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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="33138" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96b59ef6-168f-4e1a-ae02-39c424b9b916" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" ID-ZBK="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="575138" ID-ZooBank="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-55-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" ModsDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" checkinTime="1493464724191" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2017" docId="6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 55: 1-54" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" docPubDate="2017-04-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" docTitle="Crotalaria (Megachile)" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" masterDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1719608828808" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D8DFBEDA0B8831BCD1C3B288481592F9">Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01E9A6B8015C330E83EB1BC0EB2E7E41">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FDC30DA7BC9FEBAC82C54710F69009F1">University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B90CC714BF5BB4CBAE151973BD383E2D" type="email">christophe.praz@unine.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="A1223E254871B91FE4D6E5F5364216A6">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6A0680CE0068C70BA0DE0619755781BE">55</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="92C7C06C788C1A15999FC0CFCE672776" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834668" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="F5328C20CAC24ADB4FCA40F3E2373C95" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="881B29029EE21C6BD9D0CC7611EA7BB9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A603E5FAA0AFB2516B3DFC012506728F" LSID="FC48FEDD-EB01-5931-BFF3-0F6E39009ACB" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">Megachile</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F423559568AE41D610DFB7CDC7922703" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4668AC17175C8C61622F23872E1E6C37" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F62AD1D150144CF673CCD16455FF65C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="EF720F7A02EFC4EE8E13295A97CE629B" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Females</emphasis>
: In females of this subgenus, the mandible always has a conspicuous, partial cutting edge in the second interspace (reduced in
<taxonomicName id="1B16509FE6425F380E85997593A48A4C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="4144A0B95E9393A69D425A6F0A2D296E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is easy to diagnose due to the thickened buldge at the base of the mandible:
<bibRefCitation id="B1F0C448EC3125DC58939693AA942AF4" author="Amiet, F" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Helvetica" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 274" refId="B5" refString="Amiet, F, Herrmann, M, Mueller, A, Neumeyer, R, 2004. Apidae 4: Anthidium, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Dioxys, Heriades, Lithurgus, Megachile, Osmia, Stelis. Fauna Helvetica 9: 1 - 274" title="Apidae 4: Anthidium, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Dioxys, Heriades, Lithurgus, Megachile, Osmia, Stelis." volume="9" year="2004">Amiet et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A1C9176234D3F0E9C0FCE371DFF89CB4" author="Scheuchl, E" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B82" refString="Scheuchl, E, 2006. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Oesterreichs. Band II: Megachilidae - Melittidae. Second, revised edition. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark" title="Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Oesterreichs. Band II: Megachilidae - Melittidae. Second, revised edition." year="2006">Scheuchl 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and no visible cutting edge in the third interspace (Figs
<figureCitation id="9627939CF121BA43591B5B7215577276" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">32-34</figureCitation>
). The mandible is mostly 5-toothed with the distance between both upper teeth subequal to the distance between the other teeth (not clearly so in
<taxonomicName id="FFC1A557C6F133B1331547D57A5C951D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="98638BD48EF5816AE2CFAFF98FDD025E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (Figs
<figureCitation id="6006989E3994E6B7A1436DFED3933B04" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Female mandible of Megachile (Megachile) centuncularis; the white lines and the numbers indicate the five teeth (numbers on the right) and the four interspaces (numbers on the left); in this species, there is a partial cutting edge in the second interspace and, in front view, no visible cutting edge in the other interspaces. Picture by Andreas Mueller (Mueller et al. 1997)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133910" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D305154CAC3F430E470D8CBE2F3D996F" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">32</figureCitation>
); in some species teeth 4 and 5 are poorly separated (Fig.
<figureCitation id="95261739019E6F51FD6B51B026A8D834" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">33</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="26EC56B24F362F9C27A06DF3993B22E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="2BD7AB992C21240C9C991F3B8EA21F15" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mandible is elongate and 4-toothed but the partial cutting edge in the second interspace is well visible (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BAFEBAB44541DC47EC487FE5A7A5B650" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">34</figureCitation>
). In most species, the clypeus is flat or slightly depressed preapically, and there the punctures are coarse and the interspaces wide, shiny (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B7A0FDD1153B82E0703D4C46ADCE91D8" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">32</figureCitation>
); this condition is not found in
<taxonomicName id="F509904A2754D1E96DDD2397D3DE28DC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="0CE11B41974CBC547335014FD8809236" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1872, in which the clypeus is densely punctured (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A40D9C1EFC79895106728F0880C1FE38" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">33</figureCitation>
), and in
<taxonomicName id="F23388634312ED143768D01B35818614" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="272B264118432A1761CC15A2C79BF604" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the clypeus is modified, short, laterally truncate and medially produced to a blunt triangular process, and with its apical margin forming a wide, smooth and slightly concave area (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F97CE86EF46DC0C33B57CEAA14A8143A" captionStart="Figures 30–37" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">34</figureCitation>
). In the female sex, many species of
<taxonomicName id="33D230439BED016903FCA471CB62190D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="A58B666C8D38D79C2739A48E2D4EC869" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. are sculpturally similar to
<taxonomicName id="DE96809018734E4F1478366D8655B790" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="69DD4C3261F39E4E328A85CEE600D3DD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in the former, the scopa is mostly orange basally and rarely white, while in
<taxonomicName id="4238D3DDDC0E00DDDDD5760A941C360D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="414DFC1FD319597E50CF3BEF942EC480" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the scopa is mostly white to yellowish white; and
<taxonomicName id="DAEAB1A67D31BD58ACD7862455A564F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="FCE5D882D76737D88B1C010E1CB87BD0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the presence of two unmodified setae on the pretarsal claws; in
<taxonomicName id="5139F5B8B8FD2017DFB9F3941CECFCFE" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="1A683D396F8D560A564CA290548440D7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str., the basal seta is modified to a thicken process, as in
<taxonomicName id="A0E3F04FF52B7DC85544F7973B2F65BC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="E6BFC936568AE3C52693BE2D84332738" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="10A73F38A301ECB3CCDD932A101BE50B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Xanthosarus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xanthosarus">
<emphasis id="8C9BCCF1FAA9DCCD02F3BFB68558A024" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xanthosarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as in Fig.
<figureCitation id="2FECB61EEC571A23BFB7EEBD83C67B0F" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">5</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="6BE262B398F27FD1558DA23359ECE81C" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Males</emphasis>
: Males of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="7B15DFF8034516F9B79903749A01B79B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="FDEF42FA4C2BBA41BB60A3E8D2985F85" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. are rather homogenous both in their sculpture and in genitalic structures, and often difficult to identify. All males of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="6864FAE9CB3055DAFA4E0F1D070A9274" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="183F24AD44E32282B128A91301D85267" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. lack a front coxal spine, although in some species (
<taxonomicName id="7941E75E2A5C95F420A6ACBBC7650D72" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="C78D708673A54E968E26483D43FAFE87" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. ligniseca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="320D920A4A097EB61FDF9537674EAAFA" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="3694C81C59C8A8FEF3F58216AAA27E12" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Costa, 1863), the front coxa forms a weak angle. The mandible is always 3-toothed, mostly with inferior projection (lacking in
<taxonomicName id="D626526AF41AF3BBB103C3CED6C9B149" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="94186C74D69A8F9D22F6DA5C6C3FF3A7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5F09B4A6A84999AC54FB125B8EABD8B3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="715A9A772D99E23032DC3A8604FA72B8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="666DA2043B1BE1BF978F2C94892B8772" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
, 1992). In most species the disc of T6 is devoid of white or light pubescence (except in
<taxonomicName id="4E50C9DB5CA0EA7390154323E0A2471A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E91E8E1C6DE4F740A0ACD5F6312EF394" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5FFBD4D96C3A9F9BA70D6F0D481DBDB1" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1890,
<taxonomicName id="822E57C59B57093EABE98B56B2D2D61A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="60B3E30A56A1E5E2CEF1AB3E75EB3EC6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DF9A10A9AC945EF6DF656A4B5FDE2E41" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="3A0B9246145D346B86EA726E12758D6C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A5175E84CF0D3A4A0FFCB88F1E525249" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="F6CC0CDD576E6C2DFABE785CDAC85E90" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the preapical carina of T6 is never denticulate, although there is a lateral tooth at the lateral margin of T6 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4C61F38C43561231C8AEE6EF7B190187" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">42</figureCitation>
). T7 is either small or exposed, but mostly unmodified (without tooth apically). The gonostylus is always simple, never bifid apically (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BFFFD4EB052923EAD2E59A0308349DD1" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">42</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="791B8C85C293EE329EF819A9926E7551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="988957" doi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="Figures 54–57" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="401F61D5505AD334B2602F9F0CEC2D9E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="A90DEB6DB72284EE7F46FA67A4585544" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 54-57.</emphasis>
Genital capsule, lateral view.
<emphasis id="614AA499DE743E50B699B589C29BA1DB" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">54</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4A4DD0B832F09937FBE41B7A520A7B38" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) apicalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="DAFA6DC5E6808463AC2F3FBC36E2AD5E" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">55</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3E73402475ED85D5C5668F7A3CBFA179" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
) sp. aff.
<taxonomicName id="8554FAD1901A7EE9288164FECDB48140" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naevia">naevia</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="534F8C78A1C0540EB10ACB19A8B71387" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">56</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B98F8360CDBB1112BED5DBD9525A093C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leachella</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2709066CABDC99A8F4D2B7BE26BCF8A4" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">57</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB0C9767C402C3421DF92A3057AE58C5" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucomalla" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EF7491434DCCA7473E5152DA7328D2F1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="species composition">
<paragraph id="8D4F239F943CE63D8299C0D312C39DB7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BFD3E3D8F223FEE56D2CDAB001FEB59" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
There are at least 14 valid species in the Western Palearctic:
<taxonomicName id="75C46D90BD4DF59BAB448EE76E340C76" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) alpicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpicola" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="74014BDC0598016EBC1777161B27FAFD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile alpicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alfken, 1924,
<taxonomicName id="0E39E9852CF05232C47DF702624178E0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="7D455F070872D0D0B6D0A53B48334BCB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D40FABA939F2F0BC21164B4D90561DA0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="791467D00785DADDB2684F9A09539DEC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2BEA40D370F0388465948452E9743F0F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) calloleuca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calloleuca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="DFEE6A975525A0241A7FEFB47096C29B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. calloleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="17E0C0F6DF90BBCB71D0D32D72865281" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="694ABEE94787319F42ADE720BDE336DA" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758),
<taxonomicName id="DC20EF32DCFB9AB5D005C16A57A2C860" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="9BE92E739E6302AD69ED631B3CBADB04" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="073DA0284C4ECCA5D8069BB751BB8946" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="EF2AD0E46199400B5F14CD0D2AF87F70" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31217190DBDC0B30398F924A41B44124" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="FD5724DEB8CF2BD0464148152896C607" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. ligniseca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03A11E1804685989E0C73A1C23D0D362" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="46FDE5D93C14FE66FF4EBB95B070D8DB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5FB4F884CB2F637667D659D7BE919308" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="07391F143D83CC82AD46EAB71A0175C7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="3E9C8D370D5AB4849A7B82DF0F47A5D1" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1895,
<taxonomicName id="B252591189E72EC588B12D97AFF619F0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="990CFB7A8BE7F222DED218FBA429CF06" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nylander, 1852,
<taxonomicName id="CBF5081C3F97DA4741FA8C62BC16D9F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="EDAFD28F2E588283D7ADBBC208EDC0CB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="CDBCF1122D586552A20C9A71802FC31F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="93E0F25698E03D1E7B18B8D21A3DDBDF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FF32A89DC1F7BAC36B2BF32EED0999F1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="D03AA642DA1D87A0574AB1E9E7AFC538" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. versicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I have not been able to locate the type of
<taxonomicName id="9FBF9118177F7A8303D976062BC4D892" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="4682FB1741E3ECE651E1DD3DED466A94" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. dacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BA88C6507193AFBE10A25FA7261056DA" originalValue="Mocsáry">Mocsary</normalizedToken>
, 1879;
<bibRefCitation id="06B7A84A85A33C96664520F3D00D3617" author="Schwarz, M" journalOrPublisher="Entomofauna Supplement 8, Ansfelden" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B85" refString="Schwarz, M, Gusenleitner, F, Westrich, P, Dathe, HH, 1996. Katalog der Bienen Oesterreichs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Entomofauna Supplement 8, Ansfelden" title="Katalog der Bienen Oesterreichs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz (Hymenoptera, Apidae)." year="1996">Schwarz et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="8A01DBFD14C41F9C4C95BC8F4E5D93E0" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Eucera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="3 - 18" publicationUrl="http://www.wildbienen.info/downloads/eucera-6–2011.pdf" refId="B99" refString="Westrich, P, 2011. Bienen (Hymenoptera, Apidae) als Bluetenbesucher von Odontites viscosus und Odontites luteus (Scrophulariaceae). Eucera 6: 3 - 18, http://www.wildbienen.info/downloads/eucera-6-2011.pdf" title="Bienen (Hymenoptera, Apidae) als Bluetenbesucher von Odontites viscosus und Odontites luteus (Scrophulariaceae)." url="http://www.wildbienen.info/downloads/eucera-6–2011.pdf" volume="6" year="2011">Westrich (2011)</bibRefCitation>
recognized this species as valid; in contrast, according to identified material in his collection (OLML), B.
<normalizedToken id="0B98F72FFF5C5F16E4C7D6DDA767B1CB" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
considered
<taxonomicName id="A92FD96FE419AE1B702F35100B051228" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacica" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="72CAD81564420375AA4EB81266B2610D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile dacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="BC4C9223329726DABD67D013B7C35778" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E39C3A1A36697C76359B4CF71D1923D1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The status of
<taxonomicName id="FD351BCE0C6C08F1D8B5D00C214CADD6" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="6BF1EF61A30E371562B2EBFB8A3B58F9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear, as it may represent a dark color form of
<taxonomicName id="6683150C7490E8002EEF245638C6AB21" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E5FB8DB44CD9BDE92E59A2C7F8F156C8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F7D23CBC1D13816748DAF10FC104347A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5293D2A5DD57118178180E88E00DB508" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D53129BC92144C661EA6F80DA1DD93E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
All species are leafcutters and build brood cells made of leaf fragments (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="B762110976F86B8CEFC6D7E4E8CC1A04" author="Malysheva, MS" journalOrPublisher="Entomological review" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="268 - 276" refId="B46" refString="Malysheva, MS, 1958. Leaf-cutting bees of the genus Megachile Latr. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) injurious to young forest stands and shelter belts in the USSR. Entomological review 37: 268 - 276" title="Leaf-cutting bees of the genus Megachile Latr. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) injurious to young forest stands and shelter belts in the USSR." volume="37" year="1958">Malysheva 1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9A6591518EF56CB26479441F2F9FA0FC" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9BCBCC3484F4E9E961A2C85AD85200C6" author="Ruhnke, H" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="513 - 516" refId="B81" refString="Ruhnke, H, 2000. Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 12: 513 - 516" title="Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." volume="12" year="2000">Ruhnke 2000</bibRefCitation>
); no Palearctic species appears to use petals as documented in the Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="C48DF0267944583377E90221222FC1E1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) montivaga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="957D6C2C7316E312DC63D943B854F10C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile montivaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Michener, 2007, and references therein;
<bibRefCitation id="2EDD484E52F096483FDB5E8ADD3FFF43" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" author="Orr, MC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Melittology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 6" refId="B67" refString="Orr, MC, Portman, ZM, Griswold, TL, 2015. Megachile (Megachile) montivaga (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nesting in live thistle (Asteraceae: Cirsium). Journal of Melittology 48: 1 - 6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" title="Megachile (Megachile) montivaga (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nesting in live thistle (Asteraceae: Cirsium)." url="https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" volume="48" year="2015">Orr et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The nests are mostly located in existing, above-ground cavities; some species such as
<taxonomicName id="96149C7195C03067D4DCB5360907ABB9" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="264D91FBDD36276A7F62CD7D5F677380" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are flexible and nest both in above-ground cavities and in the soil (
<bibRefCitation id="23763323219778A959DE4479198B27F0" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
, and references therein). Nests of
<taxonomicName id="99F38D3A0ACCB777EB685133579857E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="CA3AE10AD34BB91D7C5B7948FCED294A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5688E2BFBC3BF8578BC96068AD368905" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="715CF9429ADD6EBBC2D0BC78E3096DD0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are placed under stones or in the soil (
<bibRefCitation id="B7BF179125445EBBB540893CB948658B" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="401 - 422" refId="B24" refString="Ferton, C, 1909. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (5eme serie) avec la description d'une espece nouvelle. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 78: 401 - 422" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (5 eme serie) avec la description d'une espece nouvelle." volume="78" year="1909">Ferton 1909</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="44821B451D718A19290557BC73D197BC" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B34" refString="Grandi, G, 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 25" title="Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori" volume="25" year="1961">Grandi 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F0309022229D294B8817F1A78A3E8405" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
), and a nest of
<taxonomicName id="593C744351806FEA7AAEE952C256BA34" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="6BDA593F43095390D3F85694E9F020A8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found &quot;loose in the grass&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="08B307553BB69FC1827BE7BFFD866F66" author="Friese, H" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Friese, H, 1898. Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma). Friedlaender, Berlin" title="Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma)." year="1898">Friese 1898</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="1428DC7D043F0CD5EA4124DAA265F64F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="9C2BF78571218B94545CABCC22E5AC73" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exclusively nests in standing stems, favoring fresh stems, thus from plants of the same year; the female digs an opening and places the brood cells vertically above or below the entrance (
<bibRefCitation id="745875B1F68ACCF8C37D227F636E7466" author="Ruhnke, H" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="513 - 516" refId="B81" refString="Ruhnke, H, 2000. Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 12: 513 - 516" title="Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." volume="12" year="2000">Ruhnke 2000</bibRefCitation>
, and references therein). According to a brief account by
<bibRefCitation id="0CA98B1668D5FE78E5CCF75DB550BC04" author="Friese, H" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Friese, H, 1898. Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma). Friedlaender, Berlin" title="Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma)." year="1898">Friese (1898)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="BE8BA5374E44E5E4271C1395565B7925" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="BC2FD508D470400B29FFC31571BB8124" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nests in dry stems of thistles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0296304657CE5CBD3ECF7AE3C498D1F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Most species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2693978138BB2CAD5C0DE31CCD247C14" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="BE6D9A05FF91062DF2DAF4636E3CE327" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are polylectic, often with a preference for
<taxonomicName id="1C81D55E11AC62ABF8A56DE0C637B085" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6E72AFE9595852DD83EFC310B695171C" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="95ADDB1604F1694B65CFF7B4A12E81BD" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="CC2DBD2A3B28B6C513ABB099DFC511B0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="21BFFB218848C72A200FFE95C900EFBD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an oligolege on
<taxonomicName id="6FC7E9461C5F5376B01F3114976F2145" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epilobium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="532D708CD8756254BDD786B3F7D0FE4D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Epilobium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FE5588B6E617B88726C4C29DE82A6215" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C34BF9BBD45DC793B9BEC4A91F65CB3D" author="Kuehn, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="389 - 392" refId="B42" refString="Kuehn, J, Hamm, A, Schindler, M, Wittman, D, 2006. Ressourcenaufteilung zwischen der oligolektischen Blattschneiderbiene Megachile lapponica L. (Hymenoptera, Apiformes) und anderen Bluetenbesuchern am schmalblaettrigen Weidenroeschen (Epilobium angustifolium, Onagraceae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 15: 389 - 392" title="Ressourcenaufteilung zwischen der oligolektischen Blattschneiderbiene Megachile lapponica L. (Hymenoptera, Apiformes) und anderen Bluetenbesuchern am schmalblaettrigen Weidenroeschen (Epilobium angustifolium, Onagraceae)." volume="15" year="2006">
<normalizedToken id="E6224CA08331294ACDD91560649096A9" originalValue="Kühn">Kuehn</normalizedToken>
et al. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
), while
<taxonomicName id="D82C8AE95465D0017F914AF97AAB54C2" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="36AC42DFE1C2D70319E61649CF533B57" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is possibly oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="22EE25910DA14BDEFCA1BBD7D5B7810C" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D3CD62A66B77874CC9571B87BCC414C6" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="97D44446C2B2565026502EB5FB63A7F1" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="883C80664EAB71BD0C9A9E3B6ADE80AD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="1B75BF3DFEEA396DFE32C61B3845C9C1" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
and its hind trochanter and femur are covered by modified, stiff hairs, as observed in some
<taxonomicName id="2C574A63FF5DEEA4C93CA74546ABCC47" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="04AF8848E29DCE7B26ACDFBD9542EA2B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species specialized on these plants (
<bibRefCitation id="4783AA55030CBF68F959FB8A850488DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="Apidologie" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="329 - 337" refId="B62" refString="Mueller, A, Bansac, N, 2004. A specialized pollen-harvesting device in western palaearctic bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Apidologie 35: 329 - 337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" title="A specialized pollen-harvesting device in western palaearctic bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" volume="35" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="7B7F1B09668BDFFBDC2B824DE77A855B" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
and Bansac 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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