682 lines
82 KiB
XML
682 lines
82 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B06D6698B7DC7BA7ADB13B72B0CC7088">A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90AA246DF2CFCF910FDBDD1FF" box="[151,630,1694,1720]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA246DF2CFCF910FDBDD1FF" blockId="141.[151,630,1694,1720]" box="[151,630,1694,1720]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2CFCF910FDBDD1FF" ID-CoL="96X" ID-ENA="30080" authority="Targioni Tozzetti 1868" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,630,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA246DF2CFCF910FDBDD1FF" bold="true" box="[151,630,1694,1720]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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DIASPIDIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2D0BF910FDBDD1FF" author="Targioni Tozzetti" box="[352,630,1694,1720]" firstAuthor="Targioni Tozzetti" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="721 - 738" refId="ref212003" refString="Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1868) Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 11, 721 - 738." type="journal article" year="1868">Targioni Tozzetti 1868</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90AA246DF2CFCF96AFAF0D1BC" box="[151,1339,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA246DF2CFCF96AFAF0D1BC" blockId="141.[151,1339,1762,1787]" box="[151,1339,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0AA246DF2CFCF96AFAF0D1BC" box="[151,1339,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630AA246DF2CFCF96AFE6BD1BC" box="[151,416,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2CFCF96AFE6BD1BC" ID-CoL="44CF" authority="Costa 1828b" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1828" box="[151,416,1762,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA246DF2CFCF96AFF2FD1BC" box="[151,228,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Diaspis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2C80F96DFE6BD1BC" author="Costa, O. G." box="[235,416,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="449 - 454" refId="ref199713" refString="Costa, O. G. (1828 b) Prospetto di una nuova divisione metodica del genere Coccus Lin., Fabr., Latr., Lamark. Pontano, 1, 449 - 454." type="journal article" year="1828">
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900AA246DF2C80F96DFEEED1BC" box="[235,293,1763,1787]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Costa</collectingRegion>
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1828b, 453
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00AA246DF2DC2F96DFE10D1BC" box="[425,475,1763,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2E53F96AFCC3D1BC" ID-CoL="5W5C8" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1829" box="[568,776,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calyptroides">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA246DF2E53F96AFCC3D1BC" box="[568,776,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Diaspis calyptroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900AA246DF2F64F96DFC82D1BC" box="[783,841,1763,1787]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Costa</collectingRegion>
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by subsequent designation:
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630AA246DF2803F96CFAFCD1BC" box="[1128,1335,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2803F96CFAFCD1BC" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[1128,1335,1762,1787]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="58 - 59" refId="ref199180" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1902 a) The coccid genus Aulacaspis. The Entomologist, 35, 58 - 59." type="journal article" year="1902">Cockerell 1902a, 58</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90AA246DD2CFCF8A6FCE9D418" lastPageId="143" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA246DD2CFCF8A6FB9DD620" blockId="141.[151,1436,1832,2040]" lastBlockId="143.[151,1437,153,1979]" lastPageId="143" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA246DF2CFCF8A6FEE4D004" bold="true" box="[151,303,1832,1859]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Introduction</emphasis>
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. The family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2DA8F8A7FD82D004" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[451,585,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
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is the largest family within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2FDFF8A7FB9AD004" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1899" box="[948,1105,1833,1859]" infraOrder="Coccomorpha" pageId="141" pageNumber="6" rank="infraOrder">Coccomorpha</taxonomicName>
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and includes 418 genera and 2595 species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2D58F8C3FDABD020" author="Garcia Morales" box="[307,608,1869,1896]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia Morales" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refId="ref201635" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2019) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: https: // data. nal. usda. gov / dataset / scalenet-scaleinsects-coccoidea-database (accessed 12 August 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
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||
García Morales
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA246DF2D8CF8C0FDDCD020" box="[487,535,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). They are all characterised by the production of a scale cover composed of secreted wax filaments which are cemented by the anal fluid and include the two larval exuviae. Until recently, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2CFCF81BFED6D0E8" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,285,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
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has been divided into six or seven tribes, including a combination of:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2855F81BFB71D0E8" box="[1086,1210,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diaspidini">Diaspidini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF28AEF81BFA80D0E8" box="[1221,1355,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aspidiotini">Aspidiotini</taxonomicName>
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, Parlatorini, Lepidosaphinini,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2DDBF837FD82D094" box="[432,585,1977,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
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, Rugaspidiotini and the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA246DF2FB7F837FB46D094" box="[988,1165,1977,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odonaspidinae">Odonaspidinae</taxonomicName>
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. However, this classification, although widely accepted, has been seriously questioned (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2FE6F853FBE9D0B0" author="Takagi" box="[909,1058,2013,2039]" firstAuthor="Takagi" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref211579" refString="Takagi, S. (1969) Diaspididae of Taiwan based on material collected in connection with the Japan-U. S. Co-operative Science Programme, 1965 (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Part I. Insecta Matsumurana, 32, 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1969">Takagi 1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF2846F853FBA1D0B0" author="Takagi" box="[1069,1130,2013,2039]" firstAuthor="Takagi" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="105 - 116" refId="ref211724" refString="Takagi, S. (1997) Further forms for the Rugaspidiotini-problem IV: an Odonaspidine-patterned form from Malaya (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 53, 105 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 3.105" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA246DF281CF850FA59D0B0" author="Morse & Normark" box="[1143,1426,2013,2040]" firstAuthor="Morse" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="338 - 349" refId="ref209675" refString="Morse, G. E. & Normark, B. B. (2006) A molecular phylogenetic study of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Systematic Entomology, 31 (2), 338 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2005.00316. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Morse & Normark 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2CFCFF17FE48D7F4" author="Anderson" box="[151,387,153,179]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Anderson" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="992 - 1003" refId="ref197484" refString="Anderson, J. C., Jin Wu, Gruwell, M. E., Gwiazdowski, R., Sanatana, S. E., Feliciano, N. M., Morse, G. E. & Normark, B. B. (2010) A phylogenetic analysis of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) based upon nuclear, mitochondrial and endosymbiont gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 992 - 1003. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.05.002" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2D60FF14FEF7D7F4" box="[267,316,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and most of the above tribes have been shown to be non-monophyletic. A new classification, based mainly on nuclear, mitochondrial and endosymbiont gene sequences (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2F89FF33FB0DD790" author="Normark" box="[994,1222,189,215]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Normark" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref210172" refString="Normark, B. B., Morse, G. E., Peterson, D. A., Schneider, S. A., Takao Itioka & Akiko Okuso (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae: Coccomorpha). Zootaxa, 4616 (1), 1 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4616.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Normark
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2824FF30FBB4D790" box="[1103,1151,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
) divides the family into 4 subfamilies, namely Ancepaspidinae, Furcaspidinae, Diaspidinae and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2F9FFF6FFB4CD7BC" authorityName="Ferris" authorityYear="1942" box="[1012,1159,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aspidiotinae">Aspidiotinae</taxonomicName>
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||
; divides the Diaspidinae into 2 tribes, the Lepidosaphenini and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2E29FE8BFD71D658" box="[578,698,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diaspidini">Diaspidini</taxonomicName>
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||
, and the latter tribe into 3 subtribes, the Diaspidina, Fioriniina and Chionaspidina. The
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D1CFEA7FDCDD604" authorityName="Ferris" authorityYear="1942" box="[375,518,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aspidiotinae">Aspidiotinae</taxonomicName>
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||
are divided into 7 tribes, namely Gymnaspidini,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2843FEA7FB77D604" box="[1064,1212,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Aonidiini, Smilacinini,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2CBAFEC3FEA0D620" box="[209,363,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Odonaspidini">Odonaspidini</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D1DFEC3FE3FD620" box="[374,500,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parlatoriini">Parlatoriini</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2E43FEC3FD61D620" box="[552,682,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aspidiotini">Aspidiotini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This classification is followed below.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF640BFA0AA146DC2CFCF817FD5CD091" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774290/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" startId="142.[151,250,1945,1970]" targetBox="[446,1145,191,1915]" targetPageId="142">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA146DC2CFCF817FD5CD091" blockId="142.[151,1437,1945,2006]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600AA146DC2CFCF817FEEBD0F5" bold="true" box="[151,288,1945,1970]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">FIGURE 58.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA146DC2D4DF814FD13D0F5" authority="Cockerell. Apterous" authorityName="Cockerell. Apterous" authorityYear="1902" box="[294,728,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Halimococcidae" genus="Halimococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA146DC2D4DF814FDCCD0F5" box="[294,519,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Halimococcus lampas</emphasis>
|
||
Cockerell. Apterous
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult male. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA146DC2F36F817FBC3D0F5" authorityName="Brown & McKenzie" authorityYear="1962" box="[861,1032,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Halimococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halimococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (After
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA146DC2836F817FB38D0F5" author="Stickney" box="[1117,1267,1945,1970]" firstAuthor="Stickney" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref211499" refString="Stickney, F. S. (1934) The external anatomy of the red date scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell and its allies. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 404, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1934">Stickney 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Where B=apex to antenna and C=dorsal view of metathoracic leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA046DD2CACFEFFFDD0D524" blockId="143.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Most diaspidid males are macropterous but a few apterous species are known. In their molecular study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD293BFEFFFE9CD6E8" author="Gullan and Cook" firstAuthor="Gullan" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="413 - 425" refId="ref202599" refString="Gullan, P. J. & Cook, L. G. (2007) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa, 1668, 413 - 425." type="journal article" year="2007">Gullan and Cook (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2DB9FE1BFD93D6E8" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[466,600,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to a clade which included the Gondwanan eriococcids and the BSE eriococcids and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2D25FE37FD55D694" author="Yokogawa and Yahara" box="[334,670,441,467]" firstAuthor="Yokogawa" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="57 - 66" refId="ref213573" refString="Yokogawa, T. & Yahara, T. (2009) Mitochondrial phylogeny certified PGL (Paternal Genome Loss) is of single origin and haplodiploidy sensu stricto (arrhenotoky) did not evolve from PGL in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Genes & Genetic Systems, 84, 57 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1266 / ggs. 84.57" type="journal article" year="2009">Yokogawa and Yahara (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found the diaspidids sister to the eriococcids (neither work included the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D7EFE53FE06D6BF" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1896" box="[277,461,477,504]" class="Insecta" family="Conchaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conchaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2D8AFE53FCD0D6B0" author="Hodgson and Hardy" box="[481,795,477,503]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="794 - 804" refId="ref203953" refString="Hodgson, C. J. & Hardy, N. B. (2013) The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology, 38, 794 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12030" type="journal article" year="2013">Hodgson and Hardy (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on male morphology, found diaspidids in a clade sister to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D43FD8FFE10D55C" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1896" box="[296,475,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Conchaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conchaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and both families were sister to most other neococcoids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2817FD8FFA57D55B" author="Vea and Grimaldi" box="[1148,1436,513,540]" firstAuthor="Vea" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="23487" refId="ref212464" refString="Vea, I. M. & Grimaldi, D. A. (2016) Putting scales into evolutionary time: the divergence of major scale insect lineages (Hemiptera) predates the radiation of modern angiosperm hosts. Scientific Reports, 6, 23487. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 23487" type="journal article" year="2016">Vea and Grimaldi (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the diaspidids in a clade that included all of the “eriococcids” plus the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2F99FDABFB59D578" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1875" box="[1010,1170,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dactylopiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD28F6FDA8FAEFD578" authorityName="McKenzie" authorityYear="1942" box="[1181,1316,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pityococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD28F6FDA8FAEFD578" box="[1181,1316,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Pityococcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2959FDABFF22D524" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Conchaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conchaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D22FDC7FDDCD524" authorityName="Stickney" authorityYear="1934" box="[329,535,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Phoenicococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoenicococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA046DD2CACFDE3FCE9D418" blockId="143.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Quite a lot of male diaspidids have been described in the past:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2FEDFDE3FBE2D5C0" author="Theron" box="[902,1065,620,647]" firstAuthor="Theron" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref212183" refString="Theron, J. G. (1958) Comparative studies on the morphology of male scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Annals of the University of Stellenbosch (Section A), 34, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1958">Theron (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD288BFDE3FDB4D5EB" authority="(Targioni Tozzetti)" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Pseudaulacaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentagona" subGenus="Aulacaspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD288BFDE3FA57D5C0" box="[1248,1436,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Pseudaulacaspis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2CCAFD1FFED7D5EC" box="[161,284,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Aulacaspis</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2D45FD1CFE6FD5EC" box="[302,420,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">pentagona</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzetti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2ED1FD1FFB85D5EB" authority="(Lindinger)" baseAuthorityName="Lindinger" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[698,1102,657,684]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bavaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2ED1FD1FFC0BD5EC" box="[698,960,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Diaspidiotus bavaricus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lindinger)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2830FD1FFB36D5EB" author="Ghauri" box="[1115,1277,657,684]" firstAuthor="Ghauri" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref201748" refString="Ghauri, M. S. K. (1962) The Morphology and Taxonomy of Male Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History), London, 221 pp." type="book" year="1962">Ghauri (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the males of 24 species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2D16FD3BFD0ED588" author="Nada and Mohammad" box="[381,709,693,719]" firstAuthor="Nada" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="251 - 258" refId="ref209778" refString="Nada, S. M. A. & Mohammad, Z. K. (1984) Description of male stages of Leucaspis riccae Targioni (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 65, 251 - 258." type="journal article" year="1984">Nada and Mohammad (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2FD4FD38FA9AD597" authority="(Targioni Tozzetti)" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" box="[959,1361,693,720]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Leucaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riccae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2FD4FD38FBB0D588" box="[959,1147,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Leucaspis riccae</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzetti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whilst
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2CFCFD57FE46D5B4" author="Lambdin" box="[151,397,729,755]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lambdin" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="29 - 39" refId="ref207022" refString="Lambdin, P. L., Hodgson, C. J. & Grant, J. (2007) Description of the adult male elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), with notes on the seasonal development of the species on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere (Pinaceae), in the southern Appalachian region (U. S. A.). Zootaxa, 1615 (1), 29 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1615.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lambdin
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2D68FD54FEFED5B4" box="[259,309,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2E3DFD54FC9DD5B4" authority="Ferris" authorityName="Ferris. Macropterous" authorityYear="1942" box="[598,854,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Fiorinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="externa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E3DFD54FCC5D5B4" box="[598,782,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Fiorinia externa</emphasis>
|
||
Ferris
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70AA046DD2F0DFD57FC71D5B4" box="[870,954,728,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1886,1911]" captionTargetBox="[169,1408,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[164,1423,181,1861]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 59. Fiorinia externa Ferris. Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Diaspidinae, Fioriniina) (After Lambdin et al. 2007). Where A=dermal reticulations on prescutum, B=dermal markings on scutum, C=dermal markings on haltere and dorsum of abdomen, D=side view of penial sheath, E=dermal reticulations on ocular sclerite, F=bifurcated seta, G=distal end of metathoracic leg, H=apical segment of antenna, J=ridges on profemur and K=mouth area. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774292/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, one or more adult males of most of the currently recognised tribes have been described and illustrated. Below is a description of two more
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD296EFD73FA52D450" box="[1285,1433,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2C9BFCACFDD3D47B" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[240,536,801,828]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Leucaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2C9BFCACFE6FD47C" box="[240,420,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Leucaspis gigas</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2E25FCAFFCB0D47C" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[590,891,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Labidaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E25FCAFFCD1D47C" box="[590,794,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Labidaspis myersi</emphasis>
|
||
(Green)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter usually assigned to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD289FFCAFFAB9D47C" box="[1268,1394,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parlatoriini">Parlatoriini</taxonomicName>
|
||
but found to be in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2D0FFCCBFE3ED418" box="[356,501,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD2E76FCCBFCD5D418" author="Anderson" box="[541,798,837,863]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Anderson" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="992 - 1003" refId="ref197484" refString="Anderson, J. C., Jin Wu, Gruwell, M. E., Gwiazdowski, R., Sanatana, S. E., Feliciano, N. M., Morse, G. E. & Normark, B. B. (2010) A phylogenetic analysis of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) based upon nuclear, mitochondrial and endosymbiont gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 992 - 1003. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.05.002" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2EFAFCC8FD09D418" box="[657,706,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90AA046DD2CACFCE6FAE8D040" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA046DD2CACFCE6FAE8D040" blockId="143.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2CACFCE6FCC0D4C4" bold="true" box="[199,779,872,899]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Family diagnosis based on adult male morphology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70AA046DD2F72FCE7FC53D4C4" box="[793,920,872,899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 59" captionStart-1="FIGURE 60" captionStart-2="FIGURE 61" captionStartId-0="144.[151,250,1886,1911]" captionStartId-1="148.[151,248,1945,1970]" captionStartId-2="150.[151,248,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1408,193,1861]" captionTargetBox-1="[222,1365,190,1919]" captionTargetBox-2="[206,1390,193,1920]" captionTargetId-0="figure@144.[164,1423,181,1861]" captionTargetId-1="figure@148.[222,1365,181,1919]" captionTargetId-2="figure@150.[195,1391,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId-0="144" captionTargetPageId-1="148" captionTargetPageId-2="150" captionText-0="FIGURE 59. Fiorinia externa Ferris. Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Diaspidinae, Fioriniina) (After Lambdin et al. 2007). Where A=dermal reticulations on prescutum, B=dermal markings on scutum, C=dermal markings on haltere and dorsum of abdomen, D=side view of penial sheath, E=dermal reticulations on ocular sclerite, F=bifurcated seta, G=distal end of metathoracic leg, H=apical segment of antenna, J=ridges on profemur and K=mouth area. For abbreviations, see p. 8." captionText-1="FIGURE 60. Leucaspis gigas (Maskell). Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae, Leucaspidini). Where C=capitate seta on apex of antenna and F=bifurcated seta. For abbreviation, see p. 8." captionText-2="FIGURE 61. Labidaspis myersi (Green). Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Aspidiotini, Leucaspidini). Where F=bifurcated seta." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774292" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774294" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774296" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3774292/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3774294/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3774296/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figs 59–61</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2FC1FCE7FC27D4C4" bold="true" box="[938,1004,873,899]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdomen rather parallel-sided, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD29EAFCE4FDF7D4E0" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">an extremely long, needle-like penial style</emphasis>
|
||
; body setae sparse, all short and hs; loculate pores absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD28DAFC03FB32D4E0" bold="true" box="[1201,1273,909,935]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
approximately oval, longer than wide,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2DF3FC3FFBB0D48C" box="[408,1147,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">with postocular ridge causing a shallow constriction in side of head</emphasis>
|
||
; width across genae much wider than rest of head;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2DC2FC5BFD4DD4A8" box="[425,646,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">neck entirely absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2EFDFC5BFB81D4A8" box="[662,1098,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">postoccipital ridge very well developed</emphasis>
|
||
; dorsal head setae few, all hs; mid-cranial ridge present or absent dorsally, generally short ventrally;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2FE6FC77FB42D354" box="[909,1161,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">ocelli present or absent</emphasis>
|
||
; with two pairs of simple eyes only; ventral eyes approximately below dorsal eyes;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2F64FB90FADFD370" box="[783,1300,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">genae very broad, not sclerotised or reticulated</emphasis>
|
||
; genal setae present or absent; ventral head setae few, all hs and restricted to just anterior and mesad to ventral eyes (interocular setae); preocular ridge absent or ill-defined ventrally, short dorsally; ocular sclerite sclerotised but usually not reticulated; antennae quite long, 10-segmented;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E0AFB04FEB4D380" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">antennae with a few short hs and some long fs, each much longer than width of antennal segments</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2DE4FB23FBE4D380" box="[399,1071,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">apical antennal segment with a capitate seta arising on apex</emphasis>
|
||
and sometimes 1 or 2 more caps laterally; scape with or without setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E53FB5FFD5ED3AC" bold="true" box="[568,661,1233,1259]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Prothoracic setae present or absent;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2843FB5CFEE3D248" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">prosternum with a well-developed median ridge</emphasis>
|
||
; transverse ridge distinct; prescutum convex, with a well-developed prescutal ridge; prescutum without prescutal setae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2D2FFA94FCD4D274" box="[324,799,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">scutum without a median membranous area</emphasis>
|
||
; scutum without setae or with a pair just anterior to scutellum; scutellum tubular, usually with a distinct small foramen; scutellar setae present or absent; area delineated by scutellum anteriorly and mesopostnotum posteriorly unsclerotised;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2F25FAEFFB7AD23C" box="[846,1201,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">postmesospiracular setae absent</emphasis>
|
||
; basisternum without a strong median ridge or with just a hint of a ridge; furca broad basally, well-developed, with arms at an oblique angle; basisternal setae absent; dorsal part of mesopleural ridge present; suspensorial sclerite present or absent; metepisternum sometimes slightly sclerotised; postmetaspiracular setae absent; metasternal setae generally absent; alar setae absent; alar sensoria absent; alar lobe present;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E56FA7FFCF7D14C" box="[573,828,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">hamulohalteres present</emphasis>
|
||
; legs fairly setose, mostly hs but tarsi with spur-like setae,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2CA8F998FC2FD168" box="[195,996,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">sometimes bifurcated; trochanter very long, about 1/2–1/3 length of femur</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2F9AF99BFAD2D168" box="[1009,1305,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">trochanter sensilla in a line</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD294DF99BFEB8D114" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">tibia about 1.5x length of tarsus</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2DEAF9B7FD2FD114" box="[385,740,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">tarsal campaniform pore present</emphasis>
|
||
; tarsal digitules finely capitate; claw digitules capitate or setose;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2CFCF9D3FE5FD130" box="[151,404,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">claw without a denticle</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2DCAF9D2FDD0D130" bold="true" box="[417,539,1628,1655]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites and sternites sometimes sclerotised; with 1 or 2 pleural setae on each side of segments II–VII; caudal extensions sometimes present on segment VII;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2FA7F90CFAB9D1DC" box="[972,1394,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">segment VIII sclerotised and ring-like,</emphasis>
|
||
but not forming part of penial sheath;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E7AF92BFCE6D1F8" box="[529,813,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">glandular pouches absent</emphasis>
|
||
; segment IX sclerotised and fused to penial sheath; segment IX with 1 pair of long setae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600AA046DD2E7BF947FAC6D1A4" box="[528,1293,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">style broad anteriorly, rapidly narrowing into a long, needle-like shaft</emphasis>
|
||
; with 2 pairs of setae anteriorly; aedeagus long (sometimes longer than penial sheath); basal rod short or perhaps absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90AA046DD2CACF89FFBAED0FC" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720AA046DD2CACF89FFBAED0FC" blockId="143.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
No males of the following taxa have yet been described: families Ancepaspidinae and Furcaspidinae, or of the following tribes or subfamilies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2E07F8BBFCCBD008" authorityName="Ferris" authorityYear="1942" box="[620,768,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aspidiotinae">Aspidiotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Gymnaspidini, Aonidiini, Smilacicolini and Odonaspidina. A “tentative” key for the separation of most of the groups and males of 25 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10AA046DD2874F8D7FB6AD034" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[1055,1185,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830AA046DD293BF8D7FF28D0DF" author="Ghauri" firstAuthor="Ghauri" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref201748" refString="Ghauri, M. S. K. (1962) The Morphology and Taxonomy of Male Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History), London, 221 pp." type="book" year="1962">Ghauri (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. [Note than the Latin names of many of the species studied by him have changed since his study]. The following simplified key follows Ghauri with the addition of a few more recently described species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF640BFA0ABF46C22CFCF8D0FB78D0A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774292" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774292/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" startId="144.[151,250,1886,1911]" targetBox="[169,1408,193,1861]" targetPageId="144">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABF46C22CFCF8D0FB78D0A4" blockId="144.[151,1437,1886,2020]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABF46C22CFCF8D0FEEAD030" bold="true" box="[151,289,1886,1911]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">FIGURE 59.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABF46C22D4CF8EEFD60D030" authority="Ferris. Macropterous" authorityName="Ferris. Macropterous" authorityYear="1942" box="[295,683,1886,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Fiorinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="externa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABF46C22D4CF8EEFE04D030" box="[295,463,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Fiorinia externa</emphasis>
|
||
Ferris. Macropterous
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABF46C22E9CF8D0FCBFD030" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[759,884,1886,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Diaspidinae, Fioriniina) (After
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830ABF46C228D5F8D0FA59D030" author="Lambdin" box="[1214,1426,1886,1911]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lambdin" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="29 - 39" refId="ref207022" refString="Lambdin, P. L., Hodgson, C. J. & Grant, J. (2007) Description of the adult male elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), with notes on the seasonal development of the species on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere (Pinaceae), in the southern Appalachian region (U. S. A.). Zootaxa, 1615 (1), 29 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1615.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lambdin
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABF46C2294BF8EEFA9FD030" box="[1312,1364,1887,1911]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Where A=dermal reticulations on prescutum, B=dermal markings on scutum, C=dermal markings on haltere and dorsum of abdomen, D=side view of penial sheath, E=dermal reticulations on ocular sclerite, F=bifurcated seta, G=distal end of metathoracic leg, H=apical segment of antenna, J=ridges on profemur and K=mouth area. For abbreviations, see p. 8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90ABE46C32CFCFF14FC41D7F4" box="[151,906,153,180]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFF14FC41D7F4" blockId="145.[151,906,153,180]" box="[151,906,153,180]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32CFCFF14FC41D7F4" bold="true" box="[151,906,153,180]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Key to adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32D16FF17FDDAD7F4" ID-CoL="96X" ID-ENA="30080" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1868" box="[381,529,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830ABE46C32EB7FF17FC49D7F4" author="Ghauri" box="[732,898,153,179]" firstAuthor="Ghauri" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" refId="ref201748" refString="Ghauri, M. S. K. (1962) The Morphology and Taxonomy of Male Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History), London, 221 pp." type="book" year="1962">Ghauri, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90ABE46C02CFCFF50FA56D63A" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="key">
|
||
<key id="FF8A0C430ABE46C02CFCFF50FA56D63A" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFF50FA57D60C" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFF50FA57D657" blockId="145.[151,1436,222,332]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFF50FA57D657" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">1. Ocelli generally absent*. Pronotal ridge absent. Mid-cranial ridge well developed dorsally. Postocular ridge obvious dorsally … Diaspidinae....................................................................................... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFE97FA57D60C" blockId="145.[151,1436,222,332]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFE97FA57D60C" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Ocelli present laterally just anterior to postocular ridge. Pronotal ridge present. Mid-cranial ridge very short or absent dorsally (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32D45FEB8FE64D60B" box="[302,431,310,332]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Postocular ridge often not visible dorsally on head …
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FAFFEB8FBF4D60B" authorityName="Ferris" authorityYear="1942" box="[964,1087,310,332]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aspidiotinae">Aspidiotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
........................... 8
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFEFFFA57D6BB" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFEFFFA57D6E4" blockId="145.[151,1437,369,508]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFEFFFA57D6E4" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">2. Each scape with a long seta ventrally. Each anterior trochanter with an apical spine. Scutum and prescutum without reticulations. Antennae with capitate setae in addition to apical seta. Genal spot* absent. With 2 pairs of genal setae............. 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFE22FA57D6BB" blockId="145.[151,1437,369,508]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFE22FA57D6BB" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Each scape without any setae. Each anterior trochanter without an apical spine but with lateral teeth (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C3289EFE25FA97D687" ID-CoL="63PT7" authorityName="Young in Young & Wang" authorityYear="1984" box="[1269,1372,427,448]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Prodiaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C3289EFE25FA97D687" box="[1269,1372,427,448]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Prodiaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scutum and prescutum with distinct reticulations (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32E84FE47FC9DD699" ID-CoL="63PT7" authorityName="Young in Young & Wang" authorityYear="1984" box="[751,854,457,478]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Prodiaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32E84FE47FC9DD699" box="[751,854,457,478]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Prodiaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Antennae without capitate setae in addition to apical seta. Genal spot* present or absent. With 1 pair of genal setae (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32F39FE68FC72D6BC" ID-CoL="63PT7" authorityName="Young in Young & Wang" authorityYear="1984" box="[850,953,486,507]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Prodiaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32F39FE68FC72D6BC" box="[850,953,486,507]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Prodiaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)...................................... 5
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFDAFFA57D5C9" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFDAFFA57D513" blockId="145.[151,1436,545,655]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFDAFFA57D513" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
3. Postoccipiral ridge with a median extension posteriorly. With 2 pairs of tentorial pits. Suspensorial sclerites absent … Lepidosaphidini................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FFBFDB0FBDFD514" ID-CoL="5CKQ" box="[912,1044,574,595]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Lepidosaphes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32FFBFDB0FBDFD514" box="[912,1044,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Lepidosaphes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32849FDB1FBADD514" ID-CoL="ZWS7" authorityName="Tang & Hao (Wu" authorityYear="2000" box="[1058,1126,574,596]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Cryptococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ulmi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32849FDB1FBADD514" box="[1058,1126,574,596]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. ulmi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C328F6FDB1FA57D513" ID-CoL="3TD75" authority="(Bouche))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Bouche" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1181,1436,574,596]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Lepidosaphes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinnaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C328F6FDB1FAFED514" box="[1181,1333,574,596]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. pinnaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bouché))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFDD2FA57D5C9" blockId="145.[151,1436,545,655]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFDD2FA57D5C9" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">- Postoccipiral ridge without a median extension posteriorly. With 1 pair of tentorial pits. Suspensorial sclerites present...... Diaspidina.......................................................................................... 4</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFD3DFA56D479" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFD3DFA57D444" blockId="145.[151,1437,691,831]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFD3DFA57D444" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
4. Basisternum with a weak median ridge. Third antennal segment with some hair-like setae in addition to long fleshy setae. Claw digitules dissimilar, with digitules on posterior claws much shorter than those on anterior claws....................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32816FD61FB0DD443" ID-CoL="44CF" box="[1149,1222,751,772]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32816FD61FB0DD443" box="[1149,1222,751,772]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Diaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C328BFFD61FA5FD443" ID-CoL="35F3L" authority="Sign." authorityName="Sign." box="[1236,1428,750,772]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boisduvalii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C328BFFD61FA96D444" box="[1236,1373,750,772]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">D. boisduvalii</emphasis>
|
||
Sign.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFC82FA56D479" blockId="145.[151,1437,691,831]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFC82FA56D479" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Basisternum without a median ridge. Third antennal segment without hair-like setae in addition to long fleshy setae. Claw digitules similar on all legs..........................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32F46FCA7FC5DD479" ID-CoL="62KKY" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1921" box="[813,918,809,830]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Carulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32F46FCA7FC5DD479" box="[813,918,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Carulaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FCFFCA7FBA5D478" ID-CoL="69DGD" authority="(Bouche)" baseAuthorityName="Bouche" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[932,1134,809,831]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Carulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juniperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32FCFFCA7FBC7D479" box="[932,1036,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">C. juniperi</emphasis>
|
||
(Bouché)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32813FCA7FA52D479" ID-CoL="5XDGB" authority="(Targioni Tozzett))" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzett" box="[1144,1433,809,831]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Carulaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32813FCA7FB17D479" box="[1144,1244,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">C. minima</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzett))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFCEDFA57D34B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFCEDFA57D4F3" blockId="145.[151,1437,867,1036]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFCEDFA57D4F3" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
5. Trochanter of forelegs without teeth laterally. Scutum and prescutum without reticulations. Mid-cranial ridge dorsally without mid-cranial ridge setae. With 1 pair of interocular setae. Antennal setae few and very short, less than width of each segment........................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C3282AFC10FA57D4F3" ID-CoL="4MQ7B" authority="(Malenotti)" baseAuthorityName="Malenotti" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1089,1436,926,948]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Prodiaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamaricicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C3282AFC10FAE2D4F4" box="[1089,1321,926,947]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Prodiaspis tamaricicola</emphasis>
|
||
(Malenotti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFC32FA57D34B" blockId="145.[151,1437,867,1036]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFC32FA57D34B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">- Trochanter of forelegs with teeth laterally. Scutum and prescutum with distinct reticulations. Mid-cranial ridge dorsally with mid-cranial ridge setae. With 3 or 4 pairs of interocular setae. Antennal setae abundant and long, much longer than width of each segment........................................................................................ 6</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFBBFFA57D324" blockId="145.[151,1436,1073,1124]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFBBFFA57D324" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFBBFFA57D324" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
6. Genal spot* absent......................................................................... Fioriniina … 7 - Genal spot* present.. Chionaspidina (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32E36FBC0FCABD324" ID-CoL="JQHJ" authority="(Bouche)" baseAuthorityName="Bouche" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[605,864,1102,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aulacaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32E36FBC0FCCBD323" box="[605,768,1102,1124]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Aulacaspis rosae</emphasis>
|
||
(Bouché
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32F33FBC0FCABD324" box="[856,864,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32F07FBC0FBD0D324" ID-CoL="5Y647" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[876,1051,1102,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Chionaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32F07FBC0FBD0D324" box="[876,1051,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Chionaspis salicis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32839FBC1FA5BD323" ID-CoL="5KG7Z" authority="(Signoret))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Signoret" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1106,1424,1102,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Pinnaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspidistrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32839FBC1FAEAD324" box="[1106,1313,1102,1124]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Pinnaspis aspidistrae</emphasis>
|
||
(Signoret))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ǂ
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFB07FA57D3FB" blockId="145.[151,1436,1161,1212]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFB07FA57D3FB" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFB07FA57D3FB" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
7. Median ridge of basisternum present. With only 1 pair of genal setae.......
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FBCFB07FA57D3D8" ID-CoL="4NLRX" authority="(Targioni Tozzetti)" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[983,1436,1161,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Pseudaulacaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentagona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32FBCFB07FB28D3D9" box="[983,1251,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Pseudaulacaspis pentagona</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzetti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Median ridge of basisternum absent. With 2 pairs of genal setae.......................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C3280DFB29FA89D3FB" ID-CoL="6J3GB" authority="Ferris" authorityName="Ferris. Macropterous" authorityYear="1942" box="[1126,1346,1190,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Fiorinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="externa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C3280DFB29FACFD3FB" box="[1126,1284,1191,1212]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Fiorinia externa</emphasis>
|
||
Ferris
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70ABE46C32924FB28FA5ED3FB" box="[1359,1429,1190,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1886,1911]" captionTargetBox="[169,1408,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[164,1423,181,1861]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 59. Fiorinia externa Ferris. Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Diaspidinae, Fioriniina) (After Lambdin et al. 2007). Where A=dermal reticulations on prescutum, B=dermal markings on scutum, C=dermal markings on haltere and dorsum of abdomen, D=side view of penial sheath, E=dermal reticulations on ocular sclerite, F=bifurcated seta, G=distal end of metathoracic leg, H=apical segment of antenna, J=ridges on profemur and K=mouth area. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774292/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFB6FFA57D277" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFB6FFA57D254" blockId="145.[151,1437,1249,1329]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFB6FFA57D254" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
8. Mid-cranial ridge divided on dorsal surface of head, each arm extending latero-posteriorly to near each dorsal simple eye, form- ing an inverted V. Postocular ridge on dorsal surface of head distinct …
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FFDFB70FBD9D253" box="[918,1042,1278,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leucaspidini">Leucaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
............................... 9
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFA92FA57D277" blockId="145.[151,1437,1249,1329]" box="[151,1436,1307,1329]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFA92FA57D277" box="[151,1436,1307,1329]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">- Mid-cranial ridge absent or very short on dorsal surface of head. Postocular ridge on dorsal surface of head rarely visible. 10</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFAD8FA57D2E0" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFAD8FA57D2CE" blockId="145.[151,1436,1366,1447]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFAD8FA57D2CE" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
9. Antennae quite long, most segments elongate, about 5–6x longer than width......................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32F40FAFAFBE3D2CE" ID-CoL="6PRXC" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[811,1064,1395,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Leucaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32F40FAFAFC0ED2CE" box="[811,965,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Leucaspis gigas</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70ABE46C3285EFAFDFBB6D2CE" box="[1077,1149,1395,1417]" captionStart="FIGURE 60" captionStartId="148.[151,248,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[222,1365,190,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[222,1365,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 60. Leucaspis gigas (Maskell). Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae, Leucaspidini). Where C=capitate seta on apex of antenna and F=bifurcated seta. For abbreviation, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774294" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774294/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C328E5FAFAFA57D2CE" ID-CoL="723Z3" authority="(Targioni Tozzetti)" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" box="[1166,1436,1395,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Leucaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riccae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C328E5FAFAFB28D2CE" box="[1166,1251,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. riccae</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzetti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFA1FFA57D2E0" blockId="145.[151,1436,1366,1447]" box="[151,1436,1425,1447]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFA1FFA57D2E0" box="[151,1436,1425,1447]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Antennae shorter, rather barrel-shaped, most segments about 3–4x longer than width...
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32829FA1FFA88D2E0" ID-CoL="6NPXH" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[1090,1347,1425,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Labidaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32829FA1FFB39D2E1" box="[1090,1266,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Labidaspis myersi</emphasis>
|
||
(Green)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70ABE46C32924FA1FFA5ED2E0" box="[1359,1429,1425,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 61" captionStartId="150.[151,248,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[206,1390,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@150.[195,1391,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="FIGURE 61. Labidaspis myersi (Green). Macropterous male. (Diaspididae, Aspidiotini, Leucaspidini). Where F=bifurcated seta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774296/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCFA45FA57D111" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCFA45FA57D15B" blockId="145.[151,1437,1483,1623]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCFA45FA57D15B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
10. Scape with a minute hair-like seta on dorsal surface. Apical antennal segment with 1 capitate seta in addition to apical capitate seta. Prosternum with both transverse and median ridges developed. Prescutal and scutellar setae present........................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32E7BF988FDB7D15B" box="[528,636,1542,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parlatoriini">Parlatoriini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32EE1F989FC0DD15B" authority="(Targioni Tozzetti)" baseAuthorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" box="[650,966,1542,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Pseudaulacaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanchardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32EE1F989FCC1D15C" box="[650,778,1542,1564]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">P. blanchardi</emphasis>
|
||
(Targioni Tozzetti)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32FA4F989FB5BD15B" ID-CoL="73X6J" authority="McKenzie" authorityName="McKenzie" box="[975,1168,1542,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Nesopedronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32FA4F989FBEFD15B" box="[975,1060,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">P. crypta</emphasis>
|
||
McKenzie
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C328F1F989FAD6D15C" box="[1178,1309,1542,1564]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">P.?morrisoni</emphasis>
|
||
McKenzie))ǂ
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF9AAFA57D111" blockId="145.[151,1437,1483,1623]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF9AAFA57D111" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Scape without a minute hair-like seta on dorsal surface. Apical antennal segment with 2 capitate setae in addition to apical capitate seta. Prosternum with only median ridge developed. Prescutal and scutellar setae absent …
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C328CBF9CFFAC7D110" box="[1184,1292,1601,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aspidiotini">Aspidiotini</taxonomicName>
|
||
......... 11
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCF9F5FA57D064" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF9F5FA57D18B" blockId="145.[151,1437,1659,1828]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF9F5FA57D18B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
11. Posterior arms of postoccipital ridge extending laterally almost in a straight transverse line. Anterior arms of postoccipital ridge poorly sclerotised, represented by a sclerite. Cranial apophysis short, not reaching ventral eyes. Dorsal mid-cranial ridge absent...................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C32823F938FA57D18B" ID-CoL="6D35K" authority="(Lindinger)" baseAuthorityName="Lindinger" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1096,1436,1718,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bavaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C32823F938FAE3D18C" box="[1096,1320,1718,1739]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Diaspidiotus bavaricus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lindinger)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF95AFA57D064" blockId="145.[151,1437,1659,1828]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF95AFA57D064" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">- Posterior arms of postoccipital ridge extending posterior-laterally, not nearly forming a straight transverse line.Anterior arms of postoccipital ridge strongly sclerotised. Cranial apophysis long, clearly reaching ventral eyes. Dorsal mid-cranial ridge present or absent........................................................................................... 12</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF8C7FA57D03B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCF8C7FA57D03B" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF8C7FA57D019" blockId="145.[151,1436,1864,1916]" box="[151,1436,1864,1887]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
12. Dorsal and ventral simple eyes particularly large, with each cornea
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3F6970ABE46C32F02F8C6FC00D019" box="[873,971,1864,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="17.0">17–50 µm</quantity>
|
||
wide............................... 13
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF8E8FA57D03B" blockId="145.[151,1436,1864,1916]" box="[151,1436,1894,1916]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
- Dorsal and ventral simple eyes small, with each cornea
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3F6970ABE46C32E93F8E8FC91D03C" box="[760,858,1894,1915]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="12.0">12–21 µm</quantity>
|
||
wide......................................... 15
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<footnote id="E800477C0ABE46C32CFCF82FFA57D094" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABE46C32CFCF82FFA57D094" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF82FFA57D0F0" blockId="145.[151,1436,1953,2004]" box="[151,1436,1953,1975]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF82FFA57D0F0" box="[151,1436,1953,1975]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
13. Flagellar segments of antennae barrel-shaped, each about 2x longer than wide..............
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABE46C328EAF82FFAB9D0F1" ID-CoL="5Z22C" box="[1153,1394,1953,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Chrysomphalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aonidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABE46C328EAF82FFAB9D0F1" box="[1153,1394,1953,1974]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Chrysomphalus aonidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABE46C32CFCF830FA57D094" blockId="145.[151,1436,1953,2004]" box="[151,1436,1982,2004]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABE46C32CFCF830FA57D094" box="[151,1436,1982,2004]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">- Flagellar segments of antennae longer, each about 3x longer than width......................................... 14</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABD46C02CFCFF14FA57D640" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02CFCFF14FA57D78B" blockId="146.[151,1436,153,264]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABD46C02CFCFF14FA57D78B" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
14. Membranous area bordered anteriorly by scutellum and laterally by mesopostnotum, without longitudinal microridges.............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02FE5FF39FB77D78A" ID-CoL="F62M" authority="Newstead" authorityName="Newstead" box="[910,1212,183,205]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aonidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02FE5FF39FB9FD78B" box="[910,1108,183,204]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Aonidiella orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
Newstead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C028AEFF39FA5AD78A" ID-CoL="5VL5H" authority="(Maskell)" authorityName="Coccoidea" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1221,1425,183,205]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aonidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C028AEFF39FAE6D78B" box="[1221,1325,183,204]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">A. aurantii</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ǂ
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02CFCFF5BFA57D640" blockId="146.[151,1436,153,264]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABD46C02CFCFF5BFA57D640" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
- Membranous area bordered anteriorly by scutellum and laterally by mesopostnotum with longitudinal microridges...................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02E91FF7FFC3ED640" ID-CoL="67T8X" authority="(Bouche)" baseAuthorityName="Bouche" box="[762,1013,241,263]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nerii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02E91FF7FFC59D640" box="[762,914,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Aspidiotus nerii</emphasis>
|
||
(Bouché)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02F95FF7CFB1DD640" ID-CoL="685DV" authority="Signoret" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1869" box="[1022,1238,241,263]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02F95FF7CFBB7D641" box="[1022,1148,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">A. destructor</emphasis>
|
||
Signoret
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C0288BFF7CFA5AD64F" ID-CoL="67TFK" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[1248,1425,242,264]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excisus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C0288BFF7CFAF4D640" box="[1248,1343,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">A. excisus</emphasis>
|
||
(Green)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ǂ
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70ABD46C02CFCFEA2FA56D63A" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02CFCFEA2FA5ED605" blockId="146.[151,1437,300,381]" box="[151,1429,300,322]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABD46C02CFCFEA2FA5ED605" box="[151,1429,300,322]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">15. Flagellar segments of antennae with segments barrel-shaped, each about 2x longer than wide..........................</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02C80FEC4FA56D63A" blockId="146.[151,1437,300,381]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
...................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02F31FEC7FB65D618" ID-CoL="68596" authority="(Curtis)" baseAuthorityName="Curtis" box="[858,1198,329,351]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostraeiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02F31FEC7FB90D618" box="[858,1115,329,351]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Diaspidiotus ostraeiformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Curtis)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C028D3FEC4FA57D618" ID-CoL="35F26" authority="(Frauenfeld)" baseAuthorityName="Frauenfeld" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1208,1436,329,351]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C028D3FEC4FAD5D618" box="[1208,1310,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">D. zonatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Frauenfeld)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470ABD46C02CFCFEE9FA56D63A" box="[151,1437,359,381]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
- Flagellar segments of antennae longer, each about 3x longer than width..............
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02855FEE9FA56D63A" ID-CoL="3KLSD" authority="(Signoret)" baseAuthorityName="Signoret" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1086,1437,359,381]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanophylli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02855FEE9FAFED63B" box="[1086,1333,359,380]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Hemiberlesia cyanophylli</emphasis>
|
||
(Signoret)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90ABD46C02CFCFE2BFA53D5FC" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02CFCFE2BFD12D5D0" blockId="146.[151,1436,421,699]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
*
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830ABD46C02CC9FE2BFEF5D6F8" author="Ghauri" box="[162,318,421,447]" firstAuthor="Ghauri" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref201748" refString="Ghauri, M. S. K. (1962) The Morphology and Taxonomy of Male Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History), London, 221 pp." type="book" year="1962">Ghauri (1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 16), following the views of previous workers, considered that the small dark patch on each gena of some Chionaspidini were “rudimentary” or “larval” eyes. However, as they are on the gena, they are
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02972FE44FA4BD6A4" box="[1305,1408,458,483]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">posterior</emphasis>
|
||
to the postocular ridge whereas, on all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02E0FFE63FCCFD540" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1899" box="[612,772,493,519]" infraOrder="Coccomorpha" pageId="146" pageNumber="6" rank="infraOrder">Coccomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ocelli (larval eyes) are present on the ocular sclerite just
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600ABD46C02CFCFD9CFF38D56C" box="[151,243,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">anterior</emphasis>
|
||
to the postocular ridge. It is considered here, therefore, that these spots or patches on the gena on mounted specimens are not “larval eyes”, although their homologies are otherwise uncertain. They are here referred to as “genal spots”. Note that what are referred to as “genal tubercles” occur on some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10ABD46C02851FDD7FAC7D534" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1869" box="[1082,1292,601,627]" class="Insecta" family="Lecanodiaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lecanodiaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but whether these are homologous with genal spots is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720ABD46C02CFCFD2EFA53D5FC" blockId="146.[151,1436,421,699]" box="[151,1432,672,699]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">ǂ These groups of taxa are all very similar and the significance of the small morphological differences is uncertain.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |