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<document id="1DF8C353D59847A10308202E0D23A403" ID-DOI="10.12681/mms.24600" ID-ISSN="1108-393X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12551868" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1719426635448" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Arossa, Silvia, Pica, Daniela, Bastari, Azzurra, Torsani, Fabrizio &amp; Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2020" docId="2E3987A07171FF8C3CA7D9ABFBA4E679" docLanguage="en" docName="MediterrMarSci.22.1.40-50.pdf" docOrigin="Mediterranean Marine Science 22 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.24600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F43F2143834C3AC96F90C157532616DA.4:MediterrMarSci.2013-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="F43F2143834C3AC96F90C157532616DA" docStyleName="MediterrMarSci.2013-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Exaiptasia diaphana" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="D200FFD87176FF8B3C27DA48FFE1E347" masterDocTitle="Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="40" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1721716978799" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9E60567716CDEE105F74F4321BC9F4A6">Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD07A7007CCBBD4E6B018B732226BF25">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDD38BF7B58B6E936788D9065C41A72A">Arossa, Silvia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2952B4222797A80B5F8B3C3A0629FBC1">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CCEA5D37D248356462C70A04C38BB3FD">Pica, Daniela</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D857BA7C8438FDD5167135A27E595DA2">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="799FCD9B5CC2AA4F1BFAA32B8A5BA680">Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8F1C1681E864CCCA8ABF948EB7FE495D">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="01C44FF301EEAB7AE1EF007DEA5B0A50">Torsani, Fabrizio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="45ADF8E0107227DC95D407875CDD591D">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="016B30BB55E47DAA4AD307E4A478C387">Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4274EA271E0DF7189DC6454EE3FDE599">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy &amp; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy &amp; Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1 / N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EE8A653D7171FF8C3CA7D9ABFE8EE0B9" box="[128,367,995,1022]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3CA7D9ABFE8EE0B9" blockId="7.[128,367,995,1022]" box="[128,367,995,1022]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="FD6781DA7171FF8C3CA7D9ABFE8EE0B9" bold="true" box="[128,367,995,1022]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3CA7D9ABFE8EE0B9" ID-CoL="3DJK6" authority="(Rapp, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Rapp" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[128,367,995,1022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3CA7D9ABFE8EE0B9" bold="true" box="[128,367,995,1022]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="EE8A653D7171FF8C3C81DE6BFD04E7BA" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3C81DE6BFD04E7BA" blockId="7.[128,767,1059,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
Individuals of
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3D68DE6CFE3AE77A" box="[335,475,1059,1085]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
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were mostly retrieved in sheltered substrates, with high water exchange and current exposure. The maximum depth that limits their distribution at Passetto was
<specimenCount id="B096FD3F7171FF8C3D85DECBFE36E7D9" box="[418,471,1155,1182]" count="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="generic">
<quantity id="61689B537171FF8C3D85DECBFE32E7D9" box="[418,467,1155,1182]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
.
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Contrary to
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3E4ADECCFD37E7DA" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[621,726,1155,1182]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3E4ADECCFD37E7DA" box="[621,726,1155,1182]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">A. viridis</emphasis>
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,
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3EC1DECCFF0BE7FA" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3EC1DECCFF0BE7FA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
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was usually observed on shady and vertical/ subvertical surfaces, where it tends to strongly attach and to colonize the micro asperities found on the substrate.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EE8A653D7171FF8C3CA7DF0BFBA4E679" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3CA7DF0BFDECE619" blockId="7.[128,525,1347,1374]" box="[128,525,1347,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="FD6781DA7171FF8C3CA7DF0BFDECE619" bold="true" box="[128,525,1347,1374]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3CA7DF0BFDECE619" bold="true" box="[128,525,1347,1374]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Temporal variations in abundance</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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Its variations
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3D66DFCCFDCBE6DA" box="[321,554,1411,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3D66DFCCFDCBE6DA" box="[321,554,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
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were always present during the study period, but its abundance fluctuated as shown in
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337171FF8C3D08DF8BFE42E69A" box="[303,419,1475,1501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,190,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[452,1154,816,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-256@4.[435,1175,796,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2: Temporal variations in abundance of Anemonia viridis (A) and Exaiptasia diaphana (B) expressed as cover percentage in relation to monthly fluctuations of surface water temperature (°C), irradiance (W/m2) and wave heights (m)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551879/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
, reaching a maximum value in
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3CA7DFABFEDAE6B9" box="[128,315,1507,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2013-09">September 2013</date>
(31.6% ± 18.1% SD) and a minimum value in
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3CF8DC4BFE71E559" box="[223,400,1539,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2013-12">December 2013</date>
(5.0% ± 7.6% SD).
<tableCitation id="EB12030D7171FF8C3E48DC4BFD21E559" box="[623,704,1539,1566]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,211,1765,1789]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarises main features of
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3D82DC6CFDD1E57A" box="[421,560,1571,1597]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3D82DC6CFDD1E57A" box="[421,560,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
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. Their abundance was positively correlated with temperature patterns (r = 0.59, N = 11, p &lt;0.05), but not with wave heights and irradiance (Kruskal-
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, respectively with r = 0.35, N = 11 and r = 0.57, N = 11, p&gt; 0.05).
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3E0DDCECFD57E5FA" box="[554,694,1699,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">A. diphanas</emphasis>
abundance peaked during the quarter July-September (on average: 24.4% ± 17.8% SD), while the minimal value occurred between October and December (15.3% ± 20.4% SD). Statistical analysis showed significant variations in
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3CA7DD0CFEEDE41A" box="[128,268,1859,1885]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3CA7DD0CFEEDE41A" box="[128,268,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
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coverage among quarters (Kruskal-
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, H = 22.6, p &lt;0.001).
<tableCitation id="EB12030D7171FF8C3D5BDD2BFE31E439" box="[380,464,1891,1918]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,211,1765,1789]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarises main features of
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3CB8DDCCFEC9E4DA" box="[159,296,1923,1949]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3CB8DDCCFEC9E4DA" box="[159,296,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3F39DAEBFBF3E3F9" blockId="7.[798,1042,163,190]" box="[798,1042,163,190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="FD6781DA7171FF8C3F39DAEBFBF3E3F9" bold="true" box="[798,1042,163,190]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3F39DAEBFBF3E3F9" bold="true" box="[798,1042,163,190]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Reproductive biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3F63DAABFBA7E2F9" blockId="7.[798,1437,227,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
Figure 3B summarizes data about
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C38E6DAACFAC0E3BA" box="[1217,1313,228,253]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">sex ratio</emphasis>
in the species
<taxonomicName id="61904D357171FF8C3F73DB4CFC00E25A" box="[852,993,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C3F73DB4CFC00E25A" box="[852,993,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first fertile individuals (females) were recorded in December 2013 (10%). The following months showed an increasing in the number of females (Fig. 4d-f), reaching a peak in April and May 2014 (35%), while males were observed only in June 2014 (54.5 %), with a sex ratio (F/M) 1:2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3F63DB8BFACAE019" blockId="7.[798,1437,227,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
Monthly variations in the number of female gonads
<superScript id="51E59BFE7171FF8C3F39DBABFC7CE2B6" attach="left" box="[798,925,483,509]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">individual-1</superScript>
were shown in Figure 4D. The minimal value was recorded in December 2013 (29 gonads
<superScript id="51E59BFE7171FF8C393AD84BFA7DE156" attach="left" box="[1309,1436,515,541]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">individual-1</superScript>
± 4.2 SD) reaching a maximum in May 2014 (94.0 ± 12.4 SD), then, their abundance dropped in June (71 ± 21.2 SD). Considering the quarterly variations, the number of gonads peaked in April-June (76.8 ± 24.3 SD) and decreased in October-December (29.0 ± 2.1 SD). Variations in the number of gonads
<superScript id="51E59BFE7171FF8C3813D88BFB52E196" attach="left" box="[1076,1203,707,733]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">individual-1</superScript>
in
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47171FF8C38F1D88CFABEE19A" box="[1238,1375,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">E. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were negatively correlated to temperature (Pearsons correlation, r = 0.71, df = 28, p &lt;0.001). Differences among quarters were statistically significant (One Way ANOVA, p &lt;0.01, followed by Tuckey HSD, p &lt;0.05).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3F63D92BFC28E75A" blockId="7.[798,1437,227,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
The number of oocytes
<superScript id="51E59BFE7171FF8C384DD92BFB5DE036" attach="left" box="[1130,1212,867,893]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">gonad-1</superScript>
was counted only from April to June 2014, as the increase of size of the oocytes allowed us to count them. In April the number was 44.3 ± 36.5 SD, in May it was 37.7 ± 6.0 SD and in June it was equal to 13.9 ± 8.5 SD. It showed a decreasing pattern in time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3F63DE6BFBA4E679" blockId="7.[798,1437,227,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Sizes of female gametes are shown in Figure 4E and Supplementary Material S3. Their size ranged from 60 to 180 μm in January-March, with the 55% of the measured cells within the class 101-140 μm; while sizes varied between 60 and 220 μm in April-June (size class more frequent (46%): 101-140 μm). Finally, Male individuals were not found in the sampling site; however, we observed males in June 2013 in some specimens collected nearby for other purposes.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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