230 lines
27 KiB
XML
230 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6B3D7F909BC12050EE1E3D0E7465FE29">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="314F095BEC6D18ECF92D1C08E53A532B">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8BAC6D5319E708AA3F8EA19D80A20CE8">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="37DF3ABFE9B92852A32637A5317B19AA">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D3DAA720D8A10F2BBC28566B780AE441" type="email">camsiler@ou.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="95FC4DDC064A63B5F7C1AFD86DA59A22">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="17B0D17954763C4E2A289B85663F5A00">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03B38B5C8448FFFBFFDCFED1FCFCFB8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724689" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235037993" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724689" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8448FFFBFFDCFED1FCFCFB8B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38B5C8448FFFBFFDCFED1FCFCFB8B" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFFDCFED1FD9BFE2F" ID-CoL="636MV" authority="(Gray, 1849)" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[123,600,381,406]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFFDCFED1FD9BFE2F" bold="true" box="[123,600,381,406]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF59FED1FE9BFE2F" bold="true" box="[254,344,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Chitulia</emphasis>
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]
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFECEFED1FE01FE2F" bold="true" box="[361,450,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">belcheri</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFE76FED1FD92FE2F" author="GRAY, JOHN" box="[465,593,381,405]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref64395" refString="GRAY, JOHN EDWARD. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, UK. xv + 125 pp." type="book" year="1849">Gray, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8448FFFBFFDCFE32FDABFE0C" blockId="61.[123,616,381,438]" box="[123,616,414,438]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Belcher’s Sea Snake; Faint-banded Sea Snake</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFF7CFE60FDC2FE58" ID-CoL="JNFL" authority="Gray, 1849: 46" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1849" box="[219,513,460,482]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aturia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF7CFE60FEADFE5B" box="[219,366,460,481]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Aturia belcheri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8448FFFBFF7CFE40FDDFFD84" blockId="61.[219,1174,460,606]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8448FFFBFF7CFE40FD82FDB8" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[219,577,492,514]" page="52" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" year="1926">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFF7CFE40FD82FDB8" ID-CoL="3N88C" authority=", Smith, 1926: 52" authorityName=", Smith" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1926" box="[219,577,492,514]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF7CFE40FE5BFDBB" box="[219,408,492,513]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Hydrophis belcheri</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFE0FFE40FD82FDB8" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[424,577,492,514]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith, 1926:52</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B8448FFFBFDC2FE40FCF9FDB8" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[613,826,492,514]" page="230" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" year="1993">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFDC2FE40FCF9FDB8" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[613,826,492,514]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref68848" refString="MCCARTHY, COLIN. 1993 c. Hydrophis Latrielle 1801. Pages 229 - 242 in P. Golay, H. M. Smith, D. G. Broadley, J. R. Dixon, C. McCarthy, J. - C. Rage, B. Schatti, and M. Toriba, eds., Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. Azemiops S. A., Aire-Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">McCarthy, 1993c:230</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.— David and Ineich, 1999:105.—
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFEACFDA0FD1AFD9A" author="FERNER, JOHN & M. BROWN & ROGELIO & V. SISON & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" box="[267,729,522,545]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" pagination="34 - 70" refId="ref62858" refString="FERNER, JOHN W., RAFE M. BROWN, ROGELIO V. SISON, AND ROBERT S. KENNEDY. 2001. The amphibians and reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 34 - 70." type="journal article" year="2001">Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:54</bibRefCitation>
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||
[21].—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFC85FDA0FBE3FD9B" author="RASMUSSEN, ARNE & REDSTED, JOHAN & ELMBERG & PETER GRAVLUND, AND" box="[802,1056,523,545]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref72067" refString="RASMUSSEN, ARNE REDSTED, JOHAN ELMBERG, PETER GRAVLUND, AND IVAN INEICH. 2011. Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key. Zootaxa 2894 (2894): 1 - 20, 2 figs." type="book chapter" year="2011">Rasmussen et al., 2011:5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFBE2FDA7FB55FD9B" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[1093,1174,523,545]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref67937" refString="LEVITON, ALAN E., RAFE M. BROWN, AND CAMERON D. SILER. 2014. The dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipelago. Pages 473 - 530 in G. C. Williams and T. M. Gosliner, eds., The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Philippine Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA." type="book" year="2014">Leviton,</bibRefCitation>
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Brown, and Siler, 2014:503.
|
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFF7CFDE4FCEAFDE4" authority=", Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014: 163" authorityName=", Wallach, Williams, and Boundy" authorityPageNumber="163" authorityYear="2014" box="[219,809,584,606]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Chitulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF7CFDE4FEBCFDE7" box="[219,383,584,605]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Chitulia belcheri</emphasis>
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, Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:163
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</taxonomicName>
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.
|
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(
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.—
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|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318448FFFBFCF6FDDEFBEBFD30" box="[849,1064,626,650]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">BMNH 1946.1.1.97</specimenCode>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318448FFFBFF7CFD3FFE49FD10" box="[219,394,658,682]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">BMNH III.3.2.a</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFE31FD3EFE7DFD10" box="[406,446,658,682]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">fide</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFE62FD3EFDBAFD10" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[453,633,658,682]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith [1926:53]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18448FFFBFFDCFD1FFBDEFBAB" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8448FFFBFFDCFD1FFE86FCF7" blockId="61.[123,1174,625,1073]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFFDCFD1FFE64FD73" bold="true" box="[123,423,691,715]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFFDCFD1FFF3BFD70" baselines="709,709" box="[123,248,691,715]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Philippine" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">PHILIPPINE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFEAAFD1AFE64FD73" baselines="708" box="[269,423,694,713]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132126CF8448FFFBFE65FD1FFDEFFD71" box="[450,556,691,715]" captionStart="A B C D" captionStartId="127.[181,208,234,267]" captionText="A B C D MAPS 17A–D. Geographic range maps for Philippine records of (A) Hydrophis belcheri; (B) Hydrophis curtus; (C) Hydrophis cyanocinctus; (D) Hydrophis inornatus." pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Map 17A</figureCitation>
|
||
[p. 128]).—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8448FFFBFD19FD1FFCFCFD71" box="[702,831,691,715]" name="Philippines" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, unknown, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFBEAFD1FFE9EFD51" author="ALCALA, ANGEL" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref57381" refString="ALCALA, ANGEL C. 1986 a. Amphibians and Reptiles. JMC Press, Quezon City, Philippines. xiv + 195 pp. [NB: Publication sponsored by Natural Resources Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and the University of the Philippines.]" type="book" year="1986">Alcala (1986a:166)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that it “has been recorded from the central Philippine sea.”; see also comment by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFECDFD58FD9FFCB6" author="FERNER, JOHN & M. BROWN & ROGELIO & V. SISON & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" box="[362,604,756,780]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" pagination="34 - 70" refId="ref62858" refString="FERNER, JOHN W., RAFE M. BROWN, ROGELIO V. SISON, AND ROBERT S. KENNEDY. 2001. The amphibians and reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 34 - 70." type="journal article" year="2001">Ferner et al. (2001:54</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[21]), who cite Alcala (1986). Otherwise, it has been reported from the coastal waters off of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8448FFFBFDDBFCB8FD15FC96" box="[636,726,788,812]" name="Vietnam" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8448FFFBFCC2FCB8FC66FC96" box="[869,933,788,812]" name="China" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFC46FCB9FEFAFCF7" author="RASMUSSEN, ARNE & REDSTED, JOHAN & ELMBERG & PETER GRAVLUND, AND" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref72067" refString="RASMUSSEN, ARNE REDSTED, JOHAN ELMBERG, PETER GRAVLUND, AND IVAN INEICH. 2011. Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key. Zootaxa 2894 (2894): 1 - 20, 2 figs." type="book chapter" year="2011">Rasmussen et al. [2011:5]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8448FFFBFFDCFCF9FBDEFBAB" blockId="61.[123,1174,625,1073]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFFDCFCF9FD6AFCD7" bold="true" box="[123,681,853,878]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
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|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFF4EFCF5FEBEFCD6" baselines="871" box="[233,381,857,876]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFE2BFCF5FE17FCD6" baselines="871" box="[396,468,857,876]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="other" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">OTHER</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFE7CFCF5FDD6FCD6" baselines="871" box="[475,533,857,876]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="than" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">THAN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFDBBFCFAFD63FCD6" baselines="872,871" box="[540,672,854,878]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Philippines" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8448FFFBFDBBFCFAFD63FCD6" box="[540,672,854,878]" name="Philippines" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.— Gulf of Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Guinea. (N.B.: David and Ineich [1999:105], citing earlier discussions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFB92FCDBFEB7FC15" author="MCDOWELL JR., SAMUEL" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" pagination="189 - 247" refId="ref69231" refString="MCDOWELL JR., SAMUEL B. 1972. The genera of sea-snakes of the Hydrophis group (Serpentes: Elapidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 32 (3): 189 - 247, 1 fig." type="book chapter" year="1972">McDowell [1972:217]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and McCarthy and Warrell [1991:162–163], refer the Australasian records to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFF50FC1BFE0DFC75" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[247,462,951,975]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF50FC1BFE0DFC75" box="[247,462,951,975]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">Hydrophis pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but see also Kharin [2005:161], whose observations heighten the confusion regarding the identification of samples of populations supposedly belonging to
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFF7CFC55FE98FBAA" box="[219,347,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFF7CFC55FE94FBAA" authorityName=", Wallach, Williams, and Boundy" authorityYear="2014" box="[219,343,1016,1040]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Chitulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">H. belcheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
See also comments by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8448FFFBFDFFFC55FCDCFBAB" author="RASMUSSEN, ARNE" box="[600,799,1017,1041]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" refId="ref71947" refString="RASMUSSEN, ARNE REDSTED. 2001. Sea Snakes. Pages 3987 - 4008 in K. E. Carpenter and V. H. Niem, eds., Boney Fishes, Part 4 (Labridae to Latimeridae), Estuarine Crocodiles, Sea Turtles, Sea Snakes and Marine Mammals. Vol. 6. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy." type="book" year="2001">Rasmussen [2001]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
relating to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98448FFFBFC3CFC55FBCEFBAA" authorityName="Kharin" authorityYear="1984" box="[923,1037,1017,1040]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coggeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFC3CFC55FBCEFBAA" box="[923,1037,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">H. coggeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18448FFFBFFDCFBB5FCFCFB8B" box="[123,831,1049,1073]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8448FFFBFFDCFBB5FCFCFB8B" blockId="61.[123,1174,625,1073]" box="[123,831,1049,1073]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588448FFFBFFDCFBB5FE0DFB8B" bold="true" box="[123,462,1049,1073]" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFFDCFBB5FEDDFB95" baselines="1067,1066" box="[123,286,1049,1073]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Conservation" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">CONSERVATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968448FFFBFE82FBB0FEB3FB95" baselines="1066" box="[293,368,1052,1071]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="status" pageId="61" pageNumber="460">STATUS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
[IUCN]
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.— Data Deficient [2016] ver. 3.1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |