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<mods:title id="9B83A52AABD2BC1040C315421A471196">A twin of Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, with review of primers used for barcoding of Spionidae</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B572C44357C0B4DA8B72F940" box="[151,284,1697,1723]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStart-5="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,250,1796,1820]" captionStartId-5="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId-0="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId-1="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId-2="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetId-3="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId-4="figure-232@11.[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetId-5="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, relationships between length of caruncle (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers in worm. B, relationships between arrangement of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger), arrangement of spines in posterior notopodia (referring to number of the first chaetiger bearing awl-like and sickle-shaped spines) and total number of chaetigers in worm. C, relationships between arrangement of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetiger with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in worm." captionText-5="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022346" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14022346/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Figures 4–9</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C44357C0B49D8B22F905" box="[151,332,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Polydora hoplura</emphasis>
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(?): 
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. Not 
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aff. 
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: 
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Al-Kandari 
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. 2019: 9
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. Not 
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<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C44357C0B5318BECF89F" bold="true" box="[151,386,1866,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C44356DEB5318835F872" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Mohammad, M. - B. M." country="Kuwait" latitude="29.333" location="Kuwait Bay" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="48.0947" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="NHMUK 1969.230" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Arabian Gulf" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="6843F85FB572C44356DEB531884FF89F" box="[393,545,1866,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Arabian Gulf</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB572C4435579B53188EBF89F" box="[558,645,1866,1892]" name="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="AF586066B572C44355C7B5318977F89E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B572C44355C7B5318977F89E" box="[656,793,1866,1893]" country="Kuwait" latitude="29.333" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="48.0947" name="Kuwait Bay" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" stateProvince="Arabian Gulf">Kuwait Bay</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C4435471B53089FCF89E" box="[806,914,1867,1893]" degrees="29.333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="55" value="29.333">29.333ºN</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C44354C8B5308E78F89E" box="[927,1046,1867,1893]" degrees="48.0947" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="5" value="48.0947">48.0947ºE</geoCoordinate>
, st. 5, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB572C44353CBB5318FF9F89E" box="[1180,1431,1866,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Mohammad, M.-B.M.</collectorName>
, 1968, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C4435788B5148BD4F873" box="[223,442,1902,1929]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="Museum">NHMUK 1969.230</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C443569BB514883AF872" box="[460,596,1903,1929]" count="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">3 paratypes</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C4435530B515881DF856" collectingDate="2014-12-25" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Grintsov, V. A." country="Kuwait" latitude="29.3916" location="Failaka Is." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="48.3989" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="MIMB 42192" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="AF586066B572C4435530B51588B1F872" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B572C4435530B51588B1F872" box="[615,735,1902,1929]" country="Kuwait" latitude="29.3916" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="48.3989" name="Failaka Is." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Failaka Is.</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C44355BAB5158906F873" box="[749,872,1902,1928]" degrees="29.3916" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="5" value="29.3916">29.3916ºN</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C4435423B5148980F872" box="[884,1006,1903,1929]" degrees="48.3989" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="5" value="48.3989">48.3989ºE</geoCoordinate>
: 
<date id="DE39107DB572C44354AEB5158EE1F872" box="[1017,1167,1902,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2014-12-25">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B572C44354AEB5158EE1F872" box="[1017,1167,1902,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2014-12-25">25 Dec 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB572C4435382B5158F17F872" box="[1237,1401,1902,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Grintsov, V.A.</collectorName>
, in shell limestone, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C443561DB5E88B8DF856" box="[330,483,1939,1965]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 42192</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C44356A3B5E88805F856" box="[500,619,1939,1965]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C443552BB5E88854F82A" collectedFrom="in shell of razor clam Pinna bicolor Gmelin" collectingDate="2020-02-11" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Radashevsky, V. I." country="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="MIMB 42696" specimenCount="15" typeStatus="paratype">
<date id="DE39107DB572C443552BB5E88968F856" box="[636,774,1938,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2020-02-11">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B572C443552BB5E88968F856" box="[636,774,1938,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2020-02-11">11 Feb 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB572C4435411B5E98E63F856" box="[838,1037,1938,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Radashevsky, V.I.</collectorName>
, 
<collectedFrom id="199B7540B572C4435340B5E98A80F82B" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
in shell of razor clam 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB572C4435254B5E88B28F82A" authority="Gmelin, MIMB" authorityName="Gmelin, MIMB" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435254B5E88FF2F857" box="[1283,1436,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Pinna bicolor</emphasis>
Gmelin, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C44357AFB5CC8BFFF82B" box="[248,401,1974,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 42696</specimenCode>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C44356F7B5CD8BD3F82A" box="[416,445,1974,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">15</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="753C881FB572C4435695B5CC885CF82A" box="[450,562,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">paratypes</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C4435513B5CC8903F82A" box="[580,877,1974,2001]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="MIMB 42697" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C4435513B5CC88B3F82B" box="[580,733,1974,2001]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 42697</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C44355B9B5CC8894F82A" box="[750,762,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="753C881FB572C4435457B5CC890BF82A" box="[768,869,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">paratype</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C4435420B5CC8EFFF82A" box="[887,1169,1974,2001]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="MIMB 42698" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C4435420B5CC8E7EF82B" box="[887,1040,1974,2001]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 42698</specimenCode>
(
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB572C4435348B5CC8EE8F82A" bold="true" box="[1055,1158,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">
<typeStatus id="753C881FB572C4435348B5CC8EE8F82A" box="[1055,1158,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C44353CDB5CD898BF80E" collectingDate="2015-02-04" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Radashevsky, V. I." country="Kuwait" latitude="29.377" location="Al-Judailiat" longLatPrecision="73" longitude="47.759" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCode="MIMB 33067" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="AF586066B572C44353CDB5CD8F4FF82B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B572C44353CDB5CD8F4FF82B" box="[1178,1313,1974,2000]" country="Kuwait" latitude="29.377" longLatPrecision="73" longitude="47.759" name="Al-Judailiat" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Al-Judailiat</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C443527CB5CC8FF6F82A" box="[1323,1432,1975,2001]" degrees="29.377" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="55" value="29.377">29.377ºN</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C44357C0B5A18B6FF80E" box="[151,257,2010,2037]" degrees="47.759" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="55" value="47.759">47.759ºE</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="DE39107DB572C4435659B5A08BFCF80E" box="[270,402,2010,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2015-02-04">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B572C4435659B5A08BFCF80E" box="[270,402,2010,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" value="2015-02-04">4 Feb 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB572C443568EB5A188CAF80E" box="[473,676,2010,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Radashevsky, V.I.</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B572C44355E6B5A08920F80F" box="[689,846,2010,2037]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="252">MIMB 33067</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B572C4435435B5A089B3F80E" box="[866,989,2011,2037]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B572C44C54B8B5A18FF6FF4A" collectedFrom="in shell of spiny oyster Spondylus spinosus Schreibers" collectingDate="2016-02-10" collectionCode="MIMB 33068" collectorName="Radashevsky, V. I." country="Kuwait" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="253" latitude="29.3764" location="Auha Is." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="48.4391" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="AF586066B572C44354B8B5A18E3FF80E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B572C44354B8B5A18E3FF80E" box="[1007,1105,2010,2037]" country="Kuwait" latitude="29.3764" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="48.4391" name="Auha Is." pageId="7" pageNumber="252">Auha Is.</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C4435308B5A18EB4F80F" box="[1119,1242,2010,2036]" degrees="29.3764" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="5" value="29.3764">29.3764ºN</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB572C44353B0B5A08F31F80E" box="[1255,1375,2011,2037]" degrees="48.4391" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="252" precision="5" value="48.4391">48.4391ºE</geoCoordinate>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB57DC44C57C0B2EC8B0CFF4A" box="[151,354,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Radashevsky, V.I.</collectorName>
: 
<date id="DE39107DB57DC44C563BB2EC8B94FF4A" box="[364,506,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2016-02-10">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B57DC44C563BB2EC8B94FF4A" box="[364,506,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2016-02-10">10 Feb 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectedFrom id="199B7540B57DC44C5552B2EC8E0CFF4A" box="[517,1122,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
in shell of spiny oyster 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57DC44C545FB2EC8ED4FF4A" authority="Schreibers, MIMB" authorityName="Schreibers, MIMB" box="[776,1210,151,177]" class="Bivalvia" family="Spondylidae" genus="Spondylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C545FB2EC898CFF4B" box="[776,994,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Spondylus spinosus</emphasis>
Schreibers, 
<collectionCode id="CC96AE78B57DC44C533BB2EC8F68FF4A" box="[1132,1286,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">MIMB 33068</collectionCode>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57DC44C524FB2EC8FFFFF4A" box="[1304,1425,151,177]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B57DC44C57C0B2C08F7BFF2E" box="[151,1301,186,213]" collectedFrom="in shell of pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Kuwait" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" specimenCode="MIMB 42695" specimenCount="5" typeStatus="paratype">
<date id="DE39107DB57DC44C57C0B2C08B44FF2E" box="[151,298,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2020-02-13">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B57DC44C57C0B2C08B44FF2E" box="[151,298,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2020-02-13">13 Feb 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectedFrom id="199B7540B57DC44C5661B2C0892BFF2E" box="[310,837,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
in shell of pearl oyster 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57DC44C5517B2C089A5FF2E" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[576,971,187,213]" class="Bivalvia" family="Margaritidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C5517B2C0892BFF2E" box="[576,837,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Pinctada margaritifera</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B57DC44C5480B2C08E1AFF2E" box="[983,1140,186,213]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">MIMB 42695</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57DC44C53D1B2C18EFAFF2E" box="[1158,1172,186,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="generic">5</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="753C881FB57DC44C53CAB2C08F60FF2E" box="[1181,1294,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">paratypes</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B57DC44C5276B2C08B7EFEE6" collectedFrom="in shell limestone" collectingDate="2015-01-06" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Radashevsky, V. I." country="Kuwait" latitude="29.3913" location="Ras Ajuza" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="47.9967" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" specimenCode="MIMB 42693" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="AF586066B57DC44C5276B2C08FF6FF2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B57DC44C5276B2C08FF6FF2E" box="[1313,1432,187,213]" country="Kuwait" latitude="29.3913" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="47.9967" name="Ras Ajuza" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Ras Ajuza</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB57DC44C57C0B2A48B48FF02" box="[151,294,223,249]" name="Kuwait" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB57DC44C5661B2A48BDFFF02" box="[310,433,223,249]" degrees="29.3913" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" precision="5" value="29.3913">29.3913ºN</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFB3507AB57DC44C5696B2A48856FF02" box="[449,568,223,249]" degrees="47.9967" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" precision="5" value="47.9967">47.9967ºE</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectedFrom id="199B7540B57DC44C551FB2A48974FF02" box="[584,794,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">in shell limestone</collectedFrom>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="0772536BB57DC44C5431B2A48E5BFF02" box="[870,1077,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Radashevsky, V.I.</collectorName>
: 
<date id="DE39107DB57DC44C5312B2A48EA4FF02" box="[1093,1226,222,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2015-01-06">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B57DC44C5312B2A48EA4FF02" box="[1093,1226,222,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2015-01-06">6 Jan 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B57DC44C538DB2A48F17FF02" box="[1242,1401,223,249]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">MIMB 42693</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57DC44C52DAB2A48B66FEE6" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="1AEF3CE0B57DC44C564CB378889CFEE6" box="[283,754,259,285]" collectingDate="2017-03-13" collectionCode="MIMB" collectorName="Radashevsky" country="Kuwait" isTailEnumeration="true" latitude="29.3913" location="Ras Ajuza" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="47.9967" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" specimenCode="MIMB 42694" specimenCount="4" typeStatus="paratype">
<date id="DE39107DB57DC44C564CB3788BC0FEE6" box="[283,430,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2017-03-13">
<collectingDate id="CE7DE995B57DC44C564CB3788BC0FEE6" box="[283,430,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" value="2017-03-13">13 Mar 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B57DC44C56EEB378883AFEE6" box="[441,596,259,285]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">MIMB 42694</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57DC44C5534B3788884FEE6" box="[611,746,259,285]" count="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">4 paratypes</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57DC44C5790B35D8BD2FD52" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C5790B35D8BC2FEBA" bold="true" box="[199,428,294,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Adult morphology.</emphasis>
Adults up to 
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B57DC44C5519B35C88CEFEBA" box="[590,672,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B57DC44C55BBB35C892BFEBA" box="[748,837,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
wide for 140 chaetigers; 
<typeStatus id="753C881FB57DC44C5327B35C8EBCFEBA" box="[1136,1234,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B57DC44C538CB35C8F43FEBA" box="[1243,1325,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" unit="mm" value="26.0">26 mm</quantity>
long, 1.0 mm wide at chaetiger 7 for 132 chaetigers. Body pale to light tan in life; with numerous glandular cells on dorsal side from chaetigers 10–12 onwards giving dorsum whitish appearance in life (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C5358B3148E04FE72" box="[1039,1130,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). A pair of rounded whitish spots (gatherings of glandular cells) present on ventral side of chaetiger 7. Up to 11 paired black bands (
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<typeStatus id="753C881FB57DC44C57C0B3CC8A95FE2A" box="[151,251,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) present on palps on sides of frontal ciliated groove in individuals with more than 100 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C5268B3CC8AC2FE0E" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
); smaller worms without pigment on palps. Small spots of ochre pigment scattered on dorsal side of chaetigers 4 and 
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individuals of all sizes in life (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C552DB38488B9FDE2" box="[634,727,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C55B1B3848962FDE2" box="[742,780,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">6A</figureCitation>
); a few spots present also on chaetigers 3 and 
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some individuals; ochre pigment on anterior chaetigers absent in fixed specimens. Paired patches of small spots of dark ochre pigment present on dorso-lateral sides of 10–30 posterior chaetigers in formalin-fixed specimens with more than 50–60 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C56CEB0108868FD7E" box="[409,518,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 7H, I</figureCitation>
); in some specimens ochre pigment arranged in transverse bands across dorsal side of chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C5661B0F48BDEFD52" box="[310,432,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57DC44D5790B0C88F56FF2E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
Prostomium anteriorly rounded to blunt, with frontal margin entire to weakly incised, posteriorly extending to end of chaetiger 3 as a low caruncle, shorter in small individuals (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C54FFB0AC8E6AFD0A" box="[936,1028,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-232@11.[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, relationships between length of caruncle (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers in worm. B, relationships between arrangement of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger), arrangement of spines in posterior notopodia (referring to number of the first chaetiger bearing awl-like and sickle-shaped spines) and total number of chaetigers in worm. C, relationships between arrangement of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetiger with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in worm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022346/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). Short occipital antenna present on prostomium between palp bases in individuals with more than 50 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57DC44C5359B0808E09FCEE" box="[1038,1127,762,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), absent in smaller worms; antenna easily broken during treatment and fixation of specimens.Two to four black eyes usually present, occasionally eyes absent. Palps as long as 15–20 chaetigers, with frontal longitudinal groove lined with numerous short cilia, fronto-lateral motile compound cilia, and small papillae with short non-motile compound cilia arranged on sides of frontal groove in 2–3 rows and also individually scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5384B2C08F45FF2E" box="[1235,1323,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57DC44C57C0B550881EF828" blockId="8.[151,1437,1835,2003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C57C0B5508B7DF8B8" bold="true" box="[151,275,1835,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Adult morphology and reproduction of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57DC44C55FDB55089E2F8B8" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[682,908,1835,1859]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C55FDB55089E2F8B8" box="[682,908,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C54C4B550898DF8B8" bold="true" box="[915,995,1835,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57DC44C54C4B550898DF8B8" box="[915,995,1835,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57DC44C543EB5EC8E3AF854" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[873,1108,1943,1967]" class="Bivalvia" family="Margaritidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="8" pageNumber="253" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57DC44C543EB5EC8E3AF854" box="[873,1108,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="253">Pinctada margaritifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B2A48849FE2A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia and small postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notochaetae absent. Notopodia of 7–20 posterior chaetigers with two kinds of heavy spines in addition to 2–6 slender capillaries. Those comprising slender, slightly curved awl-like spines, and larger, heavily recurved sickle-shaped spines (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D525AB35C8F06FEBA" box="[1293,1384,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5224B35C8AA0FE9E" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">6D, F–H</figureCitation>
). Awl-like spines usually present in notopodia (from chaetiger 
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<typeStatus id="753C881FB57CC44D5485B3308E58FE9E" box="[978,1078,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) a few chaetigers after posterior branchiate chaetiger (chaetiger 
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<typeStatus id="753C881FB57CC44D5514B31488C7FE72" box="[579,681,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), and 1–8 chaetigers before beginning of large sickle-shaped spines (chaetiger 
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<typeStatus id="753C881FB57CC44D5634B3E88BA4FE56" box="[355,458,403,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
); occasionally absent in some notopodia. In large individuals, spines beginning from more posterior notopodia (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5695B3CC8877FE2A" box="[450,537,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-232@11.[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, relationships between length of caruncle (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers in worm. B, relationships between arrangement of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger), arrangement of spines in posterior notopodia (referring to number of the first chaetiger bearing awl-like and sickle-shaped spines) and total number of chaetigers in worm. C, relationships between arrangement of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetiger with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in worm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022346/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B3A08F25FD36" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
Chaetiger 5 twice as large as chaetiger 4 or 6, dorsally overlapping chaetiger 6, with up to five dorsal superior winged geniculate capillaries, seven heavy falcate spines arranged in a slightly curved diagonal row and alternating with pennoned companion chaetae, and seven ventral winged capillaries (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D54A0B0588E39FDC6" box="[1015,1111,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D533FB0598EC5FDC6" box="[1128,1195,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">5E–G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D53ECB0588F6BFDC6" box="[1211,1285,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">6A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5242B0588F57FDC6" box="[1301,1337,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">7C</figureCitation>
). Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries shorter and fewer than those on chaetiger 4 or 6. In small individuals with up to 40– 60 chaetigers, falcate spines with lateral tooth connected by thin sheath to main shaft on one side and a small spur on another side (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5606B0F48BC9FD52" box="[337,423,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
). In larger individuals, lateral spur usually not seen; lateral tooth with sheath partly broken (especially in anterior older spines) and appearing as a thin semioval or subtriangular structure (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D539EB0C88F50FD36" box="[1225,1342,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Fig. 5F, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B0AC89A8FCEE" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, up to ten in a series, not accompanied by capillaries. Hooks bidentate; shaft slightly curved, with constriction in upper part (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5435B08089D7FCEE" box="[866,953,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B1648EDEFC7A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
Branchiae from chaetiger 7 through most of body (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D55ABB1648937FCC2" box="[764,857,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5433B16589E9FCC2" box="[868,903,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">5C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D54C5B16489DBFCC2" box="[914,949,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-232@11.[151,1435,1439,1772]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, relationships between length of caruncle (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers in worm. B, relationships between arrangement of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger), arrangement of spines in posterior notopodia (referring to number of the first chaetiger bearing awl-like and sickle-shaped spines) and total number of chaetigers in worm. C, relationships between arrangement of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetiger with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in worm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022346/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">8B</figureCitation>
), full-sized from chaetigers 9–11, gradually diminishing in size along posterior half of body. Branchiae flattened, with surfaces oriented parallel to body axis, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae, with longitudinal band of cilia along inner surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B1F0885CFC32" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Nototrochs from chaetiger 7 onwards, each composed of one row of short cilia in both sexes, on branchiate chaetigers extending onto branchiae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D5790B1A888E5FBEA" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
Pygidium cup-shaped to disc-like with dorsal gap to incision, white due to numerous fusiform glandular cells with striated content (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D56DCB18C8867FBEA" box="[395,521,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Figs 4A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5543B18C8857FBEA" box="[532,569,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[189,1398,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life).A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (aw) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (si). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">6D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57CC44D5512B18C8813FBEA" box="[581,637,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">7E, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FEF86635B57CC44D57C0B5798EBEF834" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" startId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" targetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57CC44D57C0B5798EBEF834" blockId="9.[151,1437,1794,1999]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D57C0B5798B7EF8E1" bold="true" box="[151,272,1794,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Adult morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57CC44D56BAB57988A6F8E1" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[493,712,1794,1818]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D56BAB57988A6F8E1" box="[493,712,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D5598B5798973F8E1" bold="true" box="[719,797,1794,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57CC44D5598B5798973F8E1" box="[719,797,1794,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="254" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D57C0B5148ADEF87D" box="[151,176,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">an</emphasis>
= occipital antenna, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D5629B5158BFAF87D" box="[382,404,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">br</emphasis>
= branchiae, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D554DB5158850F87D" box="[538,574,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetiger 5, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D5586B5148886F87D" box="[721,744,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">co</emphasis>
= bilimbate companion chaetae, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D5367B5158E2DF87D" box="[1072,1091,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">fa</emphasis>
= heavy falcate spines, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D5267B5148F28F87D" box="[1328,1350,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">su</emphasis>
= dorsal superior capillaries, 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57CC44D560AB5E88B1DF851" box="[349,371,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="254">ve</emphasis>
= ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm. A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FEF86635B57FC44E57C0B6068F5BFA95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022342" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022342/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" startId="10.[151,250,1149,1173]" targetBox="[189,1398,182,1125]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57FC44E57C0B6068F5BFA95" blockId="10.[151,1437,1149,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E57C0B6068B7CFB6E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1149,1173]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Adult morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57FC44E56A6B60588BFFB6D" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[497,721,1150,1174]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E56A6B60588BFFB6D" box="[497,721,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E5580B6058948FB6D" bold="true" box="[727,806,1150,1174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57FC44E5580B6058948FB6D" box="[727,806,1150,1174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, middle part of a palp, frontal view, showing ciliated groove bordered by low papillae bearing short non-motile cirri. D, posterior end, dorsal view. E, bidentate hooded hooks from a middle neuropodium. F, heavily recurved, sickle-shaped spines from posterior notopodia. G, right side of posterior postbranchiate chaetigers, dorsal view, showing notopodia with heavy spines in addition to slender capillaries. H, fragment of G, showing slender and slightly curved awl-like spine (
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E5400B749891BFAB2" box="[855,885,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">aw</emphasis>
) and heavily recurved sickle-shaped spine (
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E5269B7498F21FAB2" box="[1342,1359,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">si</emphasis>
). Scale bars: A, B = 100 µm, C, E, G, H = 30 µm, D = 50 µm, F = 20 µm. A, D—MIMB 42695, B, C, E−H—MIMB 33067.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57FC44E5790B7E78B7EFA21" blockId="10.[151,1437,1436,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, large in chaetigers 7–9, diminishing in size in succeeding chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57FC44E5790B79F89BCFA05" blockId="10.[151,1437,1436,1966]" box="[199,978,1508,1534]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Digestive tract without ventral buccal bulb and gizzard-like structure.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57FC44E5790B47388ACF990" blockId="10.[151,1437,1436,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
Nephridia from chaetiger 7 onwards, opening to exterior dorsally via two separate nephridiopores on each chaetiger. In gravid females, ascending lateral and dorsal parts of nephridia in fertile chaetigers easily absorbing 
<collectionCode id="CC96AE78B57FC44E5238B4578FF2F9BD" box="[1391,1436,1580,1606]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">MG</collectionCode>
dye and thus marking fertile chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57FC44E550CB42B88DAF990" box="[603,692,1616,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,247,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[189,1398,1065,1771]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Adult morphology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, B, palps with black bands on sides of frontal groove. C, anterior end, left lateral view.D, female fertile chaetigers, left lateral view, showing nephridia stained with MG (arrows). E, chaetiger 5 chaetae of a 33-chaetiger juvenile. F, G, chaetiger 5 chaetae of large mature individuals.Abbreviations: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5, co = bilimbate companion chaetae, fa = heavy falcate spines, su = dorsal superior capillaries, ve = ventral capillaries. Scale bars:A−C = 200 µm, D = 100 µm, E−G = 30 µm.A, C—MIMB 42698 (holotype), B—MIMB 42697, D−G—MIMB 42696. A−D—formalin-fixed specimens, C, D—stained with methyl green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57FC44E5790B40F8E93F855" blockId="10.[151,1437,1436,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E5790B40F8BB6F975" bold="true" box="[199,472,1652,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Methyl green staining.</emphasis>
All 
<typeStatus id="753C881FB57FC44E555AB40F8853F975" box="[525,573,1652,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">type</typeStatus>
specimens (31 complete worms and anterior fragments) originally fixed in formalin and then transferred to 70% ethanol were stained with 
<collectionCode id="CC96AE78B57FC44E5432B4E389F8F949" box="[869,918,1688,1714]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">MG</collectionCode>
. 
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57FC44E54F7B4E38E0CF949" box="[928,1122,1688,1714]" count="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" type="generic">Thirty specimens</specimenCount>
showed the same pattern of staining, including intensely stained paired blotches (dense gatherings of stained individual cells) on the dorsal side from chaetigers 9–10 onwards (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57FC44E56A8B49B88DCF901" box="[511,690,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[189,1398,181,935]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens).A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 7A–C, F–I</figureCitation>
), and narrow transverse bands on the anterior and posterior edges on the ventral side from chaetiger 7 to chaetigers 20–40. 
<location id="AF586066B57FC44E5446B57F89F3F8E5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:222E87ABB572C44957C0B422880DFA66:AF586066B57FC44E5446B57F89F3F8E5" box="[785,925,1796,1822]" country="Kuwait" municipality="However" name="Prostomium" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Prostomium</location>
, peristomium and the anterior chaetigers (8–9 chaetigers on dorsal side and 6 chaetigers on ventral side) did not absorb the dye. 
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B57FC44E536FB5538EB6F8B9" box="[1080,1240,1832,1858]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" type="generic">One specimen</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B57FC44E53B0B5538FEBF8B9" box="[1255,1413,1832,1858]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">MIMB 33068</specimenCode>
= 
<specimenCode id="FA219EC6B57FC44E57C0B5378B79F89D" box="[151,279,1868,1894]" collectionCode="VIR" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">VIR 19861</specimenCode>
), in addition to dense dorsal staining from chaetiger 10 onwards, was densely stained on the prostomium, peristomium and dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers 
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B57FC44E545DB50B893CF871" box="[778,850,1904,1930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 in</quantity>
the same pattern as illustrated above for 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57FC44E5270B50A8FF3F871" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[1319,1437,1904,1930]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="255" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57FC44E5270B50A8FF3F871" box="[1319,1437,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57FC44E57C8B5EF8B76F855" box="[159,280,1940,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,181,775]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Methyl green staining of Polydora hoplura (formalin-fixed specimens; palps missing). A, general view. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, curved. E, anterior end, dorsal view. F, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, br = branchiae, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B−F = 200 µm. A—Mar Grande of Taranto, Italy (MIMB 33029), B−F—Gulf of Naples, Italy (MIMB 28148)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022334/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 3A–F</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingMunicipality id="4A5CACC7B57FC44E567CB5EF8BFDF855" box="[299,403,1940,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">However</collectingMunicipality>
, genetically this specimen was identical to other worms from 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB57FC44E531FB5EF8EF4F855" box="[1096,1178,1940,1966]" name="Kuwait" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B57FC44E53FDB5EF8E82F855" box="[1194,1260,1940,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,712,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-258@5.[151,1435,712,1724]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of the combined COI (1134 bp), 16S (248 bp), 18S (1572 bp), 28S (228 bp), and Histone 3 (299 bp) sequences (3481 bp in total) of Polydora spp. rooted with sequences of Polydora brevipalpa Zachs, 1933. Posterior probabilities are shown on the branches.The numbers preceding collecting locations are unique numbers from the VIR database linking the individuals on the tree with the sampling data in Table 1; numbers of individuals/isolates are separated from sample numbers by dots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022328/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="255">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FEF86635B57EC44F57C0B1C48F49FB54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" startId="11.[151,250,959,983]" targetBox="[189,1398,181,935]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57EC44F57C0B1C48F49FB54" blockId="11.[151,1437,959,1199]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F57C0B1C48B7BFC2C" bold="true" box="[151,277,959,983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F543FB1C48E25FC2C" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[872,1099,959,983]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F543FB1C48E25FC2C" box="[872,1099,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5304B1C48EC8FC2C" bold="true" box="[1107,1190,959,983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57EC44F5304B1C48EC8FC2C" box="[1107,1190,959,983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (formalin-fixed specimens). A, complete individual, dorsal view. B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, chaetigers 5–16, dorsal view. D, posterior branchiate chaetigers, dorsal view. E, H, I, posterior ends, dorsal view. F, G, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviation: 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F567CB6508B3EFBB8" box="[299,336,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A−E = 200 µm, F, I = 100 µm, G, H = 50 µm. A, B—MIMB 42694, C—MIMB 42696, D—MIMB 33068, E−H—MIMB 42695. A, C−E—in reflected light; B, F−I—in transmitted light; A−C, F−I—stained with methyl green; D, E—showing transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin; H, I—showing cells stained with methylene green and paired gatherings of dark ochre pigment appeared after fixation in formalin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57EC44F5790B6A689AAFA7C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1245,1416]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5790B6A68B44FB0C" bold="true" box="[199,298,1245,1271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Habitat.</emphasis>
Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F56FEB6A5883CFB0C" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[425,594,1245,1271]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F56FEB6A5883CFB0C" box="[425,594,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F550AB6A688D4FB0C" bold="true" box="[605,698,1245,1271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57EC44F550AB6A688D4FB0C" box="[605,698,1245,1271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were found in the intertidal and shallow water boring in shells of the pearl oyster 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F5625B77A8890FAE0" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[370,766,1281,1307]" class="Bivalvia" family="Margaritidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5625B77A8816FAE0" box="[370,632,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Pinctada margaritifera</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
, the spiny oyster 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F549DB77A8F44FAE0" authority="Schreibers" authorityName="Schreibers" box="[970,1322,1281,1307]" class="Bivalvia" family="Spondylidae" genus="Spondylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F549DB77A8EC9FAE0" box="[970,1191,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Spondylus spinosus</emphasis>
Schreibers
</taxonomicName>
, the razor clam 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F5782B75D8BA1FAC4" authority="Gmelin" authorityName="Gmelin" box="[213,463,1317,1343]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5782B75D8B1EFAC4" box="[213,368,1317,1343]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Pinna bicolor</emphasis>
Gmelin
</taxonomicName>
, and shell and coral limestone. Worms were relatively rare and did not form numerous colonies. Up to three individuals were found in one shell. The U-shaped burrows of the worms were similar to those previously illustrated for 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F56E4B7158846FA7C" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[435,552,1389,1415]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F56E4B7158846FA7C" box="[435,552,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB57EC44F5561B7168934FA7C" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. &amp; Choi, J. - W. &amp; Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T." box="[566,858,1389,1416]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17979" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Malyar, V. V., Pankova, V. V., Choi, J. - W., Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (2023 a) Searching for a home port in a polyvectic world: molecular analysis of the marine worm Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae). Biology, 12, 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / biology 12060780" type="book chapter" year="2023">
Radashevsky 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5585B715896DFA7C" box="[722,771,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">et al</emphasis>
. 2023a
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4G).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FEF86635B57EC44F57C0B57F8B0FF82B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022346/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" startId="11.[151,250,1796,1820]" targetBox="[151,1435,1439,1772]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB57EC44F57C0B57F8B0FF82B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1796,2000]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F57C0B57F8B7BF8E7" bold="true" box="[151,277,1796,1820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Adult morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB57EC44F5555B57F8888F8E7" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[514,742,1796,1820]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F5555B57F8888F8E7" box="[514,742,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB57EC44F55B8B57F892CF8E7" bold="true" box="[751,834,1796,1820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B57EC44F55B8B57F892CF8E7" box="[751,834,1796,1820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="256" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. A, relationships between length of caruncle (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers in worm. B, relationships between arrangement of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger), arrangement of spines in posterior notopodia (referring to number of the first chaetiger bearing awl-like and sickle-shaped spines) and total number of chaetigers in worm. C, relationships between arrangement of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetiger with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in worm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FEF86635B579C44857C0B60B899DFB0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" startId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" targetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB579C44857C0B60B899DFB0F" blockId="12.[151,1436,1136,1269]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C44857C0B60B8B7AFB73" bold="true" box="[151,276,1136,1160]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Reproductive biology of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB579C448554AB60B896EFB73" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[541,768,1136,1160]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C448554AB60B896EFB73" box="[541,768,1136,1160]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C448545FB60B8937FB73" bold="true" box="[776,857,1136,1160]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B579C448545FB60B8937FB73" box="[776,857,1136,1160]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB579C4485790B7598F0EFA51" blockId="12.[151,1436,1314,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C4485790B7598B1DFAC7" bold="true" box="[199,371,1314,1340]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Reproduction.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB579C448562AB7588817FAC6" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[381,633,1315,1341]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C448562AB7588817FAC6" box="[381,633,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C44855D3B758888FFAC6" bold="true" box="[644,737,1315,1341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B579C44855D3B758888FFAC6" box="[644,737,1315,1341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is dioecious. Of the 11 sexually mature individuals studied, seven were males and four were females. The smallest mature worms had about 50 chaetigers. In both females and males, gametes develop from chaetigers 20–35 to chaetigers 22–115 (Fig. 11C) in gonads on blind extensions (genital vessels) of segmental blood vessels. The 
<typeStatus id="753C881FB579C4485597B7F4894CFA52" box="[704,802,1423,1449]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a male with sperm present in chaetigers 35–115.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB579C4485790B7CF8BE0F9C0" blockId="12.[151,1436,1314,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
Spermatogonia proliferate in testes; spermatogenesis occurs in the coelomic cavity. Spermatids, each 3–4 µm in diameter, were interconnected in octads (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C448552DB7A388BDFA09" box="[634,723,1496,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). Spermatozoa were introsperm less than 1 µm in diameter, with pointed acrosome about 3 µm, nucleus 5 µm, midpiece 4 µm (head + midpiece about 12 µm), and a flagellum about 50 µm long (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C448567FB45B8BEFF9C0" box="[296,385,1568,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB579C4485790B43E88ABF87A" blockId="12.[151,1436,1314,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
Oogenesis is intraovarian. Developed oocytes accumulate in the coelomic cavity prior to spawning (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C4485261B43E8FE1F9A4" box="[1334,1423,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). Females lay eggs into thin transparent capsules joined to each other in a string and each attached by two thin stalks to the inner wall of the burrow (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C4485558B4F688FEF953" box="[527,656,1677,1704]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-364@8.[189,1398,885,1812]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult morphology and reproduction of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, complete individual, dorsal view, showing white gatherings of glandular cells on dorsal side of median chaetigers. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing small spots of ochre pigment on chaetigers 4 and 5. C, posterior end, dorsal view. D, E, part of egg capsules brooded by female inside burrow in a shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm, B, C = 0.1 mm, D, E = 0.5 mm. A−E—MIMB 42695." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022687/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Figs 4D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C44855C8B4F688AFF95C" box="[671,705,1677,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">9E</figureCitation>
). Large females deposit up to 
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B579C4485375B4F68E15F953" box="[1058,1147,1677,1704]" count="70" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="egg">70 eggs</specimenCount>
in one capsule, up to 81 capsules and 4500 eggs in one brood; small females deposit smaller broods. Eggs were slightly oval, 105–112 µm in diameter, with smooth envelope less than 1 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="32BC2A38B579C448547CB4AD89E9F90B" box="[811,903,1750,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1136,1160]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[189,1397,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive biology of Polydora mohammadi sp. nov. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (in life). A, B, coelomic sperm, showing diads of spermatocytes I, tetrads of spermatocytes II, octads of spermatids (A), and mature spermatozoa (B). C, coelomic oocytes. D, newly spawn eggs from egg capsule. E, part of egg capsules each attached by two stalks to wall of female’s burrow. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C, D = 50 µm, E = 100 µm. A−E—MIMB 42696." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14022348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14022348/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
). Embryonic and larval development were not observed, thus it remains unknown if all the eggs develop into larvae or if some are nurse and consumed by the developing larvae. Females brooding egg capsules in burrows had the next generation of oocytes developing in the ovaries. Thus, each female probably raises several broods over a long breeding period. Egg capsules in burrows were found in the Arabian Gulf in 
<date id="DE39107DB579C448554DB51C88ACF87A" box="[538,706,1895,1921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" value="2020-02">February 2020</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E29D6536B579C4495790B5F08B7EFAF6" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB579C4495790B5F08EB3FEE6" blockId="12.[151,1436,1314,2029]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C4485790B5F08B55F85E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1931,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Remarks.</emphasis>
Worms like those described herein as 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB579C44855ABB5F789CAF85E" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[764,932,1931,1957]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C44855ABB5F789CAF85E" box="[764,932,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C44854F8B5F08E65F85E" bold="true" box="[943,1035,1931,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B579C44854F8B5F08E65F85E" box="[943,1035,1931,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were collected “on rocks” (station 5) in 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB579C448578DB5D48B06F832" box="[218,360,1967,1993]" name="Kuwait" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
and assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB579C4485565B5CB88C5F832" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[562,683,1967,1993]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB579C4485565B5CB88C5F832" box="[562,683,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB579C448558BB5D48997F832" author="Mohammad, M. - B. M." box="[732,1017,1967,1993]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" pagination="285 - 303" refId="ref17132" refString="Mohammad, M. - B. M. (1971) Intertidal polychaetes from Kuwait, Arabian Gulf, with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Zoology, London, 163 (3), 285 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1971. tb 04536. x" type="journal article" year="1971">Mohammad (1971: 296)</bibRefCitation>
. Mohammad’s material is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK 1969.230) and contains three large individuals in pieces in very good condition, including two anterior fragments, two middle fragments, three posterior fragments, and one almost complete specimen (about 
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B578C4495549B2C08818FF2E" box="[542,630,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
wide, 
<quantity id="6D7F9B58B578C4495591B2C18979FF2E" box="[710,791,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
long for 112 chaetigers) without pygidium. Most likely, Mohammad collected worms that were boring into shell/coral limestone, which is common in Kuwaiti intertidal and shallow water. During our research, we also found worms of the same morphology in this habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB578C4495790B35C8EA7FDE2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C4495790B35C8BADFEBA" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,451,295,321]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495790B35C8BADFEBA" box="[199,451,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Polydora mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C449569BB35C8846FEBA" bold="true" box="[460,552,295,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B578C449569BB35C8846FEBA" box="[460,552,295,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
shares habitat and main morphological characters with 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44953FBB35C8F4CFEBA" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[1196,1314,295,321]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44953FBB35C8F4CFEBA" box="[1196,1314,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Adults of both species bore in shells of molluscs and other calcareous structures and have palps with black bands, prostomium weakly incised anteriorly, caruncle extending to the end of chaetiger 3, short occipital antenna, and two kinds of heavy spines in the posterior notopodia. However, they differ in ochre pigment on the anterior chaetigers in life, a pattern of pigmentation after fixation in formalin, and a pattern of methyl green staining of fixed specimens. They also differ in the dimensions of mature spermatozoa. Moreover, 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C4495408B3A089BCFE0E" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[863,978,475,501]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495408B3A089BCFE0E" box="[863,978,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably parthenogenic (
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495250B3A08B71FDE2" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. &amp; Choi, J. - W. &amp; Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T." pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17979" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Malyar, V. V., Pankova, V. V., Choi, J. - W., Yum, S. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (2023 a) Searching for a home port in a polyvectic world: molecular analysis of the marine worm Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae). Biology, 12, 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / biology 12060780" type="book chapter" year="2023">
Radashevsky 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44957C0B3848AA6FDE2" box="[151,200,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">et al</emphasis>
. 2023a
</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44956C2B3848854FDE2" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[405,570,511,537]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44956C2B3848854FDE2" box="[405,570,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495515B38488F5FDE2" bold="true" box="[578,667,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B578C4495515B38488F5FDE2" box="[578,667,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is likely dioecious with a sex ratio close to equal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB578C4495790B05888D7FC32" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
Although adult external morphology and black pigmentation, which is present in live individuals and remains after fixation, were described many times for 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44955FCB03C894CFD9A" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[683,802,583,609]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44955FCB03C894CFD9A" box="[683,802,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different localities by different authors, the post-fixation pigmentation and methyl green staining pattern in fixed specimens were never reported. Live individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44957E1B0F48B33FD52" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[182,349,655,681]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44957E1B0F48B33FD52" box="[182,349,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495632B0F48BD1FD52" bold="true" box="[357,447,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B578C4495632B0F48BD1FD52" box="[357,447,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have ochre spots usually on the dorsal side of chaetigers 4 and 5 but occasionally from chaetiger 3 to chaetiger 6, while adult 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C4495514B0C888D9FD36" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[579,695,691,717]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495514B0C888D9FD36" box="[579,695,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have no such a pigment. After fixation in formalin, paired patches or transverse bands of dark ochre pigment appear on the dorsal side of the posterior chaetigers in 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C4495398B0AC8F1AFD0A" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[1231,1396,727,753]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495398B0AC8F1AFD0A" box="[1231,1396,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C449522CB0AC8AA6FCEE" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B578C449522CB0AC8AA6FCEE" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
In 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44957A7B0808B08FCEE" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[240,358,763,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44957A7B0808B08FCEE" box="[240,358,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paired patches of the same pigment of lower intensity appear only on the posterior branchiate chaetigers, but not on the postbranchiate chaetigers with heavy spines in the notopodia. The same ochre (brownishyellow or yellowish-orange) pigment appears in specimens of some other 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44954ACB1388ED1FCA6" box="[1019,1215,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44954ACB1388E0DFCA6" box="[1019,1123,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Polydora</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
after fixation with formalin. For example, the presence of an ochre pigment in fixed specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C449536EB11C8B50FC5E" authority="Radashevsky &amp; Pankova, 2006" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2006" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="manchenkoi">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C449536EB11C8EB0FC7A" box="[1081,1246,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. manchenkoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C44953BEB11C8B50FC5E" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Pankova, V. V." pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="245 - 252" refId="ref18355" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Pankova, V. V. (2006) The morphology of two sibling sympatric Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86 (2), 245 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315406013099" type="journal article" year="2006">Radashevsky &amp; Pankova, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was used to distinguish them from those of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C4495466B1F089C0FC5E" baseAuthorityName="Templeton" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[817,942,907,933]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="calcarea">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495466B1F089C0FC5E" box="[817,942,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. calcarea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appear very similar, but do not have such a pigment (
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495618B1D488C3FC32" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Pankova, V. V." box="[335,685,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="245 - 252" refId="ref18355" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Pankova, V. V. (2006) The morphology of two sibling sympatric Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86 (2), 245 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315406013099" type="journal article" year="2006">Radashevsky &amp; Pankova 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB578C4495790B1A88B7EFAF6" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
MG staining has been successfully used to distinguish similar adult annelids from different families (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C44957C0B18C8B0CFBEA" author="Hofsommer, A." box="[151,354,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="305 - 364" refId="ref14865" refString="Hofsommer, A. (1913) Die Sabelliden-Ausbeute der &quot; Poseidon &quot; - Fahrten und die Sabelliden der Kieler Bucht. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Abteilung Kiel, Neue Folge, 15, 305 - 364." type="journal article" year="1913">Hofsommer 1913</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495627B18C8B94FBEA" author="Banse, K." box="[368,506,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="387 - 408" refId="ref12906" refString="Banse, K. (1970) The small species of Euchone Malmgren (Sabellidae, Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (35), 387 - 408." type="journal article" year="1970">Banse 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C449555FB18C88DFFBEA" author="Fitzhugh, K." box="[520,689,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="276 - 290" refId="ref14282" refString="Fitzhugh, K. (1983) New species of Fabriciola and Fabricia (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Belize. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96 (2), 276 - 290." type="journal article" year="1983">Fitzhugh 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C44955E8B18C890AFBEA" author="Winsnes, I. M." box="[703,868,1014,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="19 - 23" refId="ref20759" refString="Winsnes, I. M. (1985) The use of methyl green as an aid in species discrimination in Onuphidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 14 (1), 19 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1985. tb 00175. x" type="journal article" year="1985">Winsnes 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Among spionids, adults of some species do not absorb the dye at all or are stained weakly and evenly, while others are stained in a specific pattern (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C449526AB6608B06FBA2" author="Meissner, K. &amp; Hutchings, P. A." pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref16990" refString="Meissner, K. &amp; Hutchings, P. A. (2003) Spiophanes species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Eastern Australia - with description of new species, new records and an emended generic diagnosis. Records of the Australian Museum, 55 (2), 117 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.55.2003.1379" type="journal article" year="2003">Meissner &amp; Hutchings 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495624B6448831FBA2" author="Doner, S. A. &amp; Blake, J. A." box="[371,607,1087,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="127 - 137" refId="ref14229" refString="Doner, S. A. &amp; Blake, J. A. (2009) Two new species of Aphelochaeta (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from deep water off northern California. Zoosymposia, 2, 127 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zoosymposia. 2.1.11" type="journal article" year="2009">Doner &amp; Blake 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C449553DB644895CFBA2" author="Simon, C. A. &amp; Sato-Okoshi, W. &amp; Abe, H." box="[618,818,1087,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref19815" refString="Simon, C. A., Sato-Okoshi, W. &amp; Abe, H. (2019) Hidden diversity within the cosmopolitan species Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparede, 1869) (Spionidae: Annelida). Marine Biodiversity, 49 (1), 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0751 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Simon 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44955EEB6448884FBA2" box="[697,746,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495469B6448E31FBA2" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Al-Kandari, M. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V." box="[830,1119,1087,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="120 - 168" refId="ref17781" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Al-Kandari, M., Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. (2021 a) Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. European Journal of Taxonomy, 773 (1), 120 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.773.1519" type="journal article" year="2021">
Radashevsky 
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C449548FB6448E66FBA2" box="[984,1032,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">et al</emphasis>
. 2021a
</bibRefCitation>
). The case of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44953A0B6448FF2FBA2" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[1271,1436,1087,1113]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mohammadi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44953A0B6448FF2FBA2" box="[1271,1436,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. mohammadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44957C0B6188A9AFB86" bold="true" box="[151,244,1123,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83C057D4B578C44957C0B6188A9AFB86" box="[151,244,1123,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is somewhat confusing. While most of the specimens were stained only from chaetigers 9–10 dorsally and from chaetiger 7 ventrally, 
<specimenCount id="BC81FD34B578C449555EB6FC88C8FB5A" box="[521,678,1159,1185]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
(genetically identical to the others) was stained according to the pattern characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="6D874D3EB578C44956F8B6D08848FB3E" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" box="[431,550,1195,1221]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C44956F8B6D08848FB3E" box="[431,550,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This means that MG staining should be used with caution for identification purposes and, if possible, a large series of individuals should be stained to identify a species-specific pattern and its variability.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E29D6536B578C4495790B76C885BFA82" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB578C4495790B76C885BFA82" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495790B76C8B20FACA" bold="true" box="[199,334,1303,1329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named after zoologist Murad-B. M. Mohammad who studied polychaetes of 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB578C449521DB76C8FF2FACA" box="[1354,1436,1303,1329]" name="Kuwait" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
from 1966 to 1981, described 24 new species, several new genera, and provided checklists of the polychaete fauna of 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB578C44957E1B7248B66FA82" box="[182,264,1375,1401]" name="Kuwait" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C4495641B7248B8FFA82" author="Mohammad, M. - B. M." box="[278,481,1375,1401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="285 - 303" refId="ref17132" refString="Mohammad, M. - B. M. (1971) Intertidal polychaetes from Kuwait, Arabian Gulf, with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Zoology, London, 163 (3), 285 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1971. tb 04536. x" type="journal article" year="1971">Mohammad 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="CE164B4CB578C44956BAB7248847FA82" author="Mohammad, M. - B. M." box="[493,553,1375,1401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" pagination="31 - 42" refId="ref17193" refString="Mohammad, M. - B. M. (1980) Polychaete annelids from Kuwaitian islands, Arabian Gulf, with descriptions of four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69 (1), 31 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1980. tb 01931. x" type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E29D6536B578C4495790B7F9880DFA66" box="[199,611,1410,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AA3836BDB578C4495790B7F9880DFA66" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1437]" box="[199,611,1410,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="98F3EAAFB578C4495790B7F98B0FFA67" bold="true" box="[199,353,1410,1436]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Distribution.</emphasis>
Arabian Gulf, 
<collectingCountry id="D290762DB578C449555FB7F88830FA66" box="[520,606,1411,1437]" name="Kuwait" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>