333 lines
40 KiB
XML
333 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1967D5D859FF7B7B089E63036038F45F">A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1E46632CFCFA0BFDC6D2D8" blockId="49.[151,525,1413,1440]" box="[151,525,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="D0ECEC1E0A1E46632CFCFA0BFDC6D2D8" bold="true" box="[151,525,1413,1440]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632CFCFA0BFDC6D2D8" ID-CoL="YMQ" ID-ENA="240289" authority="Rubsaamen 1894" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,525,1413,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CFCFA0BFDC6D2D8" bold="true" box="[151,525,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CFCFA0BFEE4D2E7" bold="true" box="[151,303,1413,1440]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632D5DFA0BFDC6D2D8" author="Rubsaamen" box="[310,525,1413,1439]" firstAuthor="Rubsaamen" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="199 - 234" refId="ref210778" refString="Rubsaamen, E. H. (1894) Uber australische Zoocecidien und deren Erzeuger. [About Australian zoocecidien and their producer.] Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39, 199 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18940390204" type="journal article" year="1894">Rübsaamen 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1E46632CFCFA47FE08D17A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1E46632CFCFA47FDBFD147" blockId="49.[151,1437,1480,1597]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A1E46632CFCFA47FDBFD147" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632CFCFA47FE73D2A6" authority="Schrader 1863" authorityName="Schrader" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,440,1480,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Brachyscelis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CFCFA47FED3D2A6" box="[151,280,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Brachyscelis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632D4AFA46FE73D2A6" author="Schrader" box="[289,440,1480,1505]" firstAuthor="Schrader" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref210938" refString="Schrader, H. L. (1863) Observations on certain gall-making Coccidae of Australia. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 1, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1863">Schrader 1863</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, 2.
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<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A1E46632DB4FA44FDDAD2A5" box="[479,529,1482,1506]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632E1AFA47FC68D2A6" authority="Schrader" authorityName="Schrader" authorityYear="1863" box="[625,931,1480,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Brachyscelis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632E1AFA47FC8AD2A6" box="[625,833,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Brachyscelis pileata</emphasis>
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Schrader
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</taxonomicName>
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||
by subsequent designation
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A1E466328A8FA46FA52D2A6" box="[1219,1433,1480,1505]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E466328A8FA46FA52D2A6" author="Lindinger, L." box="[1219,1433,1480,1505]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="178 - 198" refId="ref207512" refString="Lindinger, L. (1937) Verzeichnis der Schildlaus-Gattungen (Homoptera - Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903). Entomologisches Jahrbuch, 46, 178 - 198." type="journal article" year="1937">Lindinger 1937, 179</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Junior homonym (
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A1E46632DEAFA69FDA2D147" author="Rubsaamen, E. H." box="[385,617,1511,1536]" page="201" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1894">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632DEAFA69FDA2D147" author="Rubsaamen" box="[385,617,1511,1536]" firstAuthor="Rubsaamen" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="199 - 234" refId="ref210778" refString="Rubsaamen, E. H. (1894) Uber australische Zoocecidien und deren Erzeuger. [About Australian zoocecidien and their producer.] Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39, 199 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18940390204" type="journal article" year="1894">Rübsaamen 1894: 201</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1E46632CFCF988FE08D17A" blockId="49.[151,1437,1480,1597]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A1E46632CFCF988FE08D17A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A1E46632CFCF988FDC2D158" box="[151,521,1542,1567]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632CFCF988FDC2D158" ID-CoL="YMQ" authority="Rubsaamen 1894" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,521,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CFCF988FEDDD159" box="[151,278,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632D74F988FDC2D158" author="Rubsaamen, E. H." box="[287,521,1542,1567]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="199 - 234" refId="ref210778" refString="Rubsaamen, E. H. (1894) Uber australische Zoocecidien und deren Erzeuger. [About Australian zoocecidien and their producer.] Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39, 199 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18940390204" type="journal article" year="1894">Rübsaamen 1894, 201</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A1E46632E7EF989FD8CD158" box="[533,583,1543,1567]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632EC2F988FC16D158" authority="Schrader" authorityName="Schrader" authorityYear="1863" box="[681,989,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Brachyscelis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632EC2F988FCB2D159" box="[681,889,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Brachyscelis pileata</emphasis>
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Schrader
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</taxonomicName>
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||
by subsequent designation
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A1E46632894F988FF3BD17A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632894F988FF3BD17A" author="Lindinger, L." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="178 - 198" refId="ref207512" refString="Lindinger, L. (1937) Verzeichnis der Schildlaus-Gattungen (Homoptera - Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903). Entomologisches Jahrbuch, 46, 178 - 198." type="journal article" year="1937">Lindinger1937, 179</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. Replacement name.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1E46612CFCF9E5FD30D693" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1E46632CFCF9E5FB85D07D" blockId="49.[151,1437,1643,2030]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CFCF9E5FEFDD1C1" bold="true" box="[151,310,1643,1670]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Introduction.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632D29F9E2FE05D1C1" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[322,462,1644,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632D29F9E2FE05D1C1" box="[322,462,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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occurs exclusively in
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<collectingCountry id="F30C1BE20A1E46632EB3F9E5FC89D1C2" box="[728,834,1643,1669]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, apart from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632FBDF9E2FA57D1C1" authority="Fuller (1896)" authorityName="Fuller" authorityYear="1896" box="[982,1436,1643,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632FBDF9E2FB33D1C1" box="[982,1272,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha pedunculata</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632968F9E5FA57D1C1" author="Fuller" box="[1283,1436,1643,1670]" firstAuthor="Fuller" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref201528" refString="Fuller, C. (1896) Forest insects. Some gall-making coccids. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 7, 209 - 218." type="journal article" year="1896">Fuller (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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which has also been recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F30C1BE20A1E46632E49F91EFD31D1EE" box="[546,762,1679,1706]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632F63F901FC53D1ED" author="Gullan" box="[776,920,1679,1706]" firstAuthor="Gullan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 203" refId="ref202506" refString="Gullan, P. J. (1984) A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 97, 1 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 097" type="journal article" year="1984">Gullan 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The adult females induce some of the largest and most conspicuous scale-induced insect galls. The galls are sexually dimorphic and are found only on Australasian
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632CB2F956FE9ED1B5" box="[217,341,1752,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632CB2F956FE9ED1B5" box="[217,341,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
species. This is the largest genus of strictly gallicolus coccoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E4663285FF959FB21D1B5" author="Beardsley" box="[1076,1258,1751,1778]" firstAuthor="Beardsley" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="79 - 106" refId="ref197928" refString="Beardsley, J. W. (1984) Gall-forming Coccoidea. In: Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (Ed.), Biology of Gall Insects. Oxford & IBH New Delhi, pp 79 - 106. [362 pp.]" type="book chapter" year="1984">Beardsley 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Adult females have been recorded as living for more than five years (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632E98F975FC2FD051" author="Cook, L. G. & Gullan, P. J." box="[755,996,1787,1814]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="259 - 265" refId="ref199482" refString="Cook, L. G. & Gullan, P. J. (2002) Longevity and reproduction in Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 33 (3), 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="2002">Cook & Gullan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females have three instars, males five (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632CF4F891FEFBD07D" author="Gullan" box="[159,304,1823,1850]" firstAuthor="Gullan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 203" refId="ref202506" refString="Gullan, P. J. (1984) A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 97, 1 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 097" type="journal article" year="1984">Gullan 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The genus currently contains 45 species (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632F7BF8AEFB89D07D" author="Garcia Morales" box="[784,1090,1823,1850]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia Morales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref201635" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2019) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: https: // data. nal. usda. gov / dataset / scalenet-scaleinsects-coccoidea-database (accessed 12 August 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
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||
García Morales
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632FADF8AEFC33D07D" box="[966,1016,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1E46612CACF8CDFF25D604" blockId="49.[151,1437,1643,2030]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1437,153,1115]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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||
Molecular studies that have included
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E46632E02F8CAFD3ED019" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[617,757,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632E02F8CAFD3ED019" box="[617,757,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have all suggested a close relationship with the Acanthococcid clade rather than with the Gondwanan clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632EBAF8E9FC01D0C5" author="Cook & Gullan" box="[721,970,1895,1922]" firstAuthor="Cook" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref199531" refString="Cook, L. G. & Gullan, P. J. (2004) The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83 (4), 441 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2004.00396. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Cook & Gullan 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632FB3F8E9FB64D0C5" author="Kondo" box="[984,1199,1895,1922]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kondo" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="471 - 91" refId="ref205786" refString="Kondo, T., Gullan, P. J. & Cook, L. G. (2016) A review of the genus Capulinia Signoret Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4111 (4), 471 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4111.4.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kondo
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E46632845F8E6FBA9D0C5" box="[1070,1122,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1E46632CFCF805FE19D0E1" author="Hodgson and Hardy" box="[151,466,1931,1958]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="794 - 804" refId="ref203953" refString="Hodgson, C. J. & Hardy, N. B. (2013) The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology, 38, 794 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12030" type="journal article" year="2013">Hodgson and Hardy (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on the morphology of the adult males, found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1E4663285BF802FB74D0E1" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[1072,1215,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1E4663285BF802FB74D0E1" box="[1072,1215,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be closer to the Gondwanan clade although support for this was poor. The possession of round sensilla in a triangle on each trochanter does strongly suggest that this genus is close to the Acanthococcid clade (see key on p. 19). Adult male characters otherwise do seem to suggest that this genus falls somewhat in between the two clades. Differences from the acanthococcine group are: (i) hamulohalteres absent although alar lobes present; (ii) ocelli absent; (iii) simple eyes somewhat bulbous; (iv) capitate setae absent from all antennal segments (v) metaprecoxal ridge short or absent; (vi) abdomen often elongate, narrowing posteriorly to an elongate penial sheath and (vii) caudal extensions sometimes present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF640BFA0A1D46602CFCF814FDBBD090" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774210/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,250,1946,1971]" targetBox="[373,1219,192,1912]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1D46602CFCF814FDBBD090" blockId="50.[151,1436,1946,2007]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1D46602CFCF814FED4D0F4" bold="true" box="[151,287,1946,1971]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1D46602D4EF815FD8FD0F4" authority="(Ferris)" baseAuthorityName="Ferris" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[293,580,1946,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Ovaticoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adoxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1D46602D4EF815FE3BD0F5" box="[293,496,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ovaticoccus adoxus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ferris)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Apterous adult male. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1D46602F46F814FB9ED0F4" authority=", Acanthococcid" authorityName="Acanthococcid" box="[813,1109,1946,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eriococcidae, Acanthococcid</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Where C=loculate pore, D=fleshy seta and F=metacoxa and trochanter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CACFEC3FD30D693" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,1115]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The only previous description of an adult male in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612F37FEC3FC23D620" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[860,1000,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612F37FEC3FC23D620" box="[860,1000,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A1C46612838FEC3FB3ED62F" author="Theron" box="[1107,1269,333,360]" firstAuthor="Theron" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref212291" refString="Theron, J. G. (1968) Studies on the morphology and relationships of male Apiomorpha and Opisthoscelis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology, Melbourne, 16, 87 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9680087" type="journal article" year="1968">Theron (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described and illustrated that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612DE3FEFFFD96D6CC" authority="Froggatt" authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1930" box="[392,605,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612DE3FEFFFE31D6CC" box="[392,506,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. spinifer</emphasis>
|
||
Froggatt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under the name
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612F7EFEFFFC78D6CC" box="[789,947,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A.?pharetreta</emphasis>
|
||
(Schrader). Below the adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612939FEFFFF07D6E8" authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612939FEFFFF07D6E8" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. spinifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is redescribed and illustrated along with those of another four species. Based on adult male morphology, these five species fall into 2 distinct groups (see key below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1C46612CACFE52FDF1D31C" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CACFE52FDF1D31C" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,1115]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612CACFE52FB95D6B0" bold="true" box="[199,1118,476,503]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Generic diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612DA9FE52FD98D6B0" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[450,595,476,503]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612DA9FE52FD98D6B0" bold="true" box="[450,595,476,503]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp based on adult male morphology. Body
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
often with a slightly attenuated abdomen; with few setae; loculate pores occasionally present (Group I).
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C4661286AFD8FFB81D55C" bold="true" box="[1025,1098,513,539]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
simple pores absent on Group II but present on Group I; ocular sclerite with a few concentric striations or ridges between simple eyes laterally, each with numerous inner microridges;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612E70FDC7FBEFD524" box="[539,1060,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">simple eyes quite large and somewhat bulbous</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C4661285FFDC7FAEFD524" box="[1076,1316,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ocelli possibly absent</emphasis>
|
||
; preocular ridges short; interocular ridge absent; genal setae present; postoccipital ridge well developed, with both anterior and posterior arms; head setae few; antennae 10 segmented; scape almost square, with pedicel extending more or less directly away from head; antennal segments with both hs and fs, both long;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612FBEFD38FF1CD5B4" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">capitate setae absent on all antennal segments</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612C8EFD57FE8DD5B4" bold="true" box="[229,326,729,755]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
prosternum poorly developed; prescutum with or without prescutal setae; scutal setae rare or absent; scutellum with scutellar setae; basisternum without a median ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612FF8FD73FB35D450" box="[915,1278,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">postmesospiracular setae absent</emphasis>
|
||
; metasternum with few setae; metaprecoxal ridge absent; postmetaspiracular setae absent; loculate pores present associated with each spiracle in Group II, these absent in Group I;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612EA2FCCBFC08D418" box="[713,963,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">hamulohalteres absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612FB9FCCBFB53D418" box="[978,1176,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">alar lobes present</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C466128CCFCCBFAAFD418" box="[1191,1380,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">alar setae absent</emphasis>
|
||
; alar sensoria absent;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612D20FCE7FC02D4C4" box="[331,969,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">trochanter with 3 round sensoria in a triangle on each side</emphasis>
|
||
; tibia with 2 spurs only; tarsi 2 segmented; most leg segments with rather stout fs in Group II, but these only present on tibia and tarsus in Group I;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612968FC03FF24D48C" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">claw digitules capitate</emphasis>
|
||
; claws each with a small denticle.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612E07FC3EFD22D48C" bold="true" box="[620,745,944,971]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
tergites and sternites showing some degree of sclerotisation; fs absent; glandular pouches present on segment VIII; segment VIII with a pair of distinct caudal extensions in Group II, absent in Group I;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612D0DFC74FD5DD354" box="[358,662,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">segment IX with short setae</emphasis>
|
||
; anus distinct at posterior end of segment IX; style with a pair of long setae posteriorly; style much narrower than segment IX, becoming sharply pointed apically and at least twice as long as width at base; aedeagus quite stout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1C46612CFCFB23FD32D380" box="[151,761,1197,1224]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCFB23FD32D380" blockId="51.[151,761,1197,1224]" box="[151,761,1197,1224]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECEC1E0A1C46612CFCFB23FD32D380" bold="true" box="[151,761,1197,1224]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612CFCFB23FD32D380" bold="true" box="[151,761,1197,1224]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Key to known adult males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612E6FFB23FD57D38F" ID-CoL="YMQ" ID-ENA="240289" authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1894" box="[516,668,1197,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612E6FFB23FD57D38F" bold="true" box="[516,668,1197,1224]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Apiomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1C46612CFCFB7CFE76D072" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="key">
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A1C46612CFCFB7CFA57D23B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCFB7CFA57D206" blockId="51.[151,1436,1265,1405]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCFB7CFA57D206" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">1. Caudal extensions present on abdominal segments, each extension at least a third as long as penial sheath. Fleshy setae present on almost all leg segments, including each coxa. Loculate pores present associated with at least each anterior spiracle (in addition to within glandular pouches) … Group I............................................................... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCFAC4FA57D23B" blockId="51.[151,1436,1265,1405]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCFAC4FA57D23B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">- Caudal extensions absent or, if considered present, very short. Fleshy setae only present on tibia and tarsal segments. Loculate pores entirely absent apart from within glandular pouches … Group II........................................... 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A1C46612CFCFA2CFA57D157" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCFA2CFA57D292" blockId="51.[151,1436,1441,1552]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCFA2CFA57D292" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
2. Fleshy setae absent from each trochanter. Tarsal and claw digitules both long and capitate. Prescutal setae present.............................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612870FA31FA89D292" authority="Gullan" authorityName="Gullan" box="[1051,1346,1471,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="munita" subSpecies="tereticornuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612870FA31FB31D292" box="[1051,1274,1471,1493]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. munita tereticornuta</emphasis>
|
||
Gullan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70A1C46612924FA31FA5ED292" box="[1359,1429,1471,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[183,1401,192,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[175,1413,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 19. Apiomorpha munita tereticornuta Gullan. Macropterous male. (Eriococcidae, Acanthococcid group). Where A=cranial apophysis, C=loculate pore, D=fleshy seta, E=hair-like seta, N=side view of simple eye, R=dermal reticulation on ocular sclerite and X=pores on head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774212/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCFA53FA57D157" blockId="51.[151,1436,1441,1552]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCFA53FA57D157" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
- Fleshy setae present on each trochanter. Tarsal and claw digitules both short and setose. Prescutal setae absent........................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612815FA74FA89D148" ID-CoL="FMHF" authority="(Schader)" baseAuthorityName="Schrader" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1150,1346,1529,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612815FA74FB14D148" box="[1150,1247,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. ovicola</emphasis>
|
||
(Schader)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70A1C46612924FA77FA5ED157" box="[1359,1429,1529,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="56.[151,248,1944,1969]" captionTargetBox="[198,1387,192,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[185,1403,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 20. Apiomorpha ovicola (Froggatt). Macropterous male. (Eriococcidae,Acanthococcid group). WhereA=cranial apophysis, C=loculate pore, D=fleshy seta, E=hair-like seta, N=side view of simple eye and X=pores on head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774214/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A1C46612CFCF9BAFA57D1E6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCF9BAFA57D12F" blockId="51.[151,1436,1588,1698]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCF9BAFA57D12F" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
3. Each abdominal tergite with 8 abdominal dorsal setae. Abdominal segment VIII with small bulges (caudal extensions?) on each lateral margin.............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612825F9DCFA89D12F" ID-CoL="MZK9" authority="(Froggatt)" baseAuthorityName="Froggatt" box="[1102,1346,1618,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612825F9DCFB10D120" box="[1102,1243,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. rosaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Froggatt)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70A1C46612924F9DFFA5ED12F" box="[1359,1429,1617,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="62.[151,248,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[166,1424,190,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,181,1913]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 22. Apiomorpha rosaeformis (Froggatt). Macropterous male. (Eriococcidae,Acanthococcid group). Where D=fleshy seta and E == hair-like seta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774218/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCF9E1FA57D1E6" blockId="51.[151,1436,1588,1698]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCF9E1FA57D1E6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">- Each abdominal tergite with 4 abdominal dorsal setae. Abdominal segment VIII without small bulges (caudal extensions?) on each lateral margin.................................................................................... 4</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A1C46612CFCF949FE76D072" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCF949FA56D19B" blockId="51.[151,1437,1735,1845]" box="[151,1437,1735,1757]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCF949FA56D19B" box="[151,1437,1735,1757]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">4. Fleshy setae on tarsi almost as long as hs. Penial sheath 250–270 μm long. With 3 or 4 tegula setae.......................</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612C8CF96BFA57D050" blockId="51.[151,1437,1735,1845]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
..................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C466128FEF96BFA81D1BD" ID-CoL="FMJ7" authority="Froggatt" authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1930" box="[1173,1354,1764,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C466128FEF96BFB3ED1BE" box="[1173,1269,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. spinifer</emphasis>
|
||
Froggatt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 23)
|
||
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A1C46612CFCF88CFA57D050" box="[151,1436,1793,1815]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
- Fleshy setae on tarsi much shorter than hs and quite stout. Penial sheath 215–230 μm long. With 6–11 tegula setae…
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612940F88CFA57D050" box="[1323,1436,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. pharetra-</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612C89F8AEFE76D072" blockId="51.[151,1437,1735,1845]" box="[226,445,1823,1845]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612C89F8AEFF3FD072" box="[226,244,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ta</emphasis>
|
||
(Schader) * (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132047F70A1C46612D19F891FE7DD072" box="[370,438,1823,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="59.[151,248,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[224,1362,192,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[214,1373,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 21. Apiomorpha pharetrata (Schrader). Macropterous male. (Eriococcidae, Acanthococcid group). Where A=cranial apophysis, D1=fleshy seta on antennae, D2=fleshy seta on tarsus, E=hair-like seta and R=dermal reticulation on ocular sclerite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774216/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A1C46612CFCF8D3FECCD0DC" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A1C46612CFCF8D3FECCD0DC" blockId="51.[151,1437,1885,1947]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
*The adult males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612DE3F8D3FE34D030" authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1930" box="[392,511,1885,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612DE3F8D3FE34D030" box="[392,511,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. spinifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A1C46612E50F8D3FD18D030" baseAuthorityName="Schrader" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[571,723,1885,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Apiomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pharetrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A1C46612E50F8D3FD18D030" box="[571,723,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. pharetrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are almost identical and the value of the above differences is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |