treatments-xml/data/03/90/87/039087D7C030460AFF68FAD6FEB130CB.xml

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<mods:title id="2F912F680F5F8618D1908C7A32B6FCCD">Revision of the Bivalvia from the Upper Jurassic Reuchenette Formation, Northwest Switzerland — Ostreoidea</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C323654AC0304609FF68FAD6FD17362C" box="[151,740,1301,1327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0304609FF68FAD6FD17362C" blockId="41.[151,740,1301,1327]" box="[151,740,1301,1327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<heading id="D0CE81ADC0304609FF68FAD6FD17362C" bold="true" box="[151,740,1301,1327]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FF68FAD6FD17362C" bold="true" box="[151,740,1301,1327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0304609FF11FAD6FD17362C" authority="Charles &amp; Maubeuge, 1953" authorityName="Charles &amp; Maubeuge" authorityYear="1953" box="[238,740,1301,1327]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FF11FAD6FE74362C" bold="true" box="[238,391,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Praeexogyra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FE71FAD6FD17362C" author="Charles" box="[398,740,1301,1327]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Charles, R. P. &amp; Maubeuge, P. - L. (1953) Les huitres plissees jurassiques de l'est du Bassin Parisien (pt. 2). Bulletin du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, 12, 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1953">Charles &amp; Maubeuge, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0304609FF68FA9FFD133596" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0304609FF68FA9FFF2E36E3" blockId="41.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FF68FA9FFEC33676" bold="true" box="[151,304,1372,1397]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="54828863C0304609FF68FA9FFF213676" box="[151,210,1372,1397]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0304609FEBCFA9EFD1B3676" authority="J. Sowerby, 1816" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" box="[323,744,1372,1397]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FEBCFA9EFDE13677" box="[323,530,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ostrea acuminata</emphasis>
J. Sowerby, 1816
</taxonomicName>
(p. 82, pl. 135, fig. 2) (left and right figure); non 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0304609FAAEFA9EFE10369B" authority="J. Sowerby, 1816" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FAAEFA9EFEFE369B" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ostrea acuminata</emphasis>
J. Sowerby, 1816
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 135, fig. 3, = 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0304609FD3FFA42FB8D369B" authority="Forbes, 1851" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1851" box="[704,1150,1407,1432]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hebridica">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FD3FFA42FC3B369B" box="[704,968,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Praeexogyra hebridica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FC26FABCFB86369B" author="Forbes" box="[985,1141,1407,1432]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Forbes, E. (1851) On the Estuary Beds and the Oxford Clay at Loch Staffin in Skye. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 7, 104 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1851.007.01 - 02.24" type="journal article" year="1851">Forbes, 1851</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. &quot;Lower Fuller’s Earth&quot;, Bathonian, Middle Jurassic, Bath in Somerset, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0304609FD3CFA67FCD736BE" box="[707,804,1444,1469]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">England</collectingCountry>
; coordinates: 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D5006C0304609FC36FA67FB8236BE" box="[969,1137,1444,1469]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" precision="1" value="51.373997">51°22'26.40''N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D5006C0304609FB7DFA67FAEC36BE" box="[1154,1311,1444,1469]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" precision="1" value="-2.3765836">2°22'35.70''W</geoCoordinate>
(centre of Bath).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0304609FF38FA2FFEDD354F" blockId="41.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FF38FA2FFDDB3506" bold="true" box="[199,552,1516,1541]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="54828863C0304609FF38FA2FFECE3506" box="[199,317,1516,1541]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(designated herein
</emphasis>
). BM L.78248, J. Sowerby Collection of the Natural History Museum 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0304609FA8CFA2EFA6F3507" box="[1395,1436,1517,1540]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">UK</collectingCountry>
(London), refigured in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FE63F9CCFCF9352B" author="Arkell" box="[412,778,1551,1576]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1934) The oysters of the Fuller's Earth and the evolution and nomenclature of the Upper Jurassic Catinulas and Gryphaeas. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club, 25, 21 - 68." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Arkell (1934, pl. 2, fig. 29, 29a)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FCBDF9CCFC13352B" author="Stenzel" box="[834,992,1551,1576]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Stenzel, H. B. (1971) Oysters. In: Moore, R. C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6 (Bivalvia). Vol. 3. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas, Boulder, pp. N 953 - N 1124." type="journal article" year="1971">Stenzel (1971</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. J79.2a–b); see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FAFFF9D3FED9354F" author="Cox" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cox, L. R. &amp; Arkell, W. J. (1948) A survey of the Mollusca of the British Great Oolite Series: primarily a nomenclatorial revision of the monographs by Morris and Lycett (1851 - 55), Lycett (1863) and Blake (1905 - 07), Part 1, revised explanation of plates, Morris &amp; Lycett (Bivalves). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 102 (444), i - xiii, 1 - 48, + 15 pls. explanations." type="journal article" year="1948" yearSuffix="p">Cox &amp; Arkell (1948, p. 18)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0304609FF38F994FD133596" blockId="41.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Paralectotype—BM L.77830, figured in J. Sowerby (1816, pl. 135, fig. 2, middle figure), also in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FAFAF994FEAC3597" author="Arkell" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1934) The oysters of the Fuller's Earth and the evolution and nomenclature of the Upper Jurassic Catinulas and Gryphaeas. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club, 25, 21 - 68." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Arkell (1934, pl. 2, fig. 28, 28a)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0304609FE69F9BFFDC13597" author="Stenzel" box="[406,562,1660,1685]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Stenzel, H. B. (1971) Oysters. In: Moore, R. C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6 (Bivalvia). Vol. 3. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas, Boulder, pp. N 953 - N 1124." type="journal article" year="1971">Stenzel (1971</bibRefCitation>
, fig. J79.1a–b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC030460AFF38F95CFB013284" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C030460AFF38F95CFD4633FB" blockId="41.[151,1437,1372,2009]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1436,151,968]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0304609FF38F95CFEC935BB" bold="true" box="[199,314,1695,1720]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Shell tiny to small (up to 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0304609FD9DF963FD6E35BB" box="[610,669,1696,1720]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
), inequivalve, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0304609FCBFF95CFC7D35BB" box="[832,910,1695,1720]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="outline">outline</taxonomicName>
crescentic, reniform or ovate, little higher than long (H/L ratio 1.2–1.6); umbo usually pointed, opisthogyrate; attachment area small- to medium-sized; LV capacious, slightly to moderate convex in anteroposterior direction, less curved dorsoventrally, posterior margin concave to a variable degree. RV flat with a concave centre, anteroventral margin occasionally upturned. Surface of LV with regularly spaced commarginal swellings or weakly squamous growth welts, with depressed and relative smooth interspaces of variable distance, antimarginal riblets and furrows rare and when developed than only weak and with restriction to the attachment area or the umbo. RV relatively smooth, with weak commarginal depressions and ventrally always with fine, antimarginal riblets. Ligament area short and opisthogyrate (rarely prosogyrate); resilifer broad and slightly recurved, with posterior bourrelet narrower than anterior. PAM of lunate shape, dorsally convex or slightly biconcave (dorsocentrally convex and both sides slightly concave); position posterocentral, muscle scar not ventrally elevated (buttressed). Umbonal cavity (LV) usually absent or very weak (
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFAD5FF7EFAB833D7" box="[1322,1355,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC19B24C033460AFAA8FF7FFA6F33D7" box="[1367,1436,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
depth), both valves thin-shelled (
<quantity id="4CC19B24C033460AFDF7FF23FD9633F4" box="[520,613,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
thick).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C033460AFF38FEC7FB013284" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFE9DFEC7FDA1321E" author="Carter" box="[354,594,260,285]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Carter, J. G. (1990) Shell microstructural data for the Bivalvia. Part IV. Order Ostreoida. In: Carter, J. G. (Ed.), Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends. Vol. I. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 347 - 362." type="book chapter" year="1990" yearSuffix="p">Carter (1990, p. 358)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFDA0FEC6FD02321F" box="[607,753,261,284]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFDA0FEC6FD02321F" box="[607,753,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an outer layer of nearly vertical simple prisms of 80–90 Μm (RV) and 20 Μm (LV) thickness, a middle shell layer ranging from homogeneous „mosaic“ (LV) or regular foliated (RV) to irregular CCF, and an inner layer with regular foliated structure. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFBD8FE8FFAE53267" author="Siewert" box="[1063,1302,332,357]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Siewert, W. (1972) Schalenbau und Stammesgeschichte der Austern. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, B, 1, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="p">Siewert (1972, p. 22)</bibRefCitation>
described a compact (regular) foliated structure, occasionally with few small lenses, filled with sparitic cement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC033460AFF38FE57FEB130CB" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C033460AFF38FE57FED331AB" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFF38FE57FEC732AE" bold="true" box="[199,308,404,429]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Remarks</emphasis>
. The present diagnosis is based on 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFD0BFE56FC7E32AF" box="[756,909,405,428]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFD0BFE56FC7E32AF" box="[756,909,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFC5CFE56FBC332AE" box="[931,1072,404,429]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dubiensis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFC5CFE56FBC332AE" box="[931,1072,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. dubiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFB8AFE56FAA832AE" box="[1141,1371,404,429]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monsbeliardensis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFB8AFE56FAA832AE" box="[1141,1371,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. monsbeliardensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The phylogenetic position and composition of the genus is as yet unresolved. Douvillé (1904) considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFAF5FE7AFA6F32D3" box="[1290,1436,441,464]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFAF5FE7AFA6F32D3" box="[1290,1436,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a typical example of his newly established 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFD46FE1EFCE632F7" box="[697,789,477,500]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Liostrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFD46FE1EFCE632F7" box="[697,789,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFC79FE1FFBD632F7" author="Rollier" box="[902,1061,476,501]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Rollier, L. (1911) Les facies du Dogger ou Oolithique dans le Jura et les regions voisines: memoire publie par la Fondation Schnyder von Wartensee a Zurich. Chez Georg et Cie, Geneve et Bale, 352 pp." type="book" year="1911">Rollier (1911)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFBA3FE1EFAF832F7" author="Dutertre" box="[1116,1291,476,500]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Dutertre, A. P. (1931) Les huitres du Bathonien du Boulonnais. Annales de la Societe geologique du Nord, 56, 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="1931">Dutertre (1931)</bibRefCitation>
assigned the 
<typeStatus id="54828863C033460AFF68FDC3FF34311B" box="[151,199,512,536]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
species to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFEB6FDC2FE5B311B" box="[329,424,513,536]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFEB6FDC2FE5B311B" box="[329,424,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Exogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFE48FE3CFDA0311B" author="Arkell" box="[439,595,511,536]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1934) The oysters of the Fuller's Earth and the evolution and nomenclature of the Upper Jurassic Catinulas and Gryphaeas. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club, 25, 21 - 68." type="journal article" year="1934">Arkell (1934)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the hinge has nothing “exogyrine” about it and described it as 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF68FDE6FF11313F" box="[151,226,549,572]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFF68FDE6FF11313F" box="[151,226,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF00FDE6FEA8313F" box="[255,347,549,572]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Liostrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFF00FDE6FEA8313F" box="[255,347,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFE7FFDE7FD25313E" author="Charles" box="[384,726,548,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Charles, R. P. &amp; Maubeuge, P. - L. (1953) Les huitres plissees jurassiques de l'est du Bassin Parisien (pt. 2). Bulletin du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, 12, 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1953">Charles and Maubeuge (1953)</bibRefCitation>
created 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFCC8FDE6FC3B313F" box="[823,968,549,572]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFCC8FDE6FC3B313F" box="[823,968,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Praeexogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a new subgenus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFB37FDE7FAD9313E" box="[1224,1322,548,573]" class="Leotiomycetes" family="Pezizellaceae" genus="Catinula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Helotiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFB37FDE7FAD9313E" box="[1224,1322,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Catinula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assuming that it is transitional between 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFE0FFD84FDA13163" box="[496,594,583,608]" class="Leotiomycetes" family="Pezizellaceae" genus="Catinula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Helotiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFE0FFD84FDA13163" box="[496,594,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Catinula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and “true” Jurassic 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFCC0FD84FB833163" box="[831,1136,583,608]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Exogyrinae">Exogyrinae (Gryphaeidae)</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFB82FD84FAEF3163" author="Stenzel" box="[1149,1308,583,608]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Stenzel, H. B. (1971) Oysters. In: Moore, R. C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6 (Bivalvia). Vol. 3. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas, Boulder, pp. N 953 - N 1124." type="journal article" year="1971">Stenzel (1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. N1100, N1104) considered all three taxa, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFDE4FDAFFD8E3186" box="[539,637,620,645]" class="Leotiomycetes" family="Pezizellaceae" genus="Catinula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Helotiales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFDE4FDAFFD8E3186" box="[539,637,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Catinula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFD72FDAEFCED3187" box="[653,798,621,644]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFD72FDAEFCED3187" box="[653,798,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Praeexogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFCA0FDAEFC4F3187" box="[863,956,621,644]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Liostrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFCA0FDAEFC4F3187" box="[863,956,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as genera within 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFB76FDAFFAEB3186" box="[1161,1304,620,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gryphaeinae">Gryphaeinae</taxonomicName>
rather than 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF68FD4CFEEE31AB" box="[151,285,655,680]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Exogyrinae">Exogyrinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C033460AFF38FD77FEB130CB" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFF38FD77FDF431CE" author="Charles" box="[199,519,692,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Charles, R. P. &amp; Maubeuge, P. - L. (1953) Les huitres plissees jurassiques de l'est du Bassin Parisien (pt. 2). Bulletin du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, 12, 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1953">Charles &amp; Maubeuge (1953)</bibRefCitation>
also included 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFD57FD76FB9031CE" authority="Morris &amp; Lycett, 1853" authorityName="Morris &amp; Lycett" authorityYear="1853" box="[680,1123,692,717]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sowerbyi">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFD57FD76FCAC31CE" box="[680,863,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ostrea sowerbyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFC9AFD77FB9031CE" author="Morris" box="[869,1123,692,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Morris, J. &amp; Lycett, J. (1850, 1853) A Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite, chiefly from Minchinhampton and the Coast of Yorkshire. The Palaeontographical Society, London, part 1, Univalves, 130 pp. (1850), part 2, Bivalves, 148 pp. (1853)." type="book" year="1853">Morris &amp; Lycett, 1853</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFB62FD76FEB931F3" authority="Morris &amp; Lycett, 1853" authorityName="Morris &amp; Lycett" authorityYear="1853" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrugulosa">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFB62FD76FAB931CE" box="[1181,1354,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C033460AFB62FD76FB4731CF" box="[1181,1204,693,716]" name="Iceland" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
. subrugulosa
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFAAFFD77FEB931F3" author="Morris" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Morris, J. &amp; Lycett, J. (1850, 1853) A Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite, chiefly from Minchinhampton and the Coast of Yorkshire. The Palaeontographical Society, London, part 1, Univalves, 130 pp. (1850), part 2, Bivalves, 148 pp. (1853)." type="book" year="1853">Morris &amp; Lycett, 1853</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in their new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFDC1FD1AFD3C31F3" box="[574,719,729,752]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFDC1FD1AFD3C31F3" box="[574,719,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Praeexogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ignoring the fact that both are junior synonyms of “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFABBFD1BFA7C31EC" box="[1348,1423,728,751]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFABBFD1BFA7C31EC" box="[1348,1423,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF68FD3FFDB53017" authority="Forbes, 1851 (Arkell 1934)" authorityName="Forbes, 1851 (Arkell" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,582,764,789]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hebridica">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFF68FD3FFEF03016" box="[151,259,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">hebridica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFEF4FD3FFE6C3016" author="Forbes" box="[267,415,764,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Forbes, E. (1851) On the Estuary Beds and the Oxford Clay at Loch Staffin in Skye. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 7, 104 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1851.007.01 - 02.24" type="journal article" year="1851">Forbes, 1851</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFE4FFD3FFDCD3017" author="Arkell" box="[432,574,764,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1934) The oysters of the Fuller's Earth and the evolution and nomenclature of the Upper Jurassic Catinulas and Gryphaeas. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club, 25, 21 - 68." type="journal article" year="1934">Arkell 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFCD1FD3EFC313017" box="[814,962,765,788]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFCD1FD3EFC313017" box="[814,962,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFC18FD3EFBB03017" box="[999,1091,765,788]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Liostrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFC18FD3EFBB03017" box="[999,1091,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like in many shell characters, “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF5CFCE3FF1D3034" box="[163,238,800,823]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFF5CFCE3FF1D3034" box="[163,238,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFEFBFCDCFE83303B" box="[260,368,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hebridica">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFEFBFCDCFE83303B" box="[260,368,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">hebridica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is crassostreine in these aspects (ostreine according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFC11FCDCFAF3303B" author="Hudson" box="[1006,1280,799,824]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Hudson, J. D. &amp; Palmer, T. J. (1976) A euryhaline oyster from the Middle Jurassic and the origin of true oysters. Palaeontology, 19 (1), 79 - 93." type="journal article" year="1976">Hudson &amp; Palmer 1976</bibRefCitation>
) thus sharing more characters with the Japanese Jurassic “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFD73FC86FCE1305F" box="[652,786,837,860]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFD73FC86FCE1305F" box="[652,786,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Crassostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFCD9FC86FB77305E" authority="Komatsu &amp; Chinzei" authorityName="Komatsu &amp; Chinzei" box="[806,1156,836,861]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tetoriensis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFCD9FC86FC68305F" box="[806,923,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">tetoriensis</emphasis>
Komatsu &amp; Chinzei
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C033460AFB56FC86FA6B305F" author="Komatsu" box="[1193,1432,836,861]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Komatsu, T., Chinzei, K., Zakhera, M. S. &amp; Matsuoka, H. (2002) Jurassic soft - bottom oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology, 45 (6), 1037 - 1048. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00274" type="journal article" year="2002">
Komatsu 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFAEAFC86FAB5305E" box="[1301,1350,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
, than with 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFEF6FCAAFE693083" box="[265,410,873,896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFEF6FCAAFE693083" box="[265,410,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Praeexogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFE3FFCAAFDEF3083" box="[448,540,873,896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Liostrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C033460AFE3FFCAAFDEF3083" box="[448,540,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liostrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, both species seem to prefer euryhaline environments. These latter two species are therefore thought to belong to the same, but as yet unnamed, independent lineage within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C033460AFF68FC6CFECD30CB" box="[151,318,943,968]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crassostreinae">Crassostreinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>