treatments-xml/data/38/7F/30/387F3068D327FF8FFF27EA2C27501F8F.xml

<document id="9CF35F9606748C72B22B9396AB254DE2" ID-CLB-Dataset="38706" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4128.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="553faca2-0799-4bbe-8b54-92960421d9c9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271800" ID-ZooBank="B4D2CD84-8994-4CEF-B647-3539C16B6502" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467029901498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle &amp; Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert" docDate="2016" docId="387F3068D327FF8FFF27EA2C27501F8F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4128.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4128 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cladomorphinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="C4464810D321FF84FFB0EE5724681D4F" masterDocTitle="Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)" masterLastPageNumber="211" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698664117947" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D9D9993807AF2C97E9C59AB9A9968A1C">Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2C62743804BC5EA2A1D06A008BFDB85D">Frank H. Hennemann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C76C7DD9EF2B8AB26A92322050987DC2">Oskar V. Conle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9031C6A960E14706DA4CF788F110FAB">Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27EA2C279819DA" blockId="6.[151,1008,1147,1173]" box="[151,1008,1147,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="EB213612D327FF82FF27EA2C279819DA" bold="true" box="[151,1008,1147,1173]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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4. SUBFAMILY 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FED6EA2C26E119DA" ID-CoL="8Q6Y7" box="[358,649,1147,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">CLADOMORPHINAE</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FD21EA2C279819DA" author="BRADLEY" box="[657,1008,1147,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">BRADLEY &amp; GALIL, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27EA9626CC1998" blockId="6.[151,676,1217,1239]" box="[151,676,1217,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD327FF82FF27EA96250C1998" bold="true" box="[151,356,1217,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Genus eponymum:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FEDAEA9626C81998" authority="Gray, 1835: 15" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1835" box="[362,672,1217,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cladomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD327FF82FEDAEA9626691998" box="[362,513,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cladomorphus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FDB6EA9626121998" author="Gray" box="[518,634,1217,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
: 15
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D327FF82FF27EAA926081BCB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27EAA9260A185B" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[151,610,1278,1300]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27EAA92528185B" ID-CoL="8Q6Y7" box="[151,320,1278,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FEF6EAA92644185B" author="Bradley" box="[326,556,1278,1300]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 186.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF77EB4925FA187C" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[199,402,1309,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FF77EB492533187C" author="Zompro" box="[199,347,1309,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 134.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF77EB6B25D5181D" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[199,445,1340,1362]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FF77EB6B25FC181D" author="Otte" box="[199,404,1340,1362]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 414 pp. [CafePress. com]" type="book" year="2005">Otte &amp; Brock, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 32.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27EB0D264F18C0" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Cladomorphidae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893: 90, 98. Bacteriinae 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FEA0EB2E25F018C0" author="Kirby" box="[272,408,1401,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London." type="book" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Kirby, 1904a</bibRefCitation>
: 348 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF77EBCE25B318E1" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[199,475,1432,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FF77EBCE252318E1" author="Kevan" box="[199,331,1432,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kevan, d. K. McE. (1982) Phasmatodea (Stick-insects). In: CSIRO (Ed.), The Insects of Australia. Vol. 1, 2 nd Edition, pp. 294 - 404." type="book chapter" year="1982">Kevan, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 282 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27EBE125D21B45" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27EBE125BC1883" authority="Karny, 1923: 237" authorityName="Karny" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,468,1462,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladoxerinae">
Cladoxerinae 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FE94EBE025CC1883" author="Karny" box="[292,420,1462,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Karny, H. H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia, 3, 230 - 242." type="journal article" year="1923">Karny, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</taxonomicName>
(in part). 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27EB82267F18A4" ID-CoL="8NKK2" authority="Zompro, 2001: 228" authorityName="Zompro" authorityPageNumber="228" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,535,1493,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Diapheromerinae, 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FEE3EB81258F18A4" author="Zompro" box="[339,487,1493,1515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zompro, O. (2001) A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The New World genera of the stick insect subfamily Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae = Heteronemiidae: Heteronemiinae sensu Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (1), 189 - 255. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79626" type="journal article" year="2001">Zompro, 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 228
</taxonomicName>
(in part). 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FF27EBA225431B45" author="Zompro" box="[151,299,1524,1546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 139 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27E84526621B08" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27E84525411B67" ID-CoL="8QQMX" box="[151,297,1554,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
(SectioV: Phibalosomata) 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FD89E845276D1B67" author="Redtenbacher" box="[569,773,1554,1576]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 399 (in part). Phibalosominae 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FE8FE86625BB1B08" author="Gunther" box="[319,467,1585,1607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 557.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27E80726621B29" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[151,522,1616,1638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Phibalosomatinae, 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FEE7E80625881B29" author="Moxey" box="[343,480,1616,1638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 67.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF82FF27E83926081BCB" blockId="6.[151,917,1278,1668]" box="[151,608,1646,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27E839255B1BCB" ID-CoL="8Q724" box="[151,307,1646,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FE8DE83825BA1BCB" author="Zompro" box="[317,466,1646,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 139 (in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="B069817ED327FF83FF27E8E6211C1D9A" blockId="6.[151,1437,1713,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FF27E8E625EC1B85" author="Gunther" box="[151,388,1713,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 557)</bibRefCitation>
established the subfamily Phibalosominae (= 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FC2EE8E620311B85" box="[926,1113,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FBD3E8E621011B85" author="Bradley" box="[1123,1385,1713,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
) for sections of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FE94E88226D11BA1" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[292,697,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" subFamily="Phibalosomini" tribe="Phibalosomini">
Phibalosomini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FE64E88226D11BA1" author="Redtenbacher" box="[468,697,1749,1774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and originally subdivided it into the four tribes 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FAA1E88221F01BA1" box="[1297,1432,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF27E8AE25541A5D" box="[151,316,1785,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
, Haplopodini and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FDBEE8AE26EB1A5D" box="[526,643,1785,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FD3FE8AE27BC1A5D" author="Bradley" box="[655,980,1785,1810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil (1977: 186)</bibRefCitation>
took over Günther's arrangement of the Phibalosominae and generally restricted themselves to translating his keys to the tribes into English. Taxonomic changes by these authors were limited to re-naming Günther's Phibalosominae to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FB8CE916209F1A15" box="[1084,1271,1857,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
and Günther's tribes 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FF6FE93225EC1A31" box="[223,388,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
, Haplopodini and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FDE9E93226A31A31" box="[601,715,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FD44E93227C81A31" box="[756,928,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FC1FE93220EF1A31" box="[943,1159,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and Craspedoniini. The new name Craspedoniini for 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FE54E9DE27691AED" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[484,769,1929,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">
Cranidiini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FDEEE9DE27691AED" author="Gunther" box="[606,769,1929,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was not justified and introduced because Bradley &amp; Galil confused the type-species of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FE69E9FA27431A89" authority="Westwood, 1841" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[473,811,1965,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Craspedonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD327FF82FE69E9FA26021A89" box="[473,618,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Craspedonia</emphasis>
Westwood, 1841
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FCD5E9FA20691A89" author="Brock" box="[869,1025,1965,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Brock, P. D. (1998 b) Description of a new genus for a Jamaican stick-insect. Phasmid Studies, 7 (1), 26 - 29." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Brock, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
: 26), hence 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FB36E9FA20901A89" box="[1158,1272,1965,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
remains valid. The monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD327FF82FECEE98626511AA5" box="[382,569,2001,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD327FF82FD20E98627F31AA5" author="Bradley" box="[656,923,2001,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
seems poorly supported and the subfamily divides into at least two well recognized sub-divisions or clades, which do not appear particularly closely related, and indicate 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE96EEEB25891D9A" box="[294,481,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
as presently recognized may not be a natural grouping (→ see comments below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED326FF83FF77EEB727D1197B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FF77EEB725101DB7" author="Zompro" box="[199,376,224,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004)</bibRefCitation>
introduced several major taxonomic changes within the classification of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB6AEE8821F01DB7" box="[1242,1432,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
, which however contradict all previous opinions (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC83EF5327891C52" author="Gunther" box="[819,993,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC47EF53217C1C53" author="Bradley" box="[1015,1300,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
), extensive phylogenetic studies based on morphological features (Bradler, 2009) and molecular data (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FB13EF7021F91C0F" author="Whiting" box="[1187,1425,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Whiting, M. F., Bradler, S. &amp; Maxwell, T. (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature, 421, 264 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="journal article" year="2003">
Whiting 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FABAEF7E212C1C0F" box="[1290,1348,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). The paper by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE86EF1A258C1C2B" author="Zompro" box="[310,484,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004)</bibRefCitation>
postulates numerous questionable relationships with resulting erroneous taxonomic changes and several genera are omitted. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FDC2EF2727351CC7" author="Zompro" box="[626,861,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
transferred the three genera 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB00EF38255D1CE3" authority="Rehn &amp; Hebard, 1938" authorityName="Rehn &amp; Hebard" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aploploides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FB00EF38215D1CC7" box="[1200,1333,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aploploides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FAF0EF38255D1CE3" author="Rehn" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Hebard, M. (1938) New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and Phasmidae (Orthoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 64, 33 - 55, pls. 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1938">Rehn &amp; Hebard, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FEF2EFC326321CE2" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[322,602,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FEF2EFC325BA1CE2" box="[322,466,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diapherodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE6BEFC326321CE2" author="Gray" box="[475,602,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD25EFC327B91CE3" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[661,977,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD25EFC3276A1CE2" box="[661,770,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Haplopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FCBCEFC327B91CE3" author="Burmeister" box="[780,977,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB92EFC320921CE2" box="[1058,1274,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FA93EFC321F01CE2" box="[1315,1432,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
. But in fact neither genus is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD2FEFE027891C9F" authority="Westwood, 1843" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1843" box="[671,993,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD2FEFE027701C9F" box="[671,792,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cranidium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC91EFE027891C9F" author="Westwood" box="[801,993,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the type-genus of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB0BEFE021581C9F" box="[1211,1328,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
, which is proven by a wide range of morphological characters that are discussed in detail below (→ 4.2.3 and table 1). Surprisingly, the only common character for these four genera that 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC2BEC5720EB1F57" author="Zompro" box="[923,1155,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned to justify his action is “the smooth and shining body”. The striking and numerous fundamental morphological differences between 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF4BEC10251C1F2F" box="[251,372,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FF4BEC10251C1F2F" box="[251,372,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cranidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other three genera were completely overlooked by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FBBBEC1F209B1F2F" author="Zompro" box="[1035,1267,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
. Consequently, the exclusively Antillean 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE09EC3B26571FCA" box="[441,575,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aploploides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FE09EC3B26571FCA" box="[441,575,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aploploides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDFDEC3B26D21FCA" box="[589,698,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FDFDEC3B26D21FCA" box="[589,698,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Haplopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD79EC3B27311FCA" box="[713,857,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD79EC3B27311FCA" box="[713,857,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diapherodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC21EC3B20B81FCB" authority="Brock, 1998" authorityName="Brock" authorityYear="1998" box="[913,1232,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Paracranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FC21EC3B20541FCA" box="[913,1084,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paracranidium</emphasis>
Brock, 1998
</taxonomicName>
are here removed from the South American 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE0EECD826581FE7" box="[446,560,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
and shown to form a well-defined clade that can be easily separated not only from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF67ECE325201F82" box="[215,328,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
but also from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE46ECE326BA1F82" box="[502,722,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, Haplopodini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC44ECE320F01F82" author="Gunther" box="[1012,1176,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
(type-genus 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FA9FECE325371FBF" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FA9FECE321F41F82" box="[1327,1436,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Haplopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FF27EC8025371FBF" author="Burmeister" box="[151,351,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) is here re-established (
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD31EC8026831FBF" bold="true" box="[641,747,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">rev. stat.</emphasis>
→ 5) to comprise these as well as four newly described Antillean genera. Also 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE15ECAB27701E5B" authority="Zompro, 2004" authorityName="Zompro" authorityYear="2004" box="[421,792,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aplopocranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FE15ECAB26011E5A" box="[421,617,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aplopocranidium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FDC4ECAA27701E5B" author="Zompro" box="[628,792,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC7FECAA213B1E5B" authority="Gunther, 1940" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1940" box="[975,1363,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Bacteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waehneri">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FC7FECAA20CA1E5A" box="[975,1186,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bacteria waehneri</emphasis>
Günther, 1940
</taxonomicName>
) from northwestern South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FEC8ED4825B11E77" box="[376,473,799,824]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
is not a member of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD08ED4827421E77" box="[696,810,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
as postulated by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC5CED7720F21E77" author="Zompro" box="[1004,1178,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, but in fact shows very close relation to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FEE0ED1226E71E13" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[336,655,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Jeremia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FEE0ED1225C11E13" box="[336,425,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Jeremia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE00ED1326E71E13" author="Redtenbacher" box="[432,655,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD75ED1320E91E13" authority="Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007" authorityName="Hennemann &amp; Conle" authorityYear="2007" box="[709,1153,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Jeremiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD75ED13272B1E12" box="[709,835,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Jeremiodes</emphasis>
Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, hence was transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27ED3025291ECF" box="[151,321,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FEC0ED3F269E1ECF" author="Hennemann" box="[368,758,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2010) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea X: redescriptions of Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004 and Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908, with a survey of the tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 and keys to the genera (Insecta: Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Cladomorphinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 19 (1), 101 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.019.0116" type="journal article" year="2010">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2010: 104)</bibRefCitation>
. As a result, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC21ED30206A1ECF" box="[913,1026,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
remains a monotypical tribe which only contains its type-genus, the very distinctive northeast South American 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC56EDDB20371EEA" box="[998,1119,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FC56EDDB20371EEA" box="[998,1119,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cranidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Close relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27EDF825611E87" box="[151,265,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
to the South American 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDAFEDF826A11E87" box="[543,713,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
is indicated by features such as the presence of a gula in both sexes, the long and filiform gonapophyses VIII, presence of gonoplacs and a distinct praeopercular organ of ♀♀, specialized poculum of ♂♂ and the egg-morphology, which includes the presence of a median line. A new diagnosis and differentiation of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE4CEA4B2606197A" box="[508,622,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
is provided below (→ 4.2.3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED326FF83FF77EA6820C31BD7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Although all genera retained in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD84EA6827641917" box="[564,780,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC8BEA1727831917" author="Zompro" box="[827,1003,1088,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, namely 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FBE4EA6821FF1917" authority="Rehn, 1901" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1901" box="[1108,1431,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FBE4EA6821611917" box="[1108,1289,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hesperophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FAA2EA6821FF1917" author="Rehn" box="[1298,1431,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. (1901) Some necessary changes and corrections in names of Orthoptera. Canadian Entomologist, 33, 271 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33271 - 10" type="journal article" year="1901">Rehn, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27EA32266B1933" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,515,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FF27EA3225701933" box="[151,280,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE90EA33266B1933" author="Redtenbacher" box="[288,515,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDBFEA3227611932" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[527,777,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FDBFEA3226E31933" box="[527,651,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lamponius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FD24EA3327611932" author="Stal" box="[660,777,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FCA5EA3320E11933" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[789,1161,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FCA5EA3327C91932" box="[789,929,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC19EA3320E11933" author="Redtenbacher" box="[937,1161,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB72EA3224B919EF" authority="Moxey, 1971" authorityName="Moxey" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Taraxippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FB72EA3221571933" box="[1218,1343,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taraxippus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FAF7EA3224B919EF" author="Moxey" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, lack an area apicalis on the tibiae, 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FDEBEADF275619EF" author="Zompro" box="[603,830,1160,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
interpreted 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC75EAD020F519EF" box="[965,1181,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
as a subordinate taxon of the areolate subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE51EAFB26E3198A" box="[481,651,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
(family 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FCB1EAFB278B198A" box="[769,995,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
). In addition to a “similar general resemblance” of the insects 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE51EA8726A519A7" author="Zompro" box="[481,717,1232,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned common features of the extremities (“interodorsal carina of the protibiae lamelliform” and “mid- and hindlegs agree completely”) and eggs (“The eggs are bulletshaped”), stating 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FED7EB402657187F" box="[359,575,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
were “…simply representing derived 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FBBBEB4020D0187F" box="[1035,1208,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
, in which the area apicalis is reduced“ (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FE32EB6B2609181B" author="Zompro" box="[386,609,1340,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004: 139</bibRefCitation>
). As shown by Bradler (2009: 99) and confirmed herein these features do however not indicate any close relation to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDDEEB0827271837" box="[622,847,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FCEAEB08206B1837" box="[858,1027,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
and Zompro's placement of the tribe is not supported at all. This is also confirmed by molecular data presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FBBBEBD3209618D3" box="[1035,1278,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Whiting, M. F., Bradler, S. &amp; Maxwell, T. (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature, 421, 264 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="journal article">
Whiting 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FBDFEBD220C018D2" box="[1135,1192,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
. In fact, close relation between 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FED8EBF02628188F" box="[360,576,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and the here newly recognized and re-established Haplopodini, which comprises genera formerly placed in Haplopodini (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FD68EB9B271518AA" author="Gunther" box="[728,893,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC1DEB9B20ED18AA" box="[941,1157,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FA94EB9B257F1B47" author="Bradley" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
), is very obvious and proven by a wide range of taxonomically and phylogenetically relevant characters of the insect and egg-morphology (→ 4.2.4). Both tribes share a distribution mainly in the West Indies with only a few taxa represented in northern Central 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FDD7E86026A21B1F" box="[615,714,1591,1616]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
, whereas members of the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC41E86020F31B1F" box="[1009,1179,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
are restricted to South and Central 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FEAFE80B25EB1B3A" box="[287,387,1628,1653]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
. Consequently, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD83E80B27631B3A" box="[563,779,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
is here removed from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FBB7E80B20811B3A" box="[1031,1257,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB43E80B21F51B3A" box="[1267,1437,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
and transferred back to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE2FE82826351BD7" box="[415,605,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
. A detailed discussion is presented below (→ 4.2.4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED326FF83FF77E8F225FF1A3F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FF77E8F225DE1BF2" author="Zompro" box="[199,438,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
transferred 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDF8E8F327321BF2" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[584,858,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baculini">
Baculini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FD04E8F327321BF2" author="Gunther" box="[692,858,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC19E8F320531BF2" box="[937,1083,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FBFBE8F320B11BF2" box="[1099,1241,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phasmatinae">Phasmatinae</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FAB7E8F321F11BF2" box="[1287,1433,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27E890253D1BAF" box="[151,341,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
, however without providing a diagnosis or a list of genera contained. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FBD3E89021211BAF" author="Gunther" box="[1123,1353,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 555)</bibRefCitation>
treated 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27E8BB249E1A4A" box="[151,246,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baculini">Baculini</taxonomicName>
as an Oriental tribe, but because the type-genus 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FC91E8BB20501A4A" authority="Saussure, 1861" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1861" box="[801,1080,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Baculum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FC91E8BB27ED1A4A" box="[801,901,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baculum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FC3DE8BB20501A4A" author="Saussure" box="[909,1080,1772,1797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Saussure, H. de (1861) Orthoptera Nova Americana (Diagnoses praeliminares). Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, Series 2, 13, 126 - 128." type="journal article" year="1861">Saussure, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described from 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FA96E8BB21051A4A" box="[1318,1389,1772,1797]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, the tribe is an exclusively New World taxon. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FDCAE95826B11A67" box="[634,729,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baculini">Baculini</taxonomicName>
is here shown to be a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB73E95824A71A03" authority="Karny, 1923" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">
Cladoxerini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FAE1E94724A71A03" author="Karny" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Karny, H. H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia, 3, 230 - 242." type="journal article" year="1923">Karny, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FF6FE96325431A02" bold="true" box="[223,299,1844,1869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n. syn.</emphasis>
), since 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE32E963258E1A02" box="[386,486,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Baculum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FE32E963258E1A02" box="[386,486,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FD14E96320B81A03" authority="St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1827" authorityName="St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1827" box="[676,1232,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cladoxerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FD14E963274D1A02" box="[676,805,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cladoxerus</emphasis>
St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1827
</taxonomicName>
, the type-genus of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FF27E90025731A3F" box="[151,283,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
(→ 4.2.1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED326FF8CFF77E92B279D1CE3" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1976]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The striking genus 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FE17E92B27291ADB" authority="Audinet-Serville, 1838" authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[423,833,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD326FF83FE17E92B265C1ADA" box="[423,564,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pterinoxylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FD8EE92B27291ADB" author="Audinet-Serville" box="[574,833,1916,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Vol. 18. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 776 pp." type="book" year="1838">Audinet-Serville, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed throughout southern Central 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FA85E92B21F01ADA" box="[1333,1432,1916,1941]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
, the northern portion of South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED326FF83FE5FE9F726271AF6" box="[495,591,1952,1977]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
and also represented by one species on the southern Lesser Antilles. The genus was originally placed in Haplopodini (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD326FF83FD26E993271D1A92" author="Gunther" box="[662,885,1988,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953: 557</bibRefCitation>
) and subsequently moved to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD326FF83FB74E99321F41A92" box="[1220,1436,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD329FF8CFF2EEEC025991DFF" author="Bradley" box="[158,497,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 188</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD329FF8CFDBBEECF26941DFF" author="Zompro" box="[523,764,152,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
omitted 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFCDCEEC027911DFF" box="[876,1017,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFCDCEEC027911DFF" box="[876,1017,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pterinoxylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his treatment of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB45EEC0210F1DFF" box="[1269,1383,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EEEB251B1D9A" box="[151,371,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. Detailed examination of the insect and egg-morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFBC4EEEB216A1D9A" box="[1140,1282,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFBC4EEEB216A1D9A" box="[1140,1282,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pterinoxylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and careful comparison with taxa of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE03EE8826E31DB7" box="[435,651,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and Haplopodini have revealed several features that separate it from either tribe, e.g. the tympanal region or stridulatory organ in the basal portion of the alae of ♀♀, conspicuously displaced medioventral carina of the meso- and metatibiae, longitudinal ventral keel in the basal portion of the antennae and elongate alveolar eggs, which exhibit distinct hollow, peripheral extensions on the polar-area and capitulum. Consequently, Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFDE5EF3826CF1CC7" bold="true" box="[597,679,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. trib.</emphasis>
is here established to contain solely the striking 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB7BEF3821301CC7" box="[1227,1368,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFB7BEF3821301CC7" box="[1227,1368,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pterinoxylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a detailed discussion and justification is provided below (→ 4.2.5 and table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED329FF8CFF77EFE020071FBF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFF77EFE027721C9F" bold="true" box="[199,794,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Relationships within 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE79EFE026FB1C9F" box="[457,659,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFD14EFE027641C9F" box="[676,780,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 388 – 390" captionStartId="203.[151,264,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[175,1418,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@203.[175,1419,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="203" captionText="FIGURES 388 – 390. Live insects. 388. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 389. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 390. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀: captive reared from Jamaica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271869/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 389</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Detailed investigation and comparison of the six tribes currently contained in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE2AEF8B263D1CBA" box="[410,597,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
indicate the subfamily as presently treated may not form a natural group and does not support its monophyly. Based on several morphological characters of both the insects and eggs two distinct groups can be recognized within the present 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD47EC7327DD1F72" box="[759,949,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
. The first group, here also regarded as the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EC10253A1F2F" box="[151,338,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFED0EC1E259D1F2F" box="[352,501,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sensu stricto</emphasis>
, is formed by the principally South American 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB8DEC10208E1F2F" box="[1085,1254,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
+ Cranidini + 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EC3B25761FCA" box="[151,286,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
, while the predominantly Antillean 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD07EC3B27E71FCA" box="[695,911,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
+ Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFBFAEC3B20F41FCA" bold="true" box="[1098,1180,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. trib.</emphasis>
+ Haplopodini form a second fairly well distinguished and presumably monophyletic clade (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFC64ECD820551FE7" box="[980,1085,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
). Examination of certain taxa currently attributed to other subfamilies (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD64ECE327FE1F82" box="[724,918,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapheromerinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFC53ECE320F01F82" box="[995,1176,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Heteronemiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteronemiinae">Heteronemiinae</taxonomicName>
) furthermore suggest 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EC80253A1FBF" box="[151,338,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFEE8EC8E258D1FBF" box="[344,485,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sensu stricto</emphasis>
to be paraphyletic (Hennemann &amp; Conle, in preparation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED329FF8CFF77ECAA210D18D3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF58ECAB25F91E5A" box="[232,401,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE7EECAB26281E5A" box="[462,576,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
the gonapophyses VIII of ♀♀ are strongly elongated, filiform and project considerably over the apex of the anal segment (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFD5BED48270C1E77" box="[747,868,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 8, 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFCC7ED4827FE1E77" box="[887,918,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16</figureCitation>
). Gonoplacs are present (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFB7EED48214B1E77" box="[1230,1315,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFA86ED48213D1E77" box="[1334,1365,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16</figureCitation>
). The praeopercular organ of ♀♀ on abdominal sternum VII is very distinct and usually formed by one (
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB4FED13211C1E12" box="[1279,1396,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
) or two to three (
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE80ED3025B51ECF" box="[304,477,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
) spiniform appendages. Males have the terminal abdominal segments specialized in various ways, e.g. an elongated sometimes tube-like or remarkably enlarged and convex poculum, strongly enlarged hook-shaped or in-curving cerci or a spinose phallus. These specializations of the ♂♂ terminalia are likely to be apomorphic character states, but this deserves evaluation by a comprehensive phylogenetic study. The medioventral carina of the profemora of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFDCEEDA02740195F" box="[638,808,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
is very prominent, lamellate and distinctly displaced towards the anteroventral carina and the profemora are triangular in cross-section with the anterodorsal carina conspicuously raised (♀♀ in particular). There are never sensory areas on the probasisternum or profurcasternum and both tribes have a well-developed gula. The antennae are very long and filiform with strongly elongated antennomeres. The eggs possess a median line below the micropylar plate although this is fairly different in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EAFB2529198A" box="[151,321,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFECAEAFB2587198A" box="[378,495,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
. The eggs of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD3CEAFB275E198A" box="[652,822,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
possess an operculum which is similar in structure to the opercula seen in genera of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE59EA9826D819A7" box="[489,688,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapheromerinae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD09EA98270719A7" box="[697,879,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapheromerini">Diapheromerini</taxonomicName>
: “ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFC35EA98279119A7" box="[901,1017,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Phanocles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD329FF8CFC35EA98279119A7" box="[901,1017,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phanocles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group” (→ 4.2.2), being an open and hollow net-work, and all have a ± parallel-sided micropylar plate which is open internally and exhibits a distinct median line (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFE80EB4025E0187F" box="[304,392,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). Eggs of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFDB3EB40261D187F" box="[515,629,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
lack the aforementioned opercular structures and have a broad ovoid micropylar plate, which has a narrowing of the posterior opening before it widens into the notch. The short median line is strongly displaced towards the polar-area (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFD66EB0827461837" box="[726,814,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). The striking differential characters of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB4EEB0821181837" box="[1278,1392,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
are summarized below and several of these are believed to be autapomorphies of that tribe (→ 4.2.3 and 
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D329FF8CFAB2EBD3213C18D3" box="[1282,1364,1412,1437]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,1422,1445]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,1479,1931]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison and differentiation of Cranidiini and Haplopodini" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D332FF97FF27EBD927CE18EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED329FF8CFF77EBF025641AF7" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The position of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFEC7EBF02593188F" box="[375,507,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
within the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFDC8EBF0275B188F" box="[632,819,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
remains somewhat questionable, but several characters support it as the sister-taxon of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE49EB9B26DF18AA" box="[505,695,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
, which consequently would place 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB88EB9B20C218AA" box="[1080,1194,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
as the sister-group of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFF27EBB8253A1B47" box="[151,338,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFECCEBB826691B47" box="[380,513,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFDA6EBB826161B47" box="[534,638,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
). Close relation to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFCDAEBB8207C1B47" box="[874,1044,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
in particular is indicated by the distinctly triangular cross-section of the profemora, which have the anterodorsal carina strongly raised and the lamellate medioventral carina considerably displaced towards the anteroventral carina. The elongated gonapophyses VIII and presence of gonoplacs in ♀♀ are shared with both 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFB85E80B20B71B3A" box="[1077,1247,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFA93E80B21F01B3A" box="[1315,1432,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
. However, the gonapophyses VIII are increasingly less elongated and hardly project over the apex of the anal segment, which is likely to be an autapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD50E8F327001BF2" box="[736,872,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
. The genitalia of ♂♂ do not show any significant specializations as in these two tribes, but as in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD1AE890273B1BAF" box="[682,851,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFC3CE89027961BAF" box="[908,1022,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
there is a well developed gula. Also the egg-morphology supports close relations between these three tribes, the operculum bearing a capitular structure (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFF2FE958248A1A67" box="[159,226,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1288]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tribe Cladoxerini Karny, 1923. 1. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 2. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 3. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀ closeup of head showing the shortened antennae: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares [RNV]; 4. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) ♂ apex of abdomen: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 5. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) egg in dorsolateral view: Brazil, Sao Paulo [© B. Kneubühler]. Po = Poculum, Vo = Vomer, Cer = Cerci, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271801/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and the open internal micropylar plate having a median line. Females are always apterous and the anal fan of ♂♂ is transparent as in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFE65E96326171A02" box="[469,639,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD0DE963275A1A02" box="[701,818,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
. The remarkably shortened antennae of ♀♀ (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD329FF8CFAF6E96321E51A03" box="[1350,1421,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1288]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tribe Cladoxerini Karny, 1923. 1. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 2. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 3. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀ closeup of head showing the shortened antennae: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares [RNV]; 4. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) ♂ apex of abdomen: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 5. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) egg in dorsolateral view: Brazil, Sao Paulo [© B. Kneubühler]. Po = Poculum, Vo = Vomer, Cer = Cerci, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271801/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), which consist of no more than 30 antennomeres, and serrate posterodorsal carina of the profemora of both sexes readily distinguish the tribe from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFDA3E92B26D41ADA" box="[531,700,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFD44E92B270D1ADA" box="[756,869,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
and might also be autapomorphies of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD329FF8CFAA8E92B21F41ADA" box="[1304,1436,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
(→ 4.2.1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED328FF8DFF77EEC0268F19D0" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFF77EEC025F71DFF" box="[199,415,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
+ Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFDE8EEC026C21DFF" bold="true" box="[600,682,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
+ Haplopodini are likely to form a monophyletic clade that differs from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFF68EEEB25FB1D9A" box="[216,403,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFE2CEEEA26441D9B" box="[412,556,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
by a variety of characters. All three tribes lack gonoplacs and do not have conspicuously elongated or filiform gonapophyses VIII, these being short, not or hardly longer than gonapophyses IX and fully hidden under the anal segment. A praeopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII of ♀♀ is present, but it is much less developed and usually represented merely by a small wart-like swelling. The terminal abdominal segments of ♂♂ do not show any significant specializations and are fairly typical for 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFB1FEF1B212B1C2A" box="[1199,1347,332,357]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Phasmatodea</taxonomicName>
with a developed vomer. The medioventral carina of the profemora is not lamellate and more or less central on the ventral surface of the profemora. While 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFDBAEFC3268A1CE2" box="[522,738,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFC05EFC320601CE2" bold="true" box="[949,1032,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
possess rough sensory-areas on the probasisternum and profurcasternum (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD328FF8DFDE0EFE026B51C9F" box="[592,733,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 28–30</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD328FF8DFD5DEFEF275E1C9F" box="[749,822,440,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 44" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,202,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1435,195,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 44. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib .. 32. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 33. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 12]; 34. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 35. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♂ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: Prosternum and profurcasternum showing sensory-areas (SA); 37. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: sensory-area of profurcasternum; 38. P. crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: left sensory area of prosternum; 39. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - E]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271807/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">41–43</figureCitation>
), these are lacking in Haplopodini. The presence of sensory-areas is likely to be a synapomorphy of Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFCD0EF8B27DB1CBA" bold="true" box="[864,947,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFC65EF8B20C51CBA" box="[981,1197,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and might support a sister-group relationship between these two tribes, which would consequently place Haplopodini as the sistergroup of these two tribes (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD328FF8DFE68EC7326281F73" box="[472,576,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
). Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFD47EC7327261F72" bold="true" box="[759,846,548,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
is characteristic for having a tympanal region (= stridulatory organ) in the basal portion of the alae of ♀♀, which quite certainly is an autapomorphy (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD328FF8DFB45EC10213C1F2F" box="[1269,1364,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
) since it is not present in any other representative of the entire subfamily. The presence of a gula in Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFAFAEC3B21F41FCA" bold="true" box="[1354,1436,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
appears to be plesiomorphic because it is present in all three tribes of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFC57ECD820F81FE7" box="[999,1168,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFB2CECC621461FE7" box="[1180,1326,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
and also distinguishes this tribe from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFE44ECE326A41F82" box="[500,716,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and Haplopodini. Females of all three tribes often possess shortened or vestigial wings and the anal fan of both sexes is mostly coloured, reticulate, tessellate or bears dark markings. The antennae are considerably more robust, on average shorter and less filiform than in members of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFF27ED48253A1E77" box="[151,338,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFEEAED7625811E77" box="[346,489,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
(exception 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFDC1ED4826921E77" box="[625,762,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
), either more or less oval in cross-section (Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFA35ED4824A31E12" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFEB1ED1325B31E12" box="[257,475,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
) or with the antennomeres increasingly shortened and perlamorph (Haplopodini). The eggs of all three tribes agree in aspect of the morphology of the internal micropylar plate, which is open with a large and wide posterior gap but lacks a median line as in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFC92EDDB27B51EEA" box="[802,989,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFC53EDDA20181EEB" box="[995,1136,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD328FF8DFBCFEDDB21621EEA" box="[1151,1290,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 45–48</figureCitation>
). The lack of a median line is likely to represent a synapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFCB6EDF827B61E87" box="[774,990,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
+ Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFB27EDF820811E87" bold="true" box="[1175,1257,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
+ Haplopodini. Furthermore, eggs lack the hollow net-like structures on the operculum seen in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFB86ED8320B71EA2" box="[1078,1247,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and have rather short, shield-shaped or anteriorly pointed micropylar plates. The internal surface of the capsule is usually shiny sepia with the micropylar plate a contrasting white. Consequently, 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFC28EA4B2018197A" box="[920,1136,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
+ Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFA9EEA4B21EB197A" bold="true" box="[1326,1411,1052,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
+ Haplopodini form a well separated group within 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFD6DEA6827F01917" box="[733,920,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
as currently defined and are likely to be a monophyletic clade. This hypothesis however deserves evaluation by a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFF27EAD0253A19EF" box="[151,338,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
and potentially closely related taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED328FF8DFF77EAFB252B1A4A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Previous phylogenetic analyses (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFDC2EAFB2736198B" author="Whiting" box="[626,862,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Whiting, M. F., Bradler, S. &amp; Maxwell, T. (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature, 421, 264 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="journal article" year="2003">
Whiting 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFD67EAFA277A198A" box="[727,786,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFCDCEAFB2032198B" author="Buckley" box="[876,1114,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D. &amp; Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055 - 1062. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552" type="journal article" year="2009">
Buckley 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFC64EAFA2067198A" box="[980,1039,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFBD9EAFB213E198B" author="Buckley" box="[1129,1366,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D., Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Bradler, S. (2010) The phylogenetic placement and biogeographical origins of the New Zealand stick insects (Phasmatodea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 207 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00505. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Buckley 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFB60EAFA2163198A" box="[1232,1291,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
) have provided support for a sister-group relationship between the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFCCAEA98205D19A7" box="[890,1077,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
and the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFB5DEA9825521842" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">
Stephanacridini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFF27EAA325521842" author="Gunther" box="[151,314,1268,1293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an Old World clade that is today mostly restricted to some of the Pacific Islands, New 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED328FF8DFAABEAA321041842" box="[1307,1388,1268,1293]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and parts of Wallacea. This tribe is characterised by the strongly elongated gonapophyses VIII and well developed gonoplacs in ♀♀, the presence of a gula and a distinctly triangular cross-section of the profemora which has the anterodorsal carina conspicuously raised. As in most 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFCBDEB0827A01837" box="[781,968,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
♀♀ of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFB9DEB0820B41837" box="[1069,1244,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
have a strongly elongated either lanceolate or spatulate subgenital plate and ♂♂ have rather basal terminalia with a well developed vomer and a pair of thorn-pads on the posterior margin of the anal segment. Most genera of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFB00EBF02137188F" box="[1200,1375,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
have shortened antennae (♀♀ in particular), that often are hardly longer than the profemora. If this sister-group relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFE3EEBB826551B47" box="[398,573,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFDCAEBB8275D1B47" box="[634,821,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFCF9EBA627D61B47" box="[841,958,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu lato</emphasis>
) supposed by e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFB2EEBB821FF1B47" box="[1182,1431,1519,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Whiting, M. F., Bradler, S. &amp; Maxwell, T. (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature, 421, 264 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="journal article">
Whiting 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFAB4EBA621571B47" box="[1284,1343,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFF27E84325E71B63" box="[151,399,1556,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D. &amp; Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055 - 1062. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552" type="journal article">
Buckley 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFF4EE84225521B62" box="[254,314,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD328FF8DFE7BE84326AB1B63" box="[459,707,1556,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D., Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Bradler, S. (2010) The phylogenetic placement and biogeographical origins of the New Zealand stick insects (Phasmatodea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 207 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00505. x" type="journal article">
Buckley 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFD83E84226061B62" box="[563,622,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
proves true, the elongated gonapophyses VIII and presence of gonoplacs in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFE9EE86025811B1F" box="[302,489,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFE41E86E26161B1F" box="[497,638,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
as well as the presence of a gula in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFBABE86020BE1B1F" box="[1051,1238,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFB6EE86E21041B1F" box="[1246,1388,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
and Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFE80E80B25EA1B3A" bold="true" box="[304,386,1628,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
must be regarded as plesiomorphic, while the increasingly elongated and filiform antennae in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFF27E82825291BD7" box="[151,321,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFEC6E82825801BD7" box="[374,488,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
in particular will have to be interpreted as apomorphic. Furthermore, this hypothesis postulates a Gondwanan origin for the 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFDFAE8F3276D1BF2" box="[586,773,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
and suggests invasion of its ancestors via Gondwanan land connections from the Australasian region through 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED328FF8DFD7DE890272A1BAF" box="[717,834,1735,1760]" name="Antarctica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
to South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED328FF8DFC1FE89020781BAF" box="[943,1040,1735,1760]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">America</collectingCountry>
perhaps during the late Cretaceous or late Tertiary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED328FF8DFF77E94725921AF6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In addition to a complete taxonomic revision of Haplopodini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFCDFE95827BC1A67" bold="true" box="[879,980,1807,1832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">rev. stat.</emphasis>
at the species level, keys to the six tribes currently in 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFE9FE96325851A02" box="[303,493,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
, brief discussions of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFD48E96327141A02" box="[760,892,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFC72E96320031A02" box="[962,1131,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
as well as detailed new descriptions and discussions of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFDBAE90026141A3F" box="[522,636,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
(→ 4.2.3) and Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD328FF8DFC65E90020431A3F" bold="true" box="[981,1067,1879,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n. trib.</emphasis>
(→ 4.2.5) and a more detailed discussion of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD328FF8DFE80E92B26601ADA" box="[304,520,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(→ 4.2.4) appear necessary and are presented below along with lists of the genera included in each of these tribes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D32BFF8EFF27EEC027341CF4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EEC0268F1DFF" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" box="[151,743,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="EB213612D32BFF8EFF27EEC0268F1DFF" bold="true" box="[151,743,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFF27EEC0268F1DFF" bold="true" box="[151,743,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Tribes of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFEB8EEC025BA1DFF" box="[264,466,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFE69EEC0268A1DFF" author="Bradley" box="[473,738,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
:
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EEEC27A01DA1" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
1. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF1FEEEC25B81D9F" authority="Karny, 1923: 237" authorityName="Karny" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1923" box="[175,464,187,208]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">
Cladoxerini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFE96EEEC25C81D9F" author="Karny" box="[294,416,187,208]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Karny, H. H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia, 3, 230 - 242." type="journal article" year="1923">Karny, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</taxonomicName>
. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFDE5EEEC205B1D9F" authority="St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828" authorityName="St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1828" box="[597,1075,187,208]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cladoxerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFDE5EEEC205B1D9F" author="Cladoxerus" box="[597,1075,187,208]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="1. Cladoxerus St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828: 445. Type-species: Cladoxerus gracilis St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828: 445, by monotypy. (Figs. 1 - 2)" type="journal article" year="1828">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFDE5EEEC26AC1D9F" box="[597,708,187,208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cladoxerus</emphasis>
St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. = 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF44EE8E26611DA1" authority="Gunther, 1953: 555" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="555" authorityYear="1953" box="[244,521,217,238]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baculini">
Baculini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFEFBEE8E25B11DA1" author="Gunther" box="[331,473,217,238]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 555
</taxonomicName>
. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFD3EEE8E27151DA1" authority="Saussure, 1862" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1862" box="[654,893,217,238]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Baculum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFD3EEE8E268B1DA1" box="[654,739,217,238]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Baculum</emphasis>
Saussure, 1862
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFC36EE8E27A01DA1" bold="true" box="[902,968,217,238]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. syn.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EEA127D51C67" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
2. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF1FEEA125281C44" box="[175,320,246,267]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFEF6EEA126771C44" author="Bradley" box="[326,543,246,267]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 189. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFD65EEA127BF1C44" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[725,983,246,267]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cladomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFD65EEA1270B1C44" box="[725,867,246,267]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cladomorphus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFCDAEEA127BF1C44" author="Gray" box="[874,983,246,267]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. = 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF44EF44262A1C67" authority="Gunther, 1953: 557" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1953" box="[244,578,275,296]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" subFamily="Phibalosomini" tribe="Phibalosomini">
Phibalosomini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFE35EF44267A1C67" author="Gunther" box="[389,530,275,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 557
</taxonomicName>
. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFD77EF4427D11C67" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[711,953,275,296]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Phibalosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFD77EF44272E1C67" box="[711,838,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Phibalosoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFCFCEF4427D11C67" author="Gray" box="[844,953,275,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EF6627051C09" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" box="[151,877,305,326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
3. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF1FEF6625BB1C09" authority="Gunther, 1953: 557" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1953" box="[175,467,305,326]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">
Cranidiini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFEA6EF6625CB1C09" author="Gunther" box="[278,419,305,326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 557
</taxonomicName>
. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFDE8EF6627011C09" authority="Westwood, 1843" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1843" box="[600,873,305,326]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cranidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFDE8EF6626A81C09" box="[600,704,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranidium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFD76EF6627011C09" author="Westwood" box="[710,873,305,326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1843) Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic Insects. II. William Smith, London, 2 pp. + 1 pl. [pp. 49 - 50, pl. 61]" type="book chapter" year="1843">Westwood, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EF1927BD1C2C" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" box="[151,981,334,355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4. Haplopodini 
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFE9CEF1925D21C2C" author="Gunther" box="[300,442,334,355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 557 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFE5CEF19262B1C2C" bold="true" box="[492,579,334,355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rev. stat.</emphasis>
Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFD75EF1927B81C2C" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[709,976,334,355]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFD75EF19274A1C2C" box="[709,802,334,355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haplopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFC99EF1927B81C2C" author="Burmeister" box="[809,976,334,355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EF3C25BB1CD1" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
5. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFF00EF3C25011CCF" box="[176,361,363,384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFEC0EF3C26261CCF" author="Bradley" box="[368,590,363,384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 188. Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFCB6EF3C20731CCF" authority="Rehn, 1901" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1901" box="[774,1051,363,384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFCB6EF3C27C91CCF" box="[774,929,363,384]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hesperophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFC18EF3C20731CCF" author="Rehn" box="[936,1051,363,384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. (1901) Some necessary changes and corrections in names of Orthoptera. Canadian Entomologist, 33, 271 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33271 - 10" type="journal article" year="1901">Rehn, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [Here re-transferred from 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA92EF3C25591CD1" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFE89EFDE25A51CD1" box="[313,461,393,414]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EFF127341CF4" blockId="10.[151,1435,151,443]" box="[151,860,422,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
6. Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFE82EFF125101CF4" bold="true" box="[306,376,422,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. trib.</emphasis>
Type-genus: 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFE4AEFF127301CF4" authority="Audinet-Serville, 1838" authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[506,856,422,443]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFE4AEFF1261B1CF4" box="[506,627,422,443]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pterinoxylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32BFF8EFDC9EFF127301CF4" author="Audinet-Serville" box="[633,856,422,443]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Vol. 18. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 776 pp." type="book" year="1838">Audinet-Serville, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="D9599895D32BFF8FFF27EC5B20061C13" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D32BFF8FFF27EC5B20061C13" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="key">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EC5B26E01F6A" blockId="10.[151,648,524,549]" box="[151,648,524,549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="EB213612D32BFF8EFF27EC5B26E01F6A" bold="true" box="[151,648,524,549]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFF27EC5B26E01F6A" bold="true" box="[151,648,524,549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4.1. Keys to the tribes of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFE0EEC5B26E01F6A" ID-CoL="8Q6Y7" box="[446,648,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFCB4EC0327461F22" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" box="[772,814,596,621]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFCB4EC0327461F22" bold="true" box="[772,814,596,621]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">♀♀</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<key id="C447D64FD32BFF8FFF27EC2021F31DA8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EC2021F31F88" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EC2021F41FC3" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" box="[151,1436,631,652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EC2021F41FC3" box="[151,1436,631,652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1. Body cylindrical or oval in cross-section; abdomen not considerably dilated laterally; mesosternum not tectiform......... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27ECC221F31F88" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27ECC221F31F88" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Body strongly flattened; abdomen prominently dilated laterally (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFCFBECC227FA1FE5" box="[843,914,661,682]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
); mesosternum tectiform and with a granulose longitudinal median keel (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFE1BECE5259A1F88" box="[427,498,690,711]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
); NE South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED32BFF8EFDD8ECE526D21F88" box="[616,698,690,711]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
..................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA8AECE521F31F88" ID-CoL="8Q72M" box="[1338,1435,690,711]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EC9821F31E73" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EC9821FE1E4D" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EC9821FE1E4D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2. Antennae much longer than head and pronotum combined, consisting of&gt;50 segments; profemora without serrations dorsally................................................................................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27ED5D21F31E73" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27ED5D21F31E73" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Antennae distinctly shortened and hardly longer than head and pronotum combined, with &lt;30 segments (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFB57ED5D214B1E50" box="[1255,1315,778,799]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1288]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tribe Cladoxerini Karny, 1923. 1. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 2. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 3. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀ closeup of head showing the shortened antennae: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares [RNV]; 4. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) ♂ apex of abdomen: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 5. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) egg in dorsolateral view: Brazil, Sao Paulo [© B. Kneubühler]. Po = Poculum, Vo = Vomer, Cer = Cerci, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271801/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); profemora serrate dorsally (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFE31ED7025D11E73" box="[385,441,807,828]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1288]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tribe Cladoxerini Karny, 1923. 1. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 2. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 3. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀ closeup of head showing the shortened antennae: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares [RNV]; 4. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) ♂ apex of abdomen: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 5. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) egg in dorsolateral view: Brazil, Sao Paulo [© B. Kneubühler]. Po = Poculum, Vo = Vomer, Cer = Cerci, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271801/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); SE South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED32BFF8EFD9EED7026E81E73" box="[558,640,807,828]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
........................................................ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA9AED7021F31E73" ID-CoL="8QQMN" box="[1322,1435,807,828]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27ED1221F41EFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27ED1221F31E38" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27ED1221F31E38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
3. Gonapophyses VIII short, not projecting over anal segment; medioventral carina of profemora indistinct and ± central on ventral surface of femur; West Indies, Central 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED32BFF8EFDCAED3526A51E38" box="[634,717,866,887]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
&amp; Northern South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED32BFF8EFC35ED3527B01E38" box="[901,984,866,887]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
.................................... 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27ED2821F41EFD" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27ED2821F41EFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Gonapophyses VIII elongate and projecting considerably over anal segment (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFC6DED2820551EDB" box="[989,1085,895,916]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
); medioventral carina of profemora lamellate and strongly displaced towards anteroventral carina; South 
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED32BFF8EFCC7EDCA27A21EFD" box="[887,970,925,946]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
.......................... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFABBEDCA21F41EFD" ID-CoL="8Q72K" box="[1291,1436,925,946]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EDED21F31945" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EDED21F41E80" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" box="[151,1436,954,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EDED21F41E80" box="[151,1436,954,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4. No gula; alae without tympanal area; protibiae at best with single lobes dorsally; antennae round to oval in cross-section... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27ED8021F31945" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27ED8021F31945" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Gula present; alae with a tympanal area (= stridulatory organ); medioventral carina of meso- and metatibiae strongly displaced towards anteroventral carina; antennae with a longitudinal median bulge ventro-basally (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFB82EDA220C11945" box="[1074,1193,1013,1034]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 44" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,202,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1435,195,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 44. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib .. 32. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 33. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 12]; 34. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 35. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♂ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: Prosternum and profurcasternum showing sensory-areas (SA); 37. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: sensory-area of profurcasternum; 38. P. crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: left sensory area of prosternum; 39. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - E]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271807/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 39–40</figureCitation>
)... Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFAE6EDA221F31945" bold="true" box="[1366,1435,1013,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. trib.</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EA4521F4190B" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EA4521F4190B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EA4521F4190B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
5. With rough sensory-areas on probasisternum and/or profurcasternum (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFC3BEA45206A1968" box="[907,1026,1042,1063]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 28–30</figureCitation>
); scapus dorsoventrally flattened; profemora rectangular to trapezoidal in cross-section with anterodorsal carina at best very slightly raised....... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFB52EA7821F4190B" box="[1250,1436,1071,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EA1A21F41930" blockId="10.[151,1436,596,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EA1A21F41930" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">- No sensory-areas on probasisternum and profurcasternum; scapus round to oval in cross-section; profemora distinctly triangular in cross-section with anterodorsal carina conspicuously raised....................................... Haplopodini</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFCB4EAFB21F319AB" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFCB4EAFB2746198A" bold="true" box="[772,814,1196,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">♂♂</emphasis>
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EA9821F319AB" box="[151,1435,1231,1252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EA9821F319AB" box="[151,1435,1231,1252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1. Poculum with various specializations or strongly enlarged..................................................... 2</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EABA21F3184D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" box="[151,1435,1261,1282]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EABA21F3184D" box="[151,1435,1261,1282]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">- Poculum without specializations; small and cup or scoop-shaped................................................ 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EB5D21F31838" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EB5D21F41873" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EB5D21F41873" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
2. Poculum very bulgy, strongly convex and extending ventrally by more than 
<date id="C468A7BED32BFF8EFC63EB5D27831850" box="[979,1003,1290,1311]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2x</date>
body diametre (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFB3FEB5D20B01850" box="[1167,1240,1290,1311]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
); phallus spinulose; medioventral carina of profemora indistinct and central on ventral surface of femur; NE South 
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.......... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA8AEB7021F41873" ID-CoL="8Q72M" box="[1338,1436,1319,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EB1221F31838" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EB1221F31838" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Poculum with two terminal teeth or posterior margin extended into a scoop, spatulate or tube-like appendage; phallus unarmed; medioventral carina of profemora distinct and displaced towards anteroventral carina; South 
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........ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFABAEB3521F31838" ID-CoL="8Q72K" box="[1290,1435,1378,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EB2821F318FD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EB2821F318FD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
3. Profemora shorter than head, pro- and mesonotum combined, without serrations dorsally; anal region of alae either reticulate, or plain pink to orange; West Indies, Central 
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&amp; Northern South 
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.................................. 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EBED21F318A3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EBED21F318A3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Profemora longer than head, pro- and mesonotum combined, serrate dorsally; anal region of alae plain/transparent (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFA82EBED21051880" box="[1330,1389,1466,1487]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); SE South 
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............................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA9AEB8021F318A3" ID-CoL="8QQMN" box="[1322,1435,1495,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27EBA221F41B68" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27EBA221F41B45" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" box="[151,1436,1525,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27EBA221F41B45" box="[151,1436,1525,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4. With rough sensory-areas on probasisternum and/or profurcasternum; body surface dull.............................. 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E84521F41B68" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" box="[151,1436,1554,1575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E84521F41B68" box="[151,1436,1554,1575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">- No sensory-areas on probasisternum and profurcasternum; body surface mostly ± glabrous..................Haplopodini</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E87821F31B2D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E87821F31B2D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27E87821F31B2D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
5. Probasitarsus with a lobe dorsally; protibiae with the dorsal and posteroventral carinae expanded and ± lamellate or lobate; antennae with a longitudinal median bulge ventro-basally (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFCA5E81A27EF1B2D" box="[789,903,1613,1634]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 44" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,202,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1435,195,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 44. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib .. 32. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 33. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 12]; 34. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 35. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♂ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: Prosternum and profurcasternum showing sensory-areas (SA); 37. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: sensory-area of profurcasternum; 38. P. crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: left sensory area of prosternum; 39. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - E]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271807/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 39-40</figureCitation>
); gula present................ Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFAE6E81A21F31B2D" bold="true" box="[1366,1435,1613,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. trib.</emphasis>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E83D21F41BD3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1196,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E83D21F41BD3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Probasitarsus simple; protibiae at best with small lobules dorsally; antennae round to oval in cross-section; no gula.............................................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFB53E8D021F41BD3" box="[1251,1436,1671,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFD4CE89E21F41A4D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32BFF8EFD4CE89E275E1BAD" bold="true" box="[764,822,1737,1762]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eggs</emphasis>
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E8BA21F41A4D" box="[151,1436,1773,1794]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27E8BA21F41A4D" box="[151,1436,1773,1794]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1. Micropylar plate circular to spear-shaped and broadened posteriorly, covering less than 2/3 of dorsal capsule surface....... 2</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E95D21F41A73" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E95D21F41A73" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Micropylar plate elongate, slender and ± parallel-sided, covering more than 1/2 of dorsal capsule surface (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFB69E95D21251A50" box="[1241,1357,1802,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1513,1535]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,313,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1435,313,1492]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Tribe Cladomorphini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. 6. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 7. Cladomorphus phyllinus ♂: Brazil, Espírito Santo [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 8. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 9. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♀ abdomen (dorsolateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 1]; 10. Cladomorphus phyllinus: apex of ♂ abdomen: Brazil [coll. FH, No. 0184 - 2]; 11. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]; 12. Cladomorphus phyllinus: egg from Brazil, Sao Paulo (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0184 - E 2]. Ep = Epiproct, Cer = Cerci, Pa = Paraproct, Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Vo = Vomer, Po = Poculum, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271802/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 11–12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFAE6E95D21071A50" box="[1366,1391,1802,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">50</figureCitation>
)............................................................................................ 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFABBE97021F41A73" ID-CoL="8Q72K" box="[1291,1436,1831,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27E91221F31A38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E91221F31A15" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" box="[151,1435,1861,1882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E91221F31A15" box="[151,1435,1861,1882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2. Internal micropylar plate with a median line................................................................ 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E93521F31A38" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" box="[151,1435,1890,1911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E93521F31A38" box="[151,1435,1890,1911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">- Internal micropylar plate without a median line.............................................................. 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32BFF8EFF27E92821F31AA3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E92821F31AFD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E92821F31AFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
3. Capsule laterally compressed; micropylar plate small, &lt;1/2 of capsule length; posteromedian notch of internal micropylar plate widely triangular (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFE77E9CA26691AFD" box="[455,513,1949,1970]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,193,1288]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tribe Cladoxerini Karny, 1923. 1. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 2. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 3. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀ closeup of head showing the shortened antennae: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares [RNV]; 4. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) ♂ apex of abdomen: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Catharina [NHMW, No. 781]; 5. Cladoxerus gracilis (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828) egg in dorsolateral view: Brazil, Sao Paulo [© B. Kneubühler]. Po = Poculum, Vo = Vomer, Cer = Cerci, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271801/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA9AE9CA21F31AFD" ID-CoL="8QQMN" box="[1322,1435,1949,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32BFF8EFF27E9ED21F31AA3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1737,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32BFF8EFF27E9ED21F31AA3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
- Capsule ovoid (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFEC8E9ED25871A80" box="[376,495,1978,1999]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1435,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Tribe Cranidiini Günther, 1953. 13. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) ♀: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 11]; 14. Cranidium gibbosum ♂: captive reared from French Guiana [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 9]; 15. Cranidium gibbosum: mesosternum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 1]; 16. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♀ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 17]; 17. Cranidium gibbosum: apex of ♂ abdomen (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - 19]; 18. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]; 19. Cranidium gibbosum: egg (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0470 - E]. Gpl = Gonoplacs, Gap 8 = Gonapophyses VIII, Gap 9 = Gonapophyses IX, PrOrg = Praeopercular organ, Po = Poculum, Cer = Cerci, Vo = Vomer, ML = Micropylar line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271803/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 18–19</figureCitation>
); micropylar plate large,&gt;1/2 of capsule length; posteromedian notch of internal micropylar plate narrowed before it widens into the gap (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32BFF8EFDD0E98026CE1AA3" box="[608,678,2007,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
)...................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32BFF8EFA8AE98021F31AA3" ID-CoL="8Q72M" box="[1338,1435,2007,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="0B2299DBD32AFF8FFF27EEC021F31DA8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EEC021FE1DE3" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,290]" box="[151,1430,151,172]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32AFF8FFF27EEC021FE1DE3" box="[151,1430,151,172]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4. Capsule ovoid to bullet-shaped, &lt;2.5x longer than wide; polar-area and operculum without raised hollow extensions..... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EEE221F31DA8" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="0B27224BD32AFF8FFF27EEE221F31DA8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
- Capsule&gt; 
<date id="C468A7BED32AFF8FFEF7EEE225371D85" box="[327,351,181,202]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3x</date>
longer than wide, alveolar; polar area and operculum with hollow, peripheral or crest-like extensions (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32AFF8FFA86EEE221141D85" box="[1334,1404,181,202]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 44" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,202,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1435,195,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 44. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib .. 32. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 33. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 12]; 34. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 1]; 35. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: head and pronotum of ♂ [coll. FH, No. 0588 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: Prosternum and profurcasternum showing sensory-areas (SA); 37. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: sensory-area of profurcasternum; 38. P. crassus Kirby, 1889 ♂: left sensory area of prosternum; 39. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889 egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588 - E]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271807/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
)...................................................................................... Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32AFF8FFAE6EE8521F31DA8" bold="true" box="[1366,1435,210,231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n. trib.</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EEB821F41C4B" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,290]" box="[151,1436,239,260]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
5. Capsule surface and operculum covered with hairy structures (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD32AFF8FFC88EEB827C51C4B" box="[824,941,239,260]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 20 – 23" captionStart-1="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId-0="21.[151,264,1808,1830]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1434,195,1778]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1435,195,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURES 20 – 23. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 20. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) ♀: captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - 39]; 21. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903 ♂: captive reared from Puerto Rico, Luquillo Experimental Forest [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 22. Hesperophasma planulum (Westwood, 1859) ♂: Dominican Republic, Province Barahona [USNM]; 23. Hesperophasma planulum (Westwood, 1859) ♀: Dominican Republic [MNCN]." captionText-1="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/271804/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 22–25</figureCitation>
)*....................... 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFB52EEB821F41C4B" box="[1250,1436,239,260]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EF5A21F41C6D" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,290]" box="[151,1436,269,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">- Capsule surface without hairy structures.......................................................... Haplopodini</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EF1020061C13" blockId="11.[151,1134,327,348]" box="[151,1134,327,348]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
* This character only holds true for the currently known members of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFC9DEF10278E1C13" box="[813,998,327,348]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(see → 4.2.4)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="D9599895D32AFF8FFF27EFFA27501F8F" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D32AFF8FFF27EFFA27501F8F" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EFFA27971C88" blockId="11.[151,1023,429,455]" box="[151,1023,429,455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="EB213612D32AFF8FFF27EFFA27971C88" bold="true" box="[151,1023,429,455]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32AFF8FFF27EFFA27971C88" bold="true" box="[151,1023,429,455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
4.2. Discussion of the tribes of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFDA2EFFA268E1C88" box="[530,742,429,455]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD32AFF8FFD5DEFFA27971C88" author="Bradley" box="[749,1023,429,455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED32AFF8FFF27EFA327501F8F" blockId="11.[151,1437,500,704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Below, the six tribes currently assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFDCBEFA3275E1F42" box="[635,822,500,525]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
are discussed. New diagnoses and differentiations are presented for 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFE85EC4025CF1F7F" box="[309,423,535,560]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
and Pterinoxylini 
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD32AFF8FFDCCEC4026B81F7F" bold="true" box="[636,720,535,560]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n. trib.</emphasis>
. Only brief discussions of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFBB8EC4020E41F7F" box="[1032,1164,535,560]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladoxerini">Cladoxerini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFB77EC4021191F7F" box="[1223,1393,535,560]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cladomorphini">Cladomorphini</taxonomicName>
are provided, since both tribes appear paraphyletic and deserve more comprehensive study. 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFB15EC6B21151F1A" box="[1189,1405,572,597]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
is discussed in more detail, but no diagnosis is provided since this would be premature and only of provisional use. The authors are aware of a large number of still undescribed species and genera of 
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD32AFF8FFBDEECD321211FD2" box="[1134,1353,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
, which would need to be incorporated for a meaningful description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>