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<mods:title id="02DF510E7B4685C24AFC825691F81E16">The genus Gromphas Dejean, 1836 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae): nomenclature, distribution, and conservation, including a contribution to the debate on electronic publications in zoology</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BD30300FFE9FFB6DE44FB8F6F06FB42" blockId="15.[813,1455,1140,1231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">
NEWLY DISCOVERED SPECIMENS OF THE RARE
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFE9FFB6DE44FB6E6F06FB42" ID-CoL="6KSH6" authority="CUPELLO &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO, 2015" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFE9FFB6DE44FB6E684EFB23" box="[813,1069,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">GROMPHAS JARDIM</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFE9FFB6D95DFB6E6F06FB42" author="CUPELLO &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO" firstAuthor="CUPELLO" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">CUPELLO &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C376508BFFE9FFA8DE44FB096936FB23" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFE9FFB6DE44FB0969CDF866" blockId="15.[811,1458,1267,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFE9FFB6DE44FB09681EFA83" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" box="[813,1149,1267,1294]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello (2015)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFE9FFB6D982FB0E692CFA80" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1259,1359,1267,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFE9FFB6D982FB0E692CFA80" box="[1259,1359,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFE9FFB6DE42FAEE6FF4FAA0" box="[811,919,1299,1326]" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFE9FFB6DEA6FAE9683EFAA0" box="[975,1117,1299,1325]" count="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="female">three females</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFE9FFB6D9C8FAE968BCFAA0" box="[1185,1247,1299,1325]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFE9FFB6D87FFAE96906FAA0" box="[1302,1381,1299,1325]" name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. These specimens were originally discovered in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London (
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D9B3FAAE6942FAE3" box="[1242,1313,1364,1390]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="Herbarium">NHM</collectionCode>
), the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D99EFA89690CFA00" box="[1271,1391,1395,1421]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">OUMNH</collectionCode>
), and the Universidade Federal de
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFE9FFB6D90FFA6E6895FA20" box="[1126,1270,1427,1454]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFE9FFB6D86BFA696923FA20" box="[1282,1344,1427,1453]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D839FA6969C5FA20" box="[1360,1446,1427,1453]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">CEMT</collectionCode>
). Darren Mann, the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D96AFA496816FA40" box="[1027,1141,1459,1485]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">OUMNH</collectionCode>
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFE9FFB6D917FA496894FA40" box="[1150,1271,1459,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
curator, allowed me to take one of the two
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D930FA2968A8FA60" box="[1113,1227,1491,1517]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">OUMNH</collectionCode>
female
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFE9FFB6D84AFA2969EAFA60" box="[1315,1417,1491,1517]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
for the museum where I was then based, the Museu Nacional, in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFE9FFB6DE23F9E8682CF9A0" authority="de Janeiro (MNRJ)" box="[842,1103,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ)</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, three years later, this
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFE9FFB6DE36F9C96FDDF9C0" box="[863,958,1587,1613]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
was destroyed. It was consumed along with
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFE9FFB6DE46F9A96F5CF9E1" box="[815,831,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">c.</emphasis>
5 million other insects housed in the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D9B5F9A96944F9E0" box="[1244,1319,1619,1645]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">MNRJ</collectionCode>
by the great fire that devastated the main building of the institution on the evening of
<date id="FFD225C0FFE9FFB6DEBCF96868A3F921" box="[981,1216,1682,1708]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" value="2018-09-02">2nd September 2018</date>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFE9FFB6D9BBF9686909F921" author="Escobar" box="[1234,1386,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Escobar" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" pagination="960" refId="ref31926" refString="ESCOBAR H. 2018 - In a ' foretold tragedy', fire consumes Brazil museum. Science 361 (6406): 960. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 361.6406.960" type="journal article" year="2018">Escobar 2018</bibRefCitation>
). This would have meant that only
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFE9FFB6D90AF9486966F941" box="[1123,1285,1714,1740]" count="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
are now known to exist in collections, but this is not the case. A few months earlier, in
<date id="FFD225C0FFE9FFB6DEF4F9086868F881" box="[925,1035,1778,1804]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" value="2018-07">July 2018</date>
, I visited the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, in Gainesville, Florida (
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFE9FFB6D981F8E86952F8A1" box="[1256,1329,1810,1836]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
), and there I found a sixth specimen of this rare species, a male (
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFE9FFB6D80BF8CB69C1F8C1" box="[1378,1442,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1068,1086]" captionTargetBox="[109,1484,93,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-515@18.[109,1484,184,1058]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — The male specimen of the rare Gromphas jardim Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, 2015 newly discovered in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gaines- ville, Florida, USA. With the destruction of one of the paratypes in the 2018 Museu Nacional fire, it is one of the eight specimens known to survive in collections. Photographs courtesy of Paul Skelley (FSCA)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668019/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Then, more recently, after joining Texas A&amp;M University as the new Assistant Curator of Entomology in
<date id="FFD225C0FFE9FFB6D879F88B69C8F806" box="[1296,1451,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" value="2023-10">October 2023</date>
, I found in the collection three more specimens, a male and
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFE9FFB6DE44F8486FC8F846" box="[813,939,1969,1996]" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="36" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
. Altogether, rather than decreasing, the number of known specimens has risen to eight, half males, half females.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF6FFA9DDECF8506F3CF867" blockId="16.[133,1458,1962,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF6FFA9DDECF8506CFDF836" baselines="1975,1976" box="[133,158,1962,1980]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 6. — The lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF6FFA9DC0AF8506E0DF831" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[355,622,1962,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DC0AF8506D98F831" box="[355,507,1962,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Gromphas inermis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF6FFA9DF69F8506E0DF831" author="Harold" box="[512,622,1962,1980]" firstAuthor="Harold" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" refId="ref32645" refString="HAROLD E. 1869 a. - Catalogus coleopterorum. Hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Gummi, Munich: 979 - 1346 + [8]. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 27 th May 1969 (based on Bousquet 2016)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9641549" type="journal volume" year="1869">Harold, 1869</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF6FFA9DE12F8506835F831" authority="(Oken, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[891,1110,1962,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DE12F8506F80F831" box="[891,995,1962,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF6FFA9DE84F8506831F831" author="OKEN L." box="[1005,1106,1962,1980]" journalOrPublisher="Isis von Oken" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" pagination="1112 - 1127" part="11" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27510335" refId="ref34279" refString="[OKEN L.] 1834. - J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt. Isis von Oken [volume for the year 1834] (11): 1112 - 1127. [The authorship of this review is not stated expressly anywhere, as far as I could find, but the context makes clear that the journal's editor, Lorenz Oken (1779 - 1851), the famous German naturalist of the Naturphilosophie movement, was the one who wrote it and the other literature reviews that appeared in the journal. For this reason, Oken should be credited with its authorship under Article 50.1 of the Code. In Cupello et al. (2022), we conservatively treated the review as published anonymously, but this seems unjustified. Kertesz (1986) tells the details of the history of Isis von Oken and confirms that Oken was the one who prepared the literature reviews] [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 30 th November 1834. Neal Evenhuis (personal communication, 26 th January 2023) confirmed that Isis von Oken appeared in monthly issues. Oken's review of Lacordaire's paper appeared in the 11 th issue of 1834, therefore, in November of that year, with no more specific date known to me. Following Article 21.3. 1, I take the last day of that month as the publication date]. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27510335" title="J. Th. Lacordaire, uber die Lebensweise der Kafer im mittaglichen America. Viele Kafer namentlich angefuhrt" type="journal article" year="1834">Oken, 1834</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9D937F8506808F831" bold="true" box="[1118,1131,1962,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">A</emphasis>
, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9D9B6F850688FF831" bold="true" box="[1247,1260,1962,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">B</emphasis>
, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9D80CF8506910F831" bold="true" box="[1381,1395,1962,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">C</emphasis>
, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DDDCF83B6CA0F85E" bold="true" box="[181,195,1985,2003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">D</emphasis>
, labels, note that the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DCE9F83B6DBCF85E" box="[384,479,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Buen. Aires</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF6FFA9DF79F83B6E32F85E" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[528,593,1985,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DF7CF83B6E32F85E" box="[533,593,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">inermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DF0BF83B6EFAF85E" box="[610,665,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">Harold</emphasis>
labels are in Harolds handwriting;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9DEACF83B6FB2F85E" bold="true" box="[965,977,1985,2003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
, posterior view;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF6FFA9D934F83B680BF85E" bold="true" box="[1117,1128,1985,2003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="37">F</emphasis>
, dorsal view of the head and protibiae. Photographs courtesy of Christophe Rivier (MNHN). Scale bars: A-C: 5 mm; E, F, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF135388FFF7FFA8DDEFFC796DC8FB8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668017/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" startId="17.[134,143,899,917]" targetBox="[133,777,216,856]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DDEFFC796DC8FB8B" blockId="17.[132,775,899,1031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF7FFA8DDEFFC796CFEFC19" baselines="912,913" box="[134,157,899,917]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 7. — The labels of the only known (and newly found) paralectotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DDECFC606DF0FC21" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[133,403,922,940]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DDECFC606D7DFC21" box="[133,286,922,940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Gromphas inermis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DC4AFC606DF0FC21" author="Harold" box="[291,403,922,940]" firstAuthor="Harold" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref32645" refString="HAROLD E. 1869 a. - Catalogus coleopterorum. Hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Gummi, Munich: 979 - 1346 + [8]. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 27 th May 1969 (based on Bousquet 2016)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9641549" type="journal volume" year="1869">Harold, 1869</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Notice that it is a dOrbigny specimen from Corrientes (Argentina) and bears Blanchards
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DC99FC4A6E0DFC4F" box="[496,622,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">nomen in litteris</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DF1EFC4A6EABFC4F" box="[631,712,944,962]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DF1EFC4A6EABFC4F" box="[631,712,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G.aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was only mentioned in the literature by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DCBEFC3D6E2BFC54" author="Harold" box="[471,584,967,985]" firstAuthor="Harold" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref32645" refString="HAROLD E. 1869 a. - Catalogus coleopterorum. Hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Gummi, Munich: 979 - 1346 + [8]. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 27 th May 1969 (based on Bousquet 2016)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9641549" type="journal volume" year="1869">Harold (1869</bibRefCitation>
b). The label at the top bearing the identification
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DC33FC246DD2FC7D" authorityName=", Dejean" authorityYear="1836" box="[346,433,990,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DC33FC246DD2FC7D" box="[346,433,990,1008]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Gromphas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DCD6FC246D98FC7D" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[447,507,990,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DCD6FC246D98FC7D" box="[447,507,990,1008]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">inermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DF63FC246E22FC7D" box="[522,577,990,1008]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Harold</emphasis>
is in Harolds handwriting. Courtesy of Federico Ocampo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DDF2FBAE6D23F980" blockId="17.[130,778,1108,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
The
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DDA5FBAE6D7DFBE3" box="[204,286,1108,1134]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14193" name="Texas A&amp;amp;M University" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">TAMU</collectionCode>
specimens are part of the same series as the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DDEDFB8E6C94FB03" box="[132,247,1140,1166]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">OUMNH</collectionCode>
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFF7FFA8DD97FB8E6D3CFB03" box="[254,351,1140,1166]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFF7FFA8DCFFFB8F6D9EFB02" box="[406,509,1141,1167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
from
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8DF29FB8E6EF3FB03" box="[576,656,1140,1166]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, and originally belonged to the W. D. Edmonds collection; they came to
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DDF7FB4E6C93FB43" box="[158,240,1204,1230]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14193" name="Texas A&amp;amp;M University" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">TAMU</collectionCode>
after Edmonds material was donated to the university in 2012 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DC56FB2E6DDDFB63" author="STREIT B." box="[319,446,1236,1262]" journalOrPublisher="Scarabs" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="14 - 15" part="70" refId="ref37529" refString="STREIT B. 2012. Edmonds Phanaeini collection donated to Texas A &amp; M. Scarabs 70: 14 - 15." title="Edmonds Phanaeini collection donated to Texas A &amp; M" type="journal article" year="2012">Streit 2012</bibRefCitation>
). As explained by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DFE6FB2E6D04FA83" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, all these specimens were misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DDCAFAE96DEFFAA0" baseAuthorityName="Oken" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[163,396,1299,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DDCAFAE96DEFFAA0" box="[163,396,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Gromphas lacordairii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cited as
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DC94FAEE6E15FAA0" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[509,630,1299,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DF6DFAE96E15FAA0" box="[516,630,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">lacordairei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in HamelLeigue
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DDBDFACE6D6AFAC0" box="[212,265,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
s (2006, 2009) study of the Bolivian scarabaeine fauna. The male from
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DCF6FAA96D86FAE0" box="[415,485,1363,1389]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
, in turn, the second oldest ever recorded for
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DC2AFA8E6DCFFA00" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[323,428,1395,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DC2AFA8E6DCFFA00" box="[323,428,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was collected in
<date id="FFD225C0FFF7FFA8DF02FA896F64FA03" box="[619,775,1395,1422]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="1951-10">
October
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DFA7FA896F64FA03" box="[718,775,1395,1422]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95554" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="1951.0">1951</quantity>
</date>
in the town of
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8DC46FA696DEDFA20" box="[303,398,1427,1453]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
(Cercado,
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF7FFA8DF64FA696E20FA20" box="[525,579,1427,1453]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Beni</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8DF39FA696EC1FA20" box="[592,674,1427,1453]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
), located only about
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DC6DFA496D2FFA40" box="[260,332,1459,1486]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
from the type locality in San Ignacio de Moxos (Moxos,
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF7FFA8DC51FA296D13FA60" box="[312,368,1491,1517]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Beni</collectingRegion>
). It is here addressed in the literature for the first time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DDF2F9E96D0EF866" blockId="17.[130,778,1108,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
Apart from the body size of the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DF64F9E96E32F9A0" box="[525,593,1555,1581]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
male it is the largest specimen so far recorded [total length:
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DFF6F9C96F6BF9C0" box="[671,776,1587,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="17.2">17.2 mm</quantity>
(versus
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DDBEF9A86D58F9E0" box="[215,315,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="16.3">16.3 mm</quantity>
previous maximum); length without head: 15.0 mm (vs 13); pronotal width:
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DC80F9886E29F900" box="[489,586,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
(vs
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DF1BF9886ED6F901" box="[626,693,1650,1676]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
); elytral width:
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DDBBF9686D59F920" box="[210,314,1682,1709]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
[not measured before)] , the newly discovered specimens show no noticeable differences from the previously known material and fit the original description of the species well. The sexual dimorphism that
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DFF8F9086D0AF8A1" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, relying on their small original series, suspected to exist in the size and degree of impression of the posterior pronotal fossae clearly marked and easily visible to the naked eye in males, much less marked and almost imperceptible in females even under the microscope is also observed in this new material, suggesting that it is indeed a real sexual difference.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DE20FF2D6936FB23" blockId="17.[811,1457,215,1198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
The four new specimens also confirm that most of the differences that Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello listed between
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D824FF0269CCFE9C" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1357,1455,247,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D824FF0269CCFE9C" box="[1357,1455,247,274]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DE33FEED6F89FEBC" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[858,1002,279,305]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DE33FEED6F89FEBC" box="[858,1002,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. amazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its sister species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8D9CEFEED6F05FEDF" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2015</bibRefCitation>
), are indeed accurate, particularly in the shape of the cephalic projection and the apical tubercle of the protibiae, as well as the distinctions concerning colouration and the ventral carina of the protibiae (unarmed in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D993FE6D6903FE3D" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1274,1376,406,433]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D993FE6D6903FE3D" box="[1274,1376,406,433]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, armed with a row of sharp tubercles in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D91DFE4D6962FE5D" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1140,1281,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D91DFE4D6962FE5D" box="[1140,1281,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. amazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The only main character then deemed distinct between the two species that I now think does not vary in a non-overlapping way between them is the pronotal granulation.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8D9C8FDEC6F14FDDC" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello (2015)</bibRefCitation>
said that, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D952FDCC68C2FDDD" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1083,1185,566,592]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D952FDCC68C2FDDD" box="[1083,1185,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pronotal granulation, in lateral view, reaches the posterior edge of the pronotum, it is absent or rudimentary in [the] posterolateral region after [the] lateral fossa in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DE96FD6C68E8FD22" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1023,1163,662,688]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DE96FD6C68E8FD22" box="[1023,1163,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. amazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This description is accurate enough for
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DEC4FD4C6874FD42" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[941,1047,693,720]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DEC4FD4C6874FD42" box="[941,1047,693,720]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all known specimens, including the ones from
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DECAFD2C6F86FD7D" box="[931,997,726,752]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D975FD2C6813FD7D" box="[1052,1136,726,752]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14193" name="Texas A&amp;amp;M University" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">TAMU</collectionCode>
, have the entire lateral region of the pronotum covered with granules. But a reanalysis of the species showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D943FCEC68D9FCA2" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1066,1210,790,816]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D943FCEC68D9FCA2" box="[1066,1210,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. amazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more variable in this regard than previously considered to be. While most of the specimens are indeed smooth after the lateral fossa of the pronotum, a few may show the integument rugose and, for this reason, may be mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D90CFC6F68ADFC22" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1125,1230,917,943]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D90CFC6F68ADFC22" box="[1125,1230,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
if no material of the latter is available for comparison. Therefore, I caution readers not to rely solely on this character to tell these species apart. Attention is also needed as to the way that the apical tuft of setae of the male protibiae of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D91FFBEF696AFBA3" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1142,1289,1045,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D91FFBEF696AFBA3" box="[1142,1289,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. amazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is described in Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos identification key. The form described refers to large- and medium-sized individuals only; in small males, the tuft tends to be separated from the apical tubercle in a similar way as in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D91BFB6E68B9FB23" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[1138,1242,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D91BFB6E68B9FB23" box="[1138,1242,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of all sizes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C376508BFFF7FFA8DE44FB3F694FFA3C" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DE44FB3F694FFA3C" blockId="17.[811,1456,1221,1457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF7FFA8DE44FB3F6FC5FB51" baselines="1239,1240" box="[813,934,1221,1245]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Additional" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">ADDITIONAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF7FFA8DEC2FB31686BFB51" baselines="1240" box="[939,1032,1227,1244]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="material" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF7FFA8D964FB316813FB51" baselines="1240" box="[1037,1136,1227,1244]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
. —
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D9F1FB3D6887FB50" box="[1176,1252,1222,1247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D9F1FB3D68BEFB52" bold="true" box="[1176,1245,1223,1247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8D9F1FB3D68BEFB52" box="[1176,1245,1223,1247]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
</collectorName>
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8D980FB3D6974FB52" bold="true" box="[1257,1303,1223,1247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<collectingRegion id="49A8CDE2FFF7FFA8D980FB3D6974FB52" box="[1257,1303,1223,1247]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Beni</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF7FFA8D843FB3F69FCFA9F" collectingDate="1951-10" collectionCode="FSCA" collectorName="E. N. Kellesvig-Waering" country="Bolivia" location="Trinidad" municipality="Cercado" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFF7FFA8D843FB3F692EFB6C" box="[1322,1357,1221,1249]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF7FFA8D831FB3F69CFFB50" box="[1368,1452,1221,1245]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Cercado</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DE42FB1A6F1DFB75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5B216FFE9FFAEDE44FB8F6939FEBC:8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DE42FB1A6F1DFB75" box="[811,894,1248,1272]" country="Bolivia" municipality="Cercado" name="Trinidad" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8DE42FB1A6F1DFB75" box="[811,894,1248,1272]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
</location>
(
<collectingCountry id="F37B4390FFF7FFA8DEE4FB1A6F90FB75" box="[909,1011,1248,1272]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
- REGION /
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D91EFB1A696DFB75" box="[1143,1294,1248,1272]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">AMAZONICA</collectionCode>
/ TRINIDAD);
<date id="FFD225C0FFF7FFA8DE42FB006F16FA9F" box="[811,885,1274,1298]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="1951-10">
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF7FFA8DE42FB006F16FA9F" box="[811,885,1274,1298]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="1951-10">X.1951</collectingDate>
</date>
; no collector; ex
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D97AFB016894FA9F" box="[1043,1271,1274,1298]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">E. N. Kellesvig-Waering</collectorName>
collection;
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D80DFB0069FCFA9F" box="[1380,1439,1274,1298]" collectionName="USA, Florida, Gainesville, Division of Plant Industry, Florida State Collection of Arthropods" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF7FFA8DE42FAEF6958FAEF" collectingDate="2005-05-18" collectionCode="V, T, TAMU" collectorName="Hamel &amp; Vidaurre" country="Bolivia" elevation="155" latitude="-15.133333" location="San Ignacio de Moxos" longLatPrecision="1286" longitude="-65.3" municipality="Moxos" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFF7FFA8DE42FAEF6F2EFABD" box="[811,845,1301,1328]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF7FFA8DE3EFAEF6FF9FAA1" box="[855,922,1301,1324]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Moxos</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DECBFAEF6811FAA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5B216FFE9FFAEDE44FB8F6939FEBC:8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DECBFAEF6811FAA1" box="[930,1138,1301,1325]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-15.133333" longLatPrecision="1286" longitude="-65.3" municipality="Moxos" name="San Ignacio de Moxos" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">San Ignacio de Moxos</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D913FAEF6894FAA0" authority="Ichiguita" authorityName="Ichiguita" box="[1146,1271,1301,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Río Ichiguita</taxonomicName>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EE5865C7FFF7FFA8D996FAEE692FFAA1" box="[1279,1356,1300,1324]" degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="-15.133333">15°08S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5865C7FFF7FFA8D83DFAEE69CBFAA1" box="[1364,1448,1300,1324]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="-65.3">65°18W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DE44FAD56F13FACA" box="[813,880,1327,1351]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="155.0">
<elevation id="0041E433FFF7FFA8DE44FAD56F13FACA" box="[813,880,1327,1351]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="155.0">155 m</elevation>
</quantity>
;
<date id="FFD225C0FFF7FFA8DE15FAD56F85FACA" box="[892,998,1327,1351]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2005-05-18">
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF7FFA8DE15FAD56F85FACA" box="[892,998,1327,1351]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2005-05-18">
18.
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DEF1FAD56FCFFACA" box="[920,940,1327,1351]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.2005
</collectingDate>
</date>
; C.
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D978FAD56837FACA" box="[1041,1108,1327,1351]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Hamel</collectorName>
and
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D9EEFACA68FBFACA" box="[1159,1176,1328,1351]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">T</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D9CBFAD5689BFACA" box="[1186,1272,1327,1351]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Vidaurre</collectorName>
leg;
<collectingMethod id="522D7B17FFF7FFA8D843FAD56F3BFAEC" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">human faeces trap</collectingMethod>
, savanna; ex
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8DEB7FAB068E6FAEF" box="[990,1157,1354,1378]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">W. D. Edmonds</collectorName>
colletion;
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D998FAB06958FAEF" box="[1265,1339,1354,1378]" collectionName="USA, Texas, College Station, Texas A &amp; M University" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14193" name="Texas A&amp;amp;M University" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">TAMU</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B04095DFFF7FFA8D83CFAB06944FA3C" collectingDate="2005-05-19" collectionCode="V, T, TAMU" collectorName="Hamel &amp; Vidaurre" country="Bolivia" elevation="155" latitude="-15.133333" location="San Ignacio de Moxos" longLatPrecision="1286" longitude="-65.3" municipality="Moxos" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFF7FFA8D83CFAB0691BFAE8" box="[1365,1400,1354,1381]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D6AC889FFF7FFA8D8EEFAB069CAFAE8" box="[1415,1449,1354,1381]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB7997AFFF7FFA8DE44FA9F6F11FAF1" box="[813,882,1381,1404]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Moxos</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DE14FA9E683FFAF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5B216FFE9FFAEDE44FB8F6939FEBC:8EB355DBFFF7FFA8DE14FA9E683FFAF1" box="[893,1116,1380,1404]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-15.133333" longLatPrecision="1286" longitude="-65.3" municipality="Moxos" name="San Ignacio de Moxos" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">San Ignacio de Moxos</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8D90EFA9E6888FAF1" authority="Ichiguita" authorityName="Ichiguita" box="[1127,1259,1380,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Río Ichiguita</taxonomicName>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EE5865C7FFF7FFA8D99EFA9E6925FAF1" box="[1271,1350,1380,1404]" degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="-15.133333">15°08S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5865C7FFF7FFA8D83BFA9E69CAFAF1" box="[1362,1449,1380,1404]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="-65.3">65°18W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF7FFA8DE44FA846F13FA1B" box="[813,880,1406,1430]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="155.0">
<elevation id="0041E433FFF7FFA8DE44FA846F13FA1B" box="[813,880,1406,1430]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="155.0">155 m</elevation>
</quantity>
;
<date id="FFD225C0FFF7FFA8DE15FA846F85FA1B" box="[892,998,1406,1430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2005-05-19">
<collectingDate id="EF96DC28FFF7FFA8DE15FA846F85FA1B" box="[892,998,1406,1430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2005-05-19">
19.
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8DEF1FA846FCFFA1B" box="[920,940,1406,1430]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.2005
</collectingDate>
</date>
; C.
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D978FA846837FA1B" box="[1041,1108,1406,1430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Hamel</collectorName>
and
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D9EEFA8568FBFA1B" box="[1159,1176,1407,1430]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">T</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8D9CBFA84689BFA1B" box="[1186,1272,1406,1430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Vidaurre</collectorName>
leg;
<collectingMethod id="522D7B17FFF7FFA8D843FA846F35FA3D" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">human faeces trap</collectingMethod>
, savanna; ex
<collectorName id="269966D6FFF7FFA8DEBDFA636817FA3C" box="[980,1140,1433,1457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">W. D. Edmonds</collectorName>
colletion;
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF7FFA8D9B2FA636944FA3C" box="[1243,1319,1433,1457]" collectionName="USA, Texas, College Station, Texas A &amp; M University" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14193" name="Texas A&amp;amp;M University" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">TAMU</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C376508BFFF7FFAEDE44FA096939FEBC" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFA8DE44FA096885F9C0" blockId="17.[813,1254,1523,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
ON THE PUBLICATION DATE OF
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF7FFA8DE33F9E96885F9C0" authorityYear="2015" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DE33F9E96839F9A0" box="[858,1114,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">GROMPHAS JARDIM</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8DE44F9C96885F9C0" author="CUPELLO &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO" box="[813,1254,1586,1613]" firstAuthor="CUPELLO" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">CUPELLO &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF7FFABDE44F9896D46FAC3" blockId="17.[811,1457,1650,2027]" lastBlockId="18.[132,777,1204,2028]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
In a previous publication (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF7FFA8D923F98869C2F901" author="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z." box="[1098,1441,1650,1676]" firstAuthor="Vaz-de-Mello" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref30873" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2018. - A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martinez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), with a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ' Canthon sensu lato '. European Journal of Taxonomy 467: 1 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.467" type="journal article" year="2018" yearSuffix="a">Vaz-de-Mello &amp; Cupello 2018a</bibRefCitation>
), I followed Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF7FFA8DE94F9696850F921" box="[1021,1075,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
s (2013; 2015a, b) arguments and considered that an electronic work is only available for nomenclatural purposes once it is published with the pagination and other bibliographical information of its version issued as part of a journals volume. For that reason, electronic-only versions of articles that are originally published with their own pagination but are later (re)issued as part of a particular volume of a journal, and, consequently, are given new pagination corresponding to the sequence of works published in that volume, were previously considered unavailable in their detached versions. Nomenclatural novelties contained in them i.e., new names and nomenclatural acts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF4FFABDFDDFB4E6C9EFB63" author="Dubois" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref31502" refString="DUBOIS A., CROCHET P. - A., DICKINSON E. C., NEMESIO A., AESCHT E., BAUER A. M., BLAGODEROV V., BOUR R., DE CARVALHO M. R., DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS L., FRETEY T., JAGER P., KOYAMBA V., LAVILLA E. O., LOBL I., LOUCHART A., MALECOT V., SCHATZ H. &amp; OHLER A. 2013. - Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa 3735: 1 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3735.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF4FFABDDEDFB2E6CD9FB63" box="[132,186,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
) would only be given availability when their volume-integrated versions finally appeared. Nevertheless, after additional thought and reading, I changed my stance on this matter.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF135388FFF4FFABDDEDFBD66E67FBE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668019/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" startId="18.[132,143,1068,1086]" targetBox="[109,1484,93,1058]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF4FFABDDEDFBD66E67FBE6" blockId="18.[132,1458,1067,1131]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF4FFABDDEDFBD66CFDFBB1" baselines="1081,1081" box="[132,158,1068,1086]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 8. — The male specimen of the rare
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF4FFABDCBDFBD16F3CFBB3" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, 2015" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[468,863,1067,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF4FFABDCBDFBD16E01FBB3" box="[468,610,1067,1086]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Gromphas jardim</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF4FFABDF0EFBD16F3CFBB3" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" box="[615,863,1067,1086]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
newly discovered in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, USA. With the destruction of one of the paratypes in the 2018 Museu Nacional fire, it is one of the eight specimens known to survive in collections. Photographs courtesy of Paul Skelley (FSCA).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF4FFABDDF2FAAE6963FAE0" blockId="18.[132,777,1204,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[810,1457,1204,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">My new rationale is that when a work is registered in Zoobank and its first electronic-only detached version (i.e., not incorporated into a volume) is clearly intended by its journal to be a proper publication (i.e., not just a preliminary version, preview, early version, uncorrected proof ), this detached version should be deemed the work where new nomenclatural novelties are given availability. In turn, the later, re-paginated version integrated into a journals volume should be interpreted in the same way as second printings or second editions of printed works are; i.e., not as a modified version of a previous unfinished work, but instead as a new, independent available version of a work that is already available. The detached version with its own pagination and the one with volume pagination should, therefore, be seen as two independent available works; instead of seeing the pagination of the detached version as preliminary and the one of the volume version as definitive, it should be interpreted that the pagination in the former is definitive and the one in the latter is a new version. If this whole argument is accepted, the early electronic-only detached versions comply with Article 8.1.1 and are thus not to be deemed preliminary versions as referred to by Articles 9.9 and 21.8.3. If they are dated, they can be interpreted as preprints as defined in the Codes glossary. Provided that they comply with the other demands of Article 8, these preprints, i.e., the detached versions, are available publications and can be the place where nomenclatural novelties are made available.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF4FFABDE2AFA89687BF8C6" blockId="18.[810,1457,1204,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Evidence that the journal has the intention of effectively publishing the work and not merely posting a preliminary version on its website i.e., that the journal issued the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF4FFABD814FA4969D2FA40" box="[1405,1457,1459,1485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">PDF</collectionCode>
with the clear purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record of the content of the work (Article 8.1.1 of the Code) will most usually and clearly come from the journals use of the unambiguous expression published online on [date] or published on [date] instead of alternatives like available on-line since/from [date] to refer to the date when the detached version of the work was made public. Likewise, the use of the term Version of Record (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF4FFABD815F9486F05F960" author="Krell" firstAuthor="Krell" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krell 2015</bibRefCitation>
) confirms the intention of permanently publishing the work, whereas terms like early view may indicate a preliminary version and others such as accepted certainly denotes a preliminary version.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF4FFAADE2AF8AB6D3CF861" blockId="18.[810,1457,1204,2028]" lastBlockId="19.[130,777,1491,2028]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
This whole argument and my new conclusion are particularly relevant in regard to the paper published by me and Vaz-de-Mello in the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF4FFABDEC6F86B68D1F826" box="[943,1202,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Journal of Natural History</emphasis>
on a new species and the phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF4FFABDED5F84B6845F846" authorityName=", Dejean" authorityYear="1836" box="[956,1062,1969,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF4FFABDED5F84B6845F846" box="[956,1062,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Gromphas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its electronic-only detached version was uploaded to the journals website on
<date id="FFD225C0FFF4FFABD9B1F82B69C9F861" box="[1240,1450,2001,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" value="2015-10-12">12th October 2015</date>
, whilst its volume-integrated version was sent to print on
<date id="FFD225C0FFF5FFAADFBDFA296D6BF980" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" value="2016-03-15">15th March 2016</date>
(Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication,
<date id="FFD225C0FFF5FFAADCFCF9E86E25F9A0" box="[405,582,1554,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" value="2020-02-06">6 February 2020</date>
). Considering that the journal uses the expression published online to refer to its 2015 detached version (
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFF5FFAADCC9F9A86D92F9E1" box="[416,497,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[131,142,1157,1175]" captionTargetBox="[137,1448,231,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-330@19.[132,1455,216,1151]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — The publication date of Gromphas jardim Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, part I; A, the webpage of Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos article in the Journal of Natural History. Notice that the information mixes data from the detached and the volume-integrated versions. The green arrow points to the publication date of the detached version as indicated by the journal, 12th October 2015, whereas the red arrow points to the bibliographical information concerning solely the volumeintegrated version published in 2016. Note also that the journal uses the expression published online (not ahead of print, early view, or the like) to refer to the detached version, denoting that it was not considered preliminary, but a proper publication; B, the upper part of the first page of the PDF of the detached version. The yellow arrow points to the publication year of the PDF, 2015; the white arrow indicates the article history. Note that, while the full date, including the day and month, of the submission and acceptance are given (white arrow), only the year of the publication is mentioned (yellow arrow); C, the same page in the PDF of the volume-integrated version. The pink arrow points to the bibliographical data of this version (publication year, volume,number, and pagination), whereas the black arrow shows the updated article history. Observe that here, the full publication date of the detached version (Online) is given. The full date of the publication of the volume-integrated edition itself, however, is not given anywhere either in the PDF or on the journals website. I was able to obtain the date when this version was sent to print, 15th March 2016, through direct inquiry with the publisher." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668021/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) and that, according to its Editor in Chief Andrew Polaszek (personal communication,
<date id="FFD225C0FFF5FFAADDEDF9686D30F921" box="[132,339,1682,1709]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" value="2020-02-05">5th February 2020</date>
), this is meant to signify that it is the definitive version of the paper (i.e., in his words, the Version of Record), I follow them and treat the 2015 detached version as definitive (i.e., not preliminary). It is, therefore, the first available work wherein the species-group name
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF5FFAADFF2F8E86CB8F8C6" authority="Cupello" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADFF2F8E86F64F8A1" box="[667,775,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">G. jardim</emphasis>
Cupello
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Vaz-de-Mello appeared and where it was made available. The works 2016 volume-integrated version is, in turn, a new edition with modified bibliographical information and no special nomenclatural relevance. In conclusion, the publication date of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF5FFAADC3CF8486DD8F846" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[341,443,1969,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADC3CF8486DD8F846" box="[341,443,1969,1996]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that of the detached version:
<date id="FFD225C0FFF5FFAADDEDF82B6D38F861" box="[132,347,2001,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" value="2015-10-12">12th October 2015</date>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF135388FFF5FFAADDEAFB7F6FA3FAF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668021/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" startId="19.[131,142,1157,1175]" targetBox="[137,1448,231,1096]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF5FFAADDEAFB7F6FA3FAF7" blockId="19.[131,1455,1157,1402]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF5FFAADDEAFB7F6CF8FB18" baselines="1170,1170" box="[131,155,1157,1175]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 9. — The publication date of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF5FFAADCF3FB7F6E0CFB1A" authority="Cupello" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[410,623,1157,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADCF3FB7F6E4AFB1A" box="[410,553,1157,1175]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Gromphas jardim</emphasis>
Cupello
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Vaz-de-Mello, part I;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADE5CFB7F6F21FB1A" bold="true" box="[821,834,1157,1175]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
, the webpage of Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos article in the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAAD870FB7F6CDEFB20" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Journal of Natural History</emphasis>
. Notice that the information mixes data from the detached and the volume-integrated versions. The
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAAD964FB61681AFB20" bold="true" box="[1037,1145,1179,1197]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">green arrow</emphasis>
points to the publication date of the detached version as indicated by the journal, 12th October 2015, whereas the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADE62FB486F02FB49" bold="true" box="[779,865,1202,1220]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">red arrow</emphasis>
points to the bibliographical information concerning solely the volumeintegrated version published in 2016. Note also that the journal uses the expression published online (not ahead of print, early view, or the like) to refer to the detached version, denoting that it was not considered preliminary, but a proper publication;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADEC7FB256FD8FB7C" bold="true" box="[942,955,1247,1265]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
, the upper part of the first page of the PDF of the detached version. The
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADD84FB0C6D3DFA85" bold="true" box="[237,350,1270,1288]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">yellow arrow</emphasis>
points to the publication year of the PDF, 2015; the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADE64FB0C6F14FA85" bold="true" box="[781,887,1270,1288]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">white arrow</emphasis>
indicates the article history. Note that, while the full date, including the day and month, of the submission and acceptance are given (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADFCCFAF76F6EFA92" bold="true" box="[677,781,1293,1311]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">white arrow</emphasis>
), only the year of the publication is mentioned (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAAD9F0FAF76969FA92" bold="true" box="[1177,1290,1293,1311]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">yellow arrow</emphasis>
);
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAAD870FAF76944FA92" bold="true" box="[1305,1319,1293,1311]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">C</emphasis>
, the same page in the PDF of the volume-integrated version. The
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADF71FAD96E14FAB8" bold="true" box="[536,631,1315,1333]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">pink arrow</emphasis>
points to the bibliographical data of this version (publication year, volume,number, and pagination), whereas the
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF5FFAADD84FAC06D35FAC1" bold="true" box="[237,342,1338,1356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">black arrow</emphasis>
shows the updated article history. Observe that here, the full publication date of the detached version (Online) is given. The full date of the publication of the volume-integrated edition itself, however, is not given anywhere either in the PDF or on the journals website. I was able to obtain the date when this version was sent to print, 15th March 2016, through direct inquiry with the publisher.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF5FFADDE2AFA296E78F9C1" blockId="19.[811,1457,1491,2028]" lastBlockId="20.[130,777,1363,2028]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
A similar, though not identical, proposal was put forward by
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF5FFAADE39FA096FF6F980" box="[848,917,1523,1549]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">ICZN</collectionCode>
Commissioner Frank-Thorsten Krell a few years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF5FFAADE0BF9E86FB0F9A0" author="Krell" box="[866,979,1554,1581]" firstAuthor="Krell" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krell2015</bibRefCitation>
). In a few words, applying the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF5FFAAD87CF9E96937F9A0" box="[1301,1364,1555,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">NISO</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF5FFAAD835F9E969CCF9A0" box="[1372,1455,1555,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">ALPSP</collectionCode>
Recommendations, Krell sees the detached and volume-integrated versions not as a first and a second independently available edition of a publication as I do here, but as the very same work and, indeed, the very same version of the work, for changes in pagination and information about volume and issue (bibliographical metadata) are not considered as changes in the content. Similar to my proposal, availability is gained upon the publication of what I call here the detached version provided that it is considered the Version of Record by the publisher and is not further modified without warning. I decided not to follow Krells exact proposal, however, because I judge that mine avoids several uncertainties associated with his. These include determining whether a journal follows the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF5FFAADE44F82B6F0FF866" box="[813,876,2001,2027]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">NISO</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF5FFAADE1DF82B6FA4F866" box="[884,967,2001,2027]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">ALPSP</collectionCode>
Recommendations (e.g., do amateur or small museum or society journals follow them?) or whether a Version of Record has been later modified to produce a Corrected or an Enhanced Version of Record without explicit indication, in which case the original detached version becomes unavailable under Krells guidelines but not under mine. How can one ever know and be assured that a Version of Record will not be later modified without warning and, thereby, make a previously available work unavailable?
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF135388FFF2FFADDDECFB80681BFA99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668023/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" startId="20.[133,144,1146,1164]" targetBox="[237,1305,212,1108]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF2FFADDDECFB80681BFA99" blockId="20.[133,1462,1146,1300]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF2FFADDDECFB806CFEFB06" baselines="1159,1160" box="[133,157,1146,1164]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 10. — The publication date of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF2FFADDCC1FB806E1EFB01" authority="Cupello" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[424,637,1146,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDCC1FB806E54FB01" box="[424,567,1146,1164]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">Gromphas jardim</emphasis>
Cupello
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Vaz-de-Mello, part II;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDE20FB806F35FB01" bold="true" box="[841,854,1146,1164]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
, footer of the first page of the PDF of the detached version showing the Zoobank link of the article (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDC0DFB6B6DB6FB2E" bold="true" box="[356,469,1169,1187]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">yellow arrow</emphasis>
);
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDC8AFB6B6D93FB2E" bold="true" box="[483,496,1169,1187]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">B</emphasis>
, footer of the first page of the PDF of the volume-integrated version. Notice that, although this version was published in 2016 (and is dated as such at the upper part of the same page; see Fig. 6C), the footer is dated 2015 (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDEB6FB52685EFB37" bold="true" box="[991,1085,1192,1210]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">pink arrow</emphasis>
). The
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADD906FB5268ACFB37" bold="true" box="[1135,1231,1192,1210]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">gray arrow</emphasis>
shows that it is the full date of the detached version that is given in the volume-integrated version;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDFB0FB446E84FB5D" bold="true" box="[729,743,1214,1232]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">C</emphasis>
, the webpage of Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos article in Zoobank. Note that even though the publication date stated on the website correctly refers to the detached version (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDE2EFB2F6FD7FB6A" bold="true" box="[839,948,1237,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">green arrow</emphasis>
), the information in the Journal Article section is inaccurate (
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDDE0FB166C83FB73" bold="true" box="[137,224,1260,1278]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">red arrow</emphasis>
). It mixes the publication year of the detached edition (2015) with the bibliographical information of the 2016 volume-integrated version (50 (15-16): 943-969). The correct pagination of the 2015 detached version the one wherein
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF2FFADDE58FAF86F1FFA99" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[817,892,1282,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDE58FAF86F1FFA99" box="[817,892,1282,1300]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was made available is 1-27.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF2FFACDDF2F9A86F61FE3D" blockId="20.[130,777,1363,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[130,777,215,2028]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">
Krells proposal also creates difficulties during the preparation of lists of references and catalogues. How should one cite a work first issued as a detached version? By the pagination and publication date of this detached version or by those of the later volume-integrated version?Take the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF2FFADDF13F9286EBEF961" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[634,733,1746,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDF13F9286EBEF961" box="[634,733,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for instance: both versions consist of 27 pages of text (the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF2FFADDFDFF9086E89F881" box="[694,746,1778,1804]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">PDF</collectionCode>
of the volume version has an additional unpaginated cover page containing basically bibliographical information), but their pagination is not the same. While the 2015 detached version is paginated [1]-27, the 2016 volume version is paginated [943]-969. The information making the name available, in particular, appears on pages 4 (information on the
<typeStatus id="54D7BDA2FFF2FFADDFF6F84B6E9CF846" box="[671,767,1969,1995]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) and 7-8 (description) of the detached version, and on pages 946 and 949-950 of the volume-integrated version. When citing the name
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF2FFADDEB5FA8E6820FA00" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2015" box="[988,1091,1395,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jardim">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF2FFADDEB5FA8E6820FA00" box="[988,1091,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">G. jardim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a work, its authorship and year of publication must be given as
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF2FFADD9FCFA696F0DFA43" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" pagination="943 - 969" refId="ref30727" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2015. - A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Journal of Natural History electronic-only detached version: 1 - 27. [publication data for nomenclatural purposes: 12 th October 2015 (information available at the journal's website: https: // doi. org / 1 0.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099)] [volume-integrated version published in 2016 - on or after 15 th March, the day it was sent to print (Henrietta Thomson, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, personal communication to MC, 6 th February 2020) -, as volume 50 (15 - 16): 943 - 969] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1091099" type="journal article" year="2015">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, 2015</bibRefCitation>
, for 2015 was the year when the name was made available under Krells criteria (as well as under mine). But should the paper be dated 2015 or
<quantity id="4C94AEE5FFF2FFADD9DAFA096969F980" box="[1203,1290,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12064" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" unit="in" value="2016.0">2016 in</quantity>
the references? If 2015, then this will agree with the year of the authorship of the name as cited in the text; but which pagination to cite in the same reference? If the one of the detached version, then the volume-integrated version will essentially be ignored (just like I propose). But if, instead, the pagination of the volume-integrated version is to be cited, then it will be inconsistent with its publication date being cited
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF2FFADD83FF92869C8F960" author="DAMBORSKY M. P. &amp; BOHLE M. C. A. &amp; POLESEL M. G. I. &amp; PORCEL E. A. &amp; FONTANA J. L." box="[1366,1451,1746,1773]" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" pagination="30 - 39" part="44" refId="ref31102" refString="DAMBORSKY M. P., BOHLE M. C. A., POLESEL M. G. I., PORCEL E. A. &amp; FONTANA J. L. 2015. - Spatial and temporal variation of dung beetle assemblages in a fragmented landscape at eastern humid chaco. Neotropical Entomology 44: 30 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 014 - 0257 - 2" title="Spatial and temporal variation of dung beetle assemblages in a fragmented landscape at eastern humid chaco" type="journal article" year="2015">as 2015</bibRefCitation>
, for this is not the pagination of the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF2FFADD9C7F9086881F881" box="[1198,1250,1778,1804]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">PDF</collectionCode>
published in 2015 (this inconsistency is present, for example, on the Zoobank webpage of Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos article; see
<figureCitation id="13571F85FFF2FFADD829F8CB69C1F8C1" box="[1344,1442,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[133,144,1146,1164]" captionTargetBox="[237,1305,212,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-433@20.[132,1455,216,1151]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — The publication date of Gromphas jardim Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, part II; A, footer of the first page of the PDF of the detached version showing the Zoobank link of the article (yellow arrow); B, footer of the first page of the PDF of the volume-integrated version. Notice that, although this version was published in 2016 (and is dated as such at the upper part of the same page; see Fig. 6C), the footer is dated 2015 (pink arrow). The gray arrow shows that it is the full date of the detached version that is given in the volume-integrated version; C, the webpage of Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mellos article in Zoobank. Note that even though the publication date stated on the website correctly refers to the detached version (green arrow), the information in the Journal Article section is inaccurate (red arrow). It mixes the publication year of the detached edition (2015) with the bibliographical information of the 2016 volume-integrated version (50 (15-16): 943-969). The correct pagination of the 2015 detached version the one wherein G. jardim was made available is 1-27." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668023/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="41">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). If, to fix this problem, one decides to cite the article in the references based entirely on the information of the volume-integrated version, including its year of publication (2016), then the inconsistency will be with the year of publication mentioned in the text for the authorship of the name (2015). In one way or the other, considering the detached and the volume-integrated versions as the same as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDFBDFF0D6CADFEBF" author="Krell" firstAuthor="Krell" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krell (2015)</bibRefCitation>
is, as aptly pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDC9CFEED6EBCFEBF" author="Dubois" box="[501,735,279,306]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="252 - 265" refId="ref31751" refString="DUBOIS A., BOUR R. &amp; OHLER A. 2015 b. - Nomenclatural availability of preliminary electronic versions of taxonomic papers: in need of a clear definition. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (3): 252 - 265. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 3. a 1" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDF25FEE26EE3FEBC" box="[588,640,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
(2015b)
</bibRefCitation>
, an artificial procedure and creates a lot of problems. Under my proposal, in contrast, the date and pagination to be cited on the list of references are unambiguous: those of the detached version, as it was there where the name was made available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFACDDF2FE4C6E90FCC2" blockId="21.[130,777,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDDF2FE4C6D09FE5C" author="Dubois" box="[155,362,438,465]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="6 - 18" refId="ref31673" refString="DUBOIS A., BOUR R. &amp; OHLER A. 2015 a. - What is an online ' preliminary version' of a publication in the meaning of Article 9.9 of the Code? - One more step on the trail of the Asian elephant. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 6 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 13" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDD84FE4D6D7FFE5D" box="[237,284,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
(2015a
</bibRefCitation>
, b) have already made similar comments and stressed the importance of page citation in taxonomic works, a claim that I fully endorse. The fact that pagination is not regulated by the Code,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDCB9FDED6E16FDBC" author="KRELL F. - T." box="[464,629,534,561]" firstAuthor="as Krell" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">as Krell (2015)</bibRefCitation>
argued, does not make it less relevant for taxonomists and cataloguers or its stability less desirable. On the contrary, anyone who has carried out a taxonomic project, particularly the preparation of catalogues and comprehensive systematic revisions or, to be more general, anyone who has needed to check in the original publication a quotation or specific information cited by a third author is aware of the importance of knowing, and being able to cite, the exact and unambiguous place in a publication where a piece of information is to be found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFACDDF2FCAC6E9EF901" blockId="21.[130,777,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
In contrast to
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDC52FCAF6DB1FCFD" author="Krell's" box="[315,466,853,880]" firstAuthor="Krell's" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krells (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, my procedure, I believe, is more straightforward and in line with the way the Code and zoologists have been approaching printed publications for decades: once a work has been published in a way to satisfy the Codes criteria of availability, that version is the definitive one where new nomenclatural acts are established, no matter how many new modified versions are later reissued or whether the original version is no longer obtainable from the publisher. Concerning the latter point
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDF2DFBAF6E00FBE3" box="[580,611,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">viz</emphasis>
., the detached version not being publicly obtainable after being replaced by the volume-paginated version on the journals website , it could be argued (see, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDCABFB4E6EFCFB42" author="Dubois" box="[450,671,1204,1231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="252 - 265" refId="ref31751" refString="DUBOIS A., BOUR R. &amp; OHLER A. 2015 b. - Nomenclatural availability of preliminary electronic versions of taxonomic papers: in need of a clear definition. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (3): 252 - 265. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 3. a 1" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDF73FB4F6E33FB43" box="[538,592,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2015b
</bibRefCitation>
) as a difficulty for implementing my proposal. However, if Krell is correct (and I believe he is) that the later volume-integrated versions are almost always identical to the early detached ones except for their bibliographical content (but see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDF17FAC96CDEFAE0" author="Dubois" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref31502" refString="DUBOIS A., CROCHET P. - A., DICKINSON E. C., NEMESIO A., AESCHT E., BAUER A. M., BLAGODEROV V., BOUR R., DE CARVALHO M. R., DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS L., FRETEY T., JAGER P., KOYAMBA V., LAVILLA E. O., LOBL I., LOUCHART A., MALECOT V., SCHATZ H. &amp; OHLER A. 2013. - Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa 3735: 1 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3735.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDFBCFACE6F64FAC0" box="[725,775,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), then there should be no problem: in practice, these volume-integrated versions can be used as surrogates for the detached versions when these are not obtainable. Nevertheless, if Dubois is correct and many journals do produce volume-integrated versions with additional modifications, then my procedure will safeguard the availability of the early works, which would become unavailable under Krells, and avoid the chaos of never knowing whether a work has been or will be made unavailable due to modifications included without warning in subsequent versions produced by the publisher.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFACDDF2F96869CAFEDC" blockId="21.[130,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
Despite my new stance on electronic publications, I still consider Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDC52F9496D0EF941" box="[315,365,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
s (2013, 2015a, b) arguments to be in most parts quite sensible, as indeed recognised by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACDFEFF9286F64F960" author="Krell" box="[646,775,1746,1773]" firstAuthor="Krell" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krell (2015)</bibRefCitation>
himself, and should be taken into consideration by readers. I only prefer my new stance over Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDF58F8E86E01F8A1" box="[561,610,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
s because I consider mine protects more widely the availability and priority of new names and nomenclatural acts and leaves authors less exposed to bad editorial procedures over which they are usually powerless. Under my proposal, editors have to comply with fewer requirements for a work to be available (e.g., they can produce as many modified versions as they like without threatening the availability of the original work), and so it is easier (and faster) for new names and nomenclatural acts to be available than under Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACD933FEE268EFFEBC" box="[1114,1164,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
s, and all while still respecting the principle of permanency of the zoological literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFACDE2AFEAD682CFCC2" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
It must be noted that
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACD959FEAD6962FEFC" author="Dubois" box="[1072,1281,343,369]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref31502" refString="DUBOIS A., CROCHET P. - A., DICKINSON E. C., NEMESIO A., AESCHT E., BAUER A. M., BLAGODEROV V., BOUR R., DE CARVALHO M. R., DESUTTER-GRANDCOLAS L., FRETEY T., JAGER P., KOYAMBA V., LAVILLA E. O., LOBL I., LOUCHART A., MALECOT V., SCHATZ H. &amp; OHLER A. 2013. - Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa 3735: 1 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3735.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACD9EFFEA268D9FEFC" box="[1158,1210,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
(2013
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACD866FEAD6930FEFF" author="Dubois" box="[1295,1363,343,370]" firstAuthor="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="6 - 18" refId="ref31673" refString="DUBOIS A., BOUR R. &amp; OHLER A. 2015 a. - What is an online ' preliminary version' of a publication in the meaning of Article 9.9 of the Code? - One more step on the trail of the Asian elephant. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 6 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 13" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">2015a</bibRefCitation>
, b) have analysed the alternative that I present here
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACD86EFE8D6945FE1D" box="[1287,1318,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">viz</emphasis>
., to treat the detached and volume-integrated PDFs as different works and to deem them independently available , but came to a different conclusion. While they agree with the first part of the argument that the two versions are distinct publications, not the same as argued by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF3FFACD972FDEC68C2FDBC" author="Krell" box="[1051,1185,534,561]" firstAuthor="Krell" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref33371" refString="KRELL F. - T. 2015. - A mixed bag: when are early online publications available for nomenclatural purposes? Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72 (1): 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 72 i 1. a 14" type="journal article" year="2015">Krell (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, they consider that the first version, the detached version, is unavailable because, in their opinion, it fails to comply with Articles 8.1.1 and 9.9. Their point is that because the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF3FFACD913FD8C68CDFD1D" box="[1146,1198,630,656]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">PDF</collectionCode>
of the detached version is removed from the journals website and replaced with the volume version once the latter is published, this would indicate that the journal regarded the detached version as only preliminary and so that it did not have the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record as demanded by Article 8.1.1. I disagree.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFACDE2AFCAF6933F9C0" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
The term published, if used by the journal to refer to the detached version, clearly denotes the stated purpose of the editors and publishers that the content of this version is public, citable, and a permanent part of the scientific literature. However, if, in practice, they replace the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF3FFACD9BCFC2F696AFC62" box="[1237,1289,981,1007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">PDF</collectionCode>
of the detached version with that of the volume-integrated version and the former thus ceases to be accessible from the journals website, this does not deny the original intention (the purpose) behind their action. Rather, this only shows either that the editors are bona fide ignorant of the intricacies of the Code (they believe that replacing the original
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF3FFACD956FB6E6810FB23" box="[1087,1139,1172,1198]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">PDF</collectionCode>
with another nearly identical, differing only in the bibliographical data, would not interfere with the availability of the original work; i.e., it would not interfere with its original purpose of being a permanent scientific record), or that they simply disagree with Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACDE44FACE6F3CFAC0" box="[813,863,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
s interpretation of what a published work is and that, in their interpretation, replacing the PDFs would not go against Article 8.1.1 (e.g., if they follow Krells proposal). The point is not whether the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF3FFACDEBEFA6E6868FA23" box="[983,1035,1428,1454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">PDF</collectionCode>
of the detached version remains obtainable from the journals website or not, but rather, what the original intention of the editors was in preparing the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF3FFACD836FA2969F0FA60" box="[1375,1427,1491,1517]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">PDF</collectionCode>
of the detached version. Article 8.1.1 does not demand a work to be permanently public, but only that it being permanently public has to be the publishers original intention1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF3FFAEDE2AF9A86ECCFE1C" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" lastBlockId="23.[130,777,215,1709]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">
Being, in practice, permanently obtainable from the publisher has indeed never been a requirement for a work to be available or to be regarded as a permanent scientific record in zoology. For instance, is the 10th edition of
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF3FFACD86AF94869CCF941" box="[1283,1455,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="42">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
still obtainable from Lars Salvius? Of course not. It is currently only accessible through original copies in a handful of public and private libraries and a very few antique bookshops around the world, through photocopies or facsimile reproductions, or through digitised copies obtainable online from specialised websites (e.g., Biodiversity Heritage Library, Google Books). This situation is analogous to that of detached versions that have been removed from their respective journals websites: they remain in existence only on the computers (digital library) of those who downloaded them before removal, or of those who had the
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF1FFAEDC79FF026D27FE9F" box="[272,324,248,274]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">PDF</collectionCode>
shared with them by colleagues, as well as in physical libraries in the form of house-made printed copies, or stored on academic social networks like
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF1FFAEDF16FECD6F64FEDC" box="[639,775,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">ResearchGate</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF1FFAEDDCDFEAD6D69FEFC" box="[164,266,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Academia</emphasis>
. In all these cases, modern or old, new copies ceased to be obtainable from the original publisher.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF135388FFF0FFAFDDEAF8AC69D3F87D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668025/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" startId="22.[131,142,1878,1896]" targetBox="[207,1365,216,1830]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF0FFAFDDEAF8AC69D3F87D" blockId="22.[131,1456,1878,2032]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
<smallCapsWord id="8D3595DCFFF0FFAFDDEAF8AC6CFFF8EA" baselines="1891,1892" box="[131,156,1878,1896]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 11. — Newly (re)discovered specimens of the potentially extinct
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF0FFAFDFDBF8AC6FBAF8E5" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[690,985,1878,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDFDBF8AC6F28F8E5" box="[690,843,1878,1896]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Gromphas dichroa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDE26F8AC6FBAF8E5" author="Blanchard" box="[847,985,1878,1896]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. &amp; BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard,1846</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDEB6F8AC6F8FF8E5" bold="true" box="[991,1004,1878,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
, labels of the holotype female and oldest known specimen, property of the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle, Paris. It had been deemed lost in the last revision of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFD9E3F89669E3F8F2" author="Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" box="[1162,1408,1900,1919]" firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" pagination="439 - 482" refId="ref30610" refString="CUPELLO M. &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2013. - Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brulle, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina). Zootaxa 3722 (4): 439 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.4.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDDEAF8796C8FF818" bold="true" box="[131,236,1923,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">black arrow</emphasis>
indicates a label in Harolds handwriting;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDF29F8796EC8F818" author="Harold" box="[576,683,1923,1941]" firstAuthor="Harold" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" refId="ref32645" refString="HAROLD E. 1869 a. - Catalogus coleopterorum. Hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Gummi, Munich: 979 - 1346 + [8]. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 27 th May 1969 (based on Bousquet 2016)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9641549" type="journal volume" year="1869">Harold (1869</bibRefCitation>
b) indeed reported the study of the specimen during his visit to the MNHN, when he confirmed that the species belongs to
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDC01F8606DAFF821" box="[360,460,1946,1964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF0FFAFDC01F8606DDCF821" authorityName=", Dejean" authorityYear="1836" box="[360,447,1946,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gromphas</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as originally maintained by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDFDBF8606F5DF821" author="Blanchard" box="[690,830,1946,1964]" firstAuthor="Blanchard" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref29449" refString="BLANCHARD E. 1846. - [livraison 80: 169 - 184, pl. 31], in BLANCHARD E. &amp; BRULLE G. A. 1835 - 1846. Voyage dans L'Amerique Meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique orientale de L'Uruguay, la Republique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique du Perou), execute pendant les annees 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome Sixieme. 2 e partie: Insectes. P. Bertrand, Paris, and Ve. Lerrault, Strasbourg, 222 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 18 th December 1846 (Evenhuis, personal communication, 3 rd September 2019)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2531073" type="book chapter" year="1846">Blanchard (1846)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDE0EF8606F95F821" author="Lacordaire" box="[871,1014,1946,1964]" firstAuthor="Lacordaire" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" refId="ref33551" refString="LACORDAIRE J. T. 1855. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Genera des coleopteres, ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Tome troisieme. Librairie Encyclopedique de ̿ oret, Paris, 594 p. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 29 th October 1855 (see Bousquet 2016); publication date of plate 27 depicting ' Gromphas lacordairei Blanch. ' is unclear and may have been different from the corresponding text. Here, for the sake of simplicity, I have accepted that both were published together.] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9612631" type="book" year="1855">Lacordaire (1855)</bibRefCitation>
instead of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF0FFAFD909F86068C7F821" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[1120,1188,1946,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Bolbites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFD909F86068C7F821" box="[1120,1188,1946,1964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">Bolbites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as he had previously suggested (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDDE1F84B6C9BF84E" author="Harold" box="[136,248,1969,1987]" firstAuthor="Harold" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" refId="ref32645" refString="HAROLD E. 1869 a. - Catalogus coleopterorum. Hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Gummi, Munich: 979 - 1346 + [8]. [publication date for nomenclatural purposes: 27 th May 1969 (based on Bousquet 2016)] https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9641549" type="journal volume" year="1869" yearSuffix="a">Harold 1869a</bibRefCitation>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD7EF1FFF0FFAFDC4DF84A6DDCF84E" author="Cupello" box="[292,447,1968,1987]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cupello" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" pagination="973 - 1034" refId="ref30946" refString="CUPELLO M., RIBEIRO-COSTA C. S &amp; VAZ-DE-MELLO F. Z. 2021. - The evolution of Bolbites onitoides (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini): its phylogenetic significance, geographical polychromatism and the subspecies problem. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society electronic-only detached version: 1 - 62 [volume-integrated version published in March 2022, volume 194 (3): 973 - 1034.] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 015" type="journal article" year="2021">
Cupello
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDC00F84B6DF1F84E" box="[361,402,1969,1987]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Courtesy of Federico Ocampo;
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDFBAF84B6E83F84E" bold="true" box="[723,736,1969,1987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDF83F84A6E9BF84F" bold="true" box="[746,760,1968,1986]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
, the specimen from the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. Courtesy of Alain Drumont (RBINS);
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF0FFAFDCC5F83D6DD9F854" bold="true" box="[428,442,1991,2009]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43">D</emphasis>
, the four-specimen series housed in the Museu Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Porto Alegre,Brazil. This series includes the most recently collected individual of the species, caught in Santa Catarina (Brazil) in 1954 (second from the left). Courtesy of Luísa Menezes da Silveira (MGAP).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDDF2FE6D6E27FC63" blockId="23.[130,777,215,1709]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
A similar thing could also be said of many printed journals published (currently or in the past) by small amateur societies, small museums, or even privately by amateurs around the world, particularly in Europe. Anyone who has worked on the taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C7883FFF1FFAEDC33FDEC6DB7FDBD" box="[346,468,534,560]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, for instance, knows how difficult it can be to obtain copies of papers published by many of these small journals. While this situation is far from desirable, rarity and difficulty of obtaining have never prevented a printed work from being available. Why should it be the case for electronic publications? Although it would undoubtedly be preferable for journals to maintain the detached version on their websites alongside the volume-integrated version, I see no reason why them failing to do so would be any different from printed works that ceased to be obtainable from the original publisher, nor why considering otherwise would be a natural (or even desirable) interpretation of the Code and its 2012 Amendment (
<collectionCode id="ED7D9BC5FFF1FFAEDC13FC6F6DDCFC22" box="[378,447,917,943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">ICZN</collectionCode>
2012). This would only create more uncertainties. So, I disagree with Dubois
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF1FFAEDF02FC4F6EFFFC42" box="[619,668,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
and argue for the proposal that I put forward above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDDF2FC0F6D1FF921" blockId="23.[130,777,215,1709]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">Yet, I concede that, sometimes, it can be difficult to ascertain the purpose of a detached version uploaded to a journals website. Such ambiguity may trigger endless quarrels about the publication date of a work under the Code, and detract zoologists from the actual object of their studies, animals and their biology. It would greatly serve stability and universality in zoological nomenclature and the science of zoology overall if journals and their publishers stated fully unambiguously their intention as related to Art. 8.1.1 when posting the PDFs of works containing zoological names and new nomenclatural acts on their websites2. Currently, there is nothing in the Code enforcing this. All I can do here is urge editors and publishers to expressly state on the first page of the earliest version of a work that they deem published that it has the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record. This will prevent any doubts about the works compliance with Art. 8.1.1 and, provided that the other criteria established in Chapter 3 of the Code are met, ensure its availability. At the same time, to solve this problem definitively in a formal way, I put forward the following proposal to the Commission: in the forthcoming 5th edition of the Code, Article 8.5.2 should be amended as follows:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDDFAF92F6E2FF966" blockId="23.[147,775,1749,1835]" box="[147,588,1749,1771]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF1FFAEDDFAF92F6CDAF967" bold="true" box="[147,185,1749,1770]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">8.5.</emphasis>
Works issued and distributed electronically
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDDFAF90C6C92F8A6" blockId="23.[147,775,1749,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">To be considered published, a work issued and distributed electronically must</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDC5DF8BC6D35F8D6" blockId="23.[308,342,1862,1883]" box="[308,342,1862,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">[...]</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD30300FFF1FFAEDDFAF88F6939FEBC" blockId="23.[147,776,1909,2027]" lastBlockId="23.[828,1457,219,305]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B918DF12FFF1FFAEDDFAF88F6CA8F807" bold="true" box="[147,203,1909,1930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44">8.5.2.</emphasis>
state the following sentence on its first or last page: This work is issued on [exact date of publication, with day, month, year] for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record as established in Article 8.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is registered in ZooBank under number [exact Zoobank registration number]. Text between square brackets is to be replaced with information relating to the work in question.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>