150 lines
20 KiB
XML
150 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="56C630D33E24B73DB0067873E5E4B66C" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.8049" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cc0c4766-1f90-40f0-b36d-5986b311cd29" ID-PMC="PMC4443524" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-504-11" ID-PubMed="26019675" ID-ZooBank="4BD711727F0344B79C6009DEC6109817" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-504-11" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 504" ModsDocTitle="Status of Exosphaeromaamplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E.aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific" checkinTime="1451244326114" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wall, Adam R., Bruce, Niel L. & Wetzer, Regina" docDate="2015" docId="AB0783EEC4A5BAA5996B372345E9F4D9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 504: 11-58" docOrigin="ZooKeys 504" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.8049" docTitle="Exosphaeroma Stebbing 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FF986D16FFB7FFAEFF90FFD0CC13FFA4" masterDocTitle="Status of Exosphaeromaamplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E. aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1701317980781" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3D4818A779A0FCABB237C95185F33A30">Status of Exosphaeromaamplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E. aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3CC7BFEB845F8D413CADCDE1718E251">Wall, Adam R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="423DFB12BD3AC5338426E7F727F600E9">Bruce, Niel L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE6DB0D29635FC88943DBD0830016112">Wetzer, Regina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C1028E7DD2F1AB55AA782B9802A440B8">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="AB0783EEC4A5BAA5996B372345E9F4D9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060045" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB0783EEC4A5BAA5996B372345E9F4D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0783EEC4A5BAA5996B372345E9F4D9" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="35C695AE199A26106515F9F3EE569EE4" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="0EEDEBE3D4B902F08B243BB288025766" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Taxon classification Animalia Isopoda Sphaeromatidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="81768D8246FC4B9FFE9A5385AB2CF4B9" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E128C502FF599A6CC83DDA39D1DD00A1" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="E568629B2235FB8DBB03C8295D1FF3C9" ID-CoL="7P25D" authority="Stebbing, 1900" authorityName="Stebbing" authorityYear="1900" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exosphaeroma Stebbing, 1900</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FA9D14C7C885103DD24DD09563E74AF" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B56962AA39ACDB32749313B5CB12B318" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="180BCCA30A2B916AA3E39E19A158B20F" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exosphaeroma</taxonomicName>
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Stebbing, 1900: 553, Restricted synonymy. -
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<bibRefCitation id="C38DDA2E0A564B8F3EF5A5E8DDB18DAC" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" pagination="309 - 369" title="New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters." volume="60" year="2003">Bruce 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 327.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="01FC721FEF70641E5413F2A758BABB90" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="9FDCB538405A270380272BABACF01ED9" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7EEAC0A4366B3A5B5788B212F29F3AB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="ACECBE13CC33E392EB42E81D6E4B2B09" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Sphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroma gigas" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Sphaeroma gigas</taxonomicName>
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Leach, 1818; by original designation (
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<bibRefCitation id="E3D493A5950419993C02581266A29016" author="Stebbing, TRR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" pagination="517 - 568" title="On some crustaceans from the Falkland Islands, collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin." volume="1900" year="1900">Stebbing 1900</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="483853B198191E2A679D1721CED93639" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="AEFDBAE61DD20FD36E1AC408803DA34B" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<pageBreakToken id="D4D013D632227F35F6CC87A10825504C" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BBE1EE91EB1EC967424FE4E7C786D68E" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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A diagnosis and comprehensive synonymy was provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="D777F54493CEAB53F2D719DE8C1649F8" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="31" pageNumber="42" pagination="309 - 369" title="New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters." volume="60" year="2003">Bruce (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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. The genus occurs in shallow water in all the world oceans and is one of the few sphaeromatid genera extending to southern reaches of the Southern Ocean. Greatest diversity is found in the Southern Hemisphere. The genus has groups of morphologically similar species, including those species close to the type species, and a group of species with a broad rim to the pleotelson ventral margin, while some species have broad uropods and a posteriorly produced pleotelson apex. At present, the relationships between these different species groups remains unassessed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E4258A364EB961ACDB8BEC601ECE2D3" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="2853712A309831962B1FE0A8028E0438" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma amplicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">Exosphaeroma amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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(Stimpson, 1857),
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<taxonomicName id="D1B018B8C2063E074AFA0CC216CFB75F" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma aphrodita" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphrodita">Exosphaeroma aphrodita</taxonomicName>
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and the three new species described herein form a distinct group within the genus
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<taxonomicName id="7D655A73B0348F1BB6E86ADB0CD917E3" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exosphaeroma</taxonomicName>
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. This group of species is characterised by a posteriorly produced and somewhat posteriorly depressed pleotelson, with an acute apex, flattened ventrolateral margins, and the posterior margin overriding a shallow exit channel; the uropods are distally wide and the exopod is distally broadly falcate. The dorsum varies from smooth to nodular. Typically mature males of the "
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<taxonomicName id="D178F64F976FB887B82D7CE7DFC74CDB" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Sphaeromatidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeromatidea amplicauda" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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group" have a large pleotelson and enlarged posterior coxal plates and cannot completely roll up or fold. Some similar species are known from the Southern Hemisphere, including
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<taxonomicName id="5757C977B2A8154546DD956676DBDF1E" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma alveola" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alveola">Exosphaeroma alveola</taxonomicName>
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Bruce, 2003 (southeastern Australia);
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<taxonomicName id="4F7556DE430C99D78E3A3B8F736724D5" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma antikraussi" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antikraussi">Exosphaeroma antikraussi</taxonomicName>
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Barnard, 1940,
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<taxonomicName id="0A5D4FEA827031ED647E2CFCA0542081" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma kraussi" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kraussi">Exosphaeroma kraussi</taxonomicName>
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Tattersall, 1913,
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<taxonomicName id="53F1BC10620775E69176C389E9866596" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma planum" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planum">Exosphaeroma planum</taxonomicName>
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Barnard, 1914 and
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<taxonomicName id="6317C7FA3A511B3C545AD0367837AFEC" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma varicolor" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varicolor">Exosphaeroma varicolor</taxonomicName>
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Barnard, 1914 (all South Africa); and
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<taxonomicName id="F8321DC10F6AE4A0FBDA5A9CBBAFB101" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma montis" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montis">Exosphaeroma montis</taxonomicName>
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(Hurley & Jansen, 1977) (New Zealand). All other North American
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<taxonomicName id="8D303AD4EC20370AAE3CE0920F4DAC9B" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exosphaeroma</taxonomicName>
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have an evenly rounded pleotelson, with a narrow ventral margin, and uropods that are not posteriorly wide.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86555A5E39441E63FF8B9119E14B947C" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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Other
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<taxonomicName id="FE3102952AEF82C1A88B3508B4EEF3F8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exosphaeroma</taxonomicName>
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occurring between Alaska and the Mexican border that are morphologically not closely related to the Pacific west coast species include
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<taxonomicName id="3A9F16CB5DC6D1BE3C80F8BAD18994AA" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma inornata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">Exosphaeroma inornata</taxonomicName>
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(known from Puget Sound, Washington to central-southern Baja California Norte, Mexico).
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<taxonomicName id="E58A845972C82ABF1726E5CAB11A8043" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma inornata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">Exosphaeroma inornata</taxonomicName>
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differs from the "
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<taxonomicName id="DF6ACDF9083107E68ACC13EF74720E5B" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Sphaeromatidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeromatidea amplicauda" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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group" in that
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<taxonomicName id="D474914F439312DA72410B028E0703CF" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma inornata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">Exosphaeroma inornata</taxonomicName>
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lacks marked sexual dimorphism. Males mate guard individual females with males clasping and holding females until mating.
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<taxonomicName id="D2EDD50EB0565D587674ACA9C4E42579" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma inornata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">Exosphaeroma inornata</taxonomicName>
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can roll up into perfect balls, and their bodies are unornamented. This distinguishes them clearly from the "
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<taxonomicName id="98FB3511CDF2739FB5A12F900846FE94" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Sphaeromatidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeromatidea amplicauda" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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" clade (
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<taxonomicName id="2FEA24CC9C44E5ED80B27FE1B86A0CE9" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma amplicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">Exosphaeroma amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A610201AA2F24B6D9A287CB4878F4DC8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma aphrodita" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphrodita">Exosphaeroma aphrodita</taxonomicName>
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, and the three new species described here).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CBB4194A00AA9DC4DF176F265A9429DC" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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The type specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="B4B3769123A6309A5B39C6ADEA0686FE" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma rhomburum" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhomburum">Exosphaeroma rhomburum</taxonomicName>
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(USNM 22573) were borrowed and consist of two specimens from Monterey Bay, neither specimen is an adult male.
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<bibRefCitation id="748E4083A21847E124BCC0C66FD3FA3D" author="Richardson, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals Magazine of Natural History London" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" pagination="157 - 187" title="Key to the isopods of the Pacific Coast of North America, with descriptions of twenty-two new species." volume="7, IV" year="1899 b">
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<normalizedToken id="12D48AB3F011FF722FFE260EB3D4126D" originalValue="Richardson’s">Richardson's</normalizedToken>
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(1899b
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 835) original species description only figures the pleotelson, and she did not note whether the description was based on a male or female. We were not able to further evaluate the status of this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="571B8F377375FD6BF236928183365D0C" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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In collections from the type locality at Tomales Bay in 2009 for
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<taxonomicName id="9E0DD2AE7A28FFE18E3B029525FC437D" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma amplicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplicauda">Exosphaeroma amplicauda</taxonomicName>
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, we found "family groups" with all life stages (gravid and non-gravid females, subadult males, juveniles, and adult males). These family groups consisted of ca. 10-30 individuals, but in which adult, fully mature males are rare, leading us to conclude that males in these species guard harems rather than guard individual females. For every 10 individuals, we found one, sometimes two, large adult males. We found no evidence for multiple male morphs in these collections [e.g., alpha, beta, gamma males in
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<taxonomicName id="C7068ADBCFB6BCD7B8FD531B7C05EE5B" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Paracerceis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracerceis sculpta" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpta">Paracerceis sculpta</taxonomicName>
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as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="2E9BBA414FD28DFD3180F3B88986F1C0" author="Shuster, SM" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" pagination="1683 - 1698" title="Male alternative reproductive strategies in a marine isopod crustacean (Paracerceissculpta): the use of genetic markers to measure differences in fertilization success among alpha, beta, and gamma males." url="10.2307/2409384" volume="43" year="1989">Shuster (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |