559 lines
75 KiB
XML
559 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="F06BAE7D06ACF8ADA1E3DF6F429D70EB" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FF9C927C16BAFB76FD1900BD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="338" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="337" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="5639A6E9E58F62BCD0E61B291B9E0B42" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="52CEB4698C9066F3D929375443CEF0B8">
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<mods:title id="9E861383C51204F8E3AE37D70D4F1D51">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A0C7E0B3D454DF27748BE5D8DC3F3149" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="64D7EDEEF8689B0623E25ED92612EB10">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="ECDDEB82546316990F05744F2819BA2B">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0EC9B94AECD499D65028BDBACF5BAF55">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="135A42A7D465B6C3CA576D564C434A23">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1618B8B899EE8B4F89C19D3545F12778">
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<mods:date id="34A3CE4036946D6E9001FB9AB769EC9E">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E48DC160E6A4699754EA26E37609E811" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1D7BB9D22B89EC73275319554AC9E3A7">4173</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="100988B9B4FA11BA00DF5A15C4587B66">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1DE1B4E7042404BE9E6039FDBBA30C21" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FF9C927C16BAFB76FD1900BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632252" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632252" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FF9C927C16BAFB76FD1900BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FF9C927C16BAFB76FD1900BD" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FF9C927E16BAFB76FDDC048D" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFF9C927E16BAFB76FEFE058A" blockId="36.[151,370,1229,1255]" box="[151,370,1229,1255]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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<heading id="621E81B2FF9C927E16BAFB76FEFE058A" bold="true" box="[151,370,1229,1255]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E16BAFB76FEFE058A" bold="true" box="[151,370,1229,1255]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E16BAFB76FF60058A" ID-CoL="92N3T" box="[151,236,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E16BAFB76FF60058A" bold="true" box="[151,236,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Spialia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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discussion
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFF9C927E16BAFAAFFDDC048D" blockId="36.[151,1436,1300,2009]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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As set out in the introduction to
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1421FAAFFDD70440" box="[524,603,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1421FAAFFDD70440" box="[524,603,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Spialia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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above (
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<tableCitation id="746B0365FF9C927E149AFAAFFC810441" box="[695,781,1300,1325]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,332,355]" captionTargetBox="[159,1417,414,818]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. The Spialia species groups of De Jong (1978), the Afrotropical members of each, and those which are documented here and by G. C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" tableUuid="6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE">Table 1</tableCitation>
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), De Jong (1978) grouped the African species into seven species groups. He was only able to consider adult characters and his proposed phylogeny is based on the male and female genitalia. The early stages of 11 species are now documented either here or by G.C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978), and listed in
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<tableCitation id="746B0365FF9C927E17FFFAC4FDA504F5" box="[466,553,1407,1432]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,332,355]" captionTargetBox="[159,1417,414,818]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. The Spialia species groups of De Jong (1978), the Afrotropical members of each, and those which are documented here and by G. C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" tableUuid="6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE">Table 1</tableCitation>
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. They include representatives of six of the seven species groups of De Jong (1978). There appear to be some affinities between species based on the early stages, some of which align with De Jong’s species groups, but others don’t.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FF9C927C16EAFA57FD1900BD" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" type="description">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFF9C927E16EAFA57FCB40625" blockId="36.[151,1436,1300,2009]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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The pupae do not seem to offer useful characters except perhaps for the presence of brown plaques on the abdomen in some species. These are present in
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1481F9ABFC960745" box="[684,794,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1481F9ABFC960745" box="[684,794,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. diomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(strong),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E15A5F9ABFC7F0745" box="[904,1011,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E15A5F9ABFC7F0745" box="[904,1011,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. colotes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(weak),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E127AF9ABFB4A0745" box="[1111,1222,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E127AF9ABFB4A0745" box="[1111,1222,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. dromus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(strong),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1318F9ABFA100745" box="[1333,1436,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1318F9ABFA100745" box="[1333,1436,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(strong), and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1702F98EFE060720" box="[303,394,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1702F98EFE060720" box="[303,394,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. zebra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(weak), but not, or at least not discernably, in
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E15B2F98EFB860720" box="[927,1034,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E15B2F98EFB860720" box="[927,1034,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. kituina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E126EF98EFB020721" box="[1091,1166,1589,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E126EF98EFB020721" box="[1091,1166,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. spio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. I cannot make out any signs of these plaques in the plates of G.C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978), but they are not drawn at sufficient magnification to conclude that they are not present in any of the species he dealt with. The significance and function of these structures is unknown to me. Similarly the significance of the dimorphism of placement of the upper row of plaques best observed in
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1471F97EFC8F07B0" box="[604,771,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1471F97EFC8F07B0" box="[604,771,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but also found in
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E15C9F97EFB6407B0" box="[996,1256,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E15C9F97EFB6407B0" box="[996,1256,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and potentially found in other species, is unknown. These plaques are superficially reminiscent of the structures noted on the pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1697F8B6FE7D0648" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[186,497,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1697F8B6FEE40648" box="[186,360,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Gretna cylinda</emphasis>
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(Hewitson)
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</taxonomicName>
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(Cock
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1463F8B6FD0F0648" box="[590,643,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">et al</emphasis>
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. 2016,
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<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9C927E14CEF8B7FCDB0649" box="[739,855,1804,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1625]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,555,1625]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 37. Caterpillars and pupae of selected Spialia - like genera: Carcharodus, Heliopetes and Pyrgus. 1 – 2, Carcharodus alceae, collected as caterpillars on Hibiscus sp. cf. fragrans, Saidu Shari, Pakistan, 8 Jul 1995; MJWC 95 / 205; 1, final instar caterpillar, photographed 15 Jul; pupated 19 Jul; 18 mm; MJWC 95 / 205 B; 2, pupa; pupated 14 Jul; photographed 15 Jul; adult 25 Jul; 15 mm; MJWC 95 / 205 A. 3 – 4, Heliopetes arsalte, collected as caterpillar on Wissadula contracta, Mt. St, Benedict’s, Trinidad, West Indies, 6 Oct 1994; MJWC 94 / 60 (see Cock 2000); 3, final instar caterpillar; photographed 6 Oct; pupated 12 Oct; 19 mm; 4, pupa; pupated 12 Oct; photographed 14 Oct; adult 24 Oct; 15 mm. 5 – 6, Pyrgus oileus, collected as caterpillars on Sida rhombifolia, Nevis, West Indies, 8 Nov 1995; MJWC 95 / 406 (see Cock 2001); 5, final instar caterpillar; photographed 8 Nov 1995; pupated 15 Nov; 14 mm; MJWC 95 / 406 A; 6, pupa, pupated 20 Nov; photographed 24 Nov; died; 14 mm; MJWC 95 / 406 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256634/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Figure 37</figureCitation>
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), but the positioning and number per segment is different in this example, so this may not be a valid parallel.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFF9C927F16EAF8EEFAC20375" blockId="36.[151,1436,1300,2009]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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Next I consider the similarities within De Jong’s (1978) species groups, particularly where the early stages of more than one representative are known. For the
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E14FDF8CCFC0606FD" bold="true" box="[720,906,1911,1936]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E14FDF8CCFCB606FD" box="[720,826,1911,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E14FDF8CCFCB606FD" bold="true" box="[720,826,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">asterodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group
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</emphasis>
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, we have information and illustrations for the early stages of all three species:
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E142DF826FD0906D8" box="[512,645,1948,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E142DF826FD0906D8" box="[512,645,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. asterodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 13),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1236F826FBF106D8" box="[1051,1149,1948,1973]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1236F826FBF106D8" box="[1051,1149,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. agylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Henning
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E12D9F826FAA906D8" box="[1268,1317,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997, pp. 100–101),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1722F87AFEF506B4" box="[271,377,1984,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1722F87AFEF506B4" box="[271,377,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. kituina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9C927E17AAF87BFD9D06B4" box="[391,529,1984,2009]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1838,1860]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1700,1722]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,620,642]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,250,1636,1658]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,579,1676]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,221,579]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,1246,1583]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,579,1676]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,221,579]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[151,1436,1246,1584]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Three views of an ovum of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; MJWC 90 / 109. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view; 3, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Final instar caterpillar of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; pupated 11 Jan 1991; MJWC 90 / 109 A. 1, dorsolateral view; photographed 20 Dec; 13 mm. 2, lateral view; photographed 27 Dec. 3, detail of head, anterolateral view; as # 2." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; 11 mm; MJWC 90 / 109 A. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, head and thorax, dorsal view." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Biology of Spialia kituina, Kenya. 1, Microgasterinae cocoon reared from caterpillar, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Kibwezi, 1 Apr 1989; 5 mm; MJWC 89 / 29 B. 2, pupa, lateral view; collected as caterpillar on H. exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; pupated 11 Jan 1991; photographed 20 Jan; adult 25 Jan; 11 mm; MJWC 90 / 109 A." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256599/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256600/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/256601/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/256602/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Figures 2–5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E148FF87AFCAA06B4" box="[674,806,1984,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E148FF87AFCAA06B4" box="[674,806,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9C927E1576F87AFC4806B4" box="[859,964,1984,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9C927E1576F87AFC4806B4" box="[859,964,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very different: the former with regular relatively low ribs and clear transverse ridges between the ribs, and the latter (assuming it is correctly associated; see text above) with thick, heavy interrupted ridges. Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1578FF06FC0A01B8" box="[853,902,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.’s (1997) description of the ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F131FFF06FA1901B8" box="[1330,1429,188,213]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F131FFF06FA1901B8" box="[1330,1429,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. agylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ‘pale greenish blue with white ribbing’, is not clear enough to interpret in this context. Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1327FF5AFAB30195" box="[1290,1343,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997) describe the final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1414FEBEFD170070" box="[569,667,260,285]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1414FEBEFD170070" box="[569,667,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. agylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as greyish brown, so the photo of a reddish caterpillar is probably of one about to pupate. Apart from this, the bodies of the caterpillars of all three species appear quite similar, with short, pale, erect setae, and an unusual uniform brown or transparent pronotum lacking the usual black and pale markings. There is little detail visible of the head in the image of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15AFFECBFA8D00E5" authority="in Henning et al. (1997)" authorityName="in Henning et al." authorityYear="1997" box="[898,1281,367,392]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15AFFECBFC6900E5" box="[898,997,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. agylla</emphasis>
|
||
in Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1259FECAFB2A00E5" box="[1140,1190,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it can be seen that the setae are short, without obvious long black setae. The heads of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15DCFE2EFBFB00C0" box="[1009,1143,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15DCFE2EFBFB00C0" box="[1009,1143,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1280FE2EFA9400C0" box="[1197,1304,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1280FE2EFA9400C0" box="[1197,1304,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have rather different vestiture:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1742FE03FE7900BD" box="[367,501,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1742FE03FE7900BD" box="[367,501,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has short white clubbed setae, longer, clubbed, truncate, setae darker apically, and scattered long black, erect, flexible setae which may be barbed, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15C0FE66FBD60098" box="[1005,1114,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15C0FE66FBD60098" box="[1005,1114,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has short, pale, recumbent, aciculate setae, and long, erect, simple setae, mostly pale, but some of which are dark dorsally and laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927F16EAFD9EFA9F039D" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
For the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F170FFD98FE2D0350" bold="true" box="[290,417,547,573]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F170FFD98FEDD0351" box="[290,337,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F170FFD98FEDD0351" bold="true" box="[290,337,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, we have details and illustrations for all three species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1236FD9EFBEB0351" box="[1051,1127,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1236FD9EFBEB0351" box="[1051,1127,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F1255FD9FFA9E0351" box="[1144,1298,548,573]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1552,1574]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1714,1736]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,956,978]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,772,1527]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,1276,1689]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,628,932]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[151,1436,772,1528]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,1276,1690]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[151,1436,628,933]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Final instar caterpillars of Spialia spio. 1, lateral view; collected as final instar and on Hibiscus calyphyllus, Ololua Forest, Nairobi, 8 May 1988; photographed 8 May; pupated 15 May; 21 mm; MJWC 88 / 40; 2, detail of head, as # 1. 3, dorsolateral view; collected as young caterpillar on Pavonia urens, near Nabkoi, 2600 m, 1 Jul 1990; moulted to final instar 30 Jul; photographed 10 Aug; pupated 16 – 20 Aug; 18 mm; MJWC 90 / 63; 4, detail of head, as # 3. 5, detail of head; collected as final instar caterpillar on Pavonia urens, near Timboroa, 23 Oct 1988; photographed 23 Oct; pupated 5 Nov; MJWC 88 / 100." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Spialia spio. 1, dorsolateral view; collected on H. fuscus, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii, 5 Aug 1990; photographed 8 Aug; moulted to final instar 13 Aug; 9 mm; MJWC 90 / 82 B; 2, detail of head and anterior body, collected as small caterpillar on Waltheria indica, Cotonou, Bénin, 30 May 1989; photographed 22 Jun; pupa 8 Jul; MJWC 89 / 207 C." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Pupa of Spialia spio, Kenya. 1, lateral view; collected as small caterpillar on Pavonia burchellii, Muguga, 15 Sep 1988; pupated and photographed 23 Oct; adult 5 Nov; MJWC 88 / 81 C. 2, as # 1; photographed 26 Oct 1988." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256605/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256606/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/256607/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 8–10</figureCitation>
|
||
; Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 16, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1426FDF2FDCC030D" box="[523,576,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, pp. 112–113),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F156EFDF3FC3F030D" box="[835,947,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F156EFDF3FC3F030D" box="[835,947,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F15E8FDFCFBE0030D" box="[965,1132,583,608]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 12" captionStart-1="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,807,1750]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[151,1436,807,1750]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 12. Caterpillars of Spialia diomus, Kenya. 1, n- 2 instar, dorsal view; collected on Sida sp., Mwea Tebere, 1 Feb 1990; photographed 2 Feb 1990; moulted 11 Feb; MJWC 90 / 16 D. 2, final instar, dorsal view; collected as final instar on Sida ovata, Sultan Hamud, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr 1989; pupated 14 – 28 Apr; MJWC 89 / 30 A. 3, detail of head, as # 2." captionText-1="FIGURE 13. Pupa of Spialia diomus, collected as final instar on Sida ovata, Sultan Hamud, 1 Apr 1989; pupated and photographed 5 May; adult 14 May; MJWC 89 / 30 B. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, lateral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256609/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256610/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 12–13</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F129FFDF3FA87030D" box="[1202,1291,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F129FFDF3FA87030D" box="[1202,1291,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 15, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17DAFDD6FDAB03E8" box="[503,551,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, pp. 114–115). The ova of all three species have uniform regular ribs, but the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F174DFD2BFE2603C5" box="[352,426,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F174DFD2BFE2603C5" box="[352,426,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear very different to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1537FD2BFC0A03C5" box="[794,902,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1537FD2BFC0A03C5" box="[794,902,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1591FD2BFB9D03C5" box="[956,1041,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1591FD2BFB9D03C5" box="[956,1041,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with regard to the pronotum colour and markings and head vestiture, so much so that they appear more similar to caterpillars from other species groups than to each other—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1756FD63FE4A039D" box="[379,454,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1756FD63FE4A039D" box="[379,454,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembling the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1454FD6CFD45039D" box="[633,713,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1454FD6CFD45039D" box="[633,713,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">colotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F156AFD63FC38039D" box="[839,948,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F156AFD63FC38039D" box="[839,948,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15C7FD63FBCC039D" box="[1002,1088,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15C7FD63FBCC039D" box="[1002,1088,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F125DFD6CFB4F039D" box="[1136,1219,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F125DFD6CFB4F039D" box="[1136,1219,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927F16EAFD46FF6A05CD" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FF9D927F16EAFD46FF6A05CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272040" location="A" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
We have no detailed information on the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14D0FD46FCDE0278" box="[765,850,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doris">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14D0FD46FCDE0278" box="[765,850,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. doris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the single member of the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1254FD40FAB40278" bold="true" box="[1145,1336,763,789]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1254FD40FB670279" box="[1145,1259,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phlomidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1254FD40FB670279" bold="true" box="[1145,1259,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">phlomidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
found in sub-Saharan Africa, but the distinctive caterpillar of the European species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15C7FC9BFAC20255" authority="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" box="[1002,1358,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phlomidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15C7FC9BFBFA0255" box="[1002,1142,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. phlomidis</emphasis>
|
||
(Herrich-Schäffer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which feeds
|
||
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FF9D927F16F5FCFEFE3E0230" box="[216,434,836,861]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F16D6FCFFFE3E0230" box="[251,434,836,861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
, has a dark head, orange-brown pronotum, and grey body with large black subdorsal spots T2–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9D927F16E9FCD3FF5502ED" box="[196,217,872,896]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9 (Wagner 2015). There is information and illustrations available for only one of the two species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F16BAFC30FEBA02C8" bold="true" box="[151,310,907,933]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F16BAFC30FF6A02C9" box="[151,230,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F16BAFC30FF6A02C9" bold="true" box="[151,230,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">colotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1765FC36FE3902C8" box="[328,437,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1765FC36FE3902C8" box="[328,437,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. colotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F17EAFC37FDE302C8" box="[455,623,908,933]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 16" captionStart-1="FIGURE 17" captionStart-2="FIGURE 18" captionStartId-0="19.[151,250,1913,1935]" captionStartId-1="20.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionStartId-2="21.[151,250,1354,1376]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,827,1887]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,1167,1742]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,951,1329]" captionTargetId-0="figure@19.[151,1436,827,1889]" captionTargetId-1="figure@20.[151,1436,1167,1742]" captionTargetId-2="figure@21.[151,1436,951,1329]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionTargetPageId-2="21" captionText-0="FIGURE 16. Final instar caterpillar of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, collected on Hibiscus fuscus, Nairobi, Kenya. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 15 Apr 1988; photographed 15 Apr; pupated 5 May; 11 mm; MJWC 88 / 33. 2, dorsal view; as # 1. 3, dorsal view; collected 25 Oct 1988; photographed 7 Nov; died; MJWC 88 / 101." captionText-1="FIGURE 17. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, collected as young caterpillar on Hibiscus fuscus, Karen, Nairobi, 29 Oct 1989; moulted to penultimate instar 19 Nov; photographed 20 Nov; moulted to final instar 28 Nov; 8 mm; died as pupa; MJWC 89 / 84. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head and feeding damage." captionText-2="FIGURE 18. Pupae of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, lateral view. 1, collected as pupa on Hibiscus fuscus, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii, 5 Aug 1990; photographed 8 Aug; died; the dark spot towards apex forewing is a blemish; MJWC 90 / 82 A. 2, collected as young caterpillar on Hibiscus fuscus, Nairobi, 6 May 1989; pupated 4 Jun; photographed 14 Jun; died as pupa; MJWC 89 / 33 A." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256613/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256614/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/256615/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 16–18</figureCitation>
|
||
). For the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14CCFC30FC1A02C8" bold="true" box="[737,918,907,933]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14CCFC30FCCA02C9" box="[737,838,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14CCFC30FCCA02C9" bold="true" box="[737,838,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">sertorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, we have information and illustrations for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F13AAFC36FF4302A5" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F13AAFC36FF4302A5" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. mafa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 17), the Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14C5FC0BFCC902A5" box="[744,837,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galba">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14C5FC0BFCC902A5" box="[744,837,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. galba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F1578FC14FC3902A5" box="[853,949,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1706,1728]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,894,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,894,1682]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Biology of Spialia galba, collected as caterpillars on Sida sp., Islamabad, Pakistan, 5 Jul 1995. 1, penultimate instar, dorsal / dorsolateral view; moulted to final instar 18 Jul; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 28 Jul; MJWC 95 / 203 B. 2, final instar, detail of head, anterolateral view; as # 1. 3, pupa, lateral view; pupated 13 Jul; photographed 15 Jul; emerged 23 Jul; 12 mm; MJWC 95 / 203 A. 4, adult male, emerged 23 Jul 1995; MJWC 95 / 203 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256598/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), and there is information and illustrations available for the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F17F6FC6EFC9A0280" authority="Hoffmansegg" authorityName="Hoffmansegg" box="[475,790,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17F6FC6EFDEC0281" box="[475,608,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sertorius</emphasis>
|
||
(Hoffmansegg)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pro Natura 1999, Wagner 2015),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1297FC6EFA100280" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[1210,1436,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1297FC6EFAA50280" box="[1210,1321,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. orbifer</emphasis>
|
||
(Hübner)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wagner 2015, Tikhonov
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1797FC42FE60057D" box="[442,492,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1458FC43FBAC057D" authority="(Rambur) (Wagner 2015)" authorityName="(Rambur) (Wagner" authorityYear="2015" box="[629,1056,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="therapne">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1458FC43FD7A057D" box="[629,758,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. therapne</emphasis>
|
||
(Rambur) (Wagner 2015)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The three European species feed
|
||
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FF9D927F16BAFBA6FEA90559" box="[151,293,1053,1076]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1696FBA6FEA90559" box="[187,293,1053,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
and have a dark head, orange-brown pronotum, dark (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15B8FBA6FB9B0559" box="[917,1047,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15B8FBA6FB9B0559" box="[917,1047,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sertorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F120BFBA6FB1E0558" box="[1062,1170,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F120BFBA6FB1E0558" box="[1062,1170,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. orbifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or speckled brown (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F13AAFBA6FF770535" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="therapne">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F13AAFBA6FF770535" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. therapne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) body, with a dorsolateral yellow line (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14F0FBFBFCEF0535" box="[733,867,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14F0FBFBFCEF0535" box="[733,867,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sertorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F155AFBFBFC710535" box="[887,1021,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="therapne">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F155AFBFBFC710535" box="[887,1021,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. therapne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or row of spots (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F12CEFBFBFADE0535" box="[1251,1362,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F12CEFBFBFADE0535" box="[1251,1362,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. orbifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The European species are very different from the African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F152DFBDEFCDB0511" box="[768,855,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F152DFBDEFCDB0511" box="[768,855,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. mafa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which may be linked to their different food plant family.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927F16EAFB16FD8D0415" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
For the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1733FB10FE4E05A8" bold="true" box="[286,450,1195,1221]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1733FB10FEF905A9" box="[286,373,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1733FB10FEF905A9" bold="true" box="[286,373,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, we have details and illustrations for two of the five species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1259FB16FB6F05A8" box="[1140,1251,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1259FB16FB6F05A8" box="[1140,1251,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F12DCFB17FA1B05A9" box="[1265,1431,1196,1221]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 21" captionStart-1="FIGURE 22" captionStartId-0="26.[151,250,1832,1854]" captionStartId-1="27.[151,250,1636,1658]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,663,1807]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetId-0="figure@26.[151,1436,663,1807]" captionTargetId-1="figure@27.[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetPageId-0="26" captionTargetPageId-1="27" captionText-0="FIGURE 21. Spialia dromus egg and caterpillar, Kenya. 1, ovum; oviposition observed on Triumfetta rhomboidea Shimba Hills, 13 Apr 1990; MJWC 90 / 48. 2, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; collected on T. rhomboidea, Kakamega, 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May; pupated 27 May— 4 Jun; 16 mm; MJWC 89 / 45 A. 3, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar as # 2; photographed 14 Jun; died; 17 mm; MJWC 89 / 45 C." captionText-1="FIGURE 22. Pupa of Spialia dromus, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Triumfetta rhomboidea, Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills, 30 Mar 1989; pupated 30 Apr; photographed 2 May; adult 14 May; 12 mm; MJWC 89 / 26. 1, lateral view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256618/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256619/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 21–22</figureCitation>
|
||
; Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 14) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1468FB6BFD200585" box="[581,684,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1468FB6BFD200585" box="[581,684,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F1497FB74FCEE0585" box="[698,866,1231,1256]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 24" captionStart-1="FIGURE 25" captionStartId-0="29.[151,250,1778,1800]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,250,1872,1894]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,375,1754]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,1239,1848]" captionTargetId-0="figure@29.[151,1436,375,1754]" captionTargetId-1="figure@30.[151,1436,1239,1848]" captionTargetPageId-0="29" captionTargetPageId-1="30" captionText-0="FIGURE 24. Shelter and caterpillars of Spialia ploetzi. 1, S. ploetzi ploetzi shelter and feeding of n- 2 caterpillar, collected as small caterpillar on? Triumfetta sp., Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; photographed 17 Jun; MJWC 90 / 204. 2, S. ploetzi occidentalis final instar caterpillar head, anterior view, collected on? Triumfetta sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; photographed 6 Dec; pupated by 12 Dec; 22 mm; MJWC 88 / 205 A. 3, S. ploetzi ploetzi final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected as # 1; moulted to final instar 27 Jul; photographed 1 Aug; pupated 29 Aug; 17 mm; MJWC 90 / 204." captionText-1="FIGURE 25. Pupa of Spialia ploetzi occidentalis, lateral view; collected as caterpillar on Triumfetta sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; pupated by 12 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; adult 20 Dec 1988, MJWC 88 / 205 A." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256621/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256622/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 24–25</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1221FB6BFBFE0585" box="[1036,1138,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1221FB6BFBFE0585" box="[1036,1138,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been documented, but the caterpillars of the two species have a lot in common: both have conspicuous black linear setae and both have two pairs of round brown plaques on the upper adfrontals. The pupae of both species have oval brown plaques on the pupa abdomen, in common with several other species. Accordingly, the early stages offer good support for the affinity of these two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927F16EAFA3EFC0807D0" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
We have details and illustrations for three of the six species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15F0FA38FB1904F0" bold="true" box="[989,1173,1411,1437]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15F0FA38FBC804F1" box="[989,1092,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15F0FA38FBC804F1" bold="true" box="[989,1092,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">delagoae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1285FA3EFA8604F1" box="[1192,1290,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1285FA3EFA8604F1" box="[1192,1290,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 11, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17DAFA12FDA404AD" box="[503,552,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, pp. 92–93),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F152CFA13FCD604AD" box="[769,858,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F152CFA13FCD604AD" box="[769,858,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F1544FA1CFB8004AD" box="[873,1036,1447,1472]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 27" captionStart-1="FIGURE 28" captionStart-2="FIGURE 29" captionStartId-0="32.[151,250,936,958]" captionStartId-1="33.[151,250,1769,1791]" captionStartId-2="34.[151,250,1764,1786]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,555,1744]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1167,1740]" captionTargetId-0="figure@32.[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetId-1="figure@33.[151,1436,555,1744]" captionTargetId-2="figure@34.[151,1436,1167,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="32" captionTargetPageId-1="33" captionTargetPageId-2="34" captionText-0="FIGURE 27. Probably ovum of Spialia zebra bifida, collected on Hermannia sp., Kibwezi Forest, 7 Mar 1991; died; collected in association with caterpillars of S. zebra, but S. kituina also feeds on this host at this locality; MJWC 91 / 11. 1, dorsolateral view when relatively fresh; photographed 18 Mar; 2, dorsal view when dead; the caterpillar appears to have eaten part of the dorsal shell leaving the ridges and the black head is partially visible; photographed 28 Mar." captionText-1="FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Spialia zebra bifida, Kenya. 1, collected as n- 2 premoult on M.? velutina, Kibwezi, 10 Dec 1989; moulted to final instar 27 Dec; photographed 1 Jan 1990; pupated 11 Jan; MJWC 89 / 95. 2, collected as final instar on Dombeya burgessiae, Kakamega 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May 1989; pupated 24 May; MJWC 89 / 47 A. 3, collected as final instar caterpillar on Melhania? velutina, Ndara, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr; pupated 11 Apr; MJWC 89 / 27. 4, collected as penultimate instar premoult on M. velutina, Kibwezi Forest, 29 Jul 2001; moulted to final instar 31 Jul; photographed 1 Aug; pupated 20 Aug; 15 mm; MJWC 01 / 201 A. 5, collected as final instar on Melhania velutina, Diani Beach 12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; pupated 14 Dec; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 6 – 7, collected as final instar on Melhania taylori, Diani Beach 13 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar 11 Jan 1991; photographed 27 Jan; pupated 24 Feb; MJWC 90 / 115 C; 6, dorsolateral view; 7, detail of head, anterior view." captionText-2="FIGURE 29. Pupae and parasitoid of Spialia zebra bifida, Kenya. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as caterpillar on Melhania taylori, Diani Beach, 12 Dec 1990; pupated 14 Dec; photographed 16 Dec; adult 26 Dec; 13 mm; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 2, ventrolateral view; as # 1 but photographed 20 Dec; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 3, lateral view; collected as # 1; 13 Dec 1990; pupated 13 Dec; photographed 24 Dec; adult 25 Dec; 11 mm; MJWC 90 / 115 C. 4, dorsolateral view with partially exposed view of puparium of Thecocarcelia latifrons; collected as caterpillar on M. velutina, Nairobi-Mombasa Road at the junction with the Machakos Road, 24 Sep 1989; pupated 9 Oct; puparium visible 18 Oct; adult T. latifrons 1 Nov; MJWC 89 / 65 A." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256624/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256625/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/256626/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figures 27–29</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1267FA13FB4804AD" box="[1098,1220,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sataspes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1267FA13FB4804AD" box="[1098,1220,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sataspes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 12). The ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F17E1FA76FDA70489" box="[460,555,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17E1FA76FDA70489" box="[460,555,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F144CFA76FD570489" box="[609,731,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sataspes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F144CFA76FD570489" box="[609,731,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sataspes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ribbed slightly irregularly, whereas the ribbing of that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F13AAFA76FF590765" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F13AAFA76FF590765" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(if correctly associated) is very irregular, with interrupted ridges and cones. The caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1321FA4BFAE00765" box="[1292,1388,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1321FA4BFAE00765" box="[1292,1388,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F16BAF9AEFE9F0741" box="[151,275,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sataspes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F16BAF9AEFE9F0741" box="[151,275,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sataspes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem quite similar, with very short inconspicuous setae on the body, the pronotum marked in dark and pale rectangles, and the head covered with short aciculate setae, dark in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1594F983FB9B073D" box="[953,1047,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1594F983FB9B073D" box="[953,1047,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and pale in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F12B3F983FA95073D" box="[1182,1305,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sataspes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F12B3F983FA95073D" box="[1182,1305,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sataspes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a few longer black setae. The caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1410F9E6FD140718" box="[573,664,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1410F9E6FD140718" box="[573,664,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in having longer, more conspicuous setae on the body, white densely aciculate setae on the head, slightly longer pale or dark simple setae, but no obviously longer dark setae. The three species form a plausible, although not convincing group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927F16EAF972FCAF06F8" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Next, are there general similarities or differences that cut across species groups and support or contradict the phylogeny of De Jong’s (1978) species groups? The nine known ova can be divided into three groups: those with regular ribs for at least the basal two-thirds:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14B9F8ABFD6C0645" box="[660,736,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14B9F8ABFD6C0645" box="[660,736,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F14DDF8ABFCD20645" box="[752,862,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F14DDF8ABFCD20645" box="[752,862,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1543F8ABFC4A0645" box="[878,966,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1543F8ABFC4A0645" box="[878,966,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F15F9F8ABFA9B0645" box="[980,1303,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F15F9F8ABFBE70645" box="[980,1131,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mafa" subSpecies="mafa">S. mafa mafa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F128BF8ABFA9B0645" box="[1190,1303,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">S. dromus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, those with irregular ribs:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F171BF88EFE370620" box="[310,443,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F171BF88EFE370620" box="[310,443,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F17E4F88EFDBF0620" box="[457,563,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17E4F88EFDBF0620" box="[457,563,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. colotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1447F88EFD4F0620" box="[618,707,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1447F88EFD4F0620" box="[618,707,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and those of intermediate form:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1215F88EFB1B0621" box="[1080,1175,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1215F88EFB1B0621" box="[1080,1175,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F12E0F88EFAC40621" box="[1229,1352,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sataspes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F12E0F88EFAC40621" box="[1229,1352,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. sataspes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of the first group, the ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F17A3F8E3FE71061D" box="[398,509,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F17A3F8E3FE71061D" box="[398,509,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in that the dorsal third, the sculpture is broken up into irregular ridges. These groups do not align with De Jong’s (1978) species groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9D927C16EAF81BFD1900BD" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">
|
||
The caterpillars, and in particular the vestiture of the head are quite varied. Four of the species treated have conspicuous black linear setae:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1427F87EFDF706B0" box="[522,635,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1427F87EFDF706B0" box="[522,635,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9D927F14A3F87FFC8E06B1" box="[654,770,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,807,1750]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,807,1750]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caterpillars of Spialia diomus, Kenya. 1, n- 2 instar, dorsal view; collected on Sida sp., Mwea Tebere, 1 Feb 1990; photographed 2 Feb 1990; moulted 11 Feb; MJWC 90 / 16 D. 2, final instar, dorsal view; collected as final instar on Sida ovata, Sultan Hamud, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr 1989; pupated 14 – 28 Apr; MJWC 89 / 30 A. 3, detail of head, as # 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256609/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1536F87EFCFA06B1" box="[795,886,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1536F87EFCFA06B1" box="[795,886,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 15),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9D927F1304F87EFA1006B0" box="[1321,1436,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9D927F1304F87EFA1006B0" box="[1321,1436,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="338">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 21.2–3; Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 14) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C14D0FF23FCE801DD" box="[765,868,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C14D0FF23FCE801DD" box="[765,868,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 24.2–3).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C1204FF2CFB5D01DD" box="[1065,1233,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C1204FF2CFB5D01DD" box="[1065,1233,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 12.3) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C16BAFF06FF6101B9" box="[151,237,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C16BAFF06FF6101B9" box="[151,237,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, plate 15) have fan-like scales covering the face, which are not found in the other two species. Based on these characters, it seems reasonable to postulate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C15DAFF5BFBE90195" box="[1015,1125,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C15DAFF5BFBE90195" box="[1015,1125,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C1259FF5BFB450195" box="[1140,1225,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C1259FF5BFB450195" box="[1140,1225,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C12F4FF5BFAC40195" box="[1241,1352,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C12F4FF5BFAC40195" box="[1241,1352,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C13AAFF5BFF6E0070" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C13AAFF5BFF6E0070" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are part of one lineage (evenly ribbed ova, linear scales on head, brown plaques on pupa), and that within this,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C16FDFE93FECF002D" box="[208,323,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C16FDFE93FECF002D" box="[208,323,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C1752FE93FE65002D" box="[383,489,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C1752FE93FE65002D" box="[383,489,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely related, as are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C1509FE93FC18002D" box="[804,916,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C1509FE93FC18002D" box="[804,916,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C15FCFE93FBA5002D" box="[977,1065,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C15FCFE93FBA5002D" box="[977,1065,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as noted above). However, De Jong’s (1978) phylogeny indicates no close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C15A4FEF6FC750008" box="[905,1017,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C15A4FEF6FC750008" box="[905,1017,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C1218FEF6FB010009" box="[1077,1165,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C1218FEF6FB010009" box="[1077,1165,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C12DAFEF7FAC60008" box="[1271,1354,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C12DAFEF7FAC60008" box="[1271,1354,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Other characters of the caterpillars do not suggest obvious groups. The lack of clear patterns may be seen to support De Jong’s (1978) conclusion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9E927C14ADFE2FFD5C00C0" box="[640,720,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9E927C14ADFE2FFD5C00C0" box="[640,720,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">Spialia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. can be divided into a relatively large number of species groups, some with rather few representatives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |