360F827" bold="true" box="[450,539,1993,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA9FFCAFDEA11CB83D5F827" box="[554,686,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Podothecae</emphasis>
|
||
completely visible, with femora slightly oblique (inclination pod?> pod? <pod?),
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFE9A169980A6FF75" box="[346,477,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">pterothecae</emphasis>
|
||
partially visible.
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFD6816968266FF75" bold="true" box="[680,797,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Sternites smooth, visible from 2–9; sternite 2 partially visible, presenting a small median tubercle; anteromedian margin of sternite 3 with a subconic tubercle, with apex directed forward; sternite 9 with a median lobe, from which genitalia originates;
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFBDD16E185ECFF3D" box="[1053,1175,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">urogomphi</emphasis>
|
||
subquadrangular; apex weakly serrated, with four small teeth; female with
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFD1817058229FED9" box="[728,850,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">urogomphi</emphasis>
|
||
shorter, rounded, and genitalia not apparent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6B9C6567FFA8FFCBFF07172680D7FEA1" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA8FFCBFF07172680D7FEA1" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFF0717268054FE85" bold="true" box="[199,303,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Material</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA8FFCBFEFF1729834DFE85" baseAuthorityName="Gyllenhal" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[319,566,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humboldti">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFEFF1729834DFE85" box="[319,566,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Casignetus humboldti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA8FFCBFD8917298317FE85" box="[585,620,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA8FFCBFD66172983B2FE85" box="[678,713,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Nova Friburgo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA8FFCBFC5117268541FE85" box="[913,1082,295,320]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFB87172685EBFE85" box="[1095,1168,295,320]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA8FFCBFB641729847CFE85" baseAuthorityName="Boileau" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1188,1287,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lindei">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFB641729847CFE85" box="[1188,1287,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">C. lindei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3580FD65FFA8FFCBFADC17298446FE85" box="[1308,1341,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Tibagi,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA8FFCBFF57174D819DFEA1" box="[151,230,332,356]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFF31174D8041FEA0" box="[241,314,332,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
). CERPE.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6B9C6567FFA8FFCBFF07176E829DFDF9" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="233936ECFFA8FFCBFF07176E829DFDF9" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFF07176E8040FE4D" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA8FFCBFE83177180BBFE42" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[323,448,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFE83177180BBFE42" box="[323,448,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Casignetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Neotropical genus restricted to the southeastern and southern regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFAF2176E8402FE4D" box="[1330,1401,367,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in Brazilian Atlantic Forest,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA8FFCBFE7E17948371FE69" box="[446,522,405,428]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Parana</collectingRegion>
|
||
Forest, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA8FFCBFD5A17958291FE69" authority="Forest" authorityName="Forest" box="[666,1002,404,428]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFD5A179582E0FE69" box="[666,923,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Araucaria angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provinces
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFBA8179485DDFE69" box="[1128,1190,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47174B1DFFA8FFCBFB6F1794841DFE68" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[1199,1382,404,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref7591" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 467 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 50.071803.130447" type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and high altitudes, generally above
|
||
<quantity id="E47E9B09FFA8FFCBFDC217B98327FE0A" box="[514,604,440,464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
, as well as adjacent areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFC7517B6855EFE15" box="[949,1061,439,464]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFBA117B985B0FE15" box="[1121,1227,440,464]" name="Paraguay" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In relation to the distributional gradient from Southeastern to Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFCC417DD8230FE30" box="[772,843,476,501]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the three species need further studies and possibly there is a complex of cryptic species within
|
||
<emphasis id="11F2EAFEFFA8FFCBFD491401839DFDD2" box="[649,742,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4864D6FFFA8FFCBFD4914018399FDD2" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[649,738,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Casignetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spixi">C. spixi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with two separate populations, from the mountains of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E142F80EFFA8FFCBFA9117FE8193FDF8" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
state and Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFE0514258372FDF8" box="[453,521,548,573]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5B91767CFFA8FFCBFDFF142583D5FDF8" box="[575,686,548,573]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47174B1DFFA8FFCBFC8C142582A0FDF9" author="Grossi, P. C." box="[844,987,548,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" pagination="103 - 128" refId="ref7175" refString="Grossi, P. C. (2018) Lucanidae da Floresta Atlantica: Diversidade, identificacao e aspectos da biologia (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). In: Monteiro-Filho, E. L. A. & Conte, C. E. (Orgs.), Revisoes em Zoologia: Mata Atlantica. 1 ª Edition. Editora Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Parana, pp. 103 - 128." type="book chapter" year="2018">Grossi 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |