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<mods:title id="DF7AA5544C809DEEFA4989D606E60D3F">Review of Rhabdiasidae (Nematoda) from the Holarctic</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3236534FF8BFFB109F0FC13AD5EC984" box="[151,539,979,1006]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109F0FC13AD5EC984" blockId="36.[151,539,979,1038]" box="[151,539,979,1006]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="D0CE81D3FF8BFFB109F0FC13AD5EC984" bold="true" box="[151,539,979,1006]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB109F0FC13AD5EC984" authority="Sharpilo, 1976" authorityName="Sharpilo" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,539,979,1006]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabdiasidae" genus="Rhabdias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="elaphe">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB109F0FC13AD5EC984" bold="true" box="[151,539,979,1006]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB109F0FC13AE25C987" bold="true" box="[151,352,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Rhabdias elaphe</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB10800FC14AD5EC984" author="Sharpilo, V. P." box="[359,539,979,1005]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref44648" refString="Sharpilo, V. P. (1976) Parasitic worms of reptilians of the fauna of the USSR. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 287 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sharpilo, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3236534FF8BFFB109F0FC31ACB2CDDF" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109F0FC31AFBCCE67" blockId="36.[151,539,979,1038]" box="[151,249,1014,1038]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
(
<figureCitation id="13022A3AFF8BFFB109F8FC31AFB5CE67" box="[159,240,1014,1038]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1456,1479]" captionTargetBox="[163,1428,215,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-196@37.[151,1436,193,1435]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 18. R. elaphe. A—gravid specimen, anterior part of body, lateral view; B—head end, apical view; C—tail end, lateral view; D—subgravid specimen, anterior part of body, lateral view; E—subgravid specimen, tail end, lateral view. Scale bars: A, D—0.2 mm; B—0.05 mm; C, E—0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5262667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5262667/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109F0FBF8AEA0CE13" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Hosts:
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB10989FBF8ADEDCE3F" box="[238,680,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10989FBF8AEAFCE3F" baseAuthorityName="Strauch" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[238,490,1086,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zamenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hohenackeri">Zamenis hohenackeri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10899FBF8ADEDCE3F" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[510,680,1086,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zamenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissimus">Z. longissimus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10BD8FBF9AC5BCE3F" box="[703,798,1086,1110]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Reptilia</taxonomicName>
: Serpentes:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10AD2FBF9AB73CE3F" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[949,1078,1086,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
), occasionally
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10D8AFBF8AAD9CE3F" authorityName="Khalaf" authorityYear="1961" box="[1261,1436,1086,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB10D8AFBF8AAD9CE3F" box="[1261,1436,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lacerta viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB109F8FBA5AFBBCE13" box="[159,254,1122,1146]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Reptilia</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB1086FFBA5AE11CE13" box="[264,340,1122,1146]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sauria">Sauria</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10839FBA5AE9FCE13" box="[350,474,1122,1146]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0FB41AE7FCEF7" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" box="[199,314,1158,1182]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Site: lung.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0FB6DAB20CEAB" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" box="[199,1125,1194,1218]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Distribution: Western Palaearctic. Western, Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0FB09AE65CC27" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Description: Body length 5.21 (3.576.35) mm, maximum width 222 (132299). Body cuticle thin, its outer surface transversely striated. Six cephalic lips arranged in two lateral groups. Oral opening wide, round. Vestibulum absent. Buccal capsule wide, funnel-shaped, 10 (812) deep and 24 (2226) wide. Buccal capsule walls free from oesophageal tissue. Oesophagus comparatively wide, club-shaped, 311 (274332) long (6.2 [4.58.6] % of body length). Posterior bulb of oesophagus 76 (6092) wide. Nerve ring situated 147 (116174) from anterior end of oesophagus (47.4 [36.854.0] % of oesophagus length). Excretory glands prominent, approximately as long as oesophagus. Intestine wide, its anterior end usually wider than posterior bulb of oesophagus. Rectum prominently sclerotised. Vulva situated at 2.39 (1.703.07) mm from anterior end (46.5 [39.551.6] % of total length). Eggs numbering 64 (27107) in gravid specimens, containing embryos on early cleavage stages. Egg size 8899 × 4146 (after
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB108EDF9D5AD69CC43" author="Sharpilo, V. P." box="[394,556,1554,1578]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref44648" refString="Sharpilo, V. P. (1976) Parasitic worms of reptilians of the fauna of the USSR. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 287 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sharpilo 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Tail wide, conical, 204 (149249) long (4.0 [3.25.6] % of body length). Tail end tapered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0F99DAE32CD4F" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Biology (after
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB10815F99DADE1CC1B" author="Kuzmin, Y. &amp; Miskov, R." box="[370,676,1626,1650]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="119 - 124" refId="ref42928" refString="Kuzmin, Y. &amp; Miskov, R. (1999) The life cycle of Rhabdias elaphe Sharpilo, 1976 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae). Acta Parasitologica, 44, 119 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Kuzmin and Miskov 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Life cycle is of strongyloid
<typeStatus id="5482881DFF8BFFB10D67F99CAB76CC1A" box="[1024,1075,1627,1651]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
. Homogony predominates with average ratio of homogonic:heterogonic stages 11:1. In the gonochoristic generation, males are more numerous than females (average ratio 2.6:1). Matricidal hatching is absent in the development of free-living generations offspring. Homo- and heterogonic infective larvae are similar in morphology. Development in the specific host was not studied; juveniles were able to develop up to the subadult stage in experimentally infected grass snake,
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10C33F92CAE31CD4F" authority="natrix" authorityName="natrix (Kurochkin and Guskov" authorityYear="1963" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Natrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natrix">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB10C33F92CAF9FCD4F" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Natrix natrix</emphasis>
(Colubridae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0F8F5AA26CDFB" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<materialsCitation id="3B513CE2FF8BFFB109A0F8F5AA1ACDFB" collectionCode="SIZK, MNHN" country="Ukraine" location="Carpathian Mountains" municipality="Carpathian Mountains" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCount="93">
Material studied:
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD36FF8BFFB108FEF8F5AD72CD23" box="[409,567,1842,1866]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">29 specimens</specimenCount>
measured (
<collectionCode id="ED28AE7AFF8BFFB10BA2F8F5AC4CCD23" box="[709,777,1842,1866]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">SIZK</collectionCode>
), including
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD36FF8BFFB10AFEF8F5AB73CD23" box="[921,1078,1842,1866]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10DEFF8F4AA60CD22" authorityName="Venchi &amp; Sindaco" authorityYear="2006" box="[1160,1317,1843,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zamenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB10DEFF8F4AA60CD22" box="[1160,1317,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Z. longissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(13 from
<location id="8EE66064FF8BFFB109F0F891AED6CD07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087A9FF8BFFB109F0FC13ACB2CDDF:8EE66064FF8BFFB109F0F891AED6CD07" box="[151,403,1878,1902]" country="Ukraine" municipality="Carpathian Mountains" name="Carpathian Mountains" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Carpathian Mountains</location>
, 9 from the Black Sea northern coast,
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF8BFFB10A5CF891ACDFCD07" box="[827,922,1878,1902]" name="Ukraine" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
),
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD36FF8BFFB10ACBF891AB73CD07" box="[940,1078,1878,1902]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB10D1EF890AADECD07" authority="(Armenia)" baseAuthorityName="Armenia" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1145,1435,1878,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zamenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hohenackeri">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB10D1EF890AA65CD07" box="[1145,1312,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Z. hohenackeri</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF8BFFB10C48F891AAD1CD07" box="[1327,1428,1878,1902]" name="Armenia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Armenia</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD36FF8BFFB109A1F8BDAE01CDFB" box="[198,324,1914,1938]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8BFFB108EEF8BCAEABCDFA" authorityName="Khalaf" authorityYear="1961" box="[393,494,1915,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8BFFB108EEF8BCAEABCDFA" box="[393,494,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">L. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE2ACC5FF8BFFB1089AF8BDADB9CDFB" box="[509,764,1914,1938]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Carpathian Mountains</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF8BFFB10A60F8BDAC23CDFB" box="[775,870,1914,1938]" name="Ukraine" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
);
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD36FF8BFFB10A1EF8BDAB55CDFB" box="[889,1040,1914,1938]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">37 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF8BFFB10D32F8BCABE4CDFB" box="[1109,1185,1915,1938]" name="France" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">France</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED28AE7AFF8BFFB10DD7F8BDAA4FCDFB" box="[1200,1290,1914,1938]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">MNHN</collectionCode>
, 139Q)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8BFFB109A0F859ACB2CDDF" blockId="36.[151,1436,1086,1974]" box="[199,1015,1950,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
References:
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB10835F859AD41CDDF" author="Sharpilo, V. P." box="[338,516,1950,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref44648" refString="Sharpilo, V. P. (1976) Parasitic worms of reptilians of the fauna of the USSR. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 287 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sharpilo (1976)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB10B77F859ADEECDDF" author="Lewin, J." box="[528,683,1950,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="55 - 57" refId="ref43500" refString="Lewin, J. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of parasites of Elaphe longissima Laurenti, 1787 in Poland. Acta Parasitologica, 38, 55 - 57." type="journal article" year="1993">Lewin (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8BFFB10BDFF859ACB7CDDF" author="Kuzmin, Y. &amp; Miskov, R." box="[696,1010,1950,1974]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="119 - 124" refId="ref42928" refString="Kuzmin, Y. &amp; Miskov, R. (1999) The life cycle of Rhabdias elaphe Sharpilo, 1976 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae). Acta Parasitologica, 44, 119 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Kuzmin and Miskov (1999)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>