1280 lines
176 KiB
XML
1280 lines
176 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C8766AFF7817D3CA0D8E0FAD9C231414">Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="643C3AD59BD912C82128727FF431FAD8">Montesanto, Federica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2E0BE79AA284B7F0CAAC0268DE21E390">Department of Biology, University of Bari “ Aldo Moro ”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy & CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DF5F63433EE6DE20A1446456BA7CE574">Chimienti, Giovanni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="376A3439C9BD454C9D669B669CB3638E">Department of Biology, University of Bari “ Aldo Moro ”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy & CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0102EA9748087C0BEFFD0D6672F167A9">Gissi, Carmela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2079E56A30459A4CA7F80EF63EBF2BAE">CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma, Italy & Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “ Aldo Moro ”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy & Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), CNR, Via Amendola 165 / A, 70126 Bari, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="382037BD0CDACADFB60FDFC64C38F70E">Mastrototaro, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="375108ED3528B89D11C9AFCDE60B8741">Department of Biology, University of Bari “ Aldo Moro ”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy & CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03C387DBC82CAD4A4ECFFF183432FEB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989569" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233807350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11989569" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387DBC82CAD4A4ECFFF183432FEB9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387DBC82CAD4A4ECFFF183432FEB9" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82CAD454ECFFF183317FF5A" ID-CoL="4L4J4" authority="Savigny, 1816" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,596,227,253]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
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<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454ECFFF1830EEFF5A" box="[151,429,227,253]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454FECFF183317FF5A" author="Savigny, J." box="[436,596,227,253]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" refId="ref11994" refString="Savigny, J., 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Savigny, J. - C., 1816. Seconde Partie." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10DCC82CAD454EE5FED83391FE9A" author="Savigny, J." box="[189,722,291,317]" page="189" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" year="1816">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82CAD454EE5FED83391FE9A" ID-CoL="4L4J4" authority="Savigny, 1816: 189" authorityName="Savigny" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1816" box="[189,722,291,317]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
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<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454EE5FED8309DFE9A" box="[189,478,291,317]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454FAAFED83391FE9A" author="Savigny, J." box="[498,722,291,317]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" refId="ref11994" refString="Savigny, J., 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Savigny, J. - C., 1816. Seconde Partie." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816:189</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Van Name, 1945:68; Gravier, 1955:620;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10DCC82CAD454C12FEB83252FEF9" author="Millar, R. H." box="[586,785,323,350]" page="176" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" year="1955">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454C12FEB83252FEF9" author="Millar, R. H." box="[586,785,323,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" pagination="169 - 221" refId="ref11052" refString="Millar, R. H., 1955. On a collection of ascidians from South Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. 125 (1), 169 - 221." type="journal article" year="1955">Millar, 1955:176</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10DCC82CAD454ECFFE983047FED9" author="Millar, R. H." box="[151,260,355,382]" page="498" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454ECFFE983047FED9" author="Millar, R. H." box="[151,260,355,382]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" pagination="497 - 514" refId="ref11089" refString="Millar, R. H., 1958. Some ascidians from Brazil. Journal of Natural History, 1 (8), 497 - 514." type="journal article" year="1958">1958:498</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1962:62; 1975:257;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10DCC82CAD454C70FE983252FEDA" author="Tokioka, T." box="[552,785,355,381]" page="104" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" year="1961">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454C70FE983252FEDA" author="Tokioka, T." box="[552,785,355,381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" pagination="104 - 138" refId="ref12434" refString="Tokioka, T., 1961. Ascidians collected during the Melanesia Expedition 1, Ascidians presented by Dr R. L. A. Catala of the Aquarium of Noumea. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 134, 104 - 138." type="journal article" year="1961">Tokioka, 1961:104</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10DCC82CAD454ECFFE7831B5FE39" author="Tokioka, T." box="[151,246,387,414]" page="53" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" year="1967">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC82CAD454ECFFE7831B5FE39" author="Tokioka, T." box="[151,246,387,414]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref12480" refString="Tokioka, T., 1967. Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. US National Museum Bulletin, 251, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1967">1967:53</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Almeida Rodrigues, 1962:194; Rodrigues Da Costa, 1969:192; Vasseur, 1970:212; Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1976:358; Monniot F., 1972:958.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454ECFFDD83031FD99" bold="true" box="[151,370,547,574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Material examined</emphasis>
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Taranto (
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,
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): ten colonies collected in Taranto harbour at
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depth, separately preserved in 4%formalin in seawater and 99% ethanol. One colony was examined from both the morphological and molecular point of view (P1), and for the others only the morphological characteristics were checked.
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B023C90C82CAD454EE5FCD830D1FC5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899927301" latitude="35.3433" longitude="25.136614" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
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Heraklion (
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,
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): ten colonies collected within the marina at
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<quantity id="4C929B28C82CAD454C59FCB8330BFCF9" box="[513,584,835,862]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3-4 m</quantity>
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depth, separately preserved both in 4%formalin and 99% in ethanol. Five colonies were examined from both the morphological and molecular point of view (K7, K11, K12, K34). The remaining five colonies were only checked for morphological characteristics.
|
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B023C90C82CAD454EE5FBFF35B5FF59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899927303" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
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Two colonies were deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the University of Bari (MUZAC): one collected in Heraklion (MUZAC: 6661 preserved in 4% formalin and MUZAC:
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99% ethanol) and the other in Taranto (MUZAC: 6663 preserved in 4% formalin and MUZAC:
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99% ethanol).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706546C82CAD4A4D6DFEB83432FEB9" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82CAD454D6DFEB832D9FEF9" blockId="5.[821,922,323,350]" box="[821,922,323,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="D09D81A1C82CAD454D6DFEB832D9FEF9" bold="true" box="[821,922,323,350]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454D6DFEB832D9FEF9" bold="true" box="[821,922,323,350]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Colonies</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82CAD454D03FE7834D3FCDA" blockId="5.[821,1459,387,894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
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The colonies collected in Taranto show brown-orange colour (
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<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454DC8FE583294FE1A" box="[912,983,419,445]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-374@5.[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A-B; colony P1), while colonies collected from Heraklion show different colours from red-orange (colony K11) to purplish black (colony K12) or greenish-blue (colony K7) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454A37FDF835FDFDB9" box="[1135,1214,515,542]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-374@5.[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C-D, 4A-C). Some of these different coloured colonies appear to be joined or almost-completely fused together (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454A92FDB83451FDF9" box="[1226,1298,579,606]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,190,1472,1496]" captionTargetBox="[383,1228,462,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-110@7.[383,1228,462,1457]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4: A, C) Colonies of Polyclinum constellatum with different colours photographed and collected in the Heraklion marina (Crete) (A: colony K11 and C: colony K12); B) Transversal section of the colonies, joined only at the surface layer (upper white arrow); D) Zooid extracted from the red-orange colony (K11), with magnification of the 6-lobed anus; E) Zooid extracted from the dark blue colony (K12) with magnification of the 6-lobed anus. Both K11 and K12 have the same COI haplotype (sequence AC number: MT873559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989681/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C; colonies K11 and K12). Most of the colonies are massive and almost rounded in shape, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C82CAD454AFCFD7F35AFFD39" box="[1188,1260,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
in height and
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C82CAD454BCFFD7F3214FD19" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
in width. They are characterized by a thick firm tunic without sand embedded, with zooids located only around the outer edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454DBCFD18357CFD59" box="[996,1087,739,766]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-374@5.[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Systems of zooids are arranged along the common cloacal openings consisting of small conical projections of the outer tunic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454AAEFCD8347EFC99" box="[1270,1341,803,830]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-374@5.[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). The red-orange colonies and the dark ones appear greyish and black, respectively, after preservation in 4% formalin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82CAD454D6DFC3832C0FC79" blockId="5.[821,899,963,990]" box="[821,899,963,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C82CAD454D6DFC3832C0FC79" bold="true" box="[821,899,963,990]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454D6DFC3832C0FC79" bold="true" box="[821,899,963,990]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Zooids</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82CAD464D03FBF833A8FDDA" blockId="5.[821,1459,1027,1117]" lastBlockId="6.[129,767,163,638]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
|
||
The zooids are
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C82CAD454A5EFBFF351DFBB9" box="[1030,1118,1028,1054]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7-9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, reaching almost
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C82CAD454BD6FBFF32C6FB99" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12- 15 mm</quantity>
|
||
with the vascular stolon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82CAD454AF5FBD8344BFB99" box="[1197,1288,1059,1086]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The thorax is longer than the abdomen. The post-abdomen is slightly longer than the abdomen and has a very long vascular stolon at its end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464F44FF38301FFF7A" box="[284,348,195,221]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B). The branchial siphon ends with six pointed lobes and shows four orders of oral tentacles arranged regularly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464F3CFEF83083FEBA" box="[356,448,259,285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-374@5.[325,1289,1143,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The atrial siphon consists of a wide aperture with a long pointed atrial languet at its edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464E9CFEB83046FEFA" box="[196,261,323,349]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B). The pharynx is characterized by 16–18 rows of stigmata, with about 16-18 stigmata per half-row (counted at the level of the 7
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F9B85C82FAD464F9FFE783097FE36" attach="left" box="[455,468,387,401]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">th</superScript>
|
||
row) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464C7AFE783339FE3A" box="[546,634,387,413]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The branchial transverse vessels show minute papillae not corresponding to the number of stigmata, but usually fewer in number (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464EBFFE183002FE5A" box="[231,321,483,509]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal lamina consists of narrow pointed languets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464F13FDF830E4FDBA" box="[331,423,515,541]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Six longitudinal muscles are visible near the branchial siphon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464C48FDD8332AFD9A" box="[528,617,547,573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
) running towards the thorax on each side of the zooids. Up to 10 embryos can be incubated in the atrial cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464CDDFD98339EFDDA" box="[645,733,611,637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156645C82CAD454EC1F857308DF783" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989665" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11989665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989665/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" startId="5.[153,192,1964,1988]" targetBox="[325,1289,1143,1949]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82CAD454EC1F857308DF783" blockId="5.[153,1461,1964,2084]" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454EC1F85731A2F863" bold="true" box="[153,225,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2:</emphasis>
|
||
A) Orange colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82CAD454F94F857338AF863" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[460,713,1964,1988]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454F94F857338AF863" box="[460,713,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82CAD454D85F8363534F843" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[989,1143,1996,2020]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82CAD454D85F8363534F843" box="[989,1143,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="73">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82FAD464D46FF5832A4FF19" blockId="6.[798,999,163,190]" box="[798,999,163,190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C82FAD464D46FF5832A4FF19" bold="true" box="[798,999,163,190]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="74" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464D46FF5832A4FF19" bold="true" box="[798,999,163,190]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Alimentary canal</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82FAD464D1CFF183527FE3A" blockId="6.[798,1436,227,414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">
|
||
The abdomen contains the alimentary canal with a funnel-shaped oesophagus, followed by a smooth stomach and a twisted gut loop which lies almost horizontally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464D7FFEB8323CFEFA" box="[807,895,323,349]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rectum is long, extending to the middle of the thorax, ending in a six-lobed anus at the level of the 9
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F9B85C82FAD464D74FE78327AFE36" attach="left" box="[812,825,387,401]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">th</superScript>
|
||
row of stigmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464DA7FE783514FE3A" box="[1023,1111,387,413]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82FAD464D46FE183280FE59" blockId="6.[798,963,483,510]" box="[798,963,483,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C82FAD464D46FE183280FE59" bold="true" box="[798,963,483,510]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="74" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464D46FE183280FE59" bold="true" box="[798,963,483,510]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Post-abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82FAD474D1CFDD8324CFF7A" blockId="6.[798,1437,547,702]" lastBlockId="7.[151,790,163,222]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">
|
||
The sac-like post-abdomen is connected to the abdomen by a narrow stalk and contains the gonads and the heart (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464D3DFD9832FFFDDA" box="[869,956,611,637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The testis consists of a cluster of follicles joined by ducts to the ovary lying among the male follicles, while the gonoducts end close to the anus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82FAD464B5CFD58341FFD1A" box="[1284,1372,675,701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The heart is positioned at the end of the post-abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82EAD474CB1FF5831FAFF7A" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
), followed by a long narrow vascular stolon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82EAD474CF2FF383241FF7A" box="[682,770,195,221]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-273@6.[347,1218,720,1790]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156645C82FAD464EDAF8F7321AF783" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11989675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="74" startId="6.[130,169,1804,1828]" targetBox="[347,1218,720,1790]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82FAD464EDAF8F7321AF783" blockId="6.[129,1437,1804,2084]" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464EDAF8F7318BF882" bold="true" box="[130,200,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Fig. 3:</emphasis>
|
||
A) Whole zooid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82FAD464FC8F8F633CAF882" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[400,649,1805,1829]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464FC8F8F633CAF882" box="[400,649,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464F7DF8D63006F8E2" box="[293,325,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">ab,</emphasis>
|
||
abdomen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464FEDF8D63096F8E3" box="[437,469,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">pa,</emphasis>
|
||
post-abdomen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464C2FF8D633D2F8E2" box="[631,657,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">th,</emphasis>
|
||
thorax;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464CBDF8D63243F8E3" box="[741,768,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">vs,</emphasis>
|
||
vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464CD1F87633EAF803" box="[649,681,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">an,</emphasis>
|
||
anus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464CB5F87633BCF803" box="[749,767,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">e,</emphasis>
|
||
embryos;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464D34F87632C8F802" box="[876,907,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">gd,</emphasis>
|
||
gonoducts;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464A51F8763560F802" box="[1033,1059,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">gl,</emphasis>
|
||
gut loop;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464AD6F87635EFF803" box="[1166,1196,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">oe,</emphasis>
|
||
oesophagus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464B60F8763417F803" box="[1336,1364,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">ov,</emphasis>
|
||
ovary;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464ED9F85631CDF862" box="[129,142,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">h</emphasis>
|
||
, heart;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464E82F85631ABF863" box="[218,232,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">r,</emphasis>
|
||
rectum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464F1BF8563019F863" box="[323,346,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">st,</emphasis>
|
||
stomach;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82FAD464F9BF856309BF862" box="[451,472,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="74">tf,</emphasis>
|
||
testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82EAD474ECFFEDF3198FE99" blockId="7.[151,219,292,318]" box="[151,219,292,318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C82EAD474ECFFEDF3198FE99" bold="true" box="[151,219,292,318]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474ECFFEDF3198FE99" bold="true" box="[151,219,292,318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82EAD474EE5FE9832E7FEF9" blockId="7.[151,789,355,446]" lastBlockId="7.[821,1459,163,350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Several embryos (from 4 up to 15) are incubated in the peribranchial cavity. Fully developed larvae are approximately 0.5 mm in trunk length, and they have one or two calcite crystals usually placed in the middle of the body or close to the ocellus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82EAD474A2EFF3835F4FF79" box="[1142,1207,195,222]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,190,1996,2020]" captionTargetBox="[264,1345,1634,1982]" captionTargetId="figure-194@7.[264,1345,1634,1982]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5: A) Larva of P. constellatum, showing the ocellus, four long narrow ampullae, three adhesive papillae and a group of a few small ventral vesicles (red arrow). am, ampullae; ap, adhesive papillae; oc, ocellus; B) Larva of P. constellatum, red arrow pointing out the calcite crystal in the middle of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989693/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B). They have three adhesive papillae on a sagittal plane and four pairs of long ectodermal ampullae. Furthermore, a group of small vesicles is usually present on the ventral side of the larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C82EAD474D65FEB832DBFEF9" box="[829,920,323,350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,190,1996,2020]" captionTargetBox="[264,1345,1634,1982]" captionTargetId="figure-194@7.[264,1345,1634,1982]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5: A) Larva of P. constellatum, showing the ocellus, four long narrow ampullae, three adhesive papillae and a group of a few small ventral vesicles (red arrow). am, ampullae; ap, adhesive papillae; oc, ocellus; B) Larva of P. constellatum, red arrow pointing out the calcite crystal in the middle of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989693/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156645C82EAD474ECFFA3B30DEF9FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11989681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989681/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" startId="7.[151,190,1472,1496]" targetBox="[383,1228,462,1457]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82EAD474ECFFA3B30DEF9FF" blockId="7.[151,1459,1472,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474ECFFA3B31A3FA7F" bold="true" box="[151,224,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 4:</emphasis>
|
||
A, C) Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82EAD474FF2FA3B33E4FA7F" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[426,679,1472,1496]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474FF2FA3B33E4FA7F" box="[426,679,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with different colours photographed and collected in the Heraklion marina (Crete) (A: colony K11 and C: colony K12); B) Transversal section of the colonies, joined only at the surface layer (upper white arrow); D) Zooid extracted from the red-orange colony (K11), with magnification of the 6-lobed anus; E) Zooid extracted from the dark blue colony (K12) with magnification of the 6-lobed anus. Both K11 and K12 have the same COI haplotype (sequence AC number: MT873559).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF156645C82EAD474ECFF8373338F782" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11989693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989693/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" startId="7.[151,190,1996,2020]" targetBox="[264,1345,1634,1982]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC82EAD474ECFF8373338F782" blockId="7.[151,1459,1996,2085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474ECFF837319EF843" bold="true" box="[151,221,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">Fig. 5:</emphasis>
|
||
A) Larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82EAD474F38F83630B9F842" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[352,506,1997,2021]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474F38F83630B9F842" box="[352,506,1997,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing the ocellus, four long narrow ampullae, three adhesive papillae and a group of a few small ventral vesicles (red arrow).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474FA9F8163353F7A3" box="[497,528,2029,2052]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">am</emphasis>
|
||
, ampullae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474CDDF81633DDF7A3" box="[645,670,2029,2052]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">ap</emphasis>
|
||
, adhesive papillae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474D3CF816323FF7A3" box="[868,892,2029,2052]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, ocellus; B) Larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC82EAD474A0CF81635AEF7A2" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[1108,1261,2029,2053]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC82EAD474A0CF81635AEF7A2" box="[1108,1261,2029,2053]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="75">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, red arrow pointing out the calcite crystal in the middle of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484ED9FF5830FFFF1A" blockId="8.[129,444,163,190]" box="[129,444,163,190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C821AD484ED9FF5830FFFF1A" bold="true" box="[129,444,163,190]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484ED9FF5830FFFF1A" bold="true" box="[129,444,163,190]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">COI sequence comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484EFEFF1830F9FDFA" blockId="8.[129,770,227,2078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
The obtained COI sequences were 811-816 bp long and correspond to two haplotypes differing in only 5 nucleotides (i.e., 4 synonymous substitutions at the third codon position and one non-synonymous substitution at the first codon position). One haplotype (named P1) is shared between the Taranto and five Heraklion colonies, while the other haplotype (named K7) was only found in the blue-greenish K7 colony from Heraklion. Moreover, the COI sequences obtained from colonies with different morphotypes showed 100% identity, including the red-orange (K11) and dark blue (K12) Heraklion colonies joined together (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C821AD484F61FDB83038FDFA" box="[313,379,579,605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,190,1472,1496]" captionTargetBox="[383,1228,462,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-110@7.[383,1228,462,1457]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4: A, C) Colonies of Polyclinum constellatum with different colours photographed and collected in the Heraklion marina (Crete) (A: colony K11 and C: colony K12); B) Transversal section of the colonies, joined only at the surface layer (upper white arrow); D) Zooid extracted from the red-orange colony (K11), with magnification of the 6-lobed anus; E) Zooid extracted from the dark blue colony (K12) with magnification of the 6-lobed anus. Both K11 and K12 have the same COI haplotype (sequence AC number: MT873559)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989681/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A-E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484EFEFD98355FFF59" blockId="8.[129,770,227,2078]" lastBlockId="8.[798,1436,163,254]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
A total of 33
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F14FD98308FFDDA" box="[332,460,611,637]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F14FD98308FFDDA" box="[332,460,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences belonging to 7 different species were found in the nt-nr database by text and similarity search (NCBI,
|
||
<date id="FFD4100DC821AD484F9FFD583333FD1A" box="[455,624,675,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" value="2021-09-21">21st Sept 2021</date>
|
||
). As detailed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484EF8FD3831B4FD7A" box="[160,247,707,733]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[151,211,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
, many of these sequences show multiple unexpected indels, terminal regions lacking COI similarity and/or containing long homopolymers, or no significant similarity to ascidians. Six of these sequences are also described in the entry as pseudogenes or “unverified” sequences, meaning that the GenBank staff were unable to verify their accuracy and/or annotations (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484C37FC783384FC3A" box="[623,711,899,925]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[151,211,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). All these elements are clues of low-quality sequences, or possible PCR contamination. Indeed, our BlastN analyses show that three of these
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484FEDFC183376FC5A" box="[437,565,995,1021]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484FEDFC183376FC5A" box="[437,565,995,1021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences belong to Lepidoptera and two others do not have significant similarity to any nr-nt sequence, so they cannot by unambiguously assigned to a species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484FB4FBB83307FBFA" box="[492,580,1091,1117]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[151,211,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484C0FFBB833E9FBFA" box="[599,682,1091,1117]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="10.[128,188,1511,1535]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 3. Pairwise uncorrected distances for intra- and inter-species comparisons within the genus Polyclinum. Square brackets contain the number of sequences analysed for each species. Values <1.5 are in bold. K7 and P1 are the haplotypes analysed in this study, while the label “public P. constellatum” represents the sequences of P. constellatum present in the nt-nr database." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C823AD4A4ED8FA1C347EF998" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C823AD4A4ED8FA1C347EF998">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
reports the mean inter- and intra-species pairwise uncorrected distances, calculated only for the confirmed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C27FB7833BCFB3A" box="[639,767,1155,1181]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484C27FB7833BCFB3A" box="[639,767,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences and excluding the above-mentioned non-homologous or low-quality terminal regions. It is noteworthy that the mean distance between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C53FB1F33F6FB5A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[523,693,1251,1277]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484C53FB1F33F6FB5A" box="[523,693,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484CB2FB1F3198FABA" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484CB2FB1F3198FABA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences is only 1.34% ± 0.65% and all comparisons between
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F12FADF33C3FA9A" box="[330,640,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F12FADF30BBFA9A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[330,504,1315,1341]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">P. constellatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C5BFADF333FFA9A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[515,636,1315,1341]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">P. indicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484CEFFADF31A8FAFA" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484CEFFADF31A8FAFA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. madrasensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show a mean uncorrected difference <1.34%. In addition, our K7 haplotype is identical to a short
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484CB2FA9F3053FA3A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484CB2FA9F3053FA3A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequence from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D765DC821AD484F99FA7F3305FA3A" box="[449,582,1411,1438]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see MT
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C821AD484CF2FA7831D4FA1A" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.62042856" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" unit="in" value="637964.0">637964 in</quantity>
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484EC5FA5831B0FA19" box="[157,243,1443,1470]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[151,211,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), and both P1 and K7 haplotypes have a mean distance from
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F46FA3833E0FA7A" box="[286,675,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F46FA383035FA7A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[286,374,1475,1501]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">indicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484FDBFA38334EFA7A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[387,525,1475,1501]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">constellatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C42FA3833E0FA7A" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[538,675,1475,1501]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">madrasensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ranging from 0.09 to 1.25% (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484F29FA183084FA59" box="[369,455,1507,1534]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="10.[128,188,1511,1535]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 3. Pairwise uncorrected distances for intra- and inter-species comparisons within the genus Polyclinum. Square brackets contain the number of sequences analysed for each species. Values <1.5 are in bold. K7 and P1 are the haplotypes analysed in this study, while the label “public P. constellatum” represents the sequences of P. constellatum present in the nt-nr database." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C823AD4A4ED8FA1C347EF998" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C823AD4A4ED8FA1C347EF998">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
) Based only on these data, our specimens could be equally assigned to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484CDFF9FF3184F99A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484CDFF9FF3180F99A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">P. constellatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484EACF9DF3036F99A" box="[244,373,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484EACF9DF3032F99A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[244,369,1571,1597]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">P. indicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484FFBF9DF3315F99A" box="[419,598,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484FFBF9DF3310F99A" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[419,595,1571,1597]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">P. madrasensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, our morphological results clearly show that both our haplotypes belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F68F99F30A2F9DA" box="[304,481,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F68F99F309EF9DA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[304,477,1635,1661]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">P. constellatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It should be noted that all public COI sequences, including the few published ones (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484ED0F95831A2F919" box="[136,225,1699,1726]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[151,211,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), lack a morphological description of the samples. Only for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD44C821AD484F79F93F3024F97A" box="[289,359,1732,1758]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" type="generic">
|
||
two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F09F93F3085F97A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[337,454,1731,1757]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F09F93F3085F97A" box="[337,454,1731,1757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
sequences (MH235542 and MH367293), do the Authors report that they were originally identified as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C5AF8F833BCF8BA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[514,767,1795,1821]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saturnium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484C5AF8F833BCF8BA" box="[514,767,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum saturnium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
through conventional morphological analyses and then re-assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F7EF8BF30DFF8FA" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[294,412,1859,1885]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F7EF8BF30DFF8FA" box="[294,412,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on similarity to the public COI (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484EB0F89830FAF8D9" author="Khan, K. B. & Praba, L. & Jaffar Ali, H. A." box="[232,441,1891,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref10265" refString="Khan, K. B., Praba, L., Jaffar Ali, H. A., 2020. Biological identification of ascidians from Vizhinjam Bay, southwest Coast of India using CO 1 gene sequences. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 31 (5), 209 - 217." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Khan
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F68F89F3026F8DA" box="[304,357,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A ML phylogenetic reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F56F87830D9F83A" box="[270,410,1923,1949]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polyclinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
representatives (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A48C821AD484C07F87833E5F839" box="[607,678,1923,1950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[151,190,1594,1618]" captionTargetBox="[343,1272,212,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-181@11.[310,1300,151,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 6: ML phylogenetic tree of the genus Polyclinum (sequences abbreviation: Pln) based on COI nucleotide sequences (1560 aligned nucleotide sites; best-fit substitution model GTR+I+G; bootstrap on 100 replicates). Eudistoma and Pseudodistoma species were used as outgroups. The sequence list and species abbreviations are reported in Supplementary table S1. Black dots: bootstrap values ≥ 70 %; red: P. constellatum sequences; blue: P. indicum sequences; yellow background: our sequences." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11989698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11989698/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows the monophyly of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484F8DF858331FF81A" box="[469,604,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484F8DF8583314F81A" box="[469,599,1955,1981]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Polyclinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but all nodes inside the genus remain unresolved, except for a statistically significant clade containing all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484C15F81F33BDF85A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[589,766,2019,2045]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484C15F81F33BDF85A" box="[589,766,2019,2045]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences except P1 (the position of the P1 haplotype is unresolved). Moreover, our results suggest taxonomic mis-assignments of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A1EFF3F35FFFF7A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[1094,1212,195,221]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A1EFF3F35FFFF7A" box="[1094,1212,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AACFF3F34DFFF7A" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1268,1436,195,221]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484AACFF3F34DFFF7A" box="[1268,1436,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. madrasensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
public COI sequences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484D46FEB83546FEF9" blockId="8.[798,1029,323,350]" box="[798,1029,323,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<heading id="D09D81A1C821AD484D46FEB83546FEF9" bold="true" box="[798,1029,323,350]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D46FEB83546FEF9" bold="true" box="[798,1029,323,350]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484D1CFE7835ADFDF9" blockId="8.[798,1440,387,2078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484DD8FE78354FFE3A" box="[896,1036,387,413]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polyclinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family includes colonial species with a lobed oral siphon, zooids arranged in systems with common cloacal openings, as well as the gonads and heart in the post-abdomen. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A9DFE183406FE5A" box="[1221,1349,483,509]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A9DFE183406FE5A" box="[1221,1349,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by a twisted gut loop, almost horizontal, and a pharynx with simple branchial papillae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484ABCFDD832C6FDFA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484ABCFDD832C6FDFA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1886FC821AD484D97FDBF32BCFDF9" box="[975,1023,580,606]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484D1CFD9832D9FC1A" blockId="8.[798,1440,387,2078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
The only species belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484B45FD9834DEFDDA" box="[1309,1437,611,637]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484B45FD9834DEFDDA" box="[1309,1437,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known thus far in the Mediterranean Sea is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484B53FD7F3555FD19" authority="Milne-Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484B53FD7F34DFFD3A" box="[1291,1436,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. aurantium</emphasis>
|
||
Milne-Edwards, 1841
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484A71FD5834D2FD19" author="Brunetti, R. & Mastrototaro, F." box="[1065,1425,675,702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" refId="ref9355" refString="Brunetti, R., Mastrototaro, F., 2017. Ascidiacea of the Europe- an Waters. Edagricole - New Business Media II, Milano, 447 pp." type="book" year="2017">Brunetti & Mastrototaro, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A1AFD3F35ADFD7A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[1090,1262,707,733]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A1AFD3F35ADFD7A" box="[1090,1262,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly in having one or few zooid systems per colony and the presence of sand grains in the tunic. This is also confirmed by
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AEF82FC821AD484D1DFCDF3232FC99" box="[837,881,804,830]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Name (1945),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484A7DFCD83596FC99" author="Tokioka, T." box="[1061,1237,803,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="104 - 138" refId="ref12434" refString="Tokioka, T., 1961. Ascidians collected during the Melanesia Expedition 1, Ascidians presented by Dr R. L. A. Catala of the Aquarium of Noumea. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 134, 104 - 138." type="journal article" year="1961">Tokioka (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484B4CFCD83283FCF9" author="Fortaleza, M. T. V. & Lotufo, T. M. D. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="519 - 536" refId="ref9815" refString="Fortaleza, M. T. V., Lotufo, T. M. D. C., 2018. Polyclinidae (Ascidiacea: Aplousobranchia) from the Gulf of Mexico, collected during the " Hourglass " cruises (1965 - 1967). Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 519 - 536." type="journal article" year="2018">Fortaleza & Lotufo (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who report that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484ADEFCBF3477FCFA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[1158,1332,835,861]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484ADEFCBF3477FCFA" box="[1158,1332,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are usually free of sand, and whether some sand is present on the surface or not, it does not pervade the interior of the colony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484D1CFC3834CAF9F9" blockId="8.[798,1440,387,2078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2022) reports 47 species belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D32FBF832A9FBBA" box="[874,1002,1027,1053]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D32FBF832A9FBBA" box="[874,1002,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among these species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AA5FBFF355FFB99" authority="Michaelsen, 1919" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1919" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484AA5FBFF320BFB9A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. macrophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
Michaelsen, 1919
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A70FBDF34DBFB99" authority="Herdman, 1899" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1899" box="[1064,1432,1059,1086]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="complanatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A70FBDF359EFB9A" box="[1064,1245,1059,1085]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. complanatum</emphasis>
|
||
Herdman, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D16FBBF352BFBF9" authority="Sluiter, 1909" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1909" box="[846,1128,1091,1118]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hospitale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D16FBBF3292FBFA" box="[846,977,1091,1117]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. hospitale</emphasis>
|
||
Sluiter, 1909
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered valid species. In detail,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484DA9FB9F35F3FBDA" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1919" box="[1009,1200,1123,1149]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484DA9FB9F35F3FBDA" box="[1009,1200,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. macrophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D05FB7F32BEFB3A" authorityName="Pizon" authorityYear="1908" box="[861,1021,1155,1181]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vasculosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D05FB7F32BEFB3A" box="[861,1021,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. vasculosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A56FB7F350FFB3A" box="[1038,1100,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484A0DFB7F3591FB39" author="Kott, P." box="[1109,1234,1156,1182]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="375 - 620" refId="ref10356" refString="Kott, P., 1992. The Australian Ascidiacea Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32, 375 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">Kott, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484ABFFB7F34DFFB3A" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1899" box="[1255,1436,1155,1181]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="complanatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484ABFFB7F34DFFB3A" box="[1255,1436,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. complanatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not properly assigned, indeed it has a long abdomen different from that characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AE9FB38347EFB7A" box="[1201,1341,1219,1245]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polyclinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and it could be a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A00FB1F34DBFB59" authority="(Kott, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Kott" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1112,1432,1252,1278]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pseudodistomidae" genus="Pseudodistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A00FB1F3440FB59" box="[1112,1283,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Pseudodistoma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484B4AFB1F34D3FB59" author="Kott, P." box="[1298,1424,1252,1278]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="375 - 620" refId="ref10356" refString="Kott, P., 1992. The Australian Ascidiacea Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32, 375 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">Kott, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, the correct authorship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AF8FAFF3466FAB9" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1909" box="[1184,1317,1284,1310]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hospitale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484AF8FAFF3466FAB9" box="[1184,1317,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. hospitale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be Sluiter, 1895, and it is probably an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AC1FADF3416FA99" box="[1177,1365,1316,1342]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484AC1FADF3443FA99" box="[1177,1280,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Aplidium</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484B3AFADF3219FAF9" author="Kott, P." pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="375 - 620" refId="ref10356" refString="Kott, P., 1992. The Australian Ascidiacea Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32, 375 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">Kott, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three valid species are not yet present in WoRMS:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D46FA9F3523FADA" authority="Herdman, 1886" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[798,1120,1379,1406]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D46FA9F32E3FADA" box="[798,928,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. minutum</emphasis>
|
||
Herdman, 1886
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A37FA9F34DBFAD9" authority="Sluiter, 1913" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1913" box="[1135,1432,1380,1406]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tralaticia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A37FA9F35B4FAD9" box="[1135,1271,1380,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. tralaticia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484B5AFA9F34DBFAD9" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[1282,1432,1380,1406]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="63 - 78" refId="ref12226" refString="Sluiter, C. P., 1913. Ascidien von den Aru-Inseln. Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 3 (1), 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1913">Sluiter, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D16FA7F35FFFA39" authority="Parker-Nance, 2003" authorityName="Parker-Nance" authorityYear="2003" box="[846,1212,1412,1438]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D16FA7F3292FA3A" box="[846,977,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484D81FA7F35FFFA39" author="Parker-Nance, S." box="[985,1212,1412,1438]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" refId="ref11519" refString="Parker-Nance, S., 2003. Aplousobranch ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from southern Africa. PhD thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 199 pp." type="book" year="2003">Parker-Nance, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A9EFA7F3409FA39" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1913" box="[1222,1354,1412,1438]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tralaticia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A9EFA7F3409FA39" box="[1222,1354,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. tralaticia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered valid by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484DBEFA5F352EFA19" author="Kott, P." box="[998,1133,1444,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="375 - 620" refId="ref10356" refString="Kott, P., 1992. The Australian Ascidiacea Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32, 375 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">Kott (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484AF5FA5F34DFFA19" author="Parker-Nance, S." box="[1197,1436,1444,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" refId="ref11519" refString="Parker-Nance, S., 2003. Aplousobranch ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from southern Africa. PhD thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 199 pp." type="book" year="2003">Parker-Nance (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
albeit erroneously reported as
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A26FA3F34D6FA7A" box="[1150,1429,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A26FA3F3442FA79" box="[1150,1281,1476,1502]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pseudodistomidae" genus="Pseudodistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tralatica">P. tralatica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484B56FA3F34D6FA7A" authorityName="Parker-Nance" authorityYear="2003" box="[1294,1429,1476,1501]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramosum">P. ramosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, described as a new species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484A23FA1F3429FA59" author="Parker-Nance, S." box="[1147,1386,1508,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" refId="ref11519" refString="Parker-Nance, S., 2003. Aplousobranch ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from southern Africa. PhD thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 199 pp." type="book" year="2003">Parker-Nance (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, has sand embedded in the tunic, branchial papillae one third of the length of the stigmata and a bilobed anus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484B67F9DF320BF9FA" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484B67F9DF320BF9FA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. minutum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a branchial sac with only 8-9 rows of stigmata.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD484D1CF99F3296F979" blockId="8.[798,1440,387,2078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Considering the above-mentioned considerations,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C821AD484B2FF99F3215F939" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[129,189,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Key to species belonging to the genus Polyclinum. In bold are reported the P. indicum, P. madrasensis and P. constellatum species. Dash indicates unavailable data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
reports a taxonomic key for 47
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484AE6F97F34DBF939" box="[1214,1432,1668,1694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484AE6F97F347DF939" box="[1214,1342,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, listed according to their main features and completed with authorship.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC821AD4A4D1CF91F30E8FF59" blockId="8.[798,1440,387,2078]" lastBlockId="10.[128,767,163,1470]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Among the 47 accepted species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A82F91F3419F959" box="[1242,1370,1764,1790]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A82F91F3419F959" box="[1242,1370,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">Polyclinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only 9 are characterized by the absence of sand embedded in or coating the colonies. Moreover, most of the species characterized by the absence of sand outside or throughout the tunic have a lower number of rows of stigmata compared to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484A45F87F3589F839" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[1053,1226,1924,1950]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484A45F87F3589F839" box="[1053,1226,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, apart from for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484BD0F87F35D3F819" authority="(Ritter & Forsyth, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484BD0F87F3231F819" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. planum</emphasis>
|
||
(Ritter & Forsyth, 1917)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(13-14 rows of stigmata) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484D23F83F3405F879" authority="Monniot & Monniot, 1989" authorityName="Monniot & Monniot" authorityYear="1989" box="[891,1350,1988,2014]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484D23F83F3540F879" box="[891,1027,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. johnsonii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC821AD484A57F83F3405F879" author="Monniot, C. & Monniot, F." box="[1039,1350,1988,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" pagination="14 - 32" refId="ref11207" refString="Monniot, C., Monniot, F., 1989. Ascidians collected around the Galapagos islands using the Johnson-Sea-Link research submersible. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (1), 14 - 32" type="journal article" year="1989">Monniot & Monniot, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(16-17 rows). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484DBAF81F3511F859" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[994,1106,2020,2046]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484DBAF81F3511F859" box="[994,1106,2020,2046]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. planum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC821AD484BD0F81F32EEF7B9" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC821AD484BD0F81F32EEF7B9" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="76">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the characteristic paddle-shaped colonies with the zooids arranged in rows only along one side of the colony, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F1DFF3F3083FF7A" box="[325,448,195,221]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F1DFF3F3083FF7A" box="[325,448,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. johnsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a higher number of stigmata per half-row (23-25).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" ID-Table-UUID="DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" startId="9.[151,211,151,175]" targetBox="[168,1447,235,2076]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC820AD494ECFFF6C34D1FF68" blockId="9.[151,1459,150,207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494ECFFF6C31AFFF09" bold="true" box="[151,236,150,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
COI sequences of the nt-nr database (NCBI, 21 September 2021) analysed in this study. Incorrectly assigned sequences are reported in bold, identified as not belonging to ascidians according to BlastN analyses. *haplotypes analysed in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC820AD494EF0FF1034D2F7AA" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<table id="F96AC46DC82052BF4EF0FF1034E4F7BB" box="[168,1447,235,2076]" gridcols="6" gridrows="36" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FF1034E4FEA4" box="[168,1447,235,259]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FF10306EFEA4" box="[168,301,235,259]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EF0FF10306EFEA4" bold="true" box="[168,301,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">AC Number</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFF103386FEA4" box="[342,709,235,259]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494FB7FF103368FEA4" bold="true" box="[495,555,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Notes</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FF103542FEA4" box="[745,1025,235,259]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CADFF1032B5FEA4" bold="true" box="[757,1014,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Species and Description</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FF103504FEA4" box="[1056,1095,235,259]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494A7EFF103501FEA4" bold="true" box="[1062,1090,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">bp</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFF103583FEA4" box="[1126,1216,235,259]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494A3FFF103583FEA4" bold="true" box="[1127,1216,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Locality</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FF1034E4FEA4" box="[1241,1447,235,259]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494B52FF103435FEA4" bold="true" box="[1290,1398,235,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Reference</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FEF534E4FEE3" box="[168,1447,270,324]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FEF5306EFEE3" box="[168,301,270,324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EECFEE73062FE93" bold="true" box="[180,289,284,308]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">AY116606</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFEF53386FEE3" box="[342,709,270,324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Lepidoptera from BlastN
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494C3FFEE5333FFE92" box="[615,636,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. nr-nt
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FEF53542FEE3" box="[745,1025,270,324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D59FEF532F1FEE3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D59FEF532A5FE82" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[769,998,270,294]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantium">Polyclinum aurantium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pseudogene
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FEF53504FEE3" box="[1056,1095,270,324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">669</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFEF53583FEE3" box="[1126,1216,270,324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">France</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FEF534E4FEE3" box="[1241,1447,270,324]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC820AD494A84FEF53419FEE3" author="Stach, T. & Turbeville, J. M." pageId="9" pageNumber="77" pagination="408 - 428" refId="ref12295" refString="Stach, T., Turbeville, J. M., 2002. Phylogeny of Tunicata inferred from molecular and morphological characters. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 25 (3), 408 - 428." type="journal article" year="2002">Stach & Turbeville, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FEB434E4FE22" box="[168,1447,335,389]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FEB4306EFE22" box="[168,301,335,389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EECFEA63063FED2" bold="true" box="[180,288,349,373]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">JQ408691</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFEB43386FE22" box="[342,709,335,389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">No significant similarity in BlastN</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FEB43542FE22" box="[745,1025,335,389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D59FEB432F1FE22" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D59FEB432A5FEC1" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[769,998,335,359]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantium">Polyclinum aurantium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pseudogene
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FEB43504FE22" box="[1056,1095,335,389]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">380</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFEB43583FE22" box="[1126,1216,335,389]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FEB434E4FE22" box="[1241,1447,335,389]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC820AD494AAAFEB43419FE22" author="Jaffar Ali, A. & Akram, S. A. & Arshan, K. M." pageId="9" pageNumber="77" refId="ref10138" refString="Jaffar Ali, A., Akram, S. A., Arshan, K. M., 2016. New distributional data on ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from Mandapam coast, Gulf of Mannar, India. Biodiversity data journal, 4, e 7855." type="journal volume" year="2016">
|
||
Jaffar Ali
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494B0DFEB434C1FEC0" box="[1365,1410,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FE6B34E4FE61" box="[168,1447,400,454]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FE6B306EFE61" box="[168,301,400,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EEBFE653061FE11" bold="true" box="[179,290,414,438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KF414702</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFE6B3386FE61" box="[342,709,400,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Lepidoptera from BlastN
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494C3FFE64333FFE11" box="[615,636,415,438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. nr-nt
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FE6B3542FE61" box="[745,1025,400,454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
UNVERIFIED:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D5CFE5532ABFE61" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[772,1000,430,454]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D5CFE5532ABFE61" box="[772,1000,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum aurantium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FE6B3504FE61" box="[1056,1095,400,454]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">646</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFE6B3583FE61" box="[1126,1216,400,454]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FE6B34E4FE61" box="[1241,1447,400,454]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FE2A34E4FDA0" box="[168,1447,465,519]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FE2A306EFDA0" box="[168,301,465,519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EEBFE243062FE50" bold="true" box="[179,289,479,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KF414711</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFE2A3386FDA0" box="[342,709,465,519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Lepidoptera from BlastN
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494C3FFE1B33C0FE50" box="[615,643,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
nr-nt
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FE2A3542FDA0" box="[745,1025,465,519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
UNVERIFIED:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CAAFE1432CAFDA0" box="[754,905,495,519]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CAAFE1432CAFDA0" box="[754,905,495,519]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ASP-2013
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FE2A3504FDA0" box="[1056,1095,465,519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">644</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFE2A3583FDA0" box="[1126,1216,465,519]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FE2A34E4FDA0" box="[1241,1447,465,519]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FDEA34E4FDEF" box="[168,1447,529,584]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FDEA306EFDEF" box="[168,301,529,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KJ944391</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFDEA3386FDEF" box="[342,709,529,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Terminal region non-homologous to COI</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FDEA3542FDEF" box="[745,1025,529,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
UNVERIFIED:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FDCB329FFDEF" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,560,584]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FDCB329FFDEF" box="[784,988,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FDEA3504FDEF" box="[1056,1095,529,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">507</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFDEA3583FDEF" box="[1126,1216,529,584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FDEA34E4FDEF" box="[1241,1447,529,584]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC820AD494A81FDEA3419FDE0" author="Ahmed, N. S. & Jaffar Ali, H. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="77" refId="ref8981" refString="Ahmed, N. S., Jaffar Ali, H. A., 2015. In Silico Analysis of COI Gene Sequences of Two Colonial Ascidians Polyclinum indicum and Didemnum candidum from Gulf of Mannar. Science and humanities, 217." type="journal volume" year="2015">Ahmed & Jaffar Ali, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FDA834E4FDCC" box="[168,1447,595,619]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FDA8306EFDCC" box="[168,301,595,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KP072781</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FDA83542FDCC" box="[745,1025,595,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FDA8329FFDCC" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,595,619]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FDA8329FFDCC" box="[784,988,595,619]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FDA83504FDCC" box="[1056,1095,595,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">550</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFDA83583FDCC" box="[1126,1216,595,619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FDA834E4FDCC" box="[1241,1447,595,619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FD8C34E4FD28" box="[168,1447,631,655]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FD8C306EFD28" box="[168,301,631,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KT276223</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FD8C3542FD28" box="[745,1025,631,655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FD8C329FFD28" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,631,655]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FD8C329FFD28" box="[784,988,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FD8C3504FD28" box="[1056,1095,631,655]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">565</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFD8C3583FD28" box="[1126,1216,631,655]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FD8C34E4FD28" box="[1241,1447,631,655]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FD6734E4FD13" box="[168,1447,668,692]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FD67306EFD13" box="[168,301,668,692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KT345963</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FD673542FD13" box="[745,1025,668,692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FD67329FFD13" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,668,692]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FD67329FFD13" box="[784,988,668,692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FD673504FD13" box="[1056,1095,668,692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">550</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFD673583FD13" box="[1126,1216,668,692]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FD6734E4FD13" box="[1241,1447,668,692]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FD4434E4FD51" box="[168,1447,703,758]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FD44306EFD51" box="[168,301,703,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650772</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFD443386FD51" box="[342,709,703,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Terminal region non-homologous to COI</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FD443542FD51" box="[745,1025,703,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FD34329FFD40" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,719,743]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FD34329FFD40" box="[784,988,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FD443504FD51" box="[1056,1095,703,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">532</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFD443583FD51" box="[1126,1216,703,758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FD4434E4FD51" box="[1241,1447,703,758]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FCFA34E4FCBE" box="[168,1447,769,793]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FCFA306EFCBE" box="[168,301,769,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650773</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FCFA3542FCBE" box="[745,1025,769,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FCFA329FFCBE" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,988,769,793]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FCFA329FFCBE" box="[784,988,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FCFA3504FCBE" box="[1056,1095,769,793]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">576</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFCFA3583FCBE" box="[1126,1216,769,793]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FCFA34E4FCBE" box="[1241,1447,769,793]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FCDE34E4FC99" box="[168,1447,805,830]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FCDE306EFC99" box="[168,301,805,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650774</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FCDE3542FC99" box="[745,1025,805,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FCDD3298FC99" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,806,830]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FCDD3298FC99" box="[784,987,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FCDE3504FC99" box="[1056,1095,805,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">551</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFCDE3583FC99" box="[1126,1216,805,830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FCDE34E4FC99" box="[1241,1447,805,830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FCB234E4FC27" box="[168,1447,841,896]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FCB2306EFC27" box="[168,301,841,896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650775</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFCB23386FC27" box="[342,709,841,896]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Terminal region non-homologous to COI</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FCB23542FC27" box="[745,1025,841,896]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FCA33298FCD7" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,856,880]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FCA33298FCD7" box="[784,987,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FCB23504FC27" box="[1056,1095,841,896]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">682</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFCB23583FC27" box="[1126,1216,841,896]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FCB234E4FC27" box="[1241,1447,841,896]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FC7034E4FC04" box="[168,1447,907,931]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FC70306EFC04" box="[168,301,907,931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650776</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FC703542FC04" box="[745,1025,907,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FC703298FC04" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,907,931]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FC703298FC04" box="[784,987,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FC703504FC04" box="[1056,1095,907,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">580</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFC703583FC04" box="[1126,1216,907,931]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FC7034E4FC04" box="[1241,1447,907,931]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FC5434E4FC60" box="[168,1447,943,967]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FC54306EFC60" box="[168,301,943,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650777</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FC543542FC60" box="[745,1025,943,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FC543298FC60" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,943,967]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FC543298FC60" box="[784,987,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FC543504FC60" box="[1056,1095,943,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">667</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFC543583FC60" box="[1126,1216,943,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FC5434E4FC60" box="[1241,1447,943,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FC2F34E4FC4B" box="[168,1447,980,1004]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FC2F306EFC4B" box="[168,301,980,1004]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650778</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FC2F3542FC4B" box="[745,1025,980,1004]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FC2F3298FC4B" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,980,1004]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FC2F3298FC4B" box="[784,987,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FC2F3504FC4B" box="[1056,1095,980,1004]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">600</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFC2F3583FC4B" box="[1126,1216,980,1004]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FC2F34E4FC4B" box="[1241,1447,980,1004]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FC0334E4FBB7" box="[168,1447,1016,1040]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FC03306EFBB7" box="[168,301,1016,1040]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650779</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FC033542FBB7" box="[745,1025,1016,1040]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FC033298FBB7" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1016,1040]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FC033298FBB7" box="[784,987,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FC033504FBB7" box="[1056,1095,1016,1040]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">589</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFC033583FBB7" box="[1126,1216,1016,1040]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FC0334E4FBB7" box="[1241,1447,1016,1040]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FBE734E4FB92" box="[168,1447,1052,1077]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FBE7306EFB92" box="[168,301,1052,1077]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650780</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FBE73542FB92" box="[745,1025,1052,1077]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FBE63298FB92" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1053,1077]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FBE63298FB92" box="[784,987,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FBE73504FB92" box="[1056,1095,1052,1077]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">600</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFBE73583FB92" box="[1126,1216,1052,1077]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FBE734E4FB92" box="[1241,1447,1052,1077]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FBBA34E4FBFE" box="[168,1447,1089,1113]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FBBA306EFBFE" box="[168,301,1089,1113]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650781</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FBBA3542FBFE" box="[745,1025,1089,1113]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FBBA3298FBFE" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1089,1113]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FBBA3298FBFE" box="[784,987,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FBBA3504FBFE" box="[1056,1095,1089,1113]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">631</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFBBA3583FBFE" box="[1126,1216,1089,1113]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FBBA34E4FBFE" box="[1241,1447,1089,1113]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FB9F34E4FB3C" box="[168,1447,1124,1179]" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FB9F306EFB3C" box="[168,301,1124,1179]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650782</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFB9F3386FB3C" box="[342,709,1124,1179]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Terminal region non-homologous to COI and with homopolymers</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FB9F3542FB3C" box="[745,1025,1124,1179]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FB8F3298FB2B" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1140,1164]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FB8F3298FB2B" box="[784,987,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FB9F3504FB3C" box="[1056,1095,1124,1179]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">689</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFB9F3583FB3C" box="[1126,1216,1124,1179]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FB9F34E4FB3C" box="[1241,1447,1124,1179]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FB5D34E4FB19" box="[168,1447,1190,1214]" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FB5D306EFB19" box="[168,301,1190,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650783</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFB5D3386FB19" box="[342,709,1190,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Multiple indels</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FB5D3542FB19" box="[745,1025,1190,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FB5D3298FB19" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1190,1214]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FB5D3298FB19" box="[784,987,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FB5D3504FB19" box="[1056,1095,1190,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">609</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFB5D3583FB19" box="[1126,1216,1190,1214]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FB5D34E4FB19" box="[1241,1447,1190,1214]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FB3134E4FAA7" box="[168,1447,1226,1280]" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FB31306EFAA7" box="[168,301,1226,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650784</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFB313386FAA7" box="[342,709,1226,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Terminal region non-homologous to COI and with homopolymers</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FB313542FAA7" box="[745,1025,1226,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D48FB223298FB56" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[784,987,1241,1265]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D48FB223298FB56" box="[784,987,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FB313504FAA7" box="[1056,1095,1226,1280]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">593</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFB313583FAA7" box="[1126,1216,1226,1280]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FB3134E4FAA7" box="[1241,1447,1226,1280]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FAF034E4FA83" box="[168,1447,1291,1316]" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FAF0306EFA83" box="[168,301,1291,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650785</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FAF03542FA83" box="[745,1025,1291,1316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D57FAF73298FA83" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[783,987,1292,1316]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D57FAF73298FA83" box="[783,987,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FAF03504FA83" box="[1056,1095,1291,1316]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">610</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFAF03583FA83" box="[1126,1216,1291,1316]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FAF034E4FA83" box="[1241,1447,1291,1316]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FACB34E4FAEF" box="[168,1447,1328,1352]" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FACB306EFAEF" box="[168,301,1328,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650786</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FACB3542FAEF" box="[745,1025,1328,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D57FACB3298FAEF" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[783,987,1328,1352]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D57FACB3298FAEF" box="[783,987,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FACB3504FAEF" box="[1056,1095,1328,1352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">610</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFACB3583FAEF" box="[1126,1216,1328,1352]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FACB34E4FAEF" box="[1241,1447,1328,1352]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FAAF34E4FACA" box="[168,1447,1364,1389]" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FAAF306EFACA" box="[168,301,1364,1389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MH235542</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EFAAF3386FACA" box="[342,709,1364,1389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Multiple indels</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FAAF3542FACA" box="[745,1025,1364,1389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D57FAAF3298FACB" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[783,987,1364,1388]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D57FAAF3298FACB" box="[783,987,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FAAF3504FACA" box="[1056,1095,1364,1389]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">508</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFAAF3583FACA" box="[1126,1216,1364,1389]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FAAF34E4FACA" box="[1241,1447,1364,1389]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC820AD494AB0FAAF34DBFACA" author="Khan, K. B. & Praba, L. & Jaffar Ali, H. A." box="[1256,1432,1364,1389]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref10265" refString="Khan, K. B., Praba, L., Jaffar Ali, H. A., 2020. Biological identification of ascidians from Vizhinjam Bay, southwest Coast of India using CO 1 gene sequences. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 31 (5), 209 - 217." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Khan
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494B7DFAAE341AFACB" box="[1317,1369,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FA8234E4FA36" box="[168,1447,1401,1425]" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FA82306EFA36" box="[168,301,1401,1425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MH367293</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FA823542FA36" box="[745,1025,1401,1425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D57FA823298FA36" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1954" box="[783,987,1401,1425]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D57FA823298FA36" box="[783,987,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FA823504FA36" box="[1056,1095,1401,1425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">610</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFA823583FA36" box="[1126,1216,1401,1425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FA8234E4FA36" box="[1241,1447,1401,1425]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC820AD494AB0FA8234DBFA36" author="Khan, K. B. & Praba, L. & Jaffar Ali, H. A." box="[1256,1432,1401,1425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref10265" refString="Khan, K. B., Praba, L., Jaffar Ali, H. A., 2020. Biological identification of ascidians from Vizhinjam Bay, southwest Coast of India using CO 1 gene sequences. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 31 (5), 209 - 217." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Khan
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494B7DFA81341AFA36" box="[1317,1369,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FA6634E4FA74" box="[168,1447,1437,1491]" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FA66306EFA74" box="[168,301,1437,1491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MT637964</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FA663542FA74" box="[745,1025,1437,1491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CA0FA5032B1FA64" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[760,1010,1451,1475]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CA0FA5032B1FA64" box="[760,1010,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FA663504FA74" box="[1056,1095,1437,1491]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">593</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFA663583FA74" box="[1126,1216,1437,1491]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Puerto Rico</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FA6634E4FA74" box="[1241,1447,1437,1491]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Nydam, unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0FA2634E4F9B3" box="[168,1447,1501,1556]" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0FA26306EF9B3" box="[168,301,1501,1556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MT873559*</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1FA263542F9B3" box="[745,1025,1501,1556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CACFA2632ACFA52" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[756,1007,1501,1525]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CACFA2632ACFA52" box="[756,1007,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, haplotype P1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78FA263504F9B3" box="[1056,1095,1501,1556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">816</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EFA263583F9B3" box="[1126,1216,1501,1556]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Italy</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81FA2634E4F9B3" box="[1241,1447,1501,1556]" gridcol="5" gridrow="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">This study</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F9E534E4F9F3" box="[168,1447,1566,1620]" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F9E5306EF9F3" box="[168,301,1566,1620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">OL597608*</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F9E53542F9F3" box="[745,1025,1566,1620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CACF9E532ACF991" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[756,1007,1566,1590]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CACF9E532ACF991" box="[756,1007,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, haplotype K7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F9E53504F9F3" box="[1056,1095,1566,1620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">811</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF9E53583F9F3" box="[1126,1216,1566,1620]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Grece</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F9E534E4F9F3" box="[1241,1447,1566,1620]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">This study</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F9A434E4F932" box="[168,1447,1631,1685]" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F9A4306EF932" box="[168,301,1631,1685]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MW858363</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F9A43542F932" box="[745,1025,1631,1685]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CA0F99532B1F921" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[760,1010,1646,1670]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CA0F99532B1F921" box="[760,1010,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F9A43504F932" box="[1056,1095,1631,1685]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">863</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF9A43583F932" box="[1126,1216,1631,1685]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Florida, USA</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F9A434E4F932" box="[1241,1447,1631,1685]" gridcol="5" gridrow="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Nydam, unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F95B34E4F971" box="[168,1447,1696,1750]" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F95B306EF971" box="[168,301,1696,1750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MW858364</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F95B3542F971" box="[745,1025,1696,1750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CA0F95432B1F960" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[760,1010,1711,1735]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CA0F95432B1F960" box="[760,1010,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F95B3504F971" box="[1056,1095,1696,1750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">859</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF95B3583F971" box="[1126,1216,1696,1750]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Florida, USA</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F95B34E4F971" box="[1241,1447,1696,1750]" gridcol="5" gridrow="30" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Nydam, unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F91B34E4F892" box="[168,1447,1760,1845]" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F91B306EF892" box="[168,301,1760,1845]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">MW990087</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F91B3542F892" box="[745,1025,1760,1845]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CA0F90432B1F8B0" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[760,1010,1791,1815]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CA0F90432B1F8B0" box="[760,1010,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F91B3504F892" box="[1056,1095,1760,1845]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">808</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF91B3583F892" box="[1126,1216,1760,1845]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Abu Dhabi Emirates</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F91B34E4F892" box="[1241,1447,1760,1845]" gridcol="5" gridrow="31" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Govindharaj
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494B3EF90B34DAF8AF" box="[1382,1433,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, unpub
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F8BB34E4F8D1" box="[168,1447,1856,1910]" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F8BB306EF8D1" box="[168,301,1856,1910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX650787</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EF8BB3386F8D1" box="[342,709,1856,1910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Multiple indels and terminal region non-homologous to COI</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F8BB3542F8D1" box="[745,1025,1856,1910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494D5DF8B432A5F8C0" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[773,998,1871,1895]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saturnium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494D5DF8B432A5F8C0" box="[773,998,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum saturnium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F8BB3504F8D1" box="[1056,1095,1856,1910]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">502</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF8BB3583F8D1" box="[1126,1216,1856,1910]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F8BB34E4F8D1" box="[1241,1447,1856,1910]" gridcol="5" gridrow="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F87A34E4F810" box="[168,1447,1921,1975]" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F87A306EF810" box="[168,301,1921,1975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494EEDF8743063F800" bold="true" box="[181,288,1935,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">JN107814</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EF87A3386F810" box="[342,709,1921,1975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">No significant similarity in BlastN</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F87A3542F810" box="[745,1025,1921,1975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
UNVERIFIED:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494DD6F87A32F6F810" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494DD6F87A32F6F810" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum madrasensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F87A3504F810" box="[1056,1095,1921,1975]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">641</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF87A3583F810" box="[1126,1216,1921,1975]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F87A34E4F810" box="[1241,1447,1921,1975]" gridcol="5" gridrow="33" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F83934E4F87D" box="[168,1447,1986,2010]" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F839306EF87D" box="[168,301,1986,2010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KU220954</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EF8393386F87D" box="[342,709,1986,2010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Multiple indels</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F8393542F87D" box="[745,1025,1986,2010]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CA1F83932B1F87D" baseAuthorityName="Sebastian" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[761,1010,1986,2010]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madrasensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CA1F83932B1F87D" box="[761,1010,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum madrasensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F8393504F87D" box="[1056,1095,1986,2010]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">531</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF8393583F87D" box="[1126,1216,1986,2010]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F83934E4F87D" box="[1241,1447,1986,2010]" gridcol="5" gridrow="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355A348FC82052BF4EF0F81D34E4F7BB" box="[168,1447,2022,2076]" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<th id="768B5DF3C82052BF4EF0F81D306EF7BB" box="[168,301,2022,2076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">KX138512</th>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4F0EF81D3386F7BB" box="[342,709,2022,2076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Multiple indels and terminal region non-homologous to COI</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4CB1F81D3542F7BB" box="[745,1025,2022,2076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC820AD494CAAF80E32CAF7AA" box="[754,905,2037,2061]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC820AD494CAAF80E32CAF7AA" box="[754,905,2037,2061]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Polyclinum sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
HAJ-2016
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A78F81D3504F7BB" box="[1056,1095,2022,2076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">600</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A3EF81D3583F7BB" box="[1126,1216,2022,2076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">India</td>
|
||
<td id="768B5DF3C82052BF4A81F81D34E4F7BB" box="[1241,1447,2022,2076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="77">Jaffar Ali unpub</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC823AD4A4EFEFEFF318AFD7A" blockId="10.[128,767,163,1470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Most of the remaining accepted species are characterized by having sand embedded in or coating the tunic. The main morphological characters of these species are detailed and summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C823AD4A4F88FE98336AFEDA" box="[464,553,355,381]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[129,189,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Key to species belonging to the genus Polyclinum. In bold are reported the P. indicum, P. madrasensis and P. constellatum species. Dash indicates unavailable data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" tableUuid="DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. In particular, according to the COI comparisons, the sandy tunic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4ED9FE5F30F9FE19" authority="Sebastian, 1952" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1952" box="[129,442,419,446]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4ED9FE5F31B9FE1A" box="[129,250,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4F5DFE5830F9FE19" author="Sebastian, V. O." box="[261,442,419,446]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref12033" refString="Sebastian, V. O., 1952. A new species of synascidian from Madras. Current Science, 21, 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="1952">Sebastian, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4FA0FE5F3181FE79" authority="(Savigny, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saturnium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4FA0FE5F33C9FE1A" box="[504,650,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. saturnium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4CC4FE5831F9FE79" author="Savigny, J." pageId="10" pageNumber="78" refId="ref11994" refString="Savigny, J., 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Savigny, J. - C., 1816. Seconde Partie." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is grouped with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F23FE3F3367FE7A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[379,548,451,477]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F23FE3F3367FE7A" box="[379,548,451,477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C6AFE3F33E5FE7A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1952" box="[562,678,451,477]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C6AFE3F33E5FE7A" box="[562,678,451,477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by zooids having an enlarged languet with a small protuberance at its end (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4FB9FDF833DBFDB9" author="Sebastian, V. O." box="[481,664,515,542]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref12059" refString="Sebastian, V. O., 1954. On Polyclinum indicum, a new ascidian from the Madras coast of India. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 44 (1), 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1954">Sebastian, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4CEAFDF8301BFD9A" author="Erulan, V. & Ananthan, G." pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="279 - 281" refId="ref9761" refString="Erulan, V., Ananthan, G., 2009. On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian, Polyclinum indicum (Sebastian, 1952) in Vellar Estuary, Parangipettai (Southeast Coast of India). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 4 (4), 279 - 281." type="journal article" year="2009">Erulan & Ananthan, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C1EFDDF33FEFD9A" authorityName="Sebastian" authorityYear="1952" box="[582,701,547,573]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C1EFDDF33FEFD9A" box="[582,701,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is no longer accepted, since it was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4C11FDB833B9FDFA" author="Brunetti, R." box="[585,762,579,605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="67 - 68" refId="ref9325" refString="Brunetti, R., 2007. Nomenclatural Acts: homonymy in the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) and proposed nomina nova. Zootaxa, 1613, 67 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Brunetti (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F7FFD9F30F5FDDA" authorityName=", Brunetti" authorityYear="2007" box="[295,438,611,637]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebastiani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F7FFD9F30F5FDDA" box="[295,438,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. sebastiani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as nomen novum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4CD1FD9F31E0FD3A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saturnium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4CD1FD9F31E0FD3A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. saturnium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has colonies coated with sand, a denticulated atrial lip, only 8-12 rows of stigmata and a bilobed anus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4C9CFD5831FEFD7A" author="Kott, P." pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="375 - 620" refId="ref10356" refString="Kott, P., 1992. The Australian Ascidiacea Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32, 375 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">Kott, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC823AD4A4EFEFD18318AFB1A" blockId="10.[128,767,163,1470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Lastly, the absence/presence of sand is not reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4EF6FCFF30B4FCBA" authority="Savigny, 1816" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[174,503,771,797]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4EF6FCFF3007FCBA" box="[174,324,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. hesperium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4F09FCF830B4FCBA" author="Savigny, J." box="[337,503,771,797]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" refId="ref11994" refString="Savigny, J., 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Savigny, J. - C., 1816. Seconde Partie." type="book" year="1816">Savigny, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C53FCFF33F0FCBA" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1900" box="[523,691,771,797]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C53FCFF33F0FCBA" box="[523,691,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. meridianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sluiter 1900,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4EB2FCDF3306FC9A" authority="Redikorzev, 1907" authorityName="Redikorzev" authorityYear="1907" box="[234,581,803,829]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4EB2FCDF3031FC9A" box="[234,370,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. sibiricum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4F24FCD83306FC9A" author="Redikorzev, V." box="[380,581,803,829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="521 - 525" refId="ref11662" refString="Redikorzev, V., 1907. Die ascidien der russischen Polar expedition 1900 - 1903. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31 (17 - 18), 521 - 525." type="journal article" year="1907">Redikorzev, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C2FFCDF3067FCFA" authority="(Sluiter, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tralaticia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C2FFCDF33BDFC9A" box="[631,766,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. tralaticia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4ED0FCB8305FFCFA" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[136,284,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="63 - 78" refId="ref12226" refString="Sluiter, C. P., 1913. Ascidien von den Aru-Inseln. Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 3 (1), 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1913">Sluiter, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F76FCBF30FEFCFA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[302,445,835,861]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F76FCBF30FEFCFA" box="[302,445,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. hesperium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a poorly described species collected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4F48FC9830FEFCD9" author="Savigny, J." box="[272,445,867,894]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" refId="ref11994" refString="Savigny, J., 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Savigny, J. - C., 1816. Seconde Partie." type="book" year="1816">Savigny (1816)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the Suez gulf and then by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4ED8FC783071FC3A" author="Shenkar, N." box="[128,306,899,925]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="459 - 469" refId="ref12164" refString="Shenkar, N., 2012. Ascidian (Chordata, Ascidiacea) diversity in the Red Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 42 (4), 459 - 469." type="journal article" year="2012">Shenkar (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the Red Sea, which is characterized by 18-20 row of stigmata. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F81FC5F3338FC1A" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1900" box="[473,635,931,957]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F81FC5F3338FC1A" box="[473,635,931,957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. meridianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
description is only based on its original description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4C02FC3833B1FC7A" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[602,754,963,989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref12195" refString="Sluiter, C. P., 1900. Tunicaten aus dem stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 13, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1900">Sluiter, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), reporting colonies with a poorly developed tunic, a trilobed atrial languet and 9 rows of stigmata.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C20FBFF33BCFBBA" authorityName="Redikorzev" authorityYear="1907" box="[632,767,1027,1053]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C20FBFF33BCFBBA" box="[632,767,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. sibiricum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has systems of 8-10 zooids with 12 rows of stigmata and 15 stigmata per half-row (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4FC7FBB8332AFBFA" author="Redikorzev, V." box="[415,617,1091,1117]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="521 - 525" refId="ref11662" refString="Redikorzev, V., 1907. Die ascidien der russischen Polar expedition 1900 - 1903. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31 (17 - 18), 521 - 525." type="journal article" year="1907">Redikorzev, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C24FBBF33BDFBFA" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[636,766,1091,1117]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tralaticia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C24FBBF33BDFBFA" box="[636,766,1091,1117]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. tralaticia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 10 rows of stigmata with 10-12 stigmata per half-row and no branchial papillae on transverse vessels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4CF4FB7831FFFB1A" author="Sluiter, C. P." pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="63 - 78" refId="ref12226" refString="Sluiter, C. P., 1913. Ascidien von den Aru-Inseln. Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 3 (1), 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1913">Sluiter, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536CDC823AD4A4EFEFB383432FEB9" blockId="10.[128,767,163,1470]" lastBlockId="10.[798,1436,163,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">
|
||
According to the key to species in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E80376C823AD4A4C1DFB3833D8FB7A" box="[581,667,1219,1245]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[129,189,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Key to species belonging to the genus Polyclinum. In bold are reported the P. indicum, P. madrasensis and P. constellatum species. Dash indicates unavailable data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" tableUuid="DF156645C82DAD444ED9FF6C335DFF68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4CF5FB3F31A4FB5A" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4CF5FB3F31A4FB5A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is close to the co-generic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C20FB1F33B4FB5A" box="[632,759,1251,1277]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C20FB1F33B4FB5A" box="[632,759,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. johnsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4ED8FAFF31B7FABA" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[128,244,1283,1309]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4ED8FAFF31B7FABA" box="[128,244,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. planum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F6AFAFF308DFABA" box="[306,462,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F6AFAFF3089FABA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[306,458,1283,1309]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperium">P. hesperium</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C08FAFF33BDFABA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[592,766,1283,1309]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C08FAFF33BDFABA" box="[592,766,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. constellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a slightly different number of stigmata per half-row compared to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4F2FFABF30A4FAFA" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[375,487,1347,1373]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4F2FFABF30A4FAFA" box="[375,487,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. planum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C47FABF33DFFAFA" box="[543,668,1347,1373]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C47FABF33DFFAFA" box="[543,668,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. johnsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and less rows of stigmata compared to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4C39FA9F33BBFADA" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[609,760,1379,1405]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4C39FA9F33BBFADA" box="[609,760,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. hesperium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4EA5FA7F3039FA3A" box="[253,378,1411,1437]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4EA5FA7F3039FA3A" box="[253,378,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. johnsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has only been collected at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B28C823AD4A4F58FA5F300AFA19" box="[256,329,1444,1470]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
is characterized by transverse vessels bearing long papillae with an orange-yellow opaque pigment, as well as short wide dorsal languets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B3CC823AD4A4B43FF383289FF59" author="Monniot, C. & Monniot, F." pageId="10" pageNumber="78" pagination="14 - 32" refId="ref11207" refString="Monniot, C., Monniot, F., 1989. Ascidians collected around the Galapagos islands using the Johnson-Sea-Link research submersible. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (1), 14 - 32" type="journal article" year="1989">Monniot & Monniot, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D4EC823AD4A4A7DFF1F35D6FF5A" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Forsyth" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1061,1173,227,253]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Polyclinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEADFC823AD4A4A7DFF1F35D6FF5A" box="[1061,1173,227,253]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">P. planum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by the pedunculated shape of the colony (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AEF82FC823AD4A4AFBFEFF3592FEB9" box="[1187,1233,260,286]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="78">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Name, 1945).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |