292 lines
34 KiB
XML
292 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="42143A0D747E396C328C33180D5C112F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1038228" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6116db9f-6823-4432-98f6-eabc9faa978b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1038228" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jeremy" approvalRequired="7" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="6" checkinTime="1509025528795" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Olshevsky, G." docDate="1995" docId="03B9306BF075ED04A1C734AF456BE7DF" docLanguage="en" docName="Olshevsky_Ford_1995_Dinotyrannus_Stygivenator(almost done).pdf.imf" docOrigin="Dino-Frontline 9" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Dinotyrannus megagracilis Olshevsky, 1995, n. comb." docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FF804813F077ED07A33435294264E000" masterDocTitle="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="92" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1695395669354" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:mods id="B45FAFA087ADEED23E0410D34AC2B7A1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="63F96C45CC936D3C42B24EA1A889A07E">
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<mods:title id="6BA8B81595DA5B20245CC556D5B50084">The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="86707295AC6D24A10B899CC151EB9147" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="DD8A52F19D8BE18D9D477A556BC2F032">
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<mods:roleTerm id="56391C28418F3363C653A45F2E745E24">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A507299E11C2C840F53729B1A85F3126">Olshevsky, G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DA2229949BD122F5B1486302F002310C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="10E13470E1B4639096A4D082916EA6FC" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6AB0B0EEBD140F20E18E6B5A9A591F41">
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<mods:title id="83ED9E866D8A4089DDD6000B4F4EBBD3">Dino-Frontline</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1F66F0B751443F9FC1180BEDB09A7D76">
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<mods:date id="DB939EFC67E436E7B112E54B59FD1870">1995</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="62B6EE95A7A3A3B3F95DAACBF441C121" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AD6F44745D1E277BBE2C94266431DC09">9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="9D8F7EE8C64794A4CC04C3621EA4A406" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="6D126FEDD95D6C117E78A3158D81A8CD">92</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="2B9A9228B0F184401A6433593DFE7EF8">119</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="CAE97BF6665B3DBE62296479A4871A1B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="090CE5253C177C429CF3C38C9EF510C9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1038228</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DD4E4D2ED9FA96AAC4074A768214796F" type="GBIF-Dataset">6116db9f-6823-4432-98f6-eabc9faa978b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EB29710F053993B80B941A116BA72671" type="Zenodo-Dep">1038228</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B9306BF075ED04A1C734AF456BE7DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483057" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158955854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483057" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9306BF075ED04A1C734AF456BE7DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9306BF075ED04A1C734AF456BE7DF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A1C734AF4133E425" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A1C734AF4527E1C5" blockId="2.[755,1859,390,456]" box="[755,1859,390,456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Box
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<pageNumber id="BBBB8AABF075ED05A04A34AF41C0E1C8" ambiguity="2" box="[894,932,390,456]" fuzzyness="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" score="1.0" value="3">3</pageNumber>
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: Description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A6AF34A04527E1C5" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1435,1859,393,453]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dinotyrannus</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A270370B40D6E248" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[324,690,546,584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Linnaean hierarchy:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A277377A4014E279" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[323,624,595,633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paraclass Reptilia</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A27A37AB40A1E2A8" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[334,709,642,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parasubclass Diapsida</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A26D3799417EE2D6" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[345,794,688,726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parainfraclass Archosauria</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A25737F641C3E305" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[355,935,735,773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parasuperorder Theropodomorpha</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A259363B40B0E338" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[365,724,786,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paraorder Theropoda</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A24C36694104E366" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[376,864,832,870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Suborder Tyrannosauria nov.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2B63646417FE395" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[386,795,879,917]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1373646417FE395" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[515,795,879,917]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2BB36B74139E3C4" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[399,861,926,964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A17236B74139E3C4" authorityName="Matthew & Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[582,861,926,964]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2AC36E7412BE3F4" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[408,847,974,1012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A2CA36E7409AE3F4" box="[510,766,974,1012]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</taxonomicName>
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nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A29636D64133E425" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" box="[418,855,1023,1061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A29636D64070E425" bold="true" box="[418,532,1023,1061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Genus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A12936D64162E425" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[541,774,1023,1061]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A12936D64162E425" box="[541,774,1023,1061]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A29831064122E487" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A29831064122E487" blockId="2.[323,1125,546,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Type species
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1AC310640CFE487" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="n. comb.">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1AC31064601E455" box="[664,1125,1071,1109]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dinotyrannus megagracilis</emphasis>
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(Paul, 1988)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A257E014F075ED05A18331484122E487" box="[695,838,1121,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A27731EA4608E517" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A27731EA4175E4E9" blockId="2.[323,1132,1219,1303]" box="[323,785,1219,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synonyms of type species:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2ED31D84608E517" blockId="2.[323,1132,1219,1303]" box="[473,1132,1265,1303]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB1A76CF075ED05A2ED31D84608E517" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[473,1132,1265,1303]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567-FFF7-5F21-FCAC-73B1D711FD29" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" treatmentCitationLabel="previousCombination">
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A2ED31D84608E517" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[473,1132,1265,1303]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A2ED31D841D4E517" box="[473,944,1265,1303]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Albertosaurus megagracilis</emphasis>
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Paul, 1988
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A277307C4085E60E" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A277307C4085E60E" blockId="2.[323,2247,1365,1550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Etymology:
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A128307C40EEE57B" box="[540,650,1365,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dino-,</emphasis>
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Latinized combining form of
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A7B6307C4693E57B" box="[1154,1271,1365,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">deinos,</emphasis>
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Greek for “terrible,” and
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A59E307C4531E57B" box="[1706,1877,1365,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-tyrannus,</emphasis>
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Latinized combining form of
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A15030AF4165E5AC" box="[612,769,1414,1452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">tyrannos,</emphasis>
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Greek for “tyrant,” “master,” or “despot”; thus, "terrible tyrant,” referring to its obvious carnivorous nature as well as to its close phyletic relationship to the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A5FE309F45DCE5DC" authorityName="Bakker, Currie & Williams" authorityYear="1988" box="[1738,1976,1462,1500]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A5FE309F45DCE5DC" box="[1738,1976,1462,1500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A2EA30C14085E60E" box="[478,737,1512,1550]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A2EA30C140B8E60E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[478,732,1512,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A2753360466AE7F1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2753360466AE7F1" blockId="2.[321,2271,1609,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A27533604383E66F" bold="true" box="[321,487,1609,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Holotype</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A2C6336040F1E66F" box="[498,661,1609,1647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">specimen</emphasis>
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of
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1E4336041C2E66F" bold="true" box="[720,934,1609,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type species</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B788B20F075ED05A08E336046C7E66F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396389301" box="[954,1187,1609,1647]" collectingDate="1967" collectionCode="LACM" collectorName="LACM Field Party" country="United States" county="Garfield Co." formation="Hell Creek Formation" geologicalContext="Cretaceous" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " lithostratigraphicTerms="Dark gray clay" location="Lester D. Engdahl ranch near Jordan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" preperations="partial skeleton including scattered skull and jaw elements, portions of nasals, maxillae, right lacrimal, prefrontals, frontals, partial parietal, supraoccipital, pterygoids, partial quadratojugals, partial right dentary, incomplete angulars and prearticulars, neraly complete right surangular, partial left surangular and left ulna, metacarpal II, manual ungual, partial left femur and tibia, complete right fibula, right astagalus, right metatarsals II and III, and 11 pedal phalanges" specimenCode="LACM 23845" stateProvince="Montana" typeStatus="holotype">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
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(
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<caption id="DF6FD1F5F075ED05A78F336041A5E69F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3258888/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[1315,2089,542,1122]" targetPageId="2">figure above by Tracy Lee Ford, view of right side of reconstructed skull, reversed</caption>
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), a partial skeleton including scattered skull and jaw elements (
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A4D433504A0FE69F" box="[2016,2155,1657,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">portions</emphasis>
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of nasals, maxillae, right lacrimal, prefrontals, frontals, partial parietal, supraoccipital, pterygoids, partial quadratojugals, partial right dentary, incomplete angulars and prearticulars, nearly complete right surangular, partial left surangular) and limb bones (left ulna, metacarpal II, manual ungual, partial left femur and tibia, complete right
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A0D932124634E761" box="[1005,1104,1851,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">fibula</emphasis>
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, right astragalus, right metatarsals ÏI and III, and 11 pedal phalanges), found in association and presumably belonging to the same individual. Presently at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. The looseness of the articulations of the skull bones strongly suggest the holotype individual was subadult
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED05A2753D05416FE8B4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2753D05416FE8B4" blockId="2.[321,2255,2092,2228]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type locality and horizon: Hell Creek Formation, on the Lester D. Engdahl ranch near Jordan, Garfield County, Montana, USA. Discovered in 1967 by a Los Angeles County Museum field party under the direction of J. Reed MacDonald.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F075ED04A2773DC645DEE3B3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BAF817DF075ED05A2773DC6472FEB8B" blockId="2.[323,2282,2287,2955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A2773DC64392E915" bold="true" box="[323,502,2287,2325]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: The genus
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1F43DC641D5E915" box="[704,945,2287,2325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1F43DC641CFE915" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[704,939,2287,2325]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dinotyrannus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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with an adult body length estimated at 11-12 meters, differs from all albertosaurinids (members of the paratribe Albertosaurini), such as
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A5763C36455EE945" box="[1602,1850,2335,2373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A5763C364550E945" box="[1602,1844,2335,2373]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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in lacking a lacrimal “horn”; that is, the lacrimal dorsal margin is more or less level with the dorsal surface of the skull. This character bars it from Albertosaurini and strongly supports inclusion in the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A4283CA84A7FE9A7" box="[1820,2075,2433,2471]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</taxonomicName>
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(or paratribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1493C9B413DE9D8" box="[637,857,2482,2520]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Tarbosaurini">Tarbosaurini</taxonomicName>
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). Nasals markedly downturned in front (giving a convex dorsal profile to the muzzle reminiscent of AMNH 5336 and USNM 12814, skulls perhaps wrongly referred to
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A4793CCB4A57EA08" box="[1869,2099,2530,2568]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A4793CCB4A49EA08" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1869,2093,2530,2568]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and some specimens of
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<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1F03F3A462FEA39" box="[708,1099,2579,2617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1F03F3A465FEA39" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[708,1083,2579,2617]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="efremovi">Tarbosaurus efremovi</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Nasals less constricted at junction with frontals than in either
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A2ED3F6A40AFEA69" authorityName="Bakker, Currie & Williams" authorityYear="1988" box="[473,715,2627,2665]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A2ED3F6A40AFEA69" box="[473,715,2627,2665]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A0333F6A466DEA69" box="[775,1033,2627,2665]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A0333F6A4660EA69" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[775,1028,2627,2665]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
precluding reference to either of those genera. Contact between frontal and prefrontal less angular in dorsal aspect than in
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A6053F5A4450EA99" box="[1329,1588,2675,2713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A6053F5A4454EA99" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1329,1584,2675,2713]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Broadened posterior region of frontals suggests the occiput was expanded and the eyes somewhat forwardly directed, though not to the extent seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1313FFA4090EAF9" authorityName="Bakker, Currie & Williams" authorityYear="1988" box="[517,756,2771,2809]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1313FFA4090EAF9" box="[517,756,2771,2809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A07F3FFA462AEAF9" box="[843,1102,2771,2809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A07F3FFA462EEAF9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[843,1098,2771,2809]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
As noted by Molnar (1980), the frontal has a distinctly different shape from that of
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A1853E2A41D1EB29" box="[689,949,2819,2857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A1853E2A41D4EB29" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[689,944,2819,2857]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal orbital margin with wide gap between lacrimal and postorbital for frontal, but this may be due to juvenility of the specimen. Medial shelf on ventral margin of posteroventral process of dentary absent (unlike in
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF075ED05A7093E4C472FEB8B" box="[1085,1355,2917,2955]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF075ED05A7093E4C475EEB8B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1085,1338,2917,2955]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A2DA346541CDE232" blockId="3.[494,2274,332,562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Ulna straight and untapered, without strong olecranon process; it differs in these characters from those of other North American tyrannosaurids. Manual ungual phalanx without proximal tendon tubercle and with angular rather than arcuate articular surface, differing from all other tyrannosaurids in this combination of characters. Forelimb quite short relative to hind limb, perhaps due more to relative elongation of hind limb than to forelimb reduction.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A2D9374345DEE3B3" blockId="3.[492,2277,618,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
General hind-limb proportions large but relatively slenderer than in an albertosaurinid of comparable size. Hind limb relatively longer than in any albertosaurinids or
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A6F237B344AFE2C0" box="[1478,1739,666,704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A6F237B344A1E2C0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1478,1733,666,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Tibia triangular in proximal view, unlike that of albertosaurinids, which is quadrangular in proximal view. Cnemial crest of tibia prominent and extends more laterally than in other tyrannosaurids except
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A58D37D24A13E321" box="[1721,2167,763,801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A58D37D24A15E321" box="[1721,2161,763,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Maleevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">Maleevosaurus novojilovi</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
which otherwise does not seem closely related to this form. The slenderness and length of the hind limb suggest that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A1013675417EE382" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[565,794,860,898]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A1013675417EE382" box="[565,794,860,898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
had a lighter weight and more gracile body proportions for its size than albertosaurinids or
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A12836A44144E3B3" box="[540,800,909,947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A12836A44171E3B3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[540,789,909,947]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
hence the trivial name
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A79236A447E6E3B3" box="[1190,1410,909,947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">megagracilis</emphasis>
|
|
given to the type species by Paul.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F074ED04A26136D84093E47B" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A26136D8414AE417" blockId="3.[341,814,1009,1047]" box="[341,814,1009,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A26136D84391E417" bold="true" box="[341,501,1009,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Referred</emphasis>
|
|
specimens: None,
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A263317C4093E47B" blockId="3.[343,759,1109,1147]" box="[343,759,1109,1147]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A263317C4392E47B" bold="true" box="[343,502,1109,1147]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Referred</emphasis>
|
|
species: None.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30AD2F6F074ED04A262319D456BE7DF" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A262319D4540E71C" blockId="3.[342,2275,1204,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A262319D4073E4DA" bold="true" box="[342,535,1204,1242]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Discussion</emphasis>
|
|
: Though clearly different from the other two Lance tyrannosaurids,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A5B2319D450BE4DA" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1670,1903,1204,1242]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A5B2319D450BE4DA" box="[1670,1903,1204,1242]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
remains difficult to diagnose because of the scantiness of the holotype material and the lack of any referred specimens. The limb bones and other material at the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 2110, 6183, and 8064: see Gilmore [1920]) from the Lance Formation presently referred to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A6A0306D44B7E56A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1428,1747,1348,1386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A6A0306D44B7E56A" box="[1428,1747,1348,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
should be reexamined and compared with the holotype limb elements to see whether they might be better referred to
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A4FE305C4AD9E59B" box="[1994,2237,1397,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A4FE305C4AD1E59B" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1994,2229,1397,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dinotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
It is also difficult to classify
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A096308C46EDE5CB" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[930,1161,1445,1483]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A096308C46EDE5CB" box="[930,1161,1445,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
at the level of tribe; it could be either a derived tarbosaurinid or a primitive tyraimosaurinid. It is more plausible to find a tyrannosaurinid in the Lance of western North America than a tarbosaurinid, so
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A727332F4745E62C" box="[1043,1313,1542,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A727332F4698E62C" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1043,1276,1542,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dinotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
considered a primitive member of the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A2D9331E408BE65D" box="[493,751,1591,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Inasmuch as the only other evidence for an Albertosaurus-size tyrannosaurid in the latest Maastrichtian of North America, besides the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A7EE334F47A6E68C" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1242,1474,1638,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A7EE334F47A6E68C" box="[1242,1474,1638,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
type material, lies in isolated teeth and indeterminate skeletal elements, such material should more properly be referred to the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A4CA33BF4A87E6BC" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[2046,2275,1686,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A4CA33BF4A87E6BC" box="[2046,2275,1686,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A12E33EF4164E6EC" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[538,768,1734,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A12E33EF4164E6EC" box="[538,768,1734,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A04433EF4633E6EC" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[880,1111,1734,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A04433EF4633E6EC" box="[880,1111,1734,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cf,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A7A333EF47C2E6EC" authority="Paul, 1988" box="[1175,1446,1734,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A7A333EF47C2E6EC" box="[1175,1446,1734,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">D. megagracilis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
instead of to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A5BC33EF45E5E6EC" box="[1672,1921,1734,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A5BC33EF45E5E6EC" box="[1672,1921,1734,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Albertosaurus,</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
As far as is known, no member of paratribe Albertosaurini survived
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A62033DF4757E71C" box="[1300,1331,1782,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">in</emphasis>
|
|
that epoch in North America,
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAF817DF074ED04A2D9327E456BE7DF" blockId="3.[342,2275,1204,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">
|
|
Most of the diagnosis was distilled from the published descriptions of the holotype specimen by Ralph E. Molnar (1980) and Paul (1988). Molnar also provided unpublished drawings of some
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C10FAFEF074ED04A4BE32A14A15E7AE" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[1930,2161,1928,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9645D6FF074ED04A4BE32A14A15E7AE" box="[1930,2161,1928,1966]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="5">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
skull elements for this review, and his contribution is most gratefully acknowledged.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |