1655 lines
232 KiB
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1655 lines
232 KiB
XML
<document id="719F8F912D6114FC23CFD37DD4A8C8B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="288370" ID-DOI="10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="21b07f67-d540-4d6f-86fd-af0f84498c5f" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10667997" ID-ZooBank="4B49C1D9-1196-4942-969F-2E923B1FC12C" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1707561373589" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cupello, Mario" docDate="2024" docId="03C5B216FFFEFFA6DDEDFD8C6E9DFE03" docLanguage="en" docName="zoosystema.2024.46.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 46 (2)" docSource="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a2.pdf" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631.7:Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Gromphas dichroa Blanchard 1846" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FFFCCA6EFFE6FFB9DD69FFFA6C63FF8D" masterDocTitle="The genus Gromphas Dejean, 1836 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae): nomenclature, distribution, and conservation, including a contribution to the debate on electronic publications in zoology" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1708028255164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="EA40D310D1522DD0F3E340463C8E6E0C">The genus Gromphas Dejean, 1836 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae): nomenclature, distribution, and conservation, including a contribution to the debate on electronic publications in zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="479B4BED42790A84DB625E352038C097">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0061406B4D6A85237CB6FB3C811E63D6">Cupello, Mario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2E455D34AB2DD229805461C8F1668A1">Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná (Brazil) & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843 (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="59A2AF3732C8951CE521D0DCBBD1263B" type="email">mcupello@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A6043FB2D95552BD0B546D7BB2F78ACD">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="92BE269057D2E605C5987EEF03D38A3F">
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<mods:date id="532E59E6954DF1B4EF70BDDA2D37ED9F">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="867F08AA2492E6E1258A0105D12F1042">2024-02-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="27789AAF5D736CB979FA6021BDCEE9AA">46</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3F6757A631D88BAB4ECA23B560B5807B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03C5B216FFFEFFA6DDEDFD8C6E9DFE03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668043" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668043" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5B216FFFEFFA6DDEDFD8C6E9DFE03" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5B216FFFEFFA6DDEDFD8C6E9DFE03" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C376508BFFFEFFA1DDEDFD8C6EF6FD3D" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA1DDEDFD8C6EF6FD3D" blockId="24.[132,759,630,688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
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NEW RELEVANT RECORDS FOR THE VANISHED
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DDEDFD6C6EF6FD3D" ID-CoL="6KSGZ" authority="BLANCHARD, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[132,661,662,688]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DDEDFD6C6DF8FD3D" box="[132,411,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">GROMPHAS DICHROA</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DCCAFD6C6EF6FD3D" author="BLANCHARD" box="[419,661,662,688]" firstAuthor="BLANCHARD" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">BLANCHARD, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C376508BFFFEFFA7DDEDFD2F69CBF866" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA1DDEDFD2F6DFFFA80" blockId="24.[130,778,725,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DDEDFD2F6DBFFD7D" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[132,476,725,752]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DC85FD2F6E46FD7D" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[492,549,725,752]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) discussed the rarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DDF6FD0C6D6EFC82" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[159,269,757,784]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DDF6FD0C6D6EFC82" box="[159,269,757,784]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in collections. Only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFEFFA1DC83FD0F6E5AFC82" box="[490,569,757,783]" count="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFEFFA1DF04FD0F6EB3FC82" box="[621,720,757,783]" count="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
|
||
were known to us apart from the missing
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFFEFFA1DF70FCEF6E1BFCA2" box="[537,632,789,815]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
3, the lost
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFEFFA1DF83FCEF6C91FCC2" count="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DC1AFCCF6E1CFCC2" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[371,639,821,847]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz (1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964), and the two equally lost specimens mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DFE7FCAF6CB3FC02" author="Burmeister" firstAuthor="Burmeister" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="120 - 133" refId="ref30114" refString="BURMEISTER H. 1874. - Lamellicornia Argentina. Entomologische Zeitung 35: 120 - 133. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 30 th June 1874 (based on the range ' April-Juni' provided at the end of the volume on page 444)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9236010" type="journal article" year="1874">Burmeister (1874)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. No individuals were known to have been caught since 1947 despite intensive collecting efforts across the species’ range from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DCA7FC4F6E52FC42" box="[462,561,949,975]" name="Paraguay" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the Argentinian province of Buenos Aires4. Even Antonio Martínez (1922- 1993), who collected and studied the Argentinian dung beetle fauna so extensively through the mid- and late-20th century, never collected a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DC28FBCF6DD2FBC3" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[321,433,1076,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DC28FBCF6DD2FBC3" box="[321,433,1076,1103]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or obtained a specimen caught by others after the 1940s. The same is reported by Federico Ocampo (personal communication,
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFFEFFA1DF63FB8E6EFEFB03" box="[522,669,1140,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" value="2021-06-21">21 June 2021</date>
|
||
), who has done fieldwork more recently in areas within the historical range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DD80FB4E6D3AFB43" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[233,345,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DD80FB4E6D3AFB43" box="[233,345,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DCB3FB4E6E5AFB43" box="[474,569,1204,1230]" name="Uruguay" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Buenos Aires. For these reasons, I started to wonder whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DFFFFB2E6F6BFB63" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[662,776,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DFFFFB2E6F6BFB63" box="[662,776,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have become extinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA1DDF2FAE96F6BF801" blockId="24.[130,778,725,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Since the publication of Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello’s revision, I had the opportunity to visit several other collections in Europe and the Americas, including all the main ones in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DD84FA896D48FA00" box="[237,299,1395,1421]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DC0CFA8E6DA4FA03" box="[357,455,1396,1422]" name="Paraguay" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in just two of them did I find additional specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DCAEFA696E5FFA20" box="[455,572,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DCAEFA696E5BFA20" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[455,568,1427,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">G. dichroa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
One is the Brussels museum (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DD98FA496D25FA40" box="[241,326,1459,1485]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="Museum">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
), which houses a single specimen. As can be seen in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFFEFFA1DD98FA296DEAFA60" box="[241,393,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[131,142,1878,1896]" captionTargetBox="[207,1365,216,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-35@22.[748,930,315,1149]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Newly (re)discovered specimens of the potentially extinct Gromphas dichroa Blanchard,1846:A, labels of the holotype female and oldest known specimen, property of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. It had been deemed lost in the last revision of the genus (Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2013). The black arrow indicates a label in Harold’s handwriting; Harold (1869b) indeed reported the study of the specimen during his visit to the MNHN, when he confirmed that the species belongs to Gromphas – as originally maintained by Blanchard (1846) and Lacordaire (1855) – instead of Bolbites as he had previously suggested (Harold 1869a; see Cupello et al. 2021). Courtesy of Federico Ocampo; B, C, the specimen from the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. Courtesy of Alain Drumont (RBINS);D, the four-specimen series housed in the Museu Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Porto Alegre,Brazil. This series includes the most recently collected individual of the species, caught in Santa Catarina (Brazil) in 1954 (second from the left). Courtesy of Luísa Menezes da Silveira (MGAP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668025/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Figure 11B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
, this specimen shows the bicoloured colouration pattern of the species (similar to fig. 14a of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DFB2FA096DC0F9A0" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and bears only two labels, neither informing where and when the specimen was collected. But this certainly happened before 1935, for the accession number ‘10.640’ stated on one of its labels refers to material acquired on 5th October that year by the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DC9BF9686E20F921" box="[498,579,1682,1708]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="Museum">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
from the Belgian coleopterist Joseph Jean Edouard Gillet (1865-1937) (Alain Drumont,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DD9DF9286D05F961" box="[244,358,1746,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
curator at
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DCB9F9286E43F961" box="[464,544,1746,1772]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="Museum">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
, personal communication,
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFFEFFA1DDD4F9086D1EF881" box="[189,381,1778,1804]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" value="2020-03-16">16th March 2020</date>
|
||
). This same specimen was mentioned five years later by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DC29F8E86D8BF8A1" author="Janssens" box="[320,488,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Janssens" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref33216" refString="JANSSENS A. 1940. - Contribution a l'Etude des Coleopteres lamellicornes coprophages. II. - ̿ emarques sur quelques Phanaeides. Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 16 (34): 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1940">Janssens (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his study of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DFDCF8E86F66F8A1" box="[693,773,1810,1836]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="Museum">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
phanaeines, a work overlooked by Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello. Regrettably, I did not have time to sex the specimen during my stay in Brussels, nor did Janssens mention it in his paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA1DDF2F86B6952FBC2" blockId="24.[130,778,725,2028]" lastBlockId="24.[810,1457,215,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The second collection where I found additional specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DDF6F8486D68F846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[159,267,1969,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DDF6F8486D68F846" box="[159,267,1969,1996]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that of the Museu Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Colégio Anchieta, Porto Alegre,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DF79F82B6E2DF866" box="[528,590,2001,2027]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DF35F82B6ED1F866" box="[604,690,2001,2027]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
). There, I found
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFEFFA1DEECFF226F84FF7C" box="[901,999,215,242]" count="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFEFFA1D974FF2D68C8FF7C" box="[1053,1195,215,241]" count="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" type="female">three females</specimenCount>
|
||
collected between 1928 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFFEFFA1DE34FF0D6FD7FE9C" box="[861,948,247,274]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.96316" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="1954.0">1954 in</quantity>
|
||
the Brazilian states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1D9C6FF0D691DFE9C" box="[1199,1406,247,273]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D9C6FF0D694CFE9C" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[1199,1327,247,273]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1DE47FEED6FB0FEBC" box="[814,979,279,305]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFFEFFA1DE8AFEED682EFEBC" box="[995,1101,279,305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[131,142,1878,1896]" captionTargetBox="[207,1365,216,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-35@22.[748,930,315,1149]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Newly (re)discovered specimens of the potentially extinct Gromphas dichroa Blanchard,1846:A, labels of the holotype female and oldest known specimen, property of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. It had been deemed lost in the last revision of the genus (Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2013). The black arrow indicates a label in Harold’s handwriting; Harold (1869b) indeed reported the study of the specimen during his visit to the MNHN, when he confirmed that the species belongs to Gromphas – as originally maintained by Blanchard (1846) and Lacordaire (1855) – instead of Bolbites as he had previously suggested (Harold 1869a; see Cupello et al. 2021). Courtesy of Federico Ocampo; B, C, the specimen from the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. Courtesy of Alain Drumont (RBINS);D, the four-specimen series housed in the Museu Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Porto Alegre,Brazil. This series includes the most recently collected individual of the species, caught in Santa Catarina (Brazil) in 1954 (second from the left). Courtesy of Luísa Menezes da Silveira (MGAP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668025/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). These data represent the most recent record for the species (seven years later than the previous most recent record from 1947) and the first report for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1DE44FE8D6FB3FE1C" box="[813,976,375,401]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
; furthermore, the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1D9F3FE8D690AFE1C" box="[1178,1385,375,401]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D9F3FE8D6979FE1C" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[1178,1306,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimen caught in Nova Petrópolis represents a new municipality record in the state. These two new records also confirm that the species at least used to occupy areas not only in the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion (also known as the Pampas), from where most of the specimens are known, but also in the bordering southern fringe of the Atlantic Forest; whether they were caught in the rainforests themselves, in transitional areas, or in deforested farmlands is unclear. The four
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1D837FD8C69CEFD1D" box="[1374,1453,630,656]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
specimens encompass much of the colour variation shown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DE42FD4C6FFAFD42" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[811,921,693,720]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DE42FD4C6FFAFD42" box="[811,921,693,720]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: both
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1DE89FD4F68CAFD42" box="[992,1193,693,719]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DE89FD4F683DFD42" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[992,1118,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
females have the typical bicoloured pattern of the species, with a shiny red head and pronotum and blue elytra, whereas the Itapiranga individuals show either the body entirely green (the male) or its head and pronotum red at centre and green over the lateral edges and its elytra uniformly green (the female). As discussed and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DEAFFC8F6947FC02" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[966,1316,885,911]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1D85CFC8F690CFC1D" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1333,1391,885,912]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this whole variation can occur within a single population, and the bicoloured pattern evolved in parallel in at least two other sympatric lineages of dung beetles, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D995FC2E6FA3FB83" authority="Harold, 1868" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Bolbites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onitoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D995FC2E69CDFC63" box="[1276,1454,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Bolbites onitoides</emphasis>
|
||
Harold, 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DEA6FC0E68FFFB82" author="Cupello" box="[975,1180,1012,1039]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="973 - 1034" refId="ref30946" refString="CUPELLO M., RIBEIRO-COSTA C. S & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2021. - The evolution of Bolbites onitoides (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini): its phylogenetic significance, geographical polychromatism and the subspecies problem. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society electronic-only detached version: 1 - 62 [volume-integrated version published in March 2022, volume 194 (3): 973 - 1034.] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 015" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Cupello
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D945FC0F683CFB83" box="[1068,1119,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the clade formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DE45FBEE68F6FBA3" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[812,1173,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lividus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DE45FBEE6FB6FBA3" box="[812,981,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Canthon lividus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DEB6FBEE68F6FBA3" author="Blanchard" box="[991,1173,1044,1070]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D9A6FBEF6FDBFBC3" authority="Redtenbacher, 1868" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D9A6FBEF692CFBA3" box="[1231,1359,1044,1071]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">C. auricollis</emphasis>
|
||
Redtenbacher, 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DEA0FBCE6940FBC3" author="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z." box="[969,1315,1076,1102]" firstAuthor="Vaz-de-Mello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref30873" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2018. - A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martinez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), with a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ' Canthon sensu lato '. European Journal of Taxonomy 467: 1 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.467" type="journal article" year="2018" yearSuffix="b">Vaz-de-Mello & Cupello 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA1DE2AFBAE69CCF806" blockId="24.[810,1457,215,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DE18FBAE6FDCFBE3" box="[881,959,1108,1134]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
is only one of the two museums in Porto Alegre, the capital city of the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1D903FB8E6956FB03" box="[1130,1333,1140,1166]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D903FB8E688AFB03" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[1130,1257,1140,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and which is (or was) part of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D905FB6E68B9FB23" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1132,1242,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D905FB6E68B9FB23" box="[1132,1242,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the other being the Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1DE47FB2E6F9EFB63" box="[814,1021,1236,1262]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DE47FB2E6FCCFB63" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[814,943,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1D967FB2E680BFB63" box="[1038,1128,1236,1262]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
). While the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1D999FB2E695CFB63" box="[1264,1343,1236,1262]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
collection grew rapidly during the first half of the 20th century, it has been mostly inert since the death of its founder, Father Pio Buck (1883-1972), and houses few specimens collected after the 1950s. It is not surprising, therefore, that no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D829FAAE69CCFAE0" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1344,1455,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D829FAAE69CCFAE0" box="[1344,1455,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected after that decade is held there. On the other hand, the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DE3CFA696FC9FA20" box="[853,938,1427,1453]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
was founded as a separate museum only in 1954 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1DE5CFA496FD7FA43" author="Nedel" box="[821,948,1459,1486]" firstAuthor="Nedel" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="87 - 112" refId="ref34241" refString="NEDEL L. B. 2005. - Breviario de um museu mutante. Horizontes Antropologicos 11 (2): 87 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0104 - 71832005000100006" type="journal article" year="2005">Nedel 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and owns scarabaeine material collected mostly thereafter. Its dung beetle collection is particularly rich and includes material collected all over
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFEFFA1D9FFFA096939F980" box="[1174,1370,1523,1549]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D9FFFA096972F980" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[1174,1297,1523,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, including several rare species native to the state and other regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFEFFA1DE44F9C86F08F9C1" box="[813,875,1586,1612]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(personal observation in 2018). Were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D878F9C969E3F9C1" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1297,1408,1586,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D878F9C969E3F9C1" box="[1297,1408,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still living in that region, it would be expected that at least some specimens would be housed in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1D9C7F9886965F901" box="[1198,1286,1650,1676]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
. But this is not the case. Why? This becomes even more intriguing because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DE47F9486872F941" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[814,1041,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DE47F9486872F941" box="[814,1041,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a closely related species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFEFFA1D851F9486F9EF960" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is abundant both in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1D87CF9286907F961" box="[1301,1380,1746,1772]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
and in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFEFFA1DE3CF9086FC9F881" box="[853,938,1778,1804]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">MCZN</collectionCode>
|
||
and continues to be commonly caught throughout the region where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D978F8E868E3F8A1" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1041,1152,1810,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D978F8E868E3F8A1" box="[1041,1152,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
used to be found, including specific localities such as Porto Alegre (last
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D86BF8C86911F8C6" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1282,1394,1841,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D86BF8C86911F8C6" box="[1282,1394,1841,1868]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 1928; last
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1DEF7F8A8684FF8E6" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[926,1068,1873,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1DEF7F8A8684FF8E6" box="[926,1068,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 1993) and the greater Buenos Aires area (1935 and 2006, respectively) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFFEFFA1D9B1F88B6928F806" box="[1240,1355,1905,1931]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="25.[131,142,1276,1294]" captionStartId-1="26.[132,143,1893,1911]" captionStartId-2="27.[132,143,994,1012]" captionTargetBox-0="[134,1453,211,1226]" captionTargetBox-1="[211,1363,215,1848]" captionTargetBox-2="[137,1452,196,960]" captionTargetId-0="figure-370@25.[123,1473,176,1245]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@26.[201,1370,200,1853]" captionTargetId-2="figure-538@27.[132,1463,139,961]" captionTargetPageId-0="25" captionTargetPageId-1="26" captionTargetPageId-2="27" captionText-0="FIG. 12. — The disappearance of Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. The map shows the date of the last record at each known collecting point for the species. The different colours represent the decade of the last record at each locality. Notice that G. dichroa has not been found since the 1950s. Compare with the map for G. lacordairii in Figure 13. Observe, for instance, that G. lacordairii continues to be found even in Porto Alegre and the greater Buenos Aires area, places where G. dichroa was last collected in the 1920s and 1930s, respectively. Data gathered from the material examined by Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013, 2015) and herein, as well as from additional records found in the literature (Blanchard 1846; Martínez 1959; Barattini & Sáenz 1961, 1964). See Table 1 for more details." captionText-1="FIG. 13. — Gromphas lacordairii (Oken, 1834) records in the general area of occurrence of G. dichroa. Like Figure 12 for G. dichroa, this map shows the date of the last record at each known collecting point for G. lacordairii. The ‘general area of occurrence of G. dichroa’ (the pale yellow area on the maps) is here interpreted to include southern Paraguay, southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and western Santa Catarina), northeastern Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, the Buenos Aires city and northern and northeastern Buenos Aires province), and Uruguay. The different colours of the locality symbols represent the decade of the last record. Data gathered from the material examined by Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013, 2015) and herein, as well as from additional records found in the literature (Barattini & Sáenz 1961, 1964; Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo 1997; Morelli et al. 2002; Sánchez & Genise 2008). See Table 1 for more details." captionText-2="FIG. 14. — Number of specimens of Gromphas lacordairii (Oken, 1834) and G. dichroa Blanchard, 1846 collected in the ‘general area of occurrence of G. dichroa’ (see captions of Fig. 13 for explanation) in each decade since 1890 (refer to Table 1 for details. Localities in the table from personal communication with P. G. Da Silva not included here; see explanation in ‘Material and Methods’). These figures indicate that although never common, G. dichroa was consistently collected during the first half of the 20th century. The most recent specimen, however, dates from 1954, 70 years ago (from Itapiranga, Santa Catarina). At the same time, G. lacordairii has always been much more common and has never ceased to be collected." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668027" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668029" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668033" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10668027/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10668029/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10668033/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">Figs 12-14</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6EE36BBFFFEFFA1D83AF88B69FCF806" box="[1363,1439,1905,1931]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="28.[132,143,361,379]" captionTargetId="graphics-211@28.[132,1455,1281,1282]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="TABLE 1. — Number of specimens of G. dichroa Blanchard, 1846 and G. lacordairii (Oken, 1834) collected in the range of G. dichroa (see definition in the captions of Fig. 13). Data compiled from the material examined by Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013, 2015) and herein, from information provided by colleagues (F. Ocampo and P. G. da Silva, the latter indicated by the collection abbreviations LBEV, MCCR, MCTP, MECB, MHNU, MRGC), and from additional records found in the literature (Blanchard 1846; Martínez 1959; Barattini & Sáenz 1961, 1964; Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo 1997; Morelli et al. 2002; Sánchez & Genise 2008; Canziani & González-Vainer 2022). Bold denotes places where both species have been recorded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF135388FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="DF135388FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFEFFA2DE2AF8686ECDFAC0" blockId="24.[810,1457,215,2028]" lastBlockId="27.[130,777,1172,2028]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">
|
||
But despite its decades-long disappearance and my suspicion of possible extinction, I concede that no formal assessment of the conservation status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFEFFA1D919F82B6880F866" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1136,1251,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFEFFA1D919F82B6880F866" box="[1136,1251,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="45">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently possible under the criteria set out by the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DF63FA496D0FFA60" author="IUCN Species Survival Commission" firstAuthor="IUCN Species Survival Commission" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" refId="ref33167" refString="IUCN SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION. 2012. - IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1. Second Edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, iv + 32 p. https: // portals. iucn. org / library / node / 10315" type="book" year="2012">IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. At least the historical extent of its geographical occurrence, beyond
|
||
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFFFFFA0DC90FA096E1EF980" box="[505,637,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="8" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="600000.0">600000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C19AE48FFFFFFA0DF14FA0E6EE4F988" attach="left" box="[637,647,1524,1541]" fontSize="7" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">2</superScript>
|
||
, is way too large for any of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFFFFA0DC3AF9E96DFFF9A0" box="[339,412,1555,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
threatened categories (maximum of 20 000 km2 for vulnerable), and nothing in terms of the species’ population sizes and trends, habitat preferences, current area of occupancy, and life habits is available for a proper judgement. Formally classifying the species as ‘extinct’, in particular, would be, for the moment, too precipitate as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DDCBF9286D76F961" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[162,277,1746,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DDCBF9286D76F961" box="[162,277,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not match the IUCN’s requirement of having been the special target of exhaustive surveys in all places where it is known to have been historically present as well as others where it might be expected to occur. Until these are performed using all the collecting techniques available for dung beetles (not only pitfall traps baited with excrement; see below), the species is better classified as ‘data deficient’. Critical localities are those where even
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DFC1F8486CA3F866" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DFC1F8486CA3F866" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been recorded over the last decades, for this denotes a general lack of collection effort. These include, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFFFFA0DE24FA296FDEFA60" box="[845,957,1491,1517]" name="Argentina" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFFFFA0DEA0FA29682DFA60" box="[969,1102,1491,1517]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Santo Tomé</collectingCountry>
|
||
(last
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0D9E5FA29689DFA60" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1164,1278,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0D9E5FA29689DFA60" box="[1164,1278,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 1928; last
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DE44FA096FDEF980" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[813,957,1523,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DE44FA096FDEF980" box="[813,957,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 1926) and Santa Maria (last
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0D857FA0969D3F980" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1342,1456,1523,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0D857FA0969D3F980" box="[1342,1456,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 1947, no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DEB1F9E96809F9A1" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[984,1130,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DEB1F9E96809F9A1" box="[984,1130,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFFFFA0D9B0F9E86978F9A1" box="[1241,1307,1554,1580]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Cerro Largo (1941 and 1949, respectively), Nova Petrópolis (both species last recorded in 1928), and Itapiranga (
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0D9BFF9A86969F9E1" box="[1238,1290,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">idem</emphasis>
|
||
in 1954). Also worthy of attention are the Campanha Gaúcha and Serras de Sudeste regions of the Brazilian state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFFFFA0D860F9686F36F941" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0D860F96869E8F921" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[1289,1419,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DEB1F948682DF941" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[984,1102,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DEB1F948682DF941" box="[984,1102,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been recorded from there, these regions are apparently within its range and still encompass vast extensions of relatively pristine areas of the Pampas, particularly around the nature preserve Área de Proteção Ambiental Ibirapuitã, on the border of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFFFFA0D82BF8CB69E2F8C6" box="[1346,1409,1841,1867]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFFFFA0DE45F8A86FE9F8E1" box="[812,906,1874,1900]" name="Uruguay" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DED5F8A8680DF8E1" author="SOUZA JR. C. N. & SHIMBO J. Z. & ROSA M. R. & PARENTE L. L. & ALENCAR A. A. & RUDORFF B. F. T. & HASENACK H. & MATSUMOTO M. & FERREIRA L. G. & SOUZA-FILHO P. W. M. & DE OLIVEIRA S. W. & ROCHA W. F. & FONSECA A. V. & MARQUES C. B. & DINIZ C. G. & COSTA D. & MONTEIRO D. & ROSA E. R. & VELEZ-MARTIN E. & WEBER E. J. & LENTI F. E. B. & PATERNOST F. F. & PAREYN F. G. C. & SIQUEIRA J. V. & VIERA J. L. & NETO L. C. F. & SARAIVA M. M. & SALES M. H. & SALGADO M. P. G. & VASCONCELOS R. & GALANO S. & MESQUITA V. V. & AZEVEDO T." box="[956,1134,1873,1900]" journalOrPublisher="Remote Sensing" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="1" part="12" refId="ref37056" refString="SOUZA JR. C. N., SHIMBO J. Z., ROSA M. R., PARENTE L. L., ALENCAR A. A., RUDORFF B. F. T., HASENACK H., MATSUMOTO M., FERREIRA L. G., SOUZA-FILHO P. W. M., DE OLIVEIRA S. W., ROCHA W. F., FONSECA A. V., MARQUES C. B., DINIZ C. G., COSTA D., MONTEIRO D., ROSA E. R., VELEZ-MARTIN E., WEBER E. J., LENTI F. E. B., PATERNOST F. F., PAREYN F. G. C., SIQUEIRA J. V., VIERA J. L., NETO L. C. F., SARAIVA M. M., SALES M. H., SALGADO M. P. G., VASCONCELOS R., GALANO S., MESQUITA V. V. & AZEVEDO T. 2020. - Reconstructing three decades of land use and land cover changes in Brazilian biomes with landsat archive and earth engine. Remote Sensing 12 (2735): [1] - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / rs 12172735" title="Reconstructing three decades of land use and land cover changes in Brazilian biomes with landsat archive and earth engine" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0D969F8A86852F8E6" box="[1024,1073,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s map). Should all these future collections be performed and, yet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0D9FCF8886962F806" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1173,1281,1905,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0D9FCF8886962F806" box="[1173,1281,1905,1932]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continue failing to appear, then we can finally ‒ and unfortunately ‒ deem the species extinct. Nevertheless, if any of the localities does retrieve the species, a study of the re-discovered populations will enable a formal assignment to one of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFFDFFA2DF03FB6E6ED0FB23" box="[618,691,1172,1198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
categories. Another dung beetle species occupying much the same range as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DD8CFB2E6D34FB63" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[229,343,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DD8CFB2E6D34FB63" box="[229,343,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DC0FFB2E6F60FB63" authority="(Gillet, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Gillet" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[358,771,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Anisocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DC0FFB2E6E3CFB60" box="[358,607,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Anisocanthon pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DF07FB2E6E9AFB63" author="Gillet" box="[622,761,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Gillet" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" refId="ref32351" refString="GILLET J. J. E. 1911. - Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 38: Scarabaeidae: Coprinae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 100 p." type="book" year="1911">Gillet, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and which has, too, vanished since the 1950s, has also been classed as data deficient by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DCD9FAE96EB0FAA3" author="VAZ-DE-MELLO F. & LARSEN T. & SILVA F. & GILL B. & SPECTOR S. & FAVILA M." box="[432,723,1299,1326]" journalOrPublisher="The IUCN R ed List of Threatened Species" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" part="2014" refId="ref37843" refString="VAZ-DE-MELLO F., LARSEN T., SILVA F., GILL B., SPECTOR S. & FAVILA M. 2014. - Anisocanthon pygmaeus. The IUCN R ed List of Threatened Species 2014: e. T 137106 A 520010. Available online at: https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2014 - 1. R LTS. T 137106 A 520010. en. (last accessed on 28 th January 2023)." title="Anisocanthon pygmaeus" type="url" year="2014">
|
||
Vaz-de-Mello
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DF22FAEE6EE3FAA0" box="[587,640,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. My treatment thus follows the established convention.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFFFFFA0DDEAFB0669D2FAE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668027/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" startId="25.[131,142,1276,1294]" targetBox="[134,1453,211,1226]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFFFFA0DDEAFB0669D2FAE4" blockId="25.[131,1457,1276,1385]" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFFFFFA0DDEAFB066CFEFA80" baselines="1289,1290" box="[131,157,1276,1294]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 12. — The disappearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DCF1FB066EA1FA83" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[408,706,1276,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DCF1FB066E51FA83" box="[408,562,1276,1294]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">Gromphas dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DF5FFB066EA1FA83" author="Blanchard" box="[566,706,1276,1294]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The map shows the date of the last record at each known collecting point for the species. The different colours represent the decade of the last record at each locality. Notice that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DE0BFAE96FDBFAA8" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[866,952,1299,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DE0BFAE96FDBFAA8" box="[866,952,1299,1317]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been found since the 1950s. Compare with the map for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DDC8FAD36D68FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[161,267,1321,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DDC8FAD36D68FAB1" box="[161,267,1321,1340]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Figure 13. Observe, for instance, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DF01FAD36EB1FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[616,722,1321,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DF01FAD36EB1FAB1" box="[616,722,1321,1340]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continues to be found even in Porto Alegre and the greater Buenos Aires area, places where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFFFFA0DDD4FABA6D77FADF" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[189,276,1344,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFFFFA0DDD4FABA6D77FADF" box="[189,276,1344,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="46">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was last collected in the 1920s and 1930s, respectively. Data gathered from the material examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0D912FABA6916FADF" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1147,1397,1344,1362]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0D8E8FABA69C8FADF" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1409,1451,1344,1362]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and herein, as well as from additional records found in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DFD0FAAD6F5FFAE4" author="Blanchard" box="[697,828,1367,1385]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DE2CFAAD6FDDFAE4" author="Martinez" box="[837,958,1367,1385]" firstAuthor="Martinez" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref33943" refString="MARTINEZ A. 1959. - Catalogo de los Scarabaeidae Argentinos. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Ciencias Zoologicas 5: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1959">Martínez 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFFFFA0DEAFFAAD68E1FAE4" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[966,1154,1367,1385]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964). See Table 1 for more details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFFCFFA3DDEDF89F6956F865" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668029/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" startId="26.[132,143,1893,1911]" targetBox="[211,1363,215,1848]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFCFFA3DDEDF89F6956F865" blockId="26.[132,1457,1892,2024]" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFFCFFA3DDEDF89F6CFEF8F8" baselines="1906,1906" box="[132,157,1893,1911]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 13. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3DDB6F89E6D99F8FA" authority="(Oken, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[223,506,1892,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3DDB6F89E6DE8F8FA" box="[223,395,1892,1911]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DCFCF89E6D95F8FA" author="OKEN L." box="[405,502,1892,1911]" journalOrPublisher="Isis von Oken" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="1112 - 1127" part="11" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27510335" refId="ref34279" refString="[OKEN L.] 1834. - J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt. Isis von Oken [volume for the year 1834] (11): 1112 - 1127. [The authorship of this review is not stated expressly anywhere, as far as I could find, but the context makes clear that the journal's editor, Lorenz Oken (1779 - 1851), the famous German naturalist of the Naturphilosophie movement, was the one who wrote it and the other literature reviews that appeared in the journal. For this reason, Oken should be credited with its authorship under Article 50.1 of the Code. In Cupello et al. (2022), we conservatively treated the review as published anonymously, but this seems unjustified. Kertesz (1986) tells the details of the history of Isis von Oken and confirms that Oken was the one who prepared the literature reviews] [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 30 th November 1834. Neal Evenhuis (personal communication, 26 th January 2023) confirmed that Isis von Oken appeared in monthly issues. Oken's review of Lacordaire's paper appeared in the 11 th issue of 1834, therefore, in November of that year, with no more specific date known to me. Following Article 21.3. 1, I take the last day of that month as the publication date]. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27510335" title="J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt" type="journal article" year="1834">Oken, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
records in the general area of occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3DE1AF89E6FAAF8FA" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[883,969,1892,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3DE1AF89E6FAAF8FA" box="[883,969,1892,1911]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like Figure 12 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3D902F89E68A2F8FA" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1131,1217,1892,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3D902F89E68A2F8FA" box="[1131,1217,1892,1911]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this map shows the date of the last record at each known collecting point for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3DF4FF8816EECF800" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[550,655,1915,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3DF4FF8816EECF800" box="[550,655,1915,1933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ‘general area of occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3DEA9F8816874F800" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[960,1047,1915,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3DEA9F8816874F800" box="[960,1047,1915,1933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (the pale yellow area on the maps) is here interpreted to include southern Paraguay, southern Brazil (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFCFFA3DF2AF8686EC1F829" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[579,674,1938,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul and western Santa Catarina), northeastern Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, the Buenos Aires city and northern and northeastern Buenos Aires province), and Uruguay. The different colours of the locality symbols represent the decade of the last record. Data gathered from the material examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DFF0F8456FF3F85C" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[665,912,1983,2001]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DEF2F8456FA6F85C" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[923,965,1983,2001]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and herein, as well as from additional records found in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DDBEF82C6DF6F865" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[215,405,2006,2024]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DCBAF82C6EAAF865" author="Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo" box="[467,713,2006,2024]" firstAuthor="Cabrera-Walsh" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="191 - 200" refId="ref30173" refString="CABRERA-WALSH G. & CORDO H. A. 1997. - Coprophilous arthropod community from Argentina with species of potential use as biocontrol agents against pest flies. Environmental Entomology 26 (2): 191 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 26.2.191" type="journal article" year="1997">Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DFBAF82C6F05F865" author="Morelli" box="[723,870,2006,2024]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morelli" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref34194" refString="MORELLI E., GONZALEZ-VAINER P. & BAZ A. 2002. - Coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Uruguayan prairies: abundance, diversity and seasonal occurrence. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37 (1): 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Morelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFCFFA3DE66F82C6F5AF865" box="[783,825,2006,2024]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFCFFA3DE19F82C6854F865" author="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F." box="[880,1079,2006,2024]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="26" pageNumber="47" pagination="49 - 61" part="62" refId="ref35998" refString="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F. 2008. - Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 62 (1): 49 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 986.1" title="Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Sánchez & Genise 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See Table 1 for more details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFFDFFA2DDEDFC186F17FBC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668033" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668033/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" startId="27.[132,143,994,1012]" targetBox="[137,1452,196,960]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFDFFA2DDEDFC186F17FBC3" blockId="27.[132,1457,993,1102]" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFFDFFA2DDEDFC186CFEFC7F" baselines="1007,1007" box="[132,157,994,1012]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 14. — Number of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DCC4FC1B6EA5FC79" authority="(Oken, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[429,710,993,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DCC4FC1B6E3AFC79" box="[429,601,993,1012]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DF0BFC1B6EA1FC79" author="OKEN L." box="[610,706,993,1012]" journalOrPublisher="Isis von Oken" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1112 - 1127" part="11" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27510335" refId="ref34279" refString="[OKEN L.] 1834. - J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt. Isis von Oken [volume for the year 1834] (11): 1112 - 1127. [The authorship of this review is not stated expressly anywhere, as far as I could find, but the context makes clear that the journal's editor, Lorenz Oken (1779 - 1851), the famous German naturalist of the Naturphilosophie movement, was the one who wrote it and the other literature reviews that appeared in the journal. For this reason, Oken should be credited with its authorship under Article 50.1 of the Code. In Cupello et al. (2022), we conservatively treated the review as published anonymously, but this seems unjustified. Kertesz (1986) tells the details of the history of Isis von Oken and confirms that Oken was the one who prepared the literature reviews] [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 30 th November 1834. Neal Evenhuis (personal communication, 26 th January 2023) confirmed that Isis von Oken appeared in monthly issues. Oken's review of Lacordaire's paper appeared in the 11 th issue of 1834, therefore, in November of that year, with no more specific date known to me. Following Article 21.3. 1, I take the last day of that month as the publication date]. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27510335" title="J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt" type="journal article" year="1834">Oken, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DF86FC1B6FB1FC79" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[751,978,993,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DF86FC1B6F26FC79" box="[751,837,993,1012]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DE20FC186FB1FC79" author="Blanchard" box="[841,978,994,1012]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in the ‘general area of occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D83DFC1B69C9FC79" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1364,1450,993,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D83DFC1B69C9FC79" box="[1364,1450,993,1012]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (see captions of Fig. 13 for explanation) in each decade since 1890 (refer to Table 1 for details. Localities in the table from personal communication with P. G. Da Silva not included here; see explanation in ‘Material and Methods’). These figures indicate that although never common,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D91FFBF568AEFBAC" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1142,1229,1039,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D91FFBF568AEFBAC" box="[1142,1229,1039,1057]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was consistently collected during the first half of the 20th century. The most recent specimen, however, dates from 1954, 70 years ago (from Itapiranga, Santa Catarina). At the same time,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DDEDFBC66C8EFBC3" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[132,237,1084,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DDEDFBC66C8EFBC3" box="[132,237,1084,1102]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has always been much more common and has never ceased to be collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFDFFA2DDF2FAA968D7FA20" blockId="27.[130,777,1172,2028]" lastBlockId="27.[811,1458,1172,2028]" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
This prudence is indeed justified. A number of Brazilian dung beetles that, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DC14FA8E6D8DFA00" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[381,494,1395,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DC14FA8E6D8DFA00" box="[381,494,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, had vanished during the second half of the 20th century have been recently re-discovered either in new populations or in the same area where they were previously known. A representative of the latter case is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DDBCFA096D26F9A1" authority="(Vulcano, Pereira & Martinez, 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Vulcano, Pereira & Martinez" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Paracryptocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borgmeieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DDBCFA096E79F980" box="[213,538,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Paracryptocanthon borgmeieri</emphasis>
|
||
(Vulcano, Pereira & Martinez, 1976)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which until recently was known from just
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFFDFFA2DDD1F9C96D32F9C1" box="[184,337,1586,1613]" count="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" type="female">seven females</specimenCount>
|
||
collected in the 1960s and 1970s and which was rediscovered in 2013 through the collection of a large series of specimens of both sexes at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFFDFFA2DFE9F9896ED3F900" box="[640,688,1651,1677]" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DDE7F9686D81F921" author="PACHECO T. L. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z." box="[142,482,1682,1708]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) electronic-only detached version" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref34938" refString="PACHECO T. L. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2017. - Rediscovery of the Neotropical genus Paracryptocanthon Howden & Cook, 2002 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) electronic-only detached version: 1 - 7 [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 11 th April 2017 (from the journal's website)] [volume-integrated version published in 2017, volume 53 (2): 99 - 105.] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271. 2017.1308809" title="Rediscovery of the Neotropical genus Paracryptocanthon Howden & Cook, 2002 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest" type="journal article" year="2017">Pacheco & Vaz-de-Mello 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its almost 40-year disappearance is particularly remarkable because the species’ entire range lies in the heart of the heavily collected city of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DFD4F9286C99F881" authority="de Janeiro. In" authorityName="de Janeiro. In" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio de Janeiro. In</taxonomicName>
|
||
turn, a case of a vanished species that was later rediscovered living far from its previously known range is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DDECF8CB6E1EF8C1" authority="(Harold, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[133,637,1841,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sulcophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhadamanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DDECF8CB6DA7F8C6" box="[133,452,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Sulcophanaeus rhadamanthus</emphasis>
|
||
(Harold, 1875)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. After being known for decades from a few old specimens collected in the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra dos Órgãos mountain ranges in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFDFFA2DCEDF86B6DA7F826" box="[388,452,1937,1963]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DCBCF86B6EE0F826" author="Edmonds" box="[469,643,1937,1963]" firstAuthor="Edmonds" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref31891" refString="EDMONDS W. D. 2000. - ̿ evision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sulcophanaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Folia Heyrovskyana, Supplementum 6: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="2000">Edmonds 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the author does not provide precise label data of the specimens he examined, but it is likely that they were all collected before the 1950s), this species was recently rediscovered living about
|
||
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFFDFFA2DE1FFB4E6FBFFB43" box="[886,988,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
farther south in the municipality of Santa Maria in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFDFFA2DED4FB2E68A5FB63" box="[957,1222,1236,1262]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DED4FB2E685CFB63" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[957,1087,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul state
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D9BEFB2E69CBFB63" author="DA SILVA P. G. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A." box="[1239,1448,1236,1262]" journalOrPublisher="Biota Neotropica" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="329 - 345" part="11" refId="ref36627" refString="DA SILVA P. G., VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A. 2011. - Guia de identificacao das especies de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) do municipio de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11 (4): 329 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000400027" title="Guia de identificacao das especies de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) do municipio de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
da Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D85AFB2E690BFB63" box="[1331,1384,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DE44FB0E6F11FA83" author="DA SILVA P. G. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A." box="[813,882,1268,1294]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="429 - 441" part="51" refId="ref36698" refString="DA SILVA P. G., VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A. 2012 a. - Attractiveness of different bait to the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in extreme southern Brazil. Zoological Studies 51 (4): 429 - 441." title="Attractiveness of different bait to the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in extreme southern Brazil" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
2012
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DE0FFB0E6FDAFA83" author="DUBOIS A. & CROCHET P. - A. & DICKINSON E. C. & NEMESIO A. & AESCHT E. & BAUER A. M. & BLAGODEROV V. & BOUR R. & DE CARVALHO M. R. & DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS L. & FRETEY T. & JAGER P. & KOYAMBA V. & LAVILLA E. O. & LOBL I. & LOUCHART A. & MALECOT V. & SCHATZ H. & OHLER A." box="[870,953,1268,1294]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 94" part="3735" refId="ref31502" refString="DUBOIS A., CROCHET P. - A., DICKINSON E. C., NEMESIO A., AESCHT E., BAUER A. M., BLAGODEROV V., BOUR R., DE CARVALHO M. R., DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS L., FRETEY T., JAGER P., KOYAMBA V., LAVILLA E. O., LOBL I., LOUCHART A., MALECOT V., SCHATZ H. & OHLER A. 2013. - Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa 3735: 1 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3735.1.1" title="Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany" type="journal article" year="2013">a, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, subsequently, a little farther north in the municipality of Anitápolis,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFFDFFA2D938FAEE6945FAA3" box="[1105,1318,1299,1326]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Santa Catarina state</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D85DFAE96826FAC0" author="SIMOES-CLIVATTI T. R. O. & HERNANDEZ M. I. M." journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 13" part="972176" refId="ref36826" refString="SIMOES-CLIVATTI T. R. O. & HERNANDEZ M. I. M. 2022. - Ecological indication metrics on dung beetles metacommunities in native forests and Pinus monocultures. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10: 972176: 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2022.972176" title="Ecological indication metrics on dung beetles metacommunities in native forests and Pinus monocultures" type="journal article" year="2022">Simões-Clivatti & Hernández 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These rediscoveries of long-lost dung beetles are, in fact, not limited to the Brazilian fauna, as recently shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D97DFA896969FA00" author="Deschodt" box="[1044,1290,1395,1421]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref31429" refString="DESCHODT C. M., HARRISON J. G. & SOLE C. L. 2021. - ̿ ediscovery of Scarabaeus sevoistra Alluaud, 1902 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae): biological notes and IUCN ̿ ed Listing. Bothalia 51 (2): 113 - 119. https: // hdl. handle. net / 10520 / ejc-bothalia _ v 51 _ n 2 _ a 10" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Deschodt
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D9ECFA8E68DBFA00" box="[1157,1208,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFDFFA2D844FA8969D3FA00" box="[1325,1456,1395,1421]" name="Madagascar" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2DE34FA69687EFA20" author="Hielkema" box="[861,1053,1427,1453]" firstAuthor="Hielkema" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="3 - 6" refId="ref32915" refString="HIELKEMA A. 2023. - Leaf litter deposits in spiny palms: A hideout for " rare " scarabs? Scarabaeus 3: 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="2023">Hielkema (2023)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFDFFA2D92BFA6968D3FA20" box="[1090,1200,1427,1453]" name="Suriname" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFDFFA5DE2AFA496914FEBF" blockId="27.[811,1458,1172,2028]" lastBlockId="28.[811,1455,215,306]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">
|
||
But, if not extinction, what else could explain the widespread disappearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D956FA2968D0FA60" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1087,1203,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D956FA2968D0FA60" box="[1087,1203,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D872FA2969CCFA60" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1307,1455,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D872FA2969CCFA60" box="[1307,1455,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continues to be abundant? Part of the explanation may be that the populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D94CF9E968F1F9A1" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1061,1170,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D94CF9E968F1F9A1" box="[1061,1170,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have always been naturally small and sparse. The number of specimens collected before the 1950s, for example, was already much smaller than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DE22F9896FBEF901" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[843,989,1650,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DE22F9896FBEF901" box="[843,989,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFFDFFA2DE84F988685CF901" box="[1005,1087,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[132,143,994,1012]" captionTargetBox="[137,1452,196,960]" captionTargetId="figure-538@27.[132,1463,139,961]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG. 14. — Number of specimens of Gromphas lacordairii (Oken, 1834) and G. dichroa Blanchard, 1846 collected in the ‘general area of occurrence of G. dichroa’ (see captions of Fig. 13 for explanation) in each decade since 1890 (refer to Table 1 for details. Localities in the table from personal communication with P. G. Da Silva not included here; see explanation in ‘Material and Methods’). These figures indicate that although never common, G. dichroa was consistently collected during the first half of the 20th century. The most recent specimen, however, dates from 1954, 70 years ago (from Itapiranga, Santa Catarina). At the same time, G. lacordairii has always been much more common and has never ceased to be collected." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668033/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D93CF988697CF901" author="Kohlmann" box="[1109,1311,1650,1676]" firstAuthor="Kohlmann" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="116 - 132" refId="ref33333" refString="KOHLMANN B. 1991. - Dung beetles in subtropical North America, in HANSKI I. & CAMBEFORT Y. (eds) Dung beetle ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton: 116 - 132." type="book chapter" year="1991">Kohlmann (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D830F9886FD2F921" author="PRICE D. L. & MAY M. L." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (N. S.)" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="211 - 238" part="25" publicationUrl="https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0065-17372009000100022" refId="ref35780" refString="PRICE D. L. & MAY M. L. 2009. - Behavioral ecology of Phanaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): review and new observations. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (N. S.) 25 (1): 211 - 238. https: // www. scielo. org. mx / scielo. php? script = sci _ arttext & pi d = S 0065 - 17372009000100022" title="Behavioral ecology of Phanaeus dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): review and new observations" type="journal article" year="2009">Price & May (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have shown that pairs of sympatric phanaeine species with similar body size like the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D9D5F9486969F941" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1212,1290,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D9D5F9486969F941" box="[1212,1290,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D87AF94869E3F941" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1299,1408,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D87AF94869E3F941" box="[1299,1408,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pair usually differ drastically in their local relative abundance, from a ratio of
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DEB6F9096F93F881" box="[991,1008,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">c.</emphasis>
|
||
3 individuals per 7 to 1/100. A similar proportion was found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D920F8E869CCF8A1" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1097,1455,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref30873" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2018. - A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martinez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), with a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ' Canthon sensu lato '. European Journal of Taxonomy 467: 1 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.467" type="journal article" year="2018">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the deltochilines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2D97EF8CB6FDAF8E1" authority="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello, 2018" authorityName="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seag">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2D97EF8CB68B3F8C6" box="[1047,1232,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">Sylvicanthon seag</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D9B3F8CB6FDAF8E1" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref30873" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2018. - A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martinez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), with a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ' Canthon sensu lato '. European Journal of Taxonomy 467: 1 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.467" type="journal article" year="2018">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFDFFA2DE9CF8A86941F8E1" authority="(Schmidt, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1013,1314,1873,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="securus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFDFFA2DE9CF8A8683EF8E6" box="[1013,1117,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">S. securus</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmidt, 1920)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern Amazonia, although the exact figures vary from place to place. More impressive still,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFDFFA2D90DF8686887F826" author="Feer" box="[1124,1252,1937,1964]" firstAuthor="Feer" pageId="27" pageNumber="48" pagination="29 - 43" refId="ref32120" refString="FEER F. 2000. - Les coleopteres coprophages et necrophages (Scarabaeidae s. str. et Aphodiidae) de la foret de Guyane Francaise: Composition specifique et structure des peuplements. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 36 (1): 29 - 43." type="journal article" year="2000">Feer (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed the same phenomenon across an entire Scarabaeinae community in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFFDFFA2DE44F82B6FB7F866" box="[813,980,2001,2027]" name="French Guiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="48">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This persistent pattern may be the result of the competitive exclusion principle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DF7AFF2D6EC7FF7C" author="Hardin" box="[531,676,215,241]" firstAuthor="Hardin" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1292 - 1297" refId="ref32561" refString="HARDIN G. 1960. - The competitive exclusion principle. Science 131: 1292 - 1297. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 131.3409.1292" type="journal article" year="1960">Hardin 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One of the competitors, being more efficient in a given context, multiplies and pushes the other to lower abundances or even complete local extinction. This in itself may already explain why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DE0BFF026FB7FE9C" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[866,980,247,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DE0BFF026FB7FE9C" box="[866,980,247,274]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has always been rarer: it is less competitive than its close ally and always sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5D989FEED6913FEBC" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1248,1392,279,305]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5D989FEED6913FEBC" box="[1248,1392,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58" ID-Table-UUID="DF135388FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF135388FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" startId="28.[132,143,361,379]" targetBox="[134,1453,527,2035]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="28" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFAFFA5DDEDFE936F31FE58" blockId="28.[132,1456,360,469]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFFAFFA5DDEDFE936CD1FEF7" baselines="374,375" box="[132,178,361,379]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
1. — Number of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DCDAFE926EF5FEF6" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[435,662,360,379]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DCDAFE926E6AFEF6" box="[435,521,360,379]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DF64FE936EF5FEF6" author="Blanchard" box="[525,662,361,379]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DFD7FE926FF0FEF6" authority="(Oken, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[702,915,360,379]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DFD7FE926F45FEF6" box="[702,806,360,379]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE46FE926FECFEF6" author="OKEN L." box="[815,911,360,379]" journalOrPublisher="Isis von Oken" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1112 - 1127" part="11" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27510335" refId="ref34279" refString="[OKEN L.] 1834. - J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt. Isis von Oken [volume for the year 1834] (11): 1112 - 1127. [The authorship of this review is not stated expressly anywhere, as far as I could find, but the context makes clear that the journal's editor, Lorenz Oken (1779 - 1851), the famous German naturalist of the Naturphilosophie movement, was the one who wrote it and the other literature reviews that appeared in the journal. For this reason, Oken should be credited with its authorship under Article 50.1 of the Code. In Cupello et al. (2022), we conservatively treated the review as published anonymously, but this seems unjustified. Kertesz (1986) tells the details of the history of Isis von Oken and confirms that Oken was the one who prepared the literature reviews] [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 30 th November 1834. Neal Evenhuis (personal communication, 26 th January 2023) confirmed that Isis von Oken appeared in monthly issues. Oken's review of Lacordaire's paper appeared in the 11 th issue of 1834, therefore, in November of that year, with no more specific date known to me. Following Article 21.3. 1, I take the last day of that month as the publication date]. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27510335" title="J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt" type="journal article" year="1834">Oken, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5D90AFE9268DAFEF6" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1123,1209,360,379]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5D90AFE9268DAFEF6" box="[1123,1209,360,379]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see definition in the captions of Fig. 13). Data compiled from the material examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DF0AFE856F38FE1C" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[611,859,383,401]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE0CFE856FECFE1C" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[869,911,383,401]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and herein, from information provided by colleagues (F. Ocampo and P. G. da Silva, the latter indicated by the collection abbreviations LBEV, MCCR, MCTP, MECB, MHNU, MRGC), and from additional records found in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DDBEFE576D38FE32" author="Blanchard" box="[215,347,429,447]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DC0FFE566DBCFE32" author="Martinez" box="[358,479,428,447]" firstAuthor="Martinez" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref33943" refString="MARTINEZ A. 1959. - Catalogo de los Scarabaeidae Argentinos. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Ciencias Zoologicas 5: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1959">Martínez 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DC8EFE576EC5FE32" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[487,678,428,447]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DF8CFE566FB8FE32" author="Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo" box="[741,987,428,447]" firstAuthor="Cabrera-Walsh" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="191 - 200" refId="ref30173" refString="CABRERA-WALSH G. & CORDO H. A. 1997. - Coprophilous arthropod community from Argentina with species of potential use as biocontrol agents against pest flies. Environmental Entomology 26 (2): 191 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 26.2.191" type="journal article" year="1997">Cabrera-Walsh & Cordo 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE8CFE576819FE32" author="Morelli" box="[997,1146,429,447]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morelli" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref34194" refString="MORELLI E., GONZALEZ-VAINER P. & BAZ A. 2002. - Coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Uruguayan prairies: abundance, diversity and seasonal occurrence. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37 (1): 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Morelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5D94BFE57682FFE32" box="[1058,1100,429,447]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5D9EDFE56692FFE32" author="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F." box="[1156,1356,428,447]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="49 - 61" part="62" refId="ref35998" refString="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F. 2008. - Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 62 (1): 49 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 986.1" title="Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Sánchez & Genise 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5D83FFE566D58FE58" author="Canziani & Gonzalez-Vainer" firstAuthor="Canziani" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref30413" refString="CANZIANI C. & GONZALEZ-VAINER P. 2022. - Structure and composition of dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a livestock ranch in central Uruguay: ̿ esponses of functional groups and species to local habitats and trophic resources. The Coleopterists Bulletin 76 (3): 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 76.3.407" type="journal article" year="2022">Canziani & González-Vainer 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC23FE396D10FE58" bold="true" box="[330,371,451,469]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Bold</emphasis>
|
||
denotes places where both species have been recorded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFAFFA5DDEFFDF56EACF87E" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<table id="F96CF1A0FFFA0046DDEFFDF569CEF87E" box="[134,1453,527,2035]" colsContinueIn="29.[131,1440,290,1972]" gridcols="3" gridrows="48" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFDF569CEFDB1" box="[134,1453,527,572]" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFDF56D58FDB1" box="[134,315,527,572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFDF56D79FDAE" bold="true" box="[134,282,527,547]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Country State/</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFDD26D6DFDB1" bold="true" box="[149,270,552,572]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Department</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFDF56E6AFDB1" box="[326,521,527,572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFDD26DF5FDB1" bold="true" box="[326,406,552,572]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Locality</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FDF569CEFDB1" box="[557,1453,527,572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DF44FDD26F2FFDB1" bold="true" box="[557,844,552,572]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Date (number of specimens)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFDB669CEFDED" box="[134,1453,588,608]" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFDB66E6AFDED" box="[134,521,588,608]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DC5DFDB66D8CFDED" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[308,495,588,608]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC5DFDB66D8CFDED" bold="true" box="[308,495,588,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Gromphas dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD9F69CEFDF4" box="[134,1453,613,633]" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD9F6D58FDF4" box="[134,315,613,633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFD9F6C8BFDF4" bold="true" box="[134,232,613,633]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD8769CEFD1F" box="[134,1453,637,658]" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD876D58FD1F" box="[134,315,637,658]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFAFD846D79FD1F" bold="true" box="[147,282,638,658]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Buenos Aires</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFD876E6AFD1F" box="[326,521,637,658]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Anchorena</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FD8769CEFD1F" box="[557,1453,637,658]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">X.1935 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD6C69CEFD26" box="[134,1453,662,683]" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD6C6D58FD26" box="[134,315,662,683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFAFD6C6C9DFD27" bold="true" box="[147,254,662,682]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Corrientes</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFD6C6E6AFD26" box="[326,521,662,683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFD6C6DDDFD26" bold="true" box="[326,446,662,683]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Santo Tomé</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FD6C69CEFD26" box="[557,1453,662,683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">XII.1922 (1), IX.1926 (1), II.1927 (4), X.1928 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD5469CEFD4E" box="[134,1453,686,707]" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD546D58FD4E" box="[134,315,686,707]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFAFD556C8DFD4E" bold="true" box="[147,238,687,707]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Misiones</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFD546E6AFD4E" box="[326,521,686,707]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Santa Maria</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FD5469CEFD4E" box="[557,1453,686,707]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">XI.1947 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD2969CEFD6A" box="[134,1453,723,743]" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD2969CEFD6A" box="[134,1453,723,743]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFD296CA3FD6A" bold="true" box="[134,192,723,743]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Brazil</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFD0A69CEFC8B" box="[134,1453,752,774]" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFD0A6D58FC8B" box="[134,315,752,774]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFD0B6D44FC88" bold="true" box="[149,295,753,774]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DDFCFD0B6D6BFC8B" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[149,264,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFD0A6E6AFC8B" box="[326,521,752,774]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFD0B6DA3FC88" bold="true" box="[326,448,753,773]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Cerro Largo</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FD0A69CEFC8B" box="[557,1453,752,774]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I.1931 (or 1933?) (1), III.1941 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFCF069CEFCA9" box="[134,1453,778,804]" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFCF06D58FCA9" box="[134,315,778,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFCF06CD6FC93" bold="true" box="[149,181,778,798]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Sul</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFCF06E6AFCA9" box="[326,521,778,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFCF56D8BFCA9" bold="true" box="[326,488,783,804]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Nova Petrópolis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FCF069CEFCA9" box="[557,1453,778,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I.1928 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFCD769CEFCCC" box="[134,1453,813,833]" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFCD76E6AFCCC" box="[326,521,813,833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFCD76DA5FCCC" bold="true" box="[326,454,813,833]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Porto Alegre</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FCD769CEFCCC" box="[557,1453,813,833]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">X.1928 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFCBF69CEFCD7" box="[134,1453,837,858]" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFCBF6D58FCD7" box="[134,315,837,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFCBC6D4FFCD7" bold="true" box="[149,300,838,858]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFCBF6E6AFCD7" box="[326,521,837,858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFCBC6DCEFCD7" bold="true" box="[326,429,838,858]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Itapiranga</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FCBF69CEFCD7" box="[557,1453,837,858]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">XI.1934 (1), X.1954 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFC9069CEFCF3" box="[134,1453,874,894]" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFC906D58FCF3" box="[134,315,874,894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFC906C85FCF3" bold="true" box="[134,230,874,894]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFC7869CEFC44" box="[134,1453,898,969]" gridrow="12" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFC786D58FC44" box="[134,315,898,969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">?</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFC786E6AFC44" box="[326,521,898,969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Southern Paraguay?</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FC7869CEFC44" box="[557,1453,898,969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE88FC78680FFC1B" author="Martinez" box="[993,1132,898,918]" firstAuthor="Martinez" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref33943" refString="MARTINEZ A. 1959. - Catalogo de los Scarabaeidae Argentinos. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Ciencias Zoologicas 5: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1959">Martínez 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who merely listed the species for the country. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DE3BFC616FD6FC3D" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[850,949,923,944]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DE3BFC616FD6FC3D" box="[850,949,923,944]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Paraguay, either historical or present, still has to be confirmed by physical specimens or any more substantial evidence)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFC2369CEFC60" box="[134,1453,985,1005]" gridrow="13" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFC236D58FC60" box="[134,315,985,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFC236CBFFC60" bold="true" box="[134,220,985,1005]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Uruguay</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFC0B69CEFB88" box="[134,1453,1009,1029]" gridrow="14" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFC0B6E6AFB88" box="[134,521,1009,1029]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FC0B69CEFB88" box="[557,1453,1009,1029]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (4), XII.1894 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFBF369CEFB93" box="[134,1453,1033,1054]" gridrow="15" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFBF36D58FB93" box="[134,315,1033,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFBF06CB8FB93" bold="true" box="[149,219,1034,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Florida</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFBF36E6AFB93" box="[326,521,1033,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FBF369CEFB93" box="[557,1453,1033,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE88FBF368DAFB90" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[993,1209,1033,1053]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFBD869CEFBBB" box="[134,1453,1058,1078]" gridrow="16" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFBD86D58FBBB" box="[134,315,1058,1078]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Salto (?)</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FBD869CEFBBB" box="[557,1453,1058,1078]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFBC069CEFBC3" box="[134,1453,1082,1102]" gridrow="17" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFBC06D58FBC3" box="[134,315,1082,1102]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Soriano</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFBC06E6AFBC3" box="[326,521,1082,1102]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FBC069CEFBC3" box="[557,1453,1082,1102]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE88FBC068DAFBC3" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[993,1209,1082,1102]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFBA869CEFB6B" box="[134,1453,1106,1254]" gridrow="18" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFBA86D58FB6B" box="[134,315,1106,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFBA96D6EFBEA" bold="true" box="[149,269,1107,1127]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Montevideo</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFBA86E6AFB6B" box="[326,521,1106,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FFBA96DDDFBEA" bold="true" box="[326,446,1107,1127]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Montevideo</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FBA869CEFB6B" box="[557,1453,1106,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
? (1), 1826-1827 or 1829 (1; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DEF8FBA86842FBEB" author="Blanchard" box="[913,1057,1106,1126]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this record refers to the holotype, the sole specimen known from Montevideo.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DEEDFB96687CFB0D" author="Blanchard" box="[900,1055,1132,1152]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. & BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the specimen was collected by Alcide d’Orbigny (1802-1857) in Montevideo ‘near the sea’. D’Orbigny stayed in Montevideo during three different periods: 1) 29th October to 17th November 1826; 2) 2nd December 1826 to 10th January 1827; and 3) 12th to 27th December 1829 (d’Orbigny 1835, 1839-1843;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DF55FB286EA4FB6B" author="PAPAVERO N." bookContentInfo="216 p." box="[572,711,1234,1254]" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" refId="ref35044" refString="PAPAVERO N. 1971. - Essays on the history of Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. I. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 216 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101715" title="Essays on the history of Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. I" type="book" year="1971">Papavero 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). He may have collected the holotype in any of these three periods.)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFB1069CEFB72" box="[134,1453,1258,1279]" gridrow="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFB106D58FB72" box="[134,315,1258,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFB106D70FB72" bold="true" box="[149,275,1258,1279]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Tacuarembó</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFB106E6AFB72" box="[326,521,1258,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FB1069CEFB72" box="[557,1453,1258,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE88FB1068DAFB73" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[993,1209,1258,1278]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964).
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFAF469CEFAAE" box="[134,1453,1294,1315]" gridrow="20" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFAF46D58FAAE" box="[134,315,1294,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFAF56CB5FAAE" bold="true" box="[134,214,1295,1315]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No data</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FAF469CEFAAE" box="[557,1453,1294,1315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFAC869CEFACB" box="[134,1453,1330,1350]" gridrow="21" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFAC86E6AFACB" box="[134,521,1330,1350]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFAFFA5DC5DFAC86E64FACB" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[308,519,1330,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC5DFAC86E64FACB" bold="true" box="[308,519,1330,1350]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFAAB69CEFAE8" box="[134,1453,1361,1381]" gridrow="22" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFAAB6D58FAE8" box="[134,315,1361,1381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDEFFAAB6C8BFAE8" bold="true" box="[134,232,1361,1381]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFA9369CEFA18" box="[134,1453,1385,1429]" gridrow="23" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFA936D58FA18" box="[134,315,1385,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFA936E6AFA18" box="[326,521,1385,1429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Buenos Aires city</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FA9369CEFA18" box="[557,1453,1385,1429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">IV.1943 (1), I.1993 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFA6369CEFA4B" box="[134,1453,1433,1478]" gridrow="24" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFFA636D58FA4B" box="[134,315,1433,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCFA636D7FFA20" bold="true" box="[149,284,1433,1453]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Buenos Aires</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFA636E6AFA4B" box="[326,521,1433,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">‘17 km south of Buenos Aires’</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FA6369CEFA4B" box="[557,1453,1433,1478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">8.I.1980 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFA3069CEFA52" box="[134,1453,1482,1503]" gridrow="25" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFA306E6AFA52" box="[326,521,1482,1503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Boulogne Sur Mer</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FA3069CEFA52" box="[557,1453,1482,1503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">XI.1941 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFA1F69CEFA74" box="[134,1453,1509,1529]" gridrow="26" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFA1F6E6AFA74" box="[326,521,1509,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Florencio Varela</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FA1F69CEFA74" box="[557,1453,1509,1529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I.1978 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFFA0769CEF99C" box="[134,1453,1533,1553]" gridrow="27" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FFA076E6AF99C" box="[326,521,1533,1553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Isla Martín García</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44FA0769CEF99C" box="[557,1453,1533,1553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">IV.1937 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF9EF69CEF9A4" box="[134,1453,1557,1577]" gridrow="28" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9EF6E6AF9A4" box="[326,521,1557,1577]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">La Plata</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F9EF69CEF9A4" box="[557,1453,1557,1577]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF9D769CEF9CC" box="[134,1453,1581,1601]" gridrow="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9D76E6AF9CC" box="[326,521,1581,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Martínez</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F9D769CEF9CC" box="[557,1453,1581,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">16.II.1924 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF9BF69CEF9D4" box="[134,1453,1605,1625]" gridrow="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9BF6E6AF9D4" box="[326,521,1605,1625]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Navarro</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F9BF69CEF9D4" box="[557,1453,1605,1625]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
2006 (6 nests; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFFAFFA5DE77F9BF6861F9D4" author="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F." box="[798,1026,1605,1625]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" pagination="49 - 61" part="62" refId="ref35998" refString="SANCHEZ M. V. & GENISE J. F. 2008. - Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 62 (1): 49 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 986.1" title="Nest and brood chamber structure of two South American dung beetles: Gromphas lacordairei Brulle and Ontherus sulcator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Sánchez & Genise 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF9A469CEF9FF" box="[134,1453,1630,1650]" gridrow="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9A46E6AF9FF" box="[326,521,1630,1650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Pergamino</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F9A469CEF9FF" box="[557,1453,1630,1650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">II.1949 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF98F69CEF907" box="[134,1453,1653,1674]" gridrow="32" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF98F6E6AF907" box="[326,521,1653,1674]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">San Isidro</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F98F69CEF907" box="[557,1453,1653,1674]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">14.IV.1956 (1), XII.1967 (1), XI.1973 (1),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF97769CEF92F" box="[134,1453,1677,1698]" gridrow="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9776E6AF92F" box="[326,521,1677,1698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">San Pedro</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F97769CEF92F" box="[557,1453,1677,1698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF95C69CEF937" box="[134,1453,1702,1722]" gridrow="34" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF95C6E6AF937" box="[326,521,1702,1722]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">William C. Morris</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F95C69CEF937" box="[557,1453,1702,1722]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">1988-1991 (unknown number of specimens; reference: Cabrera Walsh & Cordo [1997])</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF94469CEF95F" box="[134,1453,1726,1746]" gridrow="35" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFF9446D58F95F" box="[134,315,1726,1746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCF9446D63F95F" bold="true" box="[149,256,1726,1746]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Corrientes</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9446E6AF95F" box="[326,521,1726,1746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F94469CEF95F" box="[557,1453,1726,1746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (11)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF92C69CEF967" box="[134,1453,1750,1770]" gridrow="36" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF92C6E6AF967" box="[326,521,1750,1770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">‘5 km W Ituzaingó’</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F92C69CEF967" box="[557,1453,1750,1770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">IX.1979 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF91469CEF88F" box="[134,1453,1774,1794]" gridrow="37" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF9146E6AF88F" box="[326,521,1774,1794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Ituzaingó</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F91469CEF88F" box="[557,1453,1774,1794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">III.1976 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF8FC69CEF897" box="[134,1453,1798,1818]" gridrow="38" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8FC6E6AF897" box="[326,521,1798,1818]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">San Roque</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F8FC69CEF897" box="[557,1453,1798,1818]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I.1920 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF8E469CEF8BE" box="[134,1453,1822,1843]" gridrow="39" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8E46E6AF8BE" box="[326,521,1822,1843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DC2FF8E46DDDF8BE" bold="true" box="[326,446,1822,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Santo Tomé</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F8E469CEF8BE" box="[557,1453,1822,1843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (10), X.1925 (5), XII.1925 (1), IX.1926 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF8CD69CEF8C6" box="[134,1453,1847,1867]" gridrow="40" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFF8CD6D58F8C6" box="[134,315,1847,1867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Entre Ríos</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8CD6E6AF8C6" box="[326,521,1847,1867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F8CD69CEF8C6" box="[557,1453,1847,1867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF8B569CEF8EE" box="[134,1453,1871,1891]" gridrow="41" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8B56E6AF8EE" box="[326,521,1871,1891]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Pronunciamiento</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F8B569CEF8EE" box="[557,1453,1871,1891]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I-III.1963 (23)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF89D69CEF8F6" box="[134,1453,1895,1915]" gridrow="42" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF89D6E6AF8F6" box="[326,521,1895,1915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Villa Paranacito</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F89D69CEF8F6" box="[557,1453,1895,1915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF88569CEF819" box="[134,1453,1919,1940]" gridrow="43" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFA0046DDEFF8856D58F819" box="[134,315,1919,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFAFFA5DDFCF87A6C93F819" bold="true" box="[149,240,1920,1940]" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Misiones</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8856E6AF819" box="[326,521,1919,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F88569CEF819" box="[557,1453,1919,1940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">? (15)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF86D69CEF826" box="[134,1453,1943,1963]" gridrow="44" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF86D6E6AF826" box="[326,521,1943,1963]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Dos de Mayo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F86D69CEF826" box="[557,1453,1943,1963]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">I.1966 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF85569CEF84E" box="[134,1453,1967,1987]" gridrow="45" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8556E6AF84E" box="[326,521,1967,1987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Puerto Iguazú</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F85569CEF84E" box="[557,1453,1967,1987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">X.1927 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF83D69CEF856" box="[134,1453,1991,2011]" gridrow="46" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF83D6E6AF856" box="[326,521,1991,2011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">San Ignacio</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F83D69CEF856" box="[557,1453,1991,2011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">1928-1929 (2), 21.X.1929 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFA0046DDEFF82569CEF87E" box="[134,1453,2015,2035]" gridrow="47" pageId="28" pageNumber="49" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DC2FF8256E6AF87E" box="[326,521,2015,2035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">Upper Paraná River</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFA0046DF44F82569CEF87E" box="[557,1453,2015,2035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="28" pageNumber="49">01-18.XI.1933 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFFBFFA4DFDAFF206FE1FF61" box="[691,898,218,236]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" startId="29.[691,735,218,236]" targetBox="[131,1440,290,1972]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFBFFA4DFDAFF206FE1FF61" blockId="29.[691,898,218,236]" box="[691,898,218,236]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Table 1. — Continuation.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFFBFFA4DDEAFED86EB1F839" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<table id="F96CF1A0FFFB0046DDEAFED869C3F839" box="[131,1440,290,1972]" colsContinueFrom="28.[134,1453,527,2035]" colsContinueIn="30.[134,1449,291,606]" gridcols="3" gridrows="68" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFED869C3FEBB" box="[131,1440,290,310]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFED869C3FEBB" box="[131,1440,290,310]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Brazil</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFEBA69C3FED8" box="[131,1440,320,341]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFEBA6D49FED8" box="[131,298,320,341]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DDFBFEBB6D46FED8" bold="true" box="[146,293,320,341]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFBFFA4DDFBFEBB6D66FED8" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[146,261,320,341]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFEBA6E40FED8" box="[323,547,320,341]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FEBA69C3FED8" box="[554,1440,320,341]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">? (5), III.1915 (1), 7.XI.1959 (1), 20.X.1961 (1), I.1995 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFEA269C3FEE3" box="[131,1440,344,366]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFEA26D49FEE3" box="[131,298,344,366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DDFBFEA06CD1FEE3" bold="true" box="[146,178,346,366]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Sul</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFEA26E40FEE3" box="[323,547,344,366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Aceguá</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FEA269C3FEE3" box="[554,1440,344,366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">08-14.XI.2011 (7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE8A69C3FE09" box="[131,1440,368,388]" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE8A6E40FE09" box="[323,547,368,388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Bagé</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE8A69C3FE09" box="[554,1440,368,388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">6.XII.2006 (1), 17.I.2007 (1), 07-13.I.2012 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE7269C3FE11" box="[131,1440,392,412]" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE726E40FE11" box="[323,547,392,412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Bossoroca</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE7269C3FE11" box="[554,1440,392,412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">III.1971 (LBEV)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE5A69C3FE39" box="[131,1440,416,436]" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE5A6E40FE39" box="[323,547,416,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cachoeira do Sul</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE5A69C3FE39" box="[554,1440,416,436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">II.1996 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE4269C3FE40" box="[131,1440,440,461]" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE426E40FE40" box="[323,547,440,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Canoas</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE4269C3FE40" box="[554,1440,440,461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">3.I.1958 (MRGC)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE2A69C3FE68" box="[131,1440,464,485]" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE2A6E40FE68" box="[323,547,464,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Capão da Canoa</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE2A69C3FE68" box="[554,1440,464,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">22.I.1978 (1), 10.IX.1987 (MCTP), 9.X.1989 (1), 18.XI.1989 (7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFE1269C3FE70" box="[131,1440,488,509]" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFE126E40FE70" box="[323,547,488,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Caxias do Sul</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FE1269C3FE70" box="[554,1440,488,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">17.IX.1987 (MECB)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFDFB69C3FD98" box="[131,1440,513,533]" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFDFB6E40FD98" box="[323,547,513,533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DC2AFDFB6DDEFD98" bold="true" box="[323,445,513,533]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cerro Largo</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FDFB69C3FD98" box="[554,1440,513,533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1931 (1), I.1939 (1), I.1940 (10), 1949 (2), I.1949 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFDE369C3FDA0" box="[131,1440,537,557]" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFDE36E40FDA0" box="[323,547,537,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Charqueadas</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FDE369C3FDA0" box="[554,1440,537,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">12.I.1989 (26)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFDCB69C3FDC8" box="[131,1440,561,581]" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFDCB6E40FDC8" box="[323,547,561,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Chiapetta</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FDCB69C3FDC8" box="[554,1440,561,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">16.XI.1974 (LBEV)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFDB369C3FDD3" box="[131,1440,585,606]" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFDB36E40FDD3" box="[323,547,585,606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cidreira</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FDB369C3FDD3" box="[554,1440,585,606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">2.XI.1992 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD9B69C3FDFB" box="[131,1440,609,630]" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD9B6E40FDFB" box="[323,547,609,630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">General Câmara</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD9B69C3FDFB" box="[554,1440,609,630]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">16.IX.1982 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD8369C3FD03" box="[131,1440,633,654]" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD836E40FD03" box="[323,547,633,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Imbé</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD8369C3FD03" box="[554,1440,633,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">II.1961 (9), II.1973 (2), 6.XI.1999 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD6869C3FD2B" box="[131,1440,658,678]" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD686E40FD2B" box="[323,547,658,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Mostardas</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD6869C3FD2B" box="[554,1440,658,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1945 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD5069C3FD32" box="[131,1440,682,703]" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD506E40FD32" box="[323,547,682,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DC2AFD506D86FD32" bold="true" box="[323,485,682,703]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Nova Petrópolis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD5069C3FD32" box="[554,1440,682,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">28.I.? (MRGC), I.1928 (16)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD3869C3FD5B" box="[131,1440,706,726]" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD386E40FD5B" box="[323,547,706,726]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Osório</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD3869C3FD5B" box="[554,1440,706,726]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">3.I.1950 (5), 24.I.1958 (9), 25.I.1958 (2), 2.II.1964 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD2169C3FD62" box="[131,1440,731,751]" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD216E40FD62" box="[323,547,731,751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Pareci Novo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD2169C3FD62" box="[554,1440,731,751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">20.X.1927 (1), VIII.1935 (1), XI.1938 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFD0969C3FC8A" box="[131,1440,755,775]" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFD096E40FC8A" box="[323,547,755,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Pelotas</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FD0969C3FC8A" box="[554,1440,755,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">XII.1934 (2), I.1935 (2), XII.1935 (MHNU), 17.II.1941 (MHNU), 10.XI.1953 (1), XII.1955 (MHNU),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFCF669C3FCAD" box="[131,1440,780,800]" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FCF669C3FCAD" box="[554,1440,780,800]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">1959 (MCCR), 12.II.1962 (MECB), II.1963 (1), II.1968 (MECB), 2.IV.1968 (MECB), 2.I.1970</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFCDC69C3FCB7" box="[131,1440,806,826]" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FCDC69C3FCB7" box="[554,1440,806,826]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">(MECB), 13.X.1975 (MECB), 16.X.1978 (MECB), 2.IX.1982 (MECB), 14.X.1983 (MECB),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFCC569C3FCDE" box="[131,1440,831,851]" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FCC569C3FCDE" box="[554,1440,831,851]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">III.1988 (MECB), IX.1995 (MCCR), X.1995 (MCCR)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFCAD69C3FCE1" box="[131,1440,855,876]" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFCAD6E40FCE1" box="[323,547,855,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DC2AFCA26DA0FCE1" bold="true" box="[323,451,856,876]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Porto Alegre</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FCAD69C3FCE1" box="[554,1440,855,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">? (1), VI.1927 (1), 16.X.1928 (1), 29.IX.1929 (1), 29.V.1934 (1), 15.XI.1935 (1), 1941 (1), 1943</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC8B69C3FC08" box="[131,1440,881,901]" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC8B69C3FC08" box="[554,1440,881,901]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">(1), 25.IX.1949 (1), 3.X.1956 (1), I.1959 (3), 25.XI.1962 (MRGC), 6.XII.1962 (1), 7.X.1963 (1),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC7169C3FC12" box="[131,1440,907,927]" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC7169C3FC12" box="[554,1440,907,927]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">22.X.1963 (1), 1964 (1), 26.I.1965 (1), 7.II.1965 (1), 7.X.1965 (1), 26.X.1966 (1), 18.VIII.1970</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC5E69C3FC35" box="[131,1440,932,952]" gridrow="26" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC5E69C3FC35" box="[554,1440,932,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">(1), 8.XI.1993 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC4669C3FC5D" box="[131,1440,956,976]" gridrow="27" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFC466E40FC5D" box="[323,547,956,976]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Quaraí</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC4669C3FC5D" box="[554,1440,956,976]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1945 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC2E69C3FC64" box="[131,1440,980,1001]" gridrow="28" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFC2E6E40FC64" box="[323,547,980,1001]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFFBFFA4DC2AFC2F6DD3FC65" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[323,432,980,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC2E69C3FC64" box="[554,1440,980,1001]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">26.IV.2005 (MCCR)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFC1669C3FB8C" box="[131,1440,1004,1025]" gridrow="29" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFC166E40FB8C" box="[323,547,1004,1025]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Santa Maria</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FC1669C3FB8C" box="[554,1440,1004,1025]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">7.IV.1971 (LBEV), 2.II.1973 (LBEV), 23.X.1973 (LBEV), 1.X.1974 (LBEV),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFBFC69C3FB97" box="[131,1440,1030,1050]" gridrow="30" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FBFC69C3FB97" box="[554,1440,1030,1050]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">30.X.1974 (LBEV)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFBE469C3FBBF" box="[131,1440,1054,1074]" gridrow="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFBE46E40FBBF" box="[323,547,1054,1074]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Santo Augusto</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FBE469C3FBBF" box="[554,1440,1054,1074]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">12.X.1966 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFBCC69C3FBC7" box="[131,1440,1078,1098]" gridrow="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFBCC6E40FBC7" box="[323,547,1078,1098]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">São Jerônimo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FBCC69C3FBC7" box="[554,1440,1078,1098]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">13.I.1989 (2), 11.I.1989 (6),</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFBB469C3FBEF" box="[131,1440,1102,1122]" gridrow="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFBB46E40FBEF" box="[323,547,1102,1122]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">São Leopoldo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FBB469C3FBEF" box="[554,1440,1102,1122]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">XI.1958 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB9C69C3FBF6" box="[131,1440,1126,1147]" gridrow="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB9C6E40FBF6" box="[323,547,1126,1147]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Torres</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB9C69C3FBF6" box="[554,1440,1126,1147]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">X.1956 (1), 2.II.1960 (MCTP), 9.XII.1964 (1), II.1965 (MRGC)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB8469C3FB1E" box="[131,1440,1150,1171]" gridrow="35" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB846E40FB1E" box="[323,547,1150,1171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Tramandaí</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB8469C3FB1E" box="[554,1440,1150,1171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1979 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB6D69C3FB26" box="[131,1440,1175,1195]" gridrow="36" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB6D6E40FB26" box="[323,547,1175,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Triunfo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB6D69C3FB26" box="[554,1440,1175,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">21.IX.1989 (1), 14-15.I.1997 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB5569C3FB4E" box="[131,1440,1199,1219]" gridrow="37" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB556E40FB4E" box="[323,547,1199,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Uruguaiana</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB5569C3FB4E" box="[554,1440,1199,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">18.XII.1996 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB3D69C3FB56" box="[131,1440,1223,1243]" gridrow="38" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB3D6E40FB56" box="[323,547,1223,1243]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Viamão</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB3D69C3FB56" box="[554,1440,1223,1243]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">X.1956 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB2569C3FB7E" box="[131,1440,1247,1267]" gridrow="39" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB256E40FB7E" box="[323,547,1247,1267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Xangri-Lá</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB2569C3FB7E" box="[554,1440,1247,1267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">20.I.1968 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFB0D69C3FA81" box="[131,1440,1271,1292]" gridrow="40" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFB0D6D49FA81" box="[131,298,1271,1292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Santa Catarina</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFB0D6E40FA81" box="[323,547,1271,1292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DC2AFB026DC9FA81" bold="true" box="[323,426,1272,1292]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Itapiranga</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FB0D69C3FA81" box="[554,1440,1271,1292]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">IX.1953 (1), V.1954 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFAF569C3FAA9" box="[131,1440,1295,1316]" gridrow="41" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFAF56E40FAA9" box="[323,547,1295,1316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Seara: Nova Teutônia</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FAF569C3FAA9" box="[554,1440,1295,1316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">25.IX.1963 (1), 23.X.1963 (1), 2.I.1964 (1), 30.I.1964 (1), I.1966 (1), II.1970 (1), XII.1970 (6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFAD269C3FAB1" box="[131,1440,1320,1340]" gridrow="42" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFAD26E40FAB1" box="[323,547,1320,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Seara: Pinhal</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FAD269C3FAB1" box="[554,1440,1320,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">IV.1958 (1), XII.1958 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFAB669C3FAED" box="[131,1440,1356,1376]" gridrow="43" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFAB669C3FAED" box="[131,1440,1356,1376]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DDEAFAB66C80FAED" bold="true" box="[131,227,1356,1376]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Paraguay</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA9E69C3FAF5" box="[131,1440,1380,1400]" gridrow="44" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA9E6D49FAF5" box="[131,298,1380,1400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Caaguazú</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFA9E6E40FAF5" box="[323,547,1380,1400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Caaguazú</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FA9E69C3FAF5" box="[554,1440,1380,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">XII.1948 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA8669C3FA1D" box="[131,1440,1404,1424]" gridrow="45" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA866D49FA1D" box="[131,298,1404,1424]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Caazapá</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFA866E40FA1D" box="[323,547,1404,1424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Caazapá</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FA8669C3FA1D" box="[554,1440,1404,1424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">01-8.XII.1990 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA6E69C3FA25" box="[131,1440,1428,1448]" gridrow="46" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA6E6D49FA25" box="[131,298,1428,1448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Capital District</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFA6E6E40FA25" box="[323,547,1428,1448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Asunción</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FA6E69C3FA25" box="[554,1440,1428,1448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">IX.1922-IV.1923 (1), 12.X.1990 (1), 7.I.1991 (1), 26.II.1992 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA5669C3FA4D" box="[131,1440,1452,1472]" gridrow="47" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA566D49FA4D" box="[131,298,1452,1472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Central</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFA566E40FA4D" box="[323,547,1452,1472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Ypacaraí</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FA5669C3FA4D" box="[554,1440,1452,1472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">23.X.1996 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA3E69C3FA55" box="[131,1440,1476,1496]" gridrow="48" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA3E6D49FA55" box="[131,298,1476,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Guairá</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AFA3E6E40FA55" box="[323,547,1476,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Colonia Independencia</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43FA3E69C3FA55" box="[554,1440,1476,1496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1950 (1), III.1950 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA2669C3FA7D" box="[131,1440,1500,1520]" gridrow="49" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA2669C3FA7D" box="[131,1440,1500,1520]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="49" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cordillera del Ybytyruzú, 24.XII.1994 (1)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAFA0C69C3F987" box="[131,1440,1526,1546]" gridrow="50" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAFA0C69C3F987" box="[131,1440,1526,1546]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="50" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Carpa Cué</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF9F469C3F9AF" box="[131,1440,1550,1570]" gridrow="51" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF9F46E40F9AF" box="[323,547,1550,1570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="51" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cordillera del</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F9F469C3F9AF" box="[554,1440,1550,1570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="51" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">19.II.2004 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF9DD69C3F9B6" box="[131,1440,1575,1595]" gridrow="52" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF9DD69C3F9B6" box="[131,1440,1575,1595]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="52" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Ybytyruzú, Cerro Akatí</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF9BA69C3F9D9" box="[131,1440,1600,1620]" gridrow="53" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF9BA6E40F9D9" box="[323,547,1600,1620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="53" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Villarrica</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F9BA69C3F9D9" box="[554,1440,1600,1620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="53" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">X.1941 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF9AD69C3F9E1" box="[131,1440,1623,1644]" gridrow="54" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF9AD6D49F9E1" box="[131,298,1623,1644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="54" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Itapúa</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF9AD6E40F9E1" box="[323,547,1623,1644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="54" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Coronel Bogado</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F9AD69C3F9E1" box="[554,1440,1623,1644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="54" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">I.1944 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF98A69C3F909" box="[131,1440,1648,1668]" gridrow="55" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF98A6E40F909" box="[323,547,1648,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="55" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Isla Yacyretá</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F98A69C3F909" box="[554,1440,1648,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="55" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">? (3), 14.XII.1999 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF97269C3F911" box="[131,1440,1672,1692]" gridrow="56" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF9726D49F911" box="[131,298,1672,1692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="56" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Paraguarí</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF9726E40F911" box="[323,547,1672,1692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="56" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Parque Nacional Ybycuí</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F97269C3F911" box="[554,1440,1672,1692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="56" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">13.I.1996 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF95A69C3F939" box="[131,1440,1696,1716]" gridrow="57" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF95A6E40F939" box="[323,547,1696,1716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="57" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Sapucai</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F95A69C3F939" box="[554,1440,1696,1716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="57" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">1903 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF93E69C3F955" box="[131,1440,1732,1752]" gridrow="58" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF93E69C3F955" box="[131,1440,1732,1752]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="58" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFFBFFA4DDEAF93E6CBAF955" bold="true" box="[131,217,1732,1752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Uruguay</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF92669C3F97D" box="[131,1440,1756,1776]" gridrow="59" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF9266E40F97D" box="[131,547,1756,1776]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="59" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">No specific locality</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F92669C3F97D" box="[554,1440,1756,1776]" gridcol="2" gridrow="59" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">? (7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF90E69C3F885" box="[131,1440,1780,1800]" gridrow="60" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF90E6D49F885" box="[131,298,1780,1800]" gridcol="0" gridrow="60" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Artigas</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF90E6E40F885" box="[323,547,1780,1800]" gridcol="1" gridrow="60" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Arroyo Tres Cruces</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F90E69C3F885" box="[554,1440,1780,1800]" gridcol="2" gridrow="60" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">18.I-20.II.1958 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF8F769C3F8AC" box="[131,1440,1805,1825]" gridrow="61" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF8F769C3F8AC" box="[131,1440,1805,1825]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="61" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Grande</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF8DC69C3F8B7" box="[131,1440,1830,1850]" gridrow="62" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF8DC6D49F8B7" box="[131,298,1830,1850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="62" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Canelones</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF8DC6E40F8B7" box="[323,547,1830,1850]" gridcol="1" gridrow="62" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Atlántida</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F8DC69C3F8B7" box="[554,1440,1830,1850]" gridcol="2" gridrow="62" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">? (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF8C469C3F8DF" box="[131,1440,1854,1874]" gridrow="63" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF8C46E40F8DF" box="[323,547,1854,1874]" gridcol="1" gridrow="63" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Campo Experimental</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F8C469C3F8DF" box="[554,1440,1854,1874]" gridcol="2" gridrow="63" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">10.XI.2020 (6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF8AD69C3F8E6" box="[131,1440,1879,1899]" gridrow="64" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF8AD69C3F8E6" box="[131,1440,1879,1899]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="64" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Instituto de Higiene</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF88A69C3F809" box="[131,1440,1904,1924]" gridrow="65" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF88A6E40F809" box="[323,547,1904,1924]" gridcol="1" gridrow="65" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Pando</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F88A69C3F809" box="[554,1440,1904,1924]" gridcol="2" gridrow="65" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">10.I.2005 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF87D69C3F811" box="[131,1440,1927,1948]" gridrow="66" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFFB0046DDEAF87D6D49F811" box="[131,298,1927,1948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="66" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Cerro Largo</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF87D6E40F811" box="[323,547,1927,1948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="66" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Bañado de Medina</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F87D69C3F811" box="[554,1440,1927,1948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="66" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">13-20.XII.2011 (8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFFB0046DDEAF85A69C3F839" box="[131,1440,1952,1972]" gridrow="67" pageId="29" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DC2AF85A6E40F839" box="[323,547,1952,1972]" gridcol="1" gridrow="67" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">Melo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFFB0046DF43F85A69C3F839" box="[554,1440,1952,1972]" gridcol="2" gridrow="67" pageId="29" pageNumber="50">13-20.XII.2011 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF135388FFF8FFA7DFDAFF216FE1FF60" box="[691,898,219,237]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" startId="30.[691,735,219,237]" targetBox="[134,1449,291,606]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF8FFA7DFDAFF216FE1FF60" blockId="30.[691,898,219,237]" box="[691,898,219,237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Table 1. — Continuation.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF8FFA7DDEFFED96DA2FDD3" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<table id="F96CF1A0FFF80046DDEFFED969CAFDD3" box="[134,1449,291,606]" colsContinueFrom="29.[131,1440,290,1972]" gridcols="3" gridrows="13" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFED969CAFEB5" box="[134,1449,291,312]" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFED96D67FEB5" box="[134,260,291,312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFED96CACFEBA" box="[134,207,291,311]" country="Uruguay" name="Colonia" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Colonia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFED96D99FEB5" box="[326,506,291,312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">No specific locality</th>
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FED969CAFEB5" box="[557,1449,291,312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">? (1)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFEC169CAFEDD" box="[134,1449,315,336]" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFEC16D99FEDD" box="[326,506,315,336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Riachuelo</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FEC169CAFEDD" box="[557,1449,315,336]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">? (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFEAE69CAFEE5" box="[134,1449,340,360]" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFEAE6D67FEE5" box="[134,260,340,360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFEAE6CB5FEE5" box="[134,214,340,360]" country="Uruguay" name="Durazno" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Durazno</collectingRegion>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFEAE6D99FEE5" box="[326,506,340,360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FEAE69CAFEE5" box="[557,1449,340,360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DE88FEAE68DAFEE5" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[993,1209,340,360]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE9669CAFE0D" box="[134,1449,364,384]" gridrow="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFE966D67FE0D" box="[134,260,364,384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DDEFFE966CAFFE0D" bold="true" box="[134,204,364,384]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFE966CAFFE0D" box="[134,204,364,384]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFE966D99FE0D" box="[326,506,364,384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Cerro
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DCE8FE966DBAFE0D" box="[385,473,364,384]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FE9669CAFE0D" box="[557,1449,364,384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
1992-1994 (44; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DE41FE966FB3FE0D" author="Morelli" box="[808,976,364,384]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morelli" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref34194" refString="MORELLI E., GONZALEZ-VAINER P. & BAZ A. 2002. - Coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Uruguayan prairies: abundance, diversity and seasonal occurrence. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37 (1): 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Morelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DE04FE966FFFFE0D" box="[877,924,364,384]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE7E69CAFE15" box="[134,1449,388,408]" gridrow="4" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFE7E6D99FE15" box="[326,506,388,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Puntas de Sauce</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FE7E69CAFE15" box="[557,1449,388,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
107 (1999; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DF9DFE7E6840FE15" author="Canziani & Gonzalez-Vainer" box="[756,1059,388,408]" firstAuthor="Canziani" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref30413" refString="CANZIANI C. & GONZALEZ-VAINER P. 2022. - Structure and composition of dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a livestock ranch in central Uruguay: ̿ esponses of functional groups and species to local habitats and trophic resources. The Coleopterists Bulletin 76 (3): 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 76.3.407" type="journal article" year="2022">Canziani & González-Vainer 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Date of collection not stated in the paper,
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE6469CAFE3F" box="[134,1449,414,434]" gridrow="5" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFE646D99FE3F" box="[326,506,414,434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">de Maciel</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FE6469CAFE3F" box="[557,1449,414,434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
but year informed by Patricia González-Vainer, pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7D90EFE64694DFE3F" box="[1127,1326,414,434]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="2022-09-13">13th September 2022</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE4C69CAFE47" box="[134,1449,438,458]" gridrow="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFE4C6D67FE47" box="[134,260,438,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFE4C6C91FE47" box="[134,242,438,458]" country="Uruguay" name="Maldonado" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Maldonado</collectingRegion>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFE4C6D99FE47" box="[326,506,438,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">No specific locality</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FE4C69CAFE47" box="[557,1449,438,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
? (unknown number of specimens; reference:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DE88FE4C68DAFE47" author="Barattini & Saenz" box="[993,1209,438,458]" firstAuthor="Barattini" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref28941" refString="BARATTINI L. P. & SAENZ A. 1961. - Contribucion al conocimiento de las especies del genero Gromphas Brulle 1854 [sic] (Col. Scarab.). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia 3: 21 - 29. [publication date according to the colophon: 8 th September 1961 (Alvaro Mones, personal communication, 24 th April 2021)]." type="journal article" year="1961">Barattini & Sáenz 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1964)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE3469CAFE6F" box="[134,1449,462,482]" gridrow="7" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFE346D99FE6F" box="[326,506,462,482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF8FFA7DC2FFE346DE3FE6F" box="[326,384,462,482]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of José
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FE3469CAFE6F" box="[557,1449,462,482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7DF44FE346E0BFE6F" box="[557,616,462,482]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="2014-01">I.2014</date>
|
||
(unknown number of specimens; reference: Federico Ocampo, pers. comm.)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFE1269CAFE71" box="[134,1449,488,508]" gridrow="8" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFE1269CAFE71" box="[134,1449,488,508]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Ignácio</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFDFA69CAFD99" box="[134,1449,512,532]" gridrow="9" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFDFA6D67FD99" box="[134,260,512,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Montevideo</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFDFA6D99FD99" box="[326,506,512,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC2FFDFA6DDDFD99" bold="true" box="[326,446,512,532]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DC2FFDFA6DDDFD99" box="[326,446,512,532]" country="Uruguay" name="Montevideo" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Montevideo</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FDFA69CAFD99" box="[557,1449,512,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
? (4),
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7DF0BFDFA6EAEFD99" box="[610,717,512,532]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="1929-12-20">20.XII.1929</date>
|
||
(1),
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7DF9CFDFA6F36FD99" box="[757,853,512,532]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="1933-10-10">10.X.1933</date>
|
||
(1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFDE269CAFDA1" box="[134,1449,536,556]" gridrow="10" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFDE26D67FDA1" box="[134,260,536,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFDE26CA1FDA1" box="[134,194,536,556]" country="Uruguay" name="Rivera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Rivera</collectingRegion>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFDE26D99FDA1" box="[326,506,536,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Vichadero</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FDE269CAFDA1" box="[557,1449,536,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7DF44FDE26ED0FDA1" box="[557,691,536,556]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="2011-11-21" valueMax="2011-11-27" valueMin="2011-11-21">21-27.XI.2011</date>
|
||
(2)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFDCA69CAFDC8" box="[134,1449,560,581]" gridrow="11" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFDCA6D67FDC8" box="[134,260,560,581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DDEFFDCA6D67FDC8" bold="true" box="[134,260,560,581]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF8FFA7DDEFFDCA6D67FDC8" box="[134,260,560,581]" country="Uruguay" name="Tacuarembo" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Tacuarembó</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DC2FFDCA6D99FDC8" box="[326,506,560,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">near San Gregorio</td>
|
||
<td id="768D683EFFF80046DF44FDCA69CAFDC8" box="[557,1449,560,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF8FFA7DF44FDCB6EEEFDC8" box="[557,653,561,581]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" value="2019-10-20">20.X.2019</date>
|
||
(1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0142FFF80046DDEFFDB069CAFDD3" box="[134,1449,586,606]" gridrow="12" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="768D683EFFF80046DDEFFDB069CAFDD3" box="[134,1449,586,606]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">de Polanco</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF8FFA7DDF2FD4F6E44FA03" blockId="30.[130,777,693,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
And there may be more to this. In evolutionary time, this continuous pressure from competition may eventually lead the rarer, less competitive species to niche specialisation through ecological character displacement (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DC96FCEC6E9DFCBD" author="Brown & Wilson" box="[511,766,789,816]" firstAuthor="Brown" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref29870" refString="BROWN JR. W. L. & WILSON E. O. 1956. - Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5: 49 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411924" type="journal article" year="1956">Brown & Wilson 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DDEDFCCF6DEDFCC2" author="PFENNIG K. S. & PFENNIG D. W." box="[132,398,821,847]" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Review of Biology" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="253 - 276" part="84" refId="ref35662" refString="PFENNIG K. S. & PFENNIG D. W. 2009. - Character displacement: ecological and reproductive responses to a common evolutionary problem. Quarterly Review of Biology 84 (3): 253 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 605079" title="Character displacement: ecological and reproductive responses to a common evolutionary problem" type="journal article" year="2009">Pfennig & Pfennig 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Perhaps the competition with the presumably more efficient
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DCCAFCAF6E52FCE2" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[419,561,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DCCAFCAF6E52FCE2" box="[419,561,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
drove
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF12FCAF6E8AFCE2" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[635,745,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF12FCAF6E8AFCE2" box="[635,745,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to stenotopy. And if, in this specialisation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF5AFC8F6EC1FC02" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[563,674,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF5AFC8F6EC1FC02" box="[563,674,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
departed from the usual coprophagous, non-inquiline behaviour of most dung beetles, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DCA2FC4F6E39FC42" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[459,602,949,975]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DCA2FC4F6E39FC42" box="[459,602,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, maybe becoming, for example, mycetophagous or an inquiline of insect or vertebrate nests, this would explain why it has not been attracted to regular dung traps.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DCBBFBEE6EEAFBA3" author="Edmonds" box="[466,649,1044,1070]" firstAuthor="Edmonds" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref31891" refString="EDMONDS W. D. 2000. - ̿ evision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sulcophanaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Folia Heyrovskyana, Supplementum 6: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="2000">Edmonds (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indeed suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DC6AFBCF6DD6FBC3" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[259,437,1076,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sulcophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhadamanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC6AFBCF6DD6FBC3" box="[259,437,1076,1103]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">S. rhadamanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a body size similar to its sympatric and possibly sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF7FFBAE6CABFB03" authority="(Castelnau, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Castelnau" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF7FFBAE6EE0FBE3" box="[534,643,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">S. menelas</emphasis>
|
||
(Castelnau, 1840)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was rarer for possibly having such an idiosyncratic biology, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DC7DFB6E6E17FB23" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[276,628,1172,1198]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref30873" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2018. - A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martinez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), with a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ' Canthon sensu lato '. European Journal of Taxonomy 467: 1 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.467" type="journal article" year="2018">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made a similar suggestion to explain why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DCA8FB4E6E41FB43" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[449,546,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="securus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DCA8FB4E6E41FB43" box="[449,546,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">S. securus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected so less frequently than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DC35FB2E6DFCFB60" authorityName="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2018" box="[348,415,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seag">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC35FB2E6DFCFB60" box="[348,415,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">S. seag</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Perhaps this is also the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DDEDFB0E6C96FA80" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[132,245,1267,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DDEDFB0E6C96FA80" box="[132,245,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DC47FB0E6DDEFA80" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[302,445,1267,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC47FB0E6DDEFA80" box="[302,445,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF11FB0E6F64FA80" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[632,775,1267,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF11FB0E6F64FA80" box="[632,775,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeed more eurytopic and competitive than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DFEBFAEE6E93FAA0" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[642,752,1299,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DFEBFAEE6E93FAA0" box="[642,752,1299,1326]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that it has a much broader geographical range and inhabits a more diverse set of biomes than its rarer relative (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFF8FFA7DFA9FAA96F60FAE3" box="[704,771,1363,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1490,1508]" captionTargetBox="[134,1450,216,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-280@12.[696,1274,780,1360]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Updated distribution map of the six species of Gromphas. Data retrieved from Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013, 2015), Damborsky et al. (2015), Cajaiba et al. (2017), Gámez & Acconcia (2018), Alonso et al. (2019), Uchoa & Rodrigues (2019), Bitencourt et al. (2019), Noriega et al. (2021), and the material examined for this work." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668011/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DDEFFA896DB2FA00" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[134,465,1395,1421]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DCB6FA896E7BFA03" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[479,536,1395,1422]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor & Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF8FFA7DDF2FA6E686DFB83" blockId="30.[130,777,693,2028]" lastBlockId="30.[810,1457,693,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
But low abundance and stenotopy in themselves, while explaining rarity in the field and collections, would still leave unanswered the question of why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF52FA296ECDFA60" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[571,686,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF52FA296ECDFA60" box="[571,686,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been collected since the 1950s as these factors did not prevent the species from being collected before. An explanation could be that early-20th-century collectors applied collection procedures more suitable for the capture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DF34F9A96EAFF9E1" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[605,716,1618,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF34F9A96EAFF9E1" box="[605,716,1618,1645]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than modern collectors do, such as the search for specimens in ant nests. Even though, judging from its morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DFF3F9696F64F921" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[666,775,1682,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DFF3F9696F64F921" box="[666,775,1682,1709]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not seem to be a myrmecophilous species, we know, for instance, that the likely collector of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF8FFA7DF41F9286E14F961" box="[552,631,1746,1772]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ryac-0k9g" name="Museu Anchieta" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
series, Father Pio Buck, used to search for beetles in ant nests (e.g., the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFF8FFA7DDEFF8E86CD6F8A1" box="[134,181,1810,1836]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DC49F8E86F6BF8A1" authority="(Boucomont, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Boucomont" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[288,776,1809,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ateuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC49F8E86E41F8A1" box="[288,546,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Ateuchus myrmecophilus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DF5AF8E86F62F8A1" author="Boucomont" box="[563,769,1809,1836]" firstAuthor="Boucomont" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="9 - 10" refId="ref29696" refString="BOUCOMONT A. 1935. - Description de trois Coprides de l'Amerique du Sud. Miscellanea Entomologica 36 (2): 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="1935">Boucomont, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected by him in an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DCD3F8C86CA4F8E1" authority="(Emery, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DCD3F8C86ECAF8C6" box="[442,681,1841,1868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Acromyrmex lobicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(Emery, 1888)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DC42F8A86D88F8E1" author="Boucomont" box="[299,491,1873,1900]" firstAuthor="Boucomont" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="9 - 10" refId="ref29696" refString="BOUCOMONT A. 1935. - Description de trois Coprides de l'Amerique du Sud. Miscellanea Entomologica 36 (2): 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="1935">Boucomont 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It may also be that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DFA3F8A86CDFF806" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DFA3F8A86CDFF806" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a saprophagous species attracted to decaying fruits or fungi, and the current preferred usage of mammalian excrement and carrion as bait (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DF78F84B6EBEF846" author="Morelli" box="[529,733,1969,1995]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morelli" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref34194" refString="MORELLI E., GONZALEZ-VAINER P. & BAZ A. 2002. - Coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Uruguayan prairies: abundance, diversity and seasonal occurrence. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37 (1): 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Morelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DF01F8486EFEF846" box="[616,669,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DF84F84B6C94F866" author="DA SILVA P. G." journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="817 - 830" part="13" refId="ref36234" refString="DA SILVA P. G. 2017. - Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) from high-altitude grasslands in Sao Joaquim National Park, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Check List 13 (6): 817 - 830. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.6.817" title="Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) from high-altitude grasslands in Sao Joaquim National Park, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil" type="journal article" year="2017">da Silva 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DC6FF82B6DB4F866" author="DA SILVA P. G. & GARCIA M. A. R. & VIDAL M. B." box="[262,471,2001,2027]" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia e Natura, UFSM" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="71 - 91" part="30" refId="ref36502" refString="DA SILVA P. G., GARCIA M. A. R. & VIDAL M. B. 2008. - Besouros copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae stricto sensu) coletados em ecotono natural de campo e mata em Bage, RS. Ciencia e Natura, UFSM 30 (2): 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.5902 / 2179460 X 9839" title="Besouros copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae stricto sensu) coletados em ecotono natural de campo e mata em Bage, RS" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
da Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DC0AF8286DFBF866" box="[355,408,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DC8FF82B6E7DF866" author="DA SILVA P. G. & GARCIA M. A. R. & VIDAL M. B." box="[486,542,2001,2027]" journalOrPublisher="Biociencias" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="33 - 43" part="17" refId="ref36573" refString="DA SILVA P. G., GARCIA M. A. R. & VIDAL M. B. 2009. - Besouros copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae sensu stricto) do municipio de Bage, RS (bioma campos sulinos). Biociencias 17 (1): 33 - 43." title="Besouros copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae sensu stricto) do municipio de Bage, RS (bioma campos sulinos)" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DF47F82B6F05FD5D" author="DA SILVA P. G. & DI MARE R. A." box="[558,870,694,2028]" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia, Serie Zoologia" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="197 - 205" part="102" refId="ref36435" refString="DA SILVA P. G. & DI MARE R. A. 2012. - Escarabeineos copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) de fragmentos de Mata Atlantica em Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 102 (2): 197 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212012000200012" title="Escarabeineos copro-necrofagos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) de fragmentos de Mata Atlantica em Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil" type="journal article" year="2012">da Silva & Di Mare 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DE1CFD4F6890FD5D" author="Canziani & Gonzalez-Vainer" box="[885,1267,693,720]" firstAuthor="Canziani" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref30413" refString="CANZIANI C. & GONZALEZ-VAINER P. 2022. - Structure and composition of dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a livestock ranch in central Uruguay: ̿ esponses of functional groups and species to local habitats and trophic resources. The Coleopterists Bulletin 76 (3): 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 76.3.407" type="journal article" year="2022">Canziani & González-Vainer 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D833FD4F6F05FD7D" author="DA SILVA P. G." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="546 - 559" part="50" refId="ref36191" refString="DA SILVA P. G. 2011. - Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of two non-native habitats in Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zoological Studies 50 (5): 546 - 559." title="Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of two non-native habitats in Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil" type="journal article" year="2011">da Silva 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DE19FD2F6823FD7D" author="DA SILVA P. G. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A." box="[880,1088,725,752]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="429 - 441" part="51" refId="ref36698" refString="DA SILVA P. G., VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. A. 2012 a. - Attractiveness of different bait to the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in extreme southern Brazil. Zoological Studies 51 (4): 429 - 441." title="Attractiveness of different bait to the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in extreme southern Brazil" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
da Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DEAEFD2C6F9BFD62" box="[967,1016,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D90CFD2C68FEFD7D" author="DA SILVA P. G. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. C." box="[1125,1181,726,752]" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="679 - 697" part="85" refId="ref36752" refString="DA SILVA P. G., VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. & DI MARE R. C. 2013. - Diversity and seasonality of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 85 (2): 679 - 697. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0001 - 37652013005000033" title="Diversity and seasonality of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in forest fragments in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D9C0FD2F69C4FD7D" author="DA SILVA P. G. & BOGONI J. A." box="[1193,1447,725,752]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="339 - 342" part="68" refId="ref36372" refString="DA SILVA P. G. & BOGONI J. A. 2014. - Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) attracted to rotten eggs in the Atlantic Forest in subtropical southern Brazil. The Coleopterists Bulletin 68 (2): 339 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 68.2.339" title="Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) attracted to rotten eggs in the Atlantic Forest in subtropical southern Brazil" type="journal article" year="2014">da Silva & Bogoni 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) may have been inefficient in attracting the species. In sum, it may be that the disappearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D9FDFCEC6960FCA2" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1172,1283,789,816]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D9FDFCEC6960FCA2" box="[1172,1283,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since the 1950s is simply the consequence of a peculiar biology (this itself a result of the competition with the more ecologically aggressive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DE35FC8F6F8FFC02" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[860,1004,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DE35FC8F6F8FFC02" box="[860,1004,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that keeps population densities low and spatial presence limited, coupled with the fact that modern collectors are not looking in the right places or applying the right collecting techniques that earlier naturalists, by chance or design, employed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF8FFA7DE2AFBEF69CBF866" blockId="30.[810,1457,693,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">
|
||
But having now examined all the difficulties inherent in the idea and explored its alternatives, we can at least recognise the plausibility of my initial hypothesis, extinction. If this is indeed the case, causes that could have driven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D84AFB8E69F1FB03" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1315,1426,1140,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D84AFB8E69F1FB03" box="[1315,1426,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to extinction are certainly multifactorial and likely included at least two of the elements discussed above, competition with sympatric species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D92EFB2E68B5FB63" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1095,1238,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D92EFB2E68B5FB63" box="[1095,1238,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and potential strict ecological specialisations. But chief among the factors is likely the negative impact of the ongoing anthropogenic conversion of habitats in southern and central South America. It may be, as briefly explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D97EFAA96917FAE0" author="Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1047,1396,1363,1389]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that the intense human pressure converting the forests and natural grasslands from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF8FFA7DEB5FA6E685EFA23" box="[988,1085,1428,1454]" name="Paraguay" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF8FFA7D9B4FA696978FA20" box="[1245,1307,1427,1453]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF8FFA7D82BFA6969CEFA20" box="[1346,1453,1427,1453]" name="Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF8FFA7DE33FA496FD5FA40" box="[858,950,1459,1485]" name="Uruguay" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
into urban space, pastures, and agricultural fields over the second half of the 20th century, particularly from the 1960s Green Revolution onwards (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D9C9FA096900F980" author="ROESCH L. F. W. & VIEIRA F. C. B. & PEREIRA V. A. & SCHUNEMANN A. L. & TEIXEIRA I. F. & SENNA A. J. T. & STEFENON V. M." box="[1184,1379,1523,1549]" journalOrPublisher="Diversity" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="182 - 198" part="1" refId="ref35923" refString="ROESCH L. F. W., VIEIRA F. C. B., PEREIRA V. A., SCHUNEMANN A. L., TEIXEIRA I. F., SENNA A. J. T. & STEFENON V. M. 2009 - The Brazilian Pampa: A fragile biome. Diversity 1: 182 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 1020182" title="The Brazilian Pampa: A fragile biome" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roesch
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D99DFA096945F980" box="[1268,1318,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7D819FA096FFFF9A0" author="SOUZA JR. C. N. & SHIMBO J. Z. & ROSA M. R. & PARENTE L. L. & ALENCAR A. A. & RUDORFF B. F. T. & HASENACK H. & MATSUMOTO M. & FERREIRA L. G. & SOUZA-FILHO P. W. M. & DE OLIVEIRA S. W. & ROCHA W. F. & FONSECA A. V. & MARQUES C. B. & DINIZ C. G. & COSTA D. & MONTEIRO D. & ROSA E. R. & VELEZ-MARTIN E. & WEBER E. J. & LENTI F. E. B. & PATERNOST F. F. & PAREYN F. G. C. & SIQUEIRA J. V. & VIERA J. L. & NETO L. C. F. & SARAIVA M. M. & SALES M. H. & SALGADO M. P. G. & VASCONCELOS R. & GALANO S. & MESQUITA V. V. & AZEVEDO T." journalOrPublisher="Remote Sensing" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="1" part="12" refId="ref37056" refString="SOUZA JR. C. N., SHIMBO J. Z., ROSA M. R., PARENTE L. L., ALENCAR A. A., RUDORFF B. F. T., HASENACK H., MATSUMOTO M., FERREIRA L. G., SOUZA-FILHO P. W. M., DE OLIVEIRA S. W., ROCHA W. F., FONSECA A. V., MARQUES C. B., DINIZ C. G., COSTA D., MONTEIRO D., ROSA E. R., VELEZ-MARTIN E., WEBER E. J., LENTI F. E. B., PATERNOST F. F., PAREYN F. G. C., SIQUEIRA J. V., VIERA J. L., NETO L. C. F., SARAIVA M. M., SALES M. H., SALGADO M. P. G., VASCONCELOS R., GALANO S., MESQUITA V. V. & AZEVEDO T. 2020. - Reconstructing three decades of land use and land cover changes in Brazilian biomes with landsat archive and earth engine. Remote Sensing 12 (2735): [1] - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / rs 12172735" title="Reconstructing three decades of land use and land cover changes in Brazilian biomes with landsat archive and earth engine" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DE44F9E96F3CF9A1" box="[813,863,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF8FFA7DEC1F9E8680DF9A0" author="RIBEIRO S. & MOREIRA L. F. B. & OVERBECK G. E. & MALTCHIK L." box="[936,1134,1554,1581]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Land Use Science" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" pagination="260 - 272" part="16" refId="ref35857" refString="RIBEIRO S., MOREIRA L. F. B., OVERBECK G. E. & MALTCHIK L. 2021. - Protected areas of the Pampa biome presented land use incompatible with conservation purposes. Journal of Land Use Science 16 (3): 260 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17474 23 X. 2021.1934134" title="Protected areas of the Pampa biome presented land use incompatible with conservation purposes" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Ribeiro
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DE97F9E96853F9A1" box="[1022,1072,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), impacted the populations of the putatively stenotopic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D942F9C968F7F9C1" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1067,1172,1586,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D942F9C968F7F9C1" box="[1067,1172,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this drove a specialised and already fragile species to extinction or at least to a drastic reduction in abundance and range.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D9C7F98869E8F901" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1198,1419,1650,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D9C7F98869E8F901" box="[1198,1419,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in turn, a more eurytopic and, thus, adaptable species, has not only resisted but continued to flourish. For the time being, however, the fate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7D96BF928680CF961" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1026,1135,1746,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7D96BF928680CF961" box="[1026,1135,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will remain uncertain. Future fieldwork may, after all, rediscover the species living in some of the region’s last areas of natural grasslands, wetlands, river sandbanks, floodplains, shrublands, and gallery forests, which, based on its widespread presence in the northern Pampas and the biology of congeneric species, are the candidate preferred habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF8FFA7DECEF8686874F826" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[935,1047,1937,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF8FFA7DECEF8686874F826" box="[935,1047,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="51">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This would be an exciting discovery, finally allowing us to better understand the biology and conservation status of this intriguing and beautiful species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C376508BFFF9FFA6DDEDFF226E9DFE03" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF9FFA6DDEDFF226E9DFE03" blockId="31.[130,777,215,2013]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF9FFA6DDEDFF226C8BFF63" baselines="233,234" box="[132,232,216,239]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DDEDFF226C8BFF63" box="[132,232,216,239]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF9FFA6DD99FF276D37FF63" baselines="234" box="[240,340,221,238]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DD99FF276D37FF63" box="[240,340,221,238]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">EXAMINED</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF9FFA6DCEAFF2D6D59FEA8" collectingDate="1941-03" collectionCode="MGAP" country="Brazil" location="Cerro Largo" municipality="Cerro Largo" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF9FFA6DCEAFF2D6E59FF62" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[387,570,215,239]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF9FFA6DCEAFF2D6E59FF62" bold="true" box="[387,570,215,239]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<originalDetermination id="A872BBFCFFF9FFA6DCEAFF2D6E59FF62" box="[387,570,215,239]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Gromphas dichroa</originalDetermination>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF9FFA6DF21FF236EE1FF7C" bold="true" box="[584,642,217,241]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF9FFA6DF21FF236EE1FF7C" box="[584,642,217,241]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF9FFA6DFF8FF236CA4FE86" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF9FFA6DFF8FF236CA4FE86" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF9FFA6DFF8FF236F64FF7C" authority="Grande" authorityName="Grande" box="[657,775,217,241]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Sul
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♀;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF9FFA6DC79FF086DEFFE87" box="[272,396,242,266]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Cerro Largo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF9FFA6DCF1FF086D8DFE87" box="[408,494,242,266]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1941-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF9FFA6DCF1FF086D8DFE87" box="[408,494,242,266]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1941-03">III.1941</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; no collector (but likely Pio Buck leg.);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DD9BFEF76D59FEA8" box="[242,314,269,293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF9FFA6DC25FEF76DFCFEB2" collectingDate="1928-01" collectionCode="MGAP" country="Brazil" location="Nova Petropolis" municipality="Nova Petropolis" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1">
|
||
1♀;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF9FFA6DC1EFEF76E71FEA9" box="[375,530,268,292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Nova Petrópolis</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF9FFA6DF72FEF76E3DFEA8" box="[539,606,269,293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1928-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF9FFA6DF72FEF76E3DFEA8" box="[539,606,269,293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1928-01">I.1928</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; no collector (but likely Pio Buck leg.);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DC3DFEDD6DF8FEB2" box="[340,411,295,319]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
—
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF9FFA6DCAAFED26EA2FED4" collectingDate="1934-11" collectionCode="MGAP" country="Brazil" location="Itapiranga" municipality="Itapiranga" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santa Catarina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF9FFA6DCAAFED26E34FECD" bold="true" box="[451,599,296,320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF9FFA6DCAAFED26E34FECD" box="[451,599,296,320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
• 1 ♀;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF9FFA6DFF7FEDD6F67FEB2" box="[670,772,295,319]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Itapiranga</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF9FFA6DDEDFEBB6CB8FED4" box="[132,219,321,345]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1934-11">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF9FFA6DDEDFEBB6CB8FED4" box="[132,219,321,345]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1934-11">XI.1934</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; no collector (but likely Pio Buck leg.);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DF11FEBB6EA2FED4" box="[632,705,321,345]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF9FFA6DFB5FEBB6CB9FE03" collectingDate="1954-10" collectionCode="MGAP" country="Brazil" location="Itapiranga" municipality="Itapiranga" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1">
|
||
1 ♂;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF9FFA6DDEDFEA66C89FEF9" box="[132,234,348,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">Itapiranga</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFD225C0FFF9FFA6DD9AFEA66D5CFEF9" box="[243,319,348,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1954-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF9FFA6DD9AFEA66D5CFEF9" box="[243,319,348,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" value="1954-10">X.1954</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; no collector (but likely Pio Buck leg.);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DFD4FEA66F67FEF9" box="[701,772,348,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">MGAP</collectionCode>
|
||
. No data:
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF9FFA6DD99FE8C6E98FE03" box="[240,763,374,398]" collectionCode="RBINS" country="Brazil" location="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1">
|
||
1 unsexed specimen; ex J. J. Gillet collection;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF9FFA6DFC6FE8C6E98FE03" box="[687,763,374,398]" pageId="31" pageNumber="52">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |