454 lines
74 KiB
XML
454 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document id="F81C3481054C497EAD93C184DD1970CD" ID-CLB-Dataset="38706" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4128.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="553faca2-0799-4bbe-8b54-92960421d9c9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271800" ID-ZooBank="B4D2CD84-8994-4CEF-B647-3539C16B6502" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467029901498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle & Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert" docDate="2016" docId="387F3068D331FF97FF27EBDB2707182E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4128.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4128 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cranidiini Gunther 1953" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="C4464810D321FF84FFB0EE5724681D4F" masterDocTitle="Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)" masterLastPageNumber="211" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698664117947" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="73246B36E97D39FECEED1D1577735A7A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="055D090F1BD76E9F0B3A2D011FEE4228">
|
||
<mods:title id="8CBB9BF81BE7088376FCF40C89CE0C6A">Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="A7CB8E13790F1AC24B7EBE5E2BB66765" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D3745F1D70823F6C1A0E2C8139156BF6">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3544B235C6B956AF16A187AEF43A767C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="89F0DF739523333F824E62EEA36DBB9F">Frank H. Hennemann</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3AF282E561F36B813CFFBAD3A4B095AD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="517A54DDDD6543262D4D7BC134F9C74B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D80571AE0CD2A5267C72951780FDF8AB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3F60193A816C72519BA385AB7EF18474">Oskar V. Conle</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="86E7D8F27588FCE7A76C9C67E1CE420F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3B3E053050B865E304BCFE052FFF5B18">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D9E36104202CB4F602C5DF2CA8866209">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="CB44D5DC0614F05CE3E448682AFBD074">Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F04426AB80042DFCEF3527D3C7FDCB5B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="B3649C65A98B938D137D6A5AF8F08C7B" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A8DFC4074D767FAA339054F0BF181796">
|
||
<mods:title id="0C837872AD84A20C6B6F5C2A137FF317">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="D7199CD9657D9D567CAA4707222C7399">
|
||
<mods:date id="B8911E85B3E1E92F17CD7FEAC491CA29">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FF5E0F30BFBC0F92E7F114FE90426D55" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="589FEB3C283B0C891CA50F93985CA551">4128</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="600F697E48208BCDADC6782BB123FBD7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="29DE84731C2FFBEBBC1193439EC1107A">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="4BDAC706A91DF2F84076A10C193DDA97" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="6E9D494812C12CEBB370B0AAF8F8B225">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="1A9733BA5371802B74FBE5A2305E9102">211</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="4837120DA7D180EA84DDE4937093DE7F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3587B879508B30528A64FA6B7841BF54" type="CLB-Dataset">38706</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="26F1011040A600A841D0F79814D85436" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4128.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="041330ABAC7DABDF24F9A709CFEA89B0" type="GBIF-Dataset">553faca2-0799-4bbe-8b54-92960421d9c9</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="34D06553328AD64E8BFF3EEF1B671C12" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BDFC0A4B84823B76920A278790E33A7A" type="Zenodo-Dep">271800</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6064F01F0C7D2F0AC164FA6C813DC458" type="ZooBank">B4D2CD84-8994-4CEF-B647-3539C16B6502</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="387F3068D331FF97FF27EBDB2707182E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6084904" ID-GBIF-Taxon="121067808" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6084904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387F3068D331FF97FF27EBDB2707182E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/387F3068D331FF97FF27EBDB2707182E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<subSection id="D9599895D331FF97FF27EBDB27EF19EF" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D331FF94FF27EBDB260F18E9" box="[151,615,1420,1446]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF27EBDB260F18E9" blockId="16.[151,615,1420,1479]" box="[151,615,1420,1446]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<heading id="EB213612D331FF94FF27EBDB260F18E9" bold="true" box="[151,615,1420,1446]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD331FF94FF27EBDB260F18E9" bold="true" box="[151,615,1420,1446]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
4.2.3. Tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD331FF94FE9BEBDB260F18E9" ID-CoL="8Q72M" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[299,615,1420,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">
|
||
Cranidiini
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FE05EBDB260F18E9" author="Gunther" box="[437,615,1420,1446]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D331FF94FF27EBF925301888" box="[151,344,1454,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF27EBF925301888" blockId="16.[151,615,1420,1479]" box="[151,344,1454,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD331FF94FF2FEBF9254E1888" box="[159,294,1454,1479]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 13–19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD331FF94FE82EBF825271888" box="[306,335,1455,1479]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">49</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D331FF94FF27EBA126041B43" box="[151,620,1526,1548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF27EBA126041B43" blockId="16.[151,620,1526,1548]" box="[151,620,1526,1548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD331FF94FF27EBA125721B43" bold="true" box="[151,282,1526,1548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type-genus:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD331FF94FE91EBA126001B43" authority="Westwood, 1843: 49" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1843" box="[289,616,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD331FF94FE91EBA125E61B43" box="[289,398,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FE25EBA1262A1B43" author="Westwood" box="[405,578,1526,1548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D331FF94FF27E86327F31A70" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF27E86325A71B05" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" box="[151,463,1588,1610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD331FF94FF27E86325A31B05" ID-CoL="8Q72M" authority="Gunther, 1953: 557" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,459,1588,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">
|
||
Cranidiini
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FEB4E86325F11B05" author="Gunther" box="[260,409,1588,1610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 557
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF77E80525161B27" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" box="[199,382,1618,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FF77E805253D1B27" author="Brock" box="[199,341,1618,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Brock, P. D. (1998 b) Description of a new genus for a Jamaican stick-insect. Phasmid Studies, 7 (1), 26 - 29." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Brock, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF77E82625AF1BC8" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" box="[199,455,1649,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Clark-Sellick, 1998: 221.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF77E8C625821BE9" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" box="[199,490,1680,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FF77E8C625331BE9" author="Zompro" box="[199,347,1680,1702]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the " Areolatae " of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 135 (in part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF77E8F9267E1B8B" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" box="[199,534,1710,1732]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FF77E8F925FC1B8B" author="Otte" box="[199,404,1710,1732]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 414 pp. [CafePress. com]" type="book" year="2005">Otte & Brock, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 32 (in part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF77E899264F1A4D" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FF77E899262E1BAC" author="Hennemann" box="[199,582,1741,1763]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 112 (3), 357 - 368." type="journal article" year="2007">Hennemann, Conle & Delfosse, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 358 (in part). Bacteriinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FEA0E8BB25F01A4D" author="Kirby" box="[272,408,1772,1794]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London." type="book" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Kirby, 1904a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 348 (in part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF94FF27E95D27F31A70" blockId="16.[151,927,1588,1855]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Craspedoniini
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FE9BE95D26791A6F" author="Bradley" box="[299,529,1802,1824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Bradley, J. C. & Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley & Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 187. [Unnecessary replacement name]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD331FF94FF27E97E25411A70" ID-CoL="8QQMX" box="[151,297,1833,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sectio V: Phibalosomata)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD331FF94FD8FE97E27641A70" author="Redtenbacher" box="[575,780,1833,1855]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 399 (in part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D331FF95FF27E93B277819A7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED331FF95FF27E93B20B0195F" blockId="16.[151,1437,1900,2033]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD331FF94FF27E93B26431ACA" bold="true" box="[151,555,1900,1925]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Description: ♀♀/♂♂ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD331FF94FE10E93B26761ACA" box="[416,542,1900,1925]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized to large (body lengths: ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 107.0–161.0 mm; ♂♂ 78.0–115.0 mm),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD331FF94FE64E9D826E71AE7" box="[468,655,1935,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with remarkable sexual dimorphism. Body surface shiny, ♀♀ plain bright green. ♂♂ with short tegmina and well developed alae (
|
||
<quantity id="772E2C9BD331FF94FCC1E9E320751A83" box="[881,1053,1972,1997]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07" metricValueMax="5.32" metricValueMin="4.82" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="50.7" valueMax="53.2" valueMin="48.2">48.2–53.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), ♀♀ apterous. ♂♂ elongate and moderately slender with body cylindrical. ♀♀ considerably larger and much broader than ♂♂, body strongly dorsoventrally flattened with meso-, metathorax and abdomen strongly laterally dilated (maximum body width 28.0–34.0 mm); body rhombic in cross-section. Head longer than wide, strongly globose and convex; vertex smooth. No ocelli. A gula is present. Antennae very long, slender and filiform, longer than head, thorax and median segment combined and consisting of>80 antennomeres. Pronotum distinctly narrower than head and mesonotum. Mesothorax of ♂♂ elongate and slender, 2.5x longer than head and pronotum combined, minutely granulose; mesosternum with a fine longitudinal median carina. Mesothorax of ♀♀ broadly and semi-circularly expanded, 1.5x longer than wide. Mesonotum strongly convex dorsally and armed with a cluster of blunt tubercles in the raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FF55EFC325541CE2" box="[229,316,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anterior">anterior</taxonomicName>
|
||
portion; lateral margins expanded, lamellate and bluntly dentate. Mesopleurae strongly dilated, forming a longitudinal lamella with the outer margin dentate. Mesosternum strongly tectiform and with a prominent and broad, tuberculose longitudinal median keel; lateral margins slightly expanded and with a longitudinal row of tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FE4DEFA8263C1F57" box="[509,596,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Median segment distinctly longer (♂♂) or roughly equal in length to metanotum (♀♀). Abdominal segments II–VI of ♂♂ parallel-sided and distinctly longer than wide. In ♀♀ tergites and sternites II–VI with lateral margins strongly expanded and lamellate; all transverse. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀ represented by a small spiniform projection on sternum VII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FCF8EC3B27F41FCA" box="[840,924,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epiproct and cerci of both sexes very small and considerably shorter than anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII of ♀♀ elongated, up-curving and projecting well beyond posterior margin of anal segment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FDC8ECE326A51F82" box="[632,717,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonoplacs developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FC56ECE320531F82" box="[998,1083,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vomer of ♂♂ produced, well sclerotized and elongate-triangular. Phallus totally covered with minute black denticles. Poculum very bulgy, strongly convex and extending ventrally by more than
|
||
<date id="C468A7BED330FF95FC96ECAB272A1E5B" box="[806,834,764,788]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2x</date>
|
||
the body width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FBA5ECAB20061E5B" box="[1045,1134,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subgenital plate of ♀♀ distinctly keeled longitudinally, boat-shaped, tapered towards a narrow ± acute apex and projecting considerably over anal segment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FEC5ED1325A11E12" box="[373,457,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). All legs elongate and slender (♂♂) to moderately robust (♀♀), all distinctly carinate but entirely unarmed. Femora trapezoidal, tibiae almost triangular in cross-section with dorsal carinae strongly approaching each other. Profemora compressed and curved basally with posterodorsal carina reduced and considerably lower than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FE02EDF826611E87" box="[434,521,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anterior">anterior</taxonomicName>
|
||
carina; medioventral carina distinct and roughly midways on ventral surface of femur. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora very faint. Tarsi simple. Basitarsi at least as long as following three tarsomeres combined and carinate dorsally with the two dorsal carinae melted with another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED330FF95FF77EA4B277819A7" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD330FF95FF77EA4B25BB197A" bold="true" box="[199,467,1052,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FEBFEA4B25FF197A" box="[271,407,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 18–19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FE14EA4B25AC197A" box="[420,452,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">49</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized, strongly globose and almost spherical in lateral aspect; slightly oval in cross-section. Polar-area with a wide depression. Operculum elliptical, flat and with a convex, net-like hollow expansion which covers the complete disc. Micropylar plate covering about half of capsule-length, broadly ovoid with a raised outer margin and convex central region. Internal micropylar plate open and with a narrowing of the posteromedial gap before it widens into the notch. Median line indistinct, short, very well separated from the plate and distinctly displaced towards the polar-area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FD1FEA98276C19A7" box="[687,772,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D330FF97FF77EAA320E61917" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED330FF95FF77EAA320C41BD7" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD330FF95FF77EAA325901842" bold="true" box="[199,504,1268,1293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Differentiation (
|
||
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D330FF95FE39EAA3258E1842" box="[393,486,1268,1293]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,1422,1445]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,1479,1931]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison and differentiation of Cranidiini and Haplopodini" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Several features such as the presence of a gula, filiform antennae, the elongate, filiform gonapophyses VIII and presence of gonoplacs in ♀♀, specialized poculum of ♂♂ and presence of a median line in the eggs prove close relation to the South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FC23EB6B2055181A" box="[915,1085,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(→ 4.2.2).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FB72EB6B215C181A" box="[1218,1332,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
however clearly differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FECCEB08264E1837" box="[380,550,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by: the shiny body surface; green general colouration; entirely unarmed legs; indistinct medioventral carina of the profemora which is roughly central on the ventral surface of the profemur; roughly trapezoidal cross-section of the profemora and very faint medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora of both sexes. Furthermore, ♀♀ readily differ by: the strongly flattened and laterally dilated, leaf-like body; convex mesonotum and strongly longitudinally tectiform mesosternum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FCDDEBB827A91B47" box="[877,961,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males are also well distinguished by the strongly enlarged and very bulgy poculum which ventrally extends by more than
|
||
<date id="C468A7BED330FF95FB9FE84320231B63" box="[1071,1099,1556,1580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2x</date>
|
||
the body diametre, as well as the specialized phallus which is totally covered with minute black denticles. The eggs differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FF27E80B25291B3A" box="[151,321,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having the micropylar plate oval and relatively shorter (<½ of the dorsal capsule surface) and the posteromedian notch of the plate with a narrowing before it widens into the gap (
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FBFCE82820C81BD7" box="[1100,1184,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED330FF95FF77E8F321391A02" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The completely reduced leg armature and tectiform mesosternum of both sexes, the prominently dilated mesothorax and abdomen of ♀♀ as well as the prominently enlarged poculum and spinulose phallus of ♂♂ appear to be autapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FE79E8BB26561A4A" box="[457,574,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which suggest the tribe might be the sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FB65E8BB21161A4A" box="[1237,1406,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FF27E95825731A67" box="[151,283,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD330FF95FE9EE95825F91A67" box="[302,401,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
|
||
) and at once distinguish it from these two tribes. The elongated gonapophyses VIII and presence of gonoplacs in ♀♀ as well as the developed gula are shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FC55E96320E61A02" box="[997,1166,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FB75E96321251A02" box="[1221,1357,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED330FF95FF77E90F21151AF6" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Because of the erroneous and confusing treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FCAEE90027F81A3F" box="[798,912,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD330FF95FC0AE90F20F61A3F" author="Zompro" box="[954,1182,1879,1904]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the " Areolatae " of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a detailed comparison and differentiation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FE39E92B25931ADA" box="[393,507,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Haplopodini is presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D330FF95FCDAE92B27D41ADB" box="[874,956,1916,1941]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,1422,1445]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,1479,1931]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison and differentiation of Cranidiini and Haplopodini" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
, which emphasizes the striking differences between these two tribes and confirms the separate status of Haplopodini as well as the monotypy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD330FF95FAB4E9F721111AF6" box="[1284,1401,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E4A9D1F6D333FF96FF27E899266A1AD3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED333FF96FF27E899266A1AD3" blockId="18.[151,1436,1742,1948]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FF27E899253B1BAB" bold="true" box="[151,339,1742,1764]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURES 13–19.</emphasis>
|
||
Tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FE25E89926FF1BAB" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[405,663,1742,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini Günther, 1953</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FD10E89926A81BAB" bold="true" box="[672,704,1742,1764]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FD76E899200A1BAB" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[710,1122,1742,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FD76E89927F51BAB" box="[710,925,1742,1764]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Burmeister, 1838)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470-11];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FE5BE8BA26631A4C" bold="true" box="[491,523,1773,1795]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FDA3E8BA26831A4C" box="[531,747,1773,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FDA3E8BA26831A4C" box="[531,747,1773,1795]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470-9];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FACCE8BA21F41A4C" bold="true" box="[1404,1436,1773,1795]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FF27E95B25071A6D" box="[151,367,1804,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FF27E95B25071A6D" box="[151,367,1804,1826]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470-1];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FC85E95B273D1A6D" bold="true" box="[821,853,1804,1826]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FCECE95B205B1A6D" box="[860,1075,1804,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FCECE95B205B1A6D" box="[860,1075,1804,1826]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470-17];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FE28E97D25DF1A0F" bold="true" box="[408,439,1834,1856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FE0FE97D26FF1A0F" box="[447,663,1834,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FE0FE97D26FF1A0F" box="[447,663,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470-19];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FAB7E97D214F1A0F" bold="true" box="[1287,1319,1834,1856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FA9EE97D24921A10" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FA9EE97D24921A10" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470-E];
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FD1FE91E26A61A10" bold="true" box="[687,718,1865,1887]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD333FF96FD65E91E27C31A10" box="[725,939,1865,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD333FF96FD65E91E27C31A10" box="[725,939,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cranidium gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470-E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF77EEC021661CE3" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF77EEC0253A1DFF" bold="true" box="[199,338,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Comments:</emphasis>
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FE14EEC026E51DFF" author="Gunther" box="[420,653,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 557)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
established the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FCCFEEC0279C1DFF" box="[895,1012,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FBB0EEC021551DFF" authority="Westwood, 1843" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1843" box="[1024,1341,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FBB0EEC020121DFF" box="[1024,1146,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FB31EEC021551DFF" author="Westwood" box="[1153,1341,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only genus contained. A comprehensive treatment and re-description of the type-genus was presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FF27EEB726191DB7" box="[151,625,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 112 (3), 357 - 368." type="journal article">Hennemann, Conle & Delfosse (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FD36EE88275B1DB7" author="Brock" box="[646,819,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Brock, P. D. (1998 b) Description of a new genus for a Jamaican stick-insect. Phasmid Studies, 7 (1), 26 - 29." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Brock (1998b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a second Jamaican genus in the tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF27EF53252A1C52" box="[151,322,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Paracranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF27EF53252A1C52" box="[151,322,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Paracranidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This however, is here shown to be not closely related and to take on a rather isolated position within the re-established tribe Haplopodini
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FD3EEF70275A1C0F" author="Gunther" box="[654,818,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(→ 5.6), hence is removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FB0EEF70215B1C0F" box="[1214,1331,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another South American genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FE1EEF1B261A1C2A" box="[430,626,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aplopocranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FE1EEF1B261A1C2A" box="[430,626,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Aplopocranidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was added by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FC9EEF1A20711C2A" author="Zompro" box="[814,1049,332,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the " Areolatae " of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but is also not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF27EF3825781CC7" box="[151,272,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF27EF3825781CC7" box="[151,272,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FDF5EF3826871CC7" box="[581,751,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FC9CEF2720A21CC7" author="Hennemann" box="[812,1226,367,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hennemann, F. H. & Conle, O. V. (2010) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea X: redescriptions of Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004 and Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908, with a survey of the tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 and keys to the genera (Insecta: Phasmatodea: " Anareolatae ": Cladomorphinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 19 (1), 101 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.019.0116" type="journal article" year="2010">Hennemann & Conle (2010: 104)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who provided a comprehensive treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FE66EFC326F21CE2" box="[470,666,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aplopocranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FE66EFC326F21CE2" box="[470,666,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Aplopocranidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including a description of the previously unknown ♂♂.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF77EFEF204D1E12" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FF77EFEF25C51C9F" author="Zompro" box="[199,429,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the " Areolatae " of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
removed the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FD2CEFE0204F1C9F" authority="Rehn & Hebard, 1938" authorityName="Rehn & Hebard" authorityYear="1938" box="[668,1063,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aploploides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FD2CEFE0274A1C9F" box="[668,802,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Aploploides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FC9AEFE0204F1C9F" author="Rehn" box="[810,1063,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M. (1938) New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and Phasmidae (Orthoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 64, 33 - 55, pls. 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1938">Rehn & Hebard, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FB84EFE021041C9F" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1076,1388,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FB84EFE020C91C9F" box="[1076,1185,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Haplopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FB19EFE021041C9F" author="Burmeister" box="[1193,1388,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF27EF8B25C51CBA" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,429,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF27EF8B254F1CBA" box="[151,295,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FE9FEF8B25C51CBA" author="Gray" box="[303,429,476,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FE44EF8B26A41CBA" box="[500,716,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FD65EF8B27BC1CBB" author="Bradley" box="[725,980,476,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Bradley, J. C. & Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley & Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and transferred them to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FB5FEF8B210C1CBA" box="[1263,1380,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is surprising that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FE8FEC57264B1F57" author="Zompro" box="[319,547,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the " Areolatae " of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued the supposed close affinity of these three Antillean genera to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FA9AEFA821F41F57" box="[1322,1436,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
exclusively on the fact that they have the same “smooth and shining body” and mentioned this as the only feature that in his opinion characterizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FDB0EC10261A1F2F" box="[512,626,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FD76EC1027EC1F2F" box="[710,900,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This act however is very arbitrary, since a wide range of very striking and fundamental morphological differences are present between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FB71EC3B215B1FCA" box="[1217,1331,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the mentioned three genera (→
|
||
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D332FF97FE50ECD8265D1FE7" box="[480,565,655,680]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,1422,1445]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,1479,1931]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison and differentiation of Cranidiini and Haplopodini" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Nor does this “feature” hold true for all taxa that Zompro transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF27ECE325641F82" box="[151,268,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g. ♀♀ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FE02ECE326771F82" box="[434,543,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FE02ECE326771F82" box="[434,543,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Haplopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-species and ♂♂ of certain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FCC6ECE3206E1F82" box="[886,1030,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FCC6ECE3206E1F82" box="[886,1030,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-species have a rather dull and ± sculptured body surface. As can be seen in
|
||
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D332FF97FD36EC8026B21FBF" box="[646,730,727,752]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,1422,1445]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,1479,1931]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison and differentiation of Cranidiini and Haplopodini" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FD52EC80278C1FBF" box="[738,996,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FD52EC8027031FBF" box="[738,875,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aploploides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aploploides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FCC7EC80278C1FBF" box="[887,996,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Haplopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FBADEC8020C51FBF" box="[1053,1197,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FBADEC8020C51FBF" box="[1053,1197,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not at all closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FEB7ECAB25E81E5A" box="[263,384,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FEB7ECAB25E81E5A" box="[263,384,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and here shown to form a very well separated clade, defined as the supposedly monophyletic tribe Haplopodini
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FEC1ED4825B41E77" bold="true" box="[369,476,799,824]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">rev. stat.</emphasis>
|
||
(→ 5.). Consequently, these three genera are here removed and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FB41ED48210B1E77" box="[1265,1379,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monotypical and very well separated tribe within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FCD3ED1320491E12" box="[867,1057,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF77ED3027E7195F" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Clark-Sellick (1998: 221, fig. 32a, b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FD73ED3F20EB1ECF" author="Hennemann" box="[707,1155,871,896]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 112 (3), 357 - 368." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Hennemann,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FCEEED3020EB1ECF" author="Conle" box="[862,1155,871,896]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 112 (3), 357 - 368." type="journal article" year="2007">Conle & Delfosse (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 360) stated the egg of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF27EDDB25611EEA" box="[151,265,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
to lack a median line, although the latter authors showed there to be a median line in the illustration of the internal plate (2007: 365, fig. 12). Subsequent examination of more examples has shown a short and rather indistinct median line to be present. However, it is rather short and very well separated from the micropylar plate, being displaced towards the polar-area by more than its own length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF77EA4B20E61917" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
A captive reared ♀ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FE70EA4A2626197A" box="[448,590,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FE70EA4A2626197A" box="[448,590,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. gibbosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at hand from the first author's collection (coll. FH, No. 0470-14) represents the new length record for this species, measuring 161.0 mm including the subgenital plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D332FF97FF77EA3327EF19EF" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF77EA3327EF19EF" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF77EA33250A1932" bold="true" box="[199,354,1124,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Restricted to Northeastern South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED332FF97FD40EA3327381932" box="[752,848,1124,1149]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and so far recorded from Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED332FF97FB48EA3321571932" box="[1272,1343,1124,1149]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED332FF97FAFEEA33248019EF" name="French Guiana" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED332FF97FEAEEAD025E119EF" box="[286,393,1159,1184]" name="Suriname" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FE28EADF272B19EF" author="Hennemann" box="[408,835,1159,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 112 (3), 357 - 368." type="journal article" year="2007">Hennemann, Conle & Delfosse, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 366).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D332FF97FF27EA982707182E" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF27EA98253219A7" blockId="19.[151,1437,1231,1377]" box="[151,346,1231,1256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading id="EB213612D332FF97FF27EA98253219A7" bold="true" box="[151,346,1231,1256]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF27EA98253219A7" bold="true" box="[151,346,1231,1256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Genus included:</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B069817ED332FF97FF27EAA32707182E" blockId="19.[151,1437,1231,1377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF00EAA325801846" authority="Westwood, 1843: 49" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1843" box="[176,488,1268,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF00EAA325701846" box="[176,280,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FEAEEAA325AC1846" author="Westwood" box="[286,452,1268,1289]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FDCCEAA320C51846" authority="Westwood, 1843: 49" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1843" box="[636,1197,1268,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serricollis" subGenus="Cranidium">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FDCCEAA327B61846" box="[636,990,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes (Cranidium) serricollis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FC55EAA320E21846" author="Westwood" box="[997,1162,1268,1289]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 6: 1 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FA91EAA325B31869" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FA91EAA325451869" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FE83EB4625B31869" author="Burmeister" box="[307,475,1297,1318]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), by subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FCB9EB46278B1869" author="Bradley" box="[777,995,1297,1318]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Bradley, J. C. & Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley & Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 187. =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FF47EB792650180C" authority="Carrera, 1960: 100" authorityName="Carrera" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1960" box="[247,568,1326,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Phasmilliger" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FF47EB79251B180C" box="[247,371,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Phasmilliger</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FECBEB79266E180C" author="Carrera" box="[379,518,1326,1347]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Carrera, M. (1960) Insecta amapaensia Diapherodes gibbosa Burmeister, 1839, tipo de um novo genero de Phasmida. Papeis avulsos de Departamento de Zoologica Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, 14, 99 - 104." type="journal article" year="1960">Carrera, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 100
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD332FF97FD7FEB792161180C" authority="Westwood, 1843: 49" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1843" box="[719,1289,1326,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serricollis" subGenus="Cranidium">
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FD7FEB792722180C" box="[719,842,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diapherodes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FCEBEB7927AB180C" box="[859,963,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cranidium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD332FF97FC63EB79205C180C" box="[979,1076,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">serricollis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD332FF97FB8DEB79208B180C" author="Westwood" box="[1085,1251,1326,1347]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by indication. [Unnecessary replacement name, hence a junior objective synonym]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |