treatments-xml/data/03/ED/BA/03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775884" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d7bfba7c-daea-4461-ae00-ede681196007" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182241339" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4775884" checkinTime="1613739073189" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Zanata, Angela M. &amp; Camelier, Priscila" docDate="2014" docId="03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.12.2.333-342.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130168" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04.3:NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleId="7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Characidium samurai Zanata &amp; Camelier 2014, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="340" masterDocId="FFD4C2786E67FFAA9325EC14F15AFF83" masterDocTitle="A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from small coastal drainages in northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the pseudotympanum of some species of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="333" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" updateTime="1636541049473" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from small coastal drainages in northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the pseudotympanum of some species of the genus</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Zanata, Angela M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Camelier, Priscila</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2014-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>12</mods:number>
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<mods:start>333</mods:start>
<mods:end>342</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130168</mods:url>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[256,644,1824,1848]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<taxonomicName authority="Zanata &amp; Camelier, 2014" authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[256,498,1824,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai" status="new species">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[256,498,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[418,481,1859,1883]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="1.[256,644,1824,1883]" box="[418,481,1859,1883]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<figureCitation box="[418,481,1859,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[136,175,1184,1208]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-444@2.[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Characidium samurai, holotype, MZUSP 108188, 46.6 mm SL, rio do Peixe, rio das Almas basin: (a) preserved specimen and (b) photographed live." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551215/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[418,481,1859,1883]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="334" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3114463305" collectingDate="2012-08-13" collectionCode="T" collectorName="O. T.  Oyakawa, A. M &amp; Zanata, P &amp; F. Teixeira." country="Brazil" elevation="177" latitude="-13.776388" location="Peixe" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-39.394447" municipality="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" specimenCode="MZUSP 108188" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,232,1920,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<typeStatus box="[129,228,1920,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[242,410,1920,1941]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">MZUSP 108188</specimenCode>
, 
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SL, 
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, 
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, 
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, rio do 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A:8E9B5DCD6E66FFAB9215EB89F033F830" box="[304,361,1949,1971]" country="Brazil" latitude="-13.776388" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-39.394447" municipality="Pirai do Norte" name="Peixe" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" stateProvince="Bahia">Peixe</location>
, tributary of rio 
<collectorName box="[535,642,1949,1971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">das Almas</collectorName>
, 
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<geoCoordinate box="[809,933,174,195]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-39.394447">39°23’40”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
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<quantity box="[946,1010,174,196]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="177.0">177 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<date box="[1079,1213,174,195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-13">
<collectingDate box="[1079,1213,174,195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-13">13 Aug 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, O. 
<collectionCode box="[1258,1274,175,196]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">T</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[1286,1448,174,196]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Oyakawa, A. M</collectorName>
. 
<collectorName box="[809,900,203,224]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Zanata, P</collectorName>
. Camelier &amp; 
<collectionCode box="[1027,1043,203,224]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">T</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[1052,1161,203,225]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">F. Teixeira.</collectorName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="1.[809,1452,174,715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3114463303" collectingDate="2009-10-08" collectingDateMax="2012-08-12" collectingDateMin="2009-10-08" collectionCode="R, V" country="Brazil" county="All" elevation="177" latitude="-13.501445" location="Peixe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" specimenCode="MZUSP 112385, 9, 1, UFBA 7259, 7, MNRJ 40727, 4, UFBA 5971, 2, MZUSP 111239, 5, UFBA 5726, 3, UFBA 7258, 27.9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,917,261,282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<typeStatus box="[809,913,261,282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCounty box="[925,956,261,283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">All</collectingCounty>
from 
<collectingCountry box="[1019,1080,261,283]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[1091,1149,261,283]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectorName box="[1197,1299,261,283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">das Almas</collectorName>
basin: 
<specimenCode collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">MZUSP 112385</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[892,906,289,310]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">9</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[916,928,289,310]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">1</specimenCode>
mol, 
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SL, 
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, 
<specimenCode box="[1292,1306,290,311]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">7</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity box="[1316,1451,289,311]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.17" metricValueMax="4.26" metricValueMin="2.08" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="31.7" valueMax="42.6" valueMin="20.8">20.8-42.6 mm</quantity>
SL, collected with holotype. 
<specimenCode box="[1097,1232,318,340]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">MNRJ 40727</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1244,1258,318,339]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">4</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity box="[1271,1409,318,340]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.54" metricValueMax="3.92" metricValueMin="3.16" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="35.4" valueMax="39.2" valueMin="31.6">31.6-39.2 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<specimenCode box="[809,931,347,369]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">UFBA 5971</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[943,957,347,368]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">9</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[970,982,347,368]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">2</specimenCode>
c&amp;s, 
<quantity box="[1045,1183,347,368]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.51" metricValueMax="4.09" metricValueMin="2.93" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="35.1" valueMax="40.9" valueMin="29.3">29.3-40.9 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[1235,1379,347,369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Piraí do Norte</collectingMunicipality>
, rio do 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A:8E9B5DCD6E66FFAB900CED6CF23BFE0D" box="[809,865,376,398]" country="Brazil" county="All" latitude="-13.501445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" name="Peixe" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" stateProvince="Bahia">Peixe</location>
, a tributary of rio 
<collectorName box="[1046,1149,376,398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">das Almas</collectorName>
, 
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, 
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="177.0">177 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<date box="[891,1001,405,426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2009-10-08">
<collectingDate box="[891,1001,405,426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2009-10-08">8 Oct 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[1010,1142,405,426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">A. M. Zanata</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[1152,1265,405,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">P. Camelier</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1275,1294,405,426]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">R</collectionCode>
. Burger &amp; 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="334">A. B. A. Góes.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3114463301" collectingDate="2009-10-08" collectingDateMax="2012-08-12" collectingDateMin="2009-10-08" collectionCode="R, V" country="Brazil" county="All" elevation="177" latitude="-13.501445" location="Peixe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" specimenCode="MZUSP 112385, 9, 1, UFBA 7259, 7, MNRJ 40727, 4, UFBA 5971, 2, MZUSP 111239, 5, UFBA 5726, 3, UFBA 7258, 27.9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[900,1058,433,454]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">MZUSP 111239</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1067,1080,433,455]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">5</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1091,1103,433,454]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">1</specimenCode>
c&amp;s, 1 mol, 
<quantity box="[1227,1362,433,455]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.535" metricValueMax="4.26" metricValueMin="2.81" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="35.35" valueMax="42.6" valueMin="28.1">28.1-42.6 mm</quantity>
SL, Nilo Peçanha, rio 
<collectorName box="[931,1031,462,484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">das Almas</collectorName>
, about 
<quantity box="[1095,1153,462,484]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
of Nilo Peçanha, 
<geoCoordinate box="[1320,1452,462,484]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="1" seconds="27.8" value="-13.607722">13°36’27.8”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[809,953,491,512]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="1" seconds="38.8" value="-39.14411">39°08’38.8”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<elevation box="[966,1074,491,513]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="17.0">
<quantity box="[966,1018,491,512]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<date box="[1089,1223,491,512]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-12">
<collectingDate box="[1089,1223,491,512]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-12">12 Aug 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[1237,1389,491,513]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">J. L. Birindelli</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="334">F. C. Dagosta</collectorName>
&amp; M. 
<collectionCode box="[952,969,520,541]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Loeb.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3114463302" collectingDate="2009-10-08" collectingDateMax="2012-08-12" collectingDateMin="2009-10-08" collectionCode="R, V" country="Brazil" county="All" elevation="177" latitude="-13.501445" location="Peixe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" specimenCode="MZUSP 112385, 9, 1, UFBA 7259, 7, MNRJ 40727, 4, UFBA 5971, 2, MZUSP 111239, 5, UFBA 5726, 3, UFBA 7258, 27.9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[1040,1159,520,542]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">UFBA 5726</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1169,1182,520,541]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">3</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity box="[1194,1329,520,542]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.885" metricValueMax="3.13" metricValueMin="2.6399999999999997" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="28.85" valueMax="31.3" valueMin="26.4">26.4-31.3 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A:8E9B5DCD6E66FFAB9645EE1CF238FDB9" country="Brazil" county="All" latitude="-13.501445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" name="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" stateProvince="Bahia">Piraí do Norte</location>
, small stream under bridge 
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, 
<geoCoordinate box="[809,922,577,599]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-13.733055">13°43’59”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[928,1051,577,598]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-39.405556">39°24’20”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
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<quantity box="[1060,1120,577,599]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5699999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="157.0">157 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<date box="[1181,1289,577,598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2009-10-08">
<collectingDate box="[1181,1289,577,598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2009-10-08">8 Oct 2009</collectingDate>
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, 
<collectorName box="[1297,1426,578,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">A. M. Zanata</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="334">P. Camelier</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode box="[909,928,607,628]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">R</collectionCode>
. Burger &amp; 
<collectorName box="[1034,1318,606,628]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
A. B. A. Góes. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A:8E9B5DCD6E66FFAB9785EE4AF47CFDF7" box="[1184,1318,606,628]" country="Brazil" county="All" latitude="-13.501445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" name="Rio Vermelho" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" stateProvince="Bahia">Rio Vermelho</location>
</collectorName>
basin:
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3114463304" collectingDate="2009-10-08" collectingDateMax="2012-08-12" collectingDateMin="2009-10-08" collectionCode="R, V" country="Brazil" county="All" elevation="177" latitude="-13.501445" location="Peixe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" specimenCode="MZUSP 112385, 9, 1, UFBA 7259, 7, MNRJ 40727, 4, UFBA 5971, 2, MZUSP 111239, 5, UFBA 5726, 3, UFBA 7258, 27.9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">UFBA 7258</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[868,881,635,657]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">5</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[891,934,635,656]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">27.9</specimenCode>
-34.0 mm SL, 
<collectorName box="[1069,1149,635,657]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Taperoá</collectorName>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDBA006E66FFA29225EB34F371FB5A:8E9B5DCD6E66FFAB97A0EE6FF5ABFD12" box="[1157,1265,635,657]" country="Brazil" county="All" latitude="-13.501445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.097332" municipality="Pirai do Norte" name="rio Sarapui" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" stateProvince="Bahia">rio Sarapuí</location>
, at 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Pousada Paraíso das Ilhas</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[905,1037,664,686]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="1" seconds="05.2" value="-13.501445">13°30’05.2”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[1042,1183,664,686]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" precision="1" seconds="50.4" value="-39.097332">39°05’50.4”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<elevation box="[1192,1291,664,686]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="24.0">
<quantity box="[1192,1240,664,685]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<date box="[1302,1427,664,685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-12">
<collectingDate box="[1302,1427,664,685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" value="2012-08-12">12 Aug 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="334">J. L. Birindelli</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[940,1070,693,714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">F. C. Dagosta</collectorName>
&amp; M. 
<collectionCode box="[1133,1150,693,714]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[1159,1211,693,715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Loeb</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="335" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="1.[809,1452,768,1967]" lastBlockId="2.[136,779,1287,1967]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="335" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,922,768,792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[932,1163,769,793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[932,1163,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from its congeners, except 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[1034,1230,803,827]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanei">
<emphasis box="[1034,1051,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1065,1117,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">lanei</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, by the presence of a dark lateral band along the head and body that is particularly broad (1.5 or 2 scales wide) from the rear of head to the end of the caudal peduncle and by the absence of dark bars or blotches on the ventral half of the body. The new species differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[867,950,976,1000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanei">
<emphasis box="[867,950,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. lanei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the lateral band with straight borders overall (
<emphasis box="[897,926,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
lateral band with somewhat irregular borders due to blotches slightly extending dorsally or ventrally), absence of dark pigmentation around the insertion of the dorsal-fin rays (
<emphasis box="[870,898,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
presence), anal fin ii,7-8 (
<emphasis box="[1183,1212,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
ii,6), and 4 horizontal scale rows above the lateral line and 4 below (
<emphasis box="[1359,1389,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
5/3). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[809,1051,1183,1207]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[809,1051,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from congeners that occur in Brazilian rivers by having a complete lateral line (
<emphasis box="[1423,1452,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
incomplete in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[953,1073,1252,1276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[953,1073,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Pellegrin" authorityName="Pellegrin" authorityYear="1909" box="[1083,1335,1252,1276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interruptum">
<emphasis box="[1083,1235,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. interruptum</emphasis>
Pellegrin
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Boulenger)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laterale">
<emphasis box="[1343,1360,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1371,1451,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">laterale</emphasis>
(Boulenger)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli &amp; Buckup" authorityName="Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli &amp; Buckup" box="[952,1447,1287,1311]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirim">
<emphasis box="[952,1048,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. mirim</emphasis>
Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli &amp; Buckup
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" authorityName="Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" box="[809,1214,1321,1345]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nupelia">
<emphasis box="[809,826,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[840,918,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">nupelia</emphasis>
Graça, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Regan" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1913" box="[1224,1417,1321,1346]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rachovii">
<emphasis box="[1224,1241,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1255,1342,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">rachovii</emphasis>
Regan
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Melo &amp; Buckup" authorityName="Melo &amp; Buckup" authorityYear="2002" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. stigmosum</emphasis>
Melo &amp; Buckup
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" authorityName="Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavante">
<emphasis box="[1159,1271,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. xavante</emphasis>
Graça, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup
</taxonomicName>
), isthmus completely covered by scales (
<emphasis box="[1337,1366,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
isthmus naked or partially covered by scales in 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1955" box="[1232,1448,1425,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alipioi">
<emphasis box="[1232,1333,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. alipioi</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" box="[809,1103,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boavistae">
<emphasis box="[809,948,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. boavistae</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" box="[1117,1413,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crandellii">
<emphasis box="[1117,1258,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. crandellii</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="declivirostre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. declivirostre</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1090,1221,1494,1518]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatum">
<emphasis box="[1090,1221,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. fasciatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1956" box="[1233,1448,1494,1518]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi">
<emphasis box="[1233,1337,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. gomesi</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1944" box="[809,1079,1528,1552]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grajahuensis">
<emphasis box="[809,970,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. grajahuensis</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1949" box="[1087,1354,1528,1552]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japuhybense">
<emphasis box="[1087,1104,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1115,1244,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">japuhybense</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1949" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lauroi">
<emphasis box="[1361,1452,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. lauroi</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Peters)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[924,1212,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotum">
<emphasis box="[924,1124,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. macrolepidotum</emphasis>
(Peters)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[1222,1448,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oiticicai">
<emphasis box="[1222,1337,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. oiticicai</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1955" box="[809,1044,1597,1621]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis box="[809,934,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. schubarti</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1946" box="[1051,1191,1597,1621]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[1051,1191,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Travassos" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[1244,1441,1597,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidali">
<emphasis box="[1244,1331,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. vidali</emphasis>
Travassos
</taxonomicName>
), 14 scales around the caudal peduncle (
<emphasis box="[1248,1278,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
10 or 
<quantity box="[1358,1417,1632,1656]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Pellegrin" authorityName="Pellegrin" box="[910,1145,1666,1690]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostre">
<emphasis box="[910,1048,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. brevirostre</emphasis>
Pellegrin
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1956" box="[1153,1253,1667,1690]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi">
<emphasis box="[1153,1170,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1181,1253,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">gomesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Graca &amp; Pavanelli" authorityName="Graca &amp; Pavanelli" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heirmostigmata">
<emphasis box="[1264,1281,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1292,1452,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">heirmostigmata</emphasis>
Graça &amp; Pavanelli
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1947" box="[1023,1193,1701,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagosantense">
<emphasis box="[1023,1040,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1057,1193,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">lagosantense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1208,1411,1701,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotum">
<emphasis box="[1208,1411,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. macrolepidotum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirim">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. mirim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[883,991,1736,1760]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nupelia">
<emphasis box="[883,900,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[913,991,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">nupelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" box="[1003,1319,1736,1760]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentale">
<emphasis box="[1003,1020,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1032,1152,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">occidentale</emphasis>
Buckup &amp; Reis
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientale">
<emphasis box="[1328,1345,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1358,1452,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">orientale</emphasis>
Buckup &amp; Reis
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Peixoto &amp; Wosiacki" authorityName="Peixoto &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2013" box="[976,1322,1770,1794]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papachibe">
<emphasis box="[976,1112,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. papachibe</emphasis>
Peixoto &amp; Wosiacki
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1913" box="[1331,1445,1770,1794]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rachovii">
<emphasis box="[1331,1348,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1359,1445,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">rachovii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" box="[809,1089,1805,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrano">
<emphasis box="[809,826,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[839,920,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">serrano</emphasis>
Buckup &amp; Reis
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Cope)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1099,1266,1805,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenue">
<emphasis box="[1099,1116,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1129,1185,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">tenue</emphasis>
(Cope)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Silveira, Langeani, da Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" authorityName="Silveira, Langeani, da Graca, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup" authorityYear="2008" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthopterum">
<emphasis box="[1277,1294,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1307,1452,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">xanthopterum</emphasis>
Silveira, Langeani, da Graça, Pavanelli &amp; Buckup
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1335,1445,1840,1863]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavante">
<emphasis box="[1335,1445,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. xavante</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Eigenmann" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1909" box="[850,1059,1874,1898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis box="[850,935,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. zebra</emphasis>
Eigenmann
</taxonomicName>
), and presence of adipose fin (
<emphasis box="[1355,1383,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vs.</emphasis>
absent in 
<taxonomicName box="[836,929,1909,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirim">
<emphasis box="[836,929,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. mirim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[943,1052,1908,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nupelia">
<emphasis box="[943,1052,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. nupelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Melo &amp; Buckup" authorityYear="2002" box="[1065,1207,1909,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmosum">
<emphasis box="[1065,1207,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. stigmosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1221,1333,1909,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavante">
<emphasis box="[1221,1333,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C. xavante</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and absent or reduced in 
<taxonomicName authority="Buckup &amp; Hahn" authorityName="Buckup &amp; Hahn" authorityYear="2000" box="[955,1296,1943,1967]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestigipinne">
<emphasis box="[955,972,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[986,1111,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">vestigipinne</emphasis>
Buckup &amp; Hahn
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="335" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="335" pageId="1" pageNumber="334">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be further distinguished from congeners by the absence of dark bars or spots on the fins, except for a faded dorsal-fin bar (
<emphasis box="[292,321,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
presence of conspicuous dark bars or spots at least on one fin in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1955" box="[349,447,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alipioi">
<emphasis box="[349,366,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[379,447,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">alipioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[459,601,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostre">
<emphasis box="[459,601,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. brevirostre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" box="[613,772,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="declivirostre">
<emphasis box="[613,772,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. declivirostre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1956" box="[136,247,1425,1448]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi">
<emphasis box="[136,247,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. gomesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1944" box="[263,435,1425,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grajahuensis">
<emphasis box="[263,281,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[297,435,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">grajahuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" box="[452,740,1425,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hasemani">
<emphasis box="[452,589,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. hasemani</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1949" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japuhybense">
<emphasis box="[754,772,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[136,266,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">japuhybense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1949" box="[278,370,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lauroi">
<emphasis box="[278,295,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[308,370,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">lauroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[382,581,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepidotum">
<emphasis box="[382,399,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[412,581,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">macrolepidotum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" box="[593,743,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentale">
<emphasis box="[593,610,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[623,743,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">occidentale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oiticicai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. oiticicai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" box="[231,352,1494,1518]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientale">
<emphasis box="[231,248,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[259,352,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">orientale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peixoto &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2013" box="[363,499,1494,1518]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papachibe">
<emphasis box="[363,499,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. papachibe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Gomes, C." authorityName="Gomes, C." box="[510,779,1494,1518]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pterostictum">
<emphasis box="[510,527,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[538,666,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">pterostictum</emphasis>
Gomes, 
<emphasis box="[755,772,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[136,350,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
rachovii¸ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buckup &amp; Reis" authorityYear="1997" box="[238,350,1529,1552]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrano">C. serrano</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1955" box="[364,493,1528,1552]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis box="[364,493,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. schubarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Cope" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[506,744,1528,1553]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steindachneri">
<emphasis box="[506,678,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. steindachneri</emphasis>
Cope
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1946" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buckup &amp; Hahn" authorityYear="2000" box="[261,416,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vestigipinne">
<emphasis box="[261,416,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. vestigipinne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[429,518,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidali">
<emphasis box="[429,518,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. vidali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1909" box="[574,662,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis box="[574,662,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. zebra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and analfin rays ii,7-8 (
<emphasis box="[290,318,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
ii, 
<quantity box="[344,384,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName box="[391,533,1597,1621]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostre">
<emphasis box="[391,533,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. brevirostre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Gery" authorityName="Gery" authorityYear="1965" box="[583,756,1597,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roesseli">
<emphasis box="[583,693,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. roesseli</emphasis>
Géry
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4551215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551215/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" startId="2.[136,175,1184,1208]" targetBox="[136,1459,174,1176]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1459,1184,1240]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,209,1184,1208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[219,456,1184,1208]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[219,456,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, MZUSP 108188, 46.6 mm SL, rio do Peixe, rio das Almas basin: (a) preserved specimen and (b) photographed live.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,779,1287,1967]" lastBlockId="2.[816,1459,1287,1518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
Concerning congeners known to occur in northeastern Brazilian rivers, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[314,432,1667,1690]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[314,432,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[653,779,1666,1690]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[653,779,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the aperture of the pseudotympanum enclosed between ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (
<emphasis box="[650,680,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
aperture surpassing the ribs of the fifth vertebra anteriorly and/or sixth vertebra posteriorly), presence of the parietal branch of the supraorbital canal (
<emphasis box="[348,377,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
absence), two series of teeth on the dentary (
<emphasis box="[231,260,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
one), and 7-11 premaxillary teeth (
<emphasis box="[634,663,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
5-8); from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1941" box="[136,311,1908,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[136,154,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[171,311,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">bimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 7-8 branched anal-fin rays (
<emphasis box="[750,779,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
5-6), usually a higher number of lateral-line scales (34-37 
<emphasis box="[750,779,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
32-34), one faded dark bar on the proximal half of the dorsalfin rays (
<emphasis box="[912,941,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
a conspicuous black bar at the proximal portion of the rays and a second faded bar on the distal portion), and absence of a blotch on the caudal peduncle, or blotch merged to the longitudinal bar (
<emphasis box="[1077,1106,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
a conspicuous elongated caudal blotch); from 
<taxonomicName box="[971,1109,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatum">
<emphasis box="[971,989,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1005,1109,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">fasciatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1947" box="[1167,1340,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagosantense">
<emphasis box="[1167,1185,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1201,1340,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">lagosantense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having ii,7-8 anal-fin rays (
<emphasis box="[1028,1057,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">vs.</emphasis>
iii,5-6).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="2.[816,1460,1563,1967]" lastBlockId="3.[129,772,181,1242]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,968,1563,1587]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometric data of the 
<typeStatus box="[1304,1406,1563,1587]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus box="[816,917,1598,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">paratypes</typeStatus>
presented in 
<tableCitation box="[1053,1130,1597,1622]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[129,195,1299,1323]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes of Characidium samurai (n = 40). The range includes the holotype. SD = standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B5B9E6E64FFA993A4E907F0AFFAE8" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" tableUuid="DF3B5B9E6E64FFA993A4E907F0AFFAE8">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Body elongate and moderately compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile convex from upper lip to vertical through nares, slightly convex from this point to end of occipital process, slightly convex or straight from this point to origin of dorsal-fin base, convex along dorsal-fin base, almost straight between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose fin, slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head straight, except for the convex portion close to dentary symphysis, slightly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin, straight from latter point to anal-fin origin, slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent caudal-fin ray. Snout triangular in lateral view. Mouth subterminal, aligned or slightly lower than ventral edge of the orbit. Distal tip of maxilla barely reaching the vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Orbit approximately round, larger than snout length. Cheek thin, its depth approximately one third to one quarter of orbit diameter. Nares separated; anterior naris with raised margins; posterior naris considerably closer to orbit than to anterior naris and without skin flaps. Supraorbital elongated in dorsal view, medial margin slightly convex, abutting the frontal, and lateral margin straight; anterior and posterior tip similarly pointed. Parietal fontanel limited anteriorly by frontals. Parietal branch of supraorbital canal present, slightly surpassing frontal-parietal border or extending to one third of parietal. Orbithosfenoid slightly rectangular in lateral view, connected anteriorly to rhinosphenoid. Pterosphenoid foramen for ophthalmic nerve relatively small, formed by tunnel crossing pterosphenoid diagonally, bordered by bony crest that prevents direct lateral view of brain cavity through foramen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,772,181,1242]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Dentary teeth in two rows; outer series with 10(5), 11*(5), 12(4), or 13(1) teeth; anterior two to four teeth from symphysis usually tricuspid, posterior conical; teeth decreasing in size from symphysis; inner series with several minute conical teeth inserted on edge of replacement tooth trench. Premaxilla with single series of 7*(4), 8(21), 9(11), or 10(1) conical teeth, decreasing in size from symphysis. Maxillary edentulous. Ectopterygoid with a single series of 7(1) or 10(2) conical teeth. Mesopterygoid teeth absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,772,181,1242]" lastBlockId="3.[809,1453,181,1207]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
Scales cycloid; 
<emphasis box="[333,409,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">circulii</emphasis>
absent on posterior field of scales located immediately below 10 
<superScript attach="left" box="[454,466,1216,1230]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">th</superScript>
scale of lateral line, 6 to 12 
<emphasis box="[809,861,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">radii</emphasis>
present. Lateral line complete, perforated scales 34(6), 35(28), 36*(5), or 37(2); horizontal scale rows above lateral line 4*(40); horizontal scale rows below lateral line 4*(40). Scales along middorsal line between supraoccipital and origin of dorsal fin 9(2), 10(16), 11*(7) or 12(2) in single row or irregularly arranged (8). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14*(38). Isthmus completely scaled. Pseudotympanum present, represented by muscular hiatus at vertical through anterior portion of swimbladder and situated between ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (see ‘Remarks’ for details).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[809,1453,181,1207]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
Dorsal-fin rays ii,9(1), ii,9,i(2), iii,9(3) or ii,10*(33); distal margin of dorsal fin rounded.Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays highly variable, ii,9,i(2), iii,5,iii(4), iii,6,ii(1), iii,7,ii(3), iii,8,i*(19), iii,8ii,(1), or iii,9,i(2); first and second branched pectoral-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pectoral fin not reaching pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,7,i*(40); second to fourth branched pelvic-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays ii,7*(39) or ii,8(1); posterior margin of anal fin varying from rounded to straight; fin elements (
<emphasis box="[1046,1078,838,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">i.e.</emphasis>
, adnate rays) on last pterygiophore 2*(16). Caudal-fin rays i,8,8,i*(2), i,9,8,i*(35), or i,9,9,i(1). Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 8(3); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 7(1) or 8(2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[809,1453,181,1207]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Total number of vertebrae 34(1) or 35(2); precaudal vertebrae 18(1) or 19(2); caudal vertebrae 15(2) or 17(1). Supraneural bones 5(1) or 6(2), anterior to neural spine of fifth centrum. Epural bones 2(3). Uroneural bones 1(3). Branchiostegal rays 4(3); 2 or 3 connected to anterior ceratohyal, 1 connected to the cartilage between anterior and posterior ceratohyals, none or 1 connected to posterior ceratohyal.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[809,1452,1252,1967]" lastBlockId="4.[136,779,181,516]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,1014,1252,1276]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
Ground color of head and body pale yellow, with dorsum darker (
<figureCitation box="[1128,1207,1287,1311]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[136,175,1184,1208]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-444@2.[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Characidium samurai, holotype, MZUSP 108188, 46.6 mm SL, rio do Peixe, rio das Almas basin: (a) preserved specimen and (b) photographed live." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551215/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
). Small melanophores concentrated over dorsal and anterior portion of head; superior half of maxilla, upper and lower lip distinctly darker. Dark band extending from snout to posterior margin of opercle. Ventral half of head clear, with sparse small melanophores, except by the dark lower lip. Scales of dorsal half of body with melanophores concentrated on posterior margin of scales, resulting in somewhat reticulated aspect. Dorsal half of body with 8 to 10 inconspicuous dark vertical bars, broader dorsally (usually 3 scales wide), merged ventrally with dark longitudinal band. Most specimens with vertical bars inconspicuous and merged to one another resulting in dark and somewhat homogeneous dorsal half of body. Broad dark band (1.5 or 2 scales wide) with straight borders extending from rear of opercle to end of caudal peduncle. Dark humeral blotch on rear of opercle merged to longitudinal band and somewhat inconspicuous; in some specimens visible as a rounded or somewhat triangular and vertically elongated blotch. Ventral half of body yellowish, without dark bars or spots. Some specimens with concentrations of dark chromatophores on posterior border of scales situated on the row immediately below dark longitudinal stripe but not forming stripes or blotches. Ventral area located between pelvic and anal fin origins with dark narrow stripe, usually conspicuous on specimens of 
<quantity box="[295,376,320,344]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
SL or smaller and faded on larger specimens. Fins with melanophores sparsely distributed on border of rays, more concentrated on distal half. Dorsal fin with faded dark band below midlength of rays. Small dark round spot near base of middle caudal-fin rays. Adipose fin somewhat dark, with sparse melanophores.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3B5B9E6E64FFA993A4E907F0AFFAE8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B5B9E6E64FFA993A4E907F0AFFAE8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" startId="3.[129,195,1299,1323]" targetBox="[137,745,1398,1958]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph blockId="3.[129,772,1299,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,226,1299,1323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[161,400,1331,1355]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[161,400,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 40). The range includes the holotype. SD = standard deviation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<table box="[137,745,1398,1958]" gridcols="5" gridrows="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<tr box="[137,745,1398,1417]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" rowspan-0="1">
<th box="[408,487,1398,1417]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Holotype</th>
<th box="[518,600,1398,1417]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Range</th>
<th box="[630,679,1398,1417]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Mean</th>
<th box="[718,745,1398,1417]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">SD</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1423,1442]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1423,1442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Total length (mm)</th>
<td box="[408,487,1423,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">57.6</td>
<td box="[518,600,1423,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">33.0-57.6</td>
<td box="[630,679,1423,1442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis box="[649,660,1424,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">–</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[718,745,1423,1442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis box="[726,737,1424,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">–</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1448,1467]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1448,1467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Standard length (mm)</th>
<td box="[408,487,1448,1467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">46.6</td>
<td box="[518,600,1448,1467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">20.8-46.6</td>
<td box="[630,679,1448,1467]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis box="[649,660,1448,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">–</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[718,745,1448,1467]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis box="[726,737,1448,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">–</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1473,1492]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th box="[137,600,1473,1492]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Percents of standard length</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1496,1516]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1496,1516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Depth at dorsal- fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1496,1516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">26.2</td>
<td box="[518,600,1496,1516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">23.0-28.5</td>
<td box="[630,679,1496,1516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">26.1</td>
<td box="[718,745,1496,1516]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1521,1541]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1521,1541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Depth at anal- fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1521,1541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">18.9</td>
<td box="[518,600,1521,1541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">16.0-20.3</td>
<td box="[630,679,1521,1541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">18.3</td>
<td box="[718,745,1521,1541]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1546,1565]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1546,1565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Caudal- peduncle depth</th>
<td box="[408,487,1546,1565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">12.2</td>
<td box="[518,600,1546,1565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">9.3-13.4</td>
<td box="[630,679,1546,1565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">12.0</td>
<td box="[718,745,1546,1565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1570,1590]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1570,1590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Caudal- peduncle length</th>
<td box="[408,487,1570,1590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">19.7</td>
<td box="[518,600,1570,1590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">16.4-21.7</td>
<td box="[630,679,1570,1590]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">18.5</td>
<td box="[718,745,1570,1590]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1595,1614]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1595,1614]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout to dorsal-fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1595,1614]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">47.6</td>
<td box="[518,600,1595,1614]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">46.9-51.8</td>
<td box="[630,679,1595,1614]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">49.6</td>
<td box="[718,745,1595,1614]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1620,1639]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1620,1639]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout to pectoral-fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1620,1639]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">24.9</td>
<td box="[518,600,1620,1639]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">24.6-29.5</td>
<td box="[630,679,1620,1639]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">26.4</td>
<td box="[718,745,1620,1639]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1644,1663]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1644,1663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout to pelvic-fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1644,1663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">51.3</td>
<td box="[518,600,1644,1663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">50.0-54.9</td>
<td box="[630,679,1644,1663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">52.4</td>
<td box="[718,745,1644,1663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1668,1688]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1668,1688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout to anal-fin origin</th>
<td box="[408,487,1668,1688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">74.9</td>
<td box="[518,600,1668,1688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">74.0-77.6</td>
<td box="[630,679,1668,1688]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">76.0</td>
<td box="[718,745,1668,1688]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1693,1712]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1693,1712]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Anal- apex distance</th>
<td box="[408,487,1693,1712]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">90.6</td>
<td box="[518,600,1693,1712]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">89.2-94.2</td>
<td box="[630,679,1693,1712]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">92.1</td>
<td box="[718,745,1693,1712]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1717,1737]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1717,1737]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Body width</th>
<td box="[408,487,1717,1737]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">10.7</td>
<td box="[518,600,1717,1737]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">10.6-14.5</td>
<td box="[630,679,1717,1737]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">11.9</td>
<td box="[718,745,1717,1737]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1742,1761]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1742,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Head length</th>
<td box="[408,487,1742,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">25.1</td>
<td box="[518,600,1742,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">24.9-29.0</td>
<td box="[630,679,1742,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">26.6</td>
<td box="[718,745,1742,1761]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1767,1786]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th box="[137,600,1767,1786]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Percents of head length</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1791,1810]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1791,1810]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Horizontal eye diameter</th>
<td box="[408,487,1791,1810]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">28.2</td>
<td box="[518,600,1791,1810]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">28.0-33.7</td>
<td box="[630,679,1791,1810]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">30.5</td>
<td box="[718,745,1791,1810]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1816,1835]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1816,1835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout length</th>
<td box="[408,487,1816,1835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">23.9</td>
<td box="[518,600,1816,1835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">21.9-26.1</td>
<td box="[630,679,1816,1835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">24.0</td>
<td box="[718,745,1816,1835]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1841,1860]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1841,1860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Snout to maxillary tip</th>
<td box="[408,487,1841,1860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">26.5</td>
<td box="[518,600,1841,1860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">23.2-27.8</td>
<td box="[630,679,1841,1860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">25.4</td>
<td box="[718,745,1841,1860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1864,1884]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1864,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Anterior naris to orbit</th>
<td box="[408,487,1864,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">12.0</td>
<td box="[518,600,1864,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">8.5-14.0</td>
<td box="[630,679,1864,1884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">11.1</td>
<td box="[718,745,1864,1884]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1889,1909]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1889,1909]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Posterior naris to orbit</th>
<td box="[408,487,1889,1909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">5.1</td>
<td box="[518,600,1889,1909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">2.6-5.2</td>
<td box="[630,679,1889,1909]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">3.9</td>
<td box="[718,745,1889,1909]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1914,1933]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1914,1933]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Cheek depth</th>
<td box="[408,487,1914,1933]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">9.4</td>
<td box="[518,600,1914,1933]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">5.7-10.3</td>
<td box="[630,679,1914,1933]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">7.8</td>
<td box="[718,745,1914,1933]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[137,745,1938,1958]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
<th box="[137,370,1938,1958]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Least interorbital width</th>
<td box="[408,487,1938,1958]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">24.8</td>
<td box="[518,600,1938,1958]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">20.0-26.5</td>
<td box="[630,679,1938,1958]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">23.6</td>
<td box="[718,745,1938,1958]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">1.9</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,780,561,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,268,561,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Color in life</emphasis>
. Ground color of dorsal half of body grayish and ventral half whitish (
<figureCitation box="[347,421,596,620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[136,175,1184,1208]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-444@2.[136,1459,174,1176]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Characidium samurai, holotype, MZUSP 108188, 46.6 mm SL, rio do Peixe, rio das Almas basin: (a) preserved specimen and (b) photographed live." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551215/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
). Dark lateral band extending from snout tip to end of caudal peduncle; band usually poorly visible immediately after the fish capture but clearly conspicuous if the specimen is allowed to stay a few minutes alive in a container such as a plastic bag. Approximately ten inconspicuous dark vertical bars over dorsal half of body; bars larger dorsally and not extending beyond ventral border of dark longitudinal band. Ventral half of body without dark bars or spots. Yellow chromatophores sparsely distributed over opercle, infraorbitals, ventral half of iris, and area posterior to opercle. Fins yellowish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,780,976,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,259,976,1000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[376,460,977,1000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[376,460,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given to honor the Japanese warrior caste that provided the administrative and fighting aristocracy from the 11 
<superScript attach="left" box="[373,385,1043,1057]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">th</superScript>
to the 19 
<superScript attach="left" box="[481,493,1043,1057]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">th</superScript>
centuries. The samurais are known by their expertise in several kinds of martial arts.Currently, expertise in martial art is attested by the term “black belt”, a condition inherent to that warrior caste. The name samurai was used herein in allusion to the conspicuous midlateral black band present in the new species. A noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,1286,1380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,372,1286,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
No hooks on fins or other sexually dimorphic features were observed externally on the specimens that were examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,1425,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,282,1425,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[291,528,1425,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[291,528,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the rio das Almas and rio Vermelho basins, two small coastal river systems at the central coastal area of 
<collectingRegion box="[559,688,1494,1518]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
, eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[136,201,1528,1552]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation box="[218,298,1528,1553]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[248,1334,190,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[242,1338,185,1461]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution and streams inhabited by Characidium samurai: (a) map of distribution of the new species (white dot represents the type locality), (b) type locality, Piraí do Norte, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio das Almas, (c) Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, and (d) Taperoá, rio Sarapuí, tributary of rio Vermelho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551217/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
). Extensive ichthyological collecting efforts in the main coastal rivers across 
<collectingRegion box="[484,546,1563,1587]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Bahia</collectingRegion>
in the last eight years have failed to yield samples of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[463,580,1598,1621]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[463,580,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C. samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from another river drainages, making it possible that the species is endemic to rio das Almas (
<figureCitation box="[295,368,1666,1690]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[248,1334,190,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[242,1338,185,1461]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution and streams inhabited by Characidium samurai: (a) map of distribution of the new species (white dot represents the type locality), (b) type locality, Piraí do Norte, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio das Almas, (c) Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, and (d) Taperoá, rio Sarapuí, tributary of rio Vermelho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551217/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
b-c) and rio Vermelho basins (
<figureCitation box="[687,766,1666,1690]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[248,1334,190,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[242,1338,185,1461]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution and streams inhabited by Characidium samurai: (a) map of distribution of the new species (white dot represents the type locality), (b) type locality, Piraí do Norte, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio das Almas, (c) Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, and (d) Taperoá, rio Sarapuí, tributary of rio Vermelho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551217/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,1735,1967]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1460,181,689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,477,1735,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Habitat and ecological notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[487,727,1736,1760]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[487,727,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in clear water streams with water running over rocks, pebbles, sand and/or muddy bottoms, at altitudes ranging from 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" metricValueMax="17.7" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="97.0" valueMax="177.0" valueMin="17.0">17 to 177 m</quantity>
a.s.l. in habitats characterized mainly by moderate water current. The riparian vegetation mainly comprises remnants of the Atlantic Forest, cocoa trees or cattle pasture. The rio do Peixe (a tributary of rio das Almas basin), the 
<typeStatus box="[541,585,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">type</typeStatus>
locality and where most specimens were collected, is approximately 
<quantity box="[1318,1358,182,206]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
wide, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 m</quantity>
deep, and has a medium to fast water current, muddy substrate and grassy river borders (
<figureCitation box="[1085,1163,250,274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[248,1334,190,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[242,1338,185,1461]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution and streams inhabited by Characidium samurai: (a) map of distribution of the new species (white dot represents the type locality), (b) type locality, Piraí do Norte, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio das Almas, (c) Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, and (d) Taperoá, rio Sarapuí, tributary of rio Vermelho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551217/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[1183,1410,250,274]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[1183,1410,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected syntopically with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1946" box="[1086,1370,285,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[1086,1220,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis box="[1261,1370,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Lichtenstein)" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajasica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Awaous tajasica</emphasis>
(Lichtenstein)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1063,1455,320,344]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
<emphasis box="[1063,1157,320,343]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Astyanax</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis box="[1209,1334,320,344]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">bimaculatus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[816,910,354,377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[816,910,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Astyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bloch)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[964,1284,354,378]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Dormitator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis box="[964,1195,354,378]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Dormitator maculatus</emphasis>
(Bloch)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1414,354,378]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1297,1414,354,378]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Geophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[816,1120,389,413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">
<emphasis box="[816,1009,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Gymnotus carapo</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bloch)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1134,1455,389,413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis box="[1134,1361,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Hoplias malabaricus</emphasis>
(Bloch)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1875" box="[816,1152,423,447]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiensis">
<emphasis box="[816,1016,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Leporinus bahiensis</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Birindelli, Britski &amp; Garavello" authorityName="Birindelli, Britski &amp; Garavello" authorityYear="2013" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopleurodes">
<emphasis box="[1159,1355,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">L. melanopleurodes</emphasis>
Birindelli, Britski &amp; Garavello
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1023,1149,458,481]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1023,1149,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Hypostomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.H.Eigenmann &amp; R.S.Eigenmann" authorityYear="1889" box="[1191,1332,458,482]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Parotocinclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1191,1332,458,482]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Parotocinclus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName authority="Peters" authorityName="Peters" class="Actinopterygii" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Poecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Poecilia reticulata</emphasis>
Peters
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Perugia)" baseAuthorityName="Perugia" box="[985,1283,492,516]" class="Charophyceae" family="Characeae" genus="Sycidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charales" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Charophyta" rank="species" species="punctatum">
<emphasis box="[985,1186,492,516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Sycidium punctatum</emphasis>
(Perugia)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Bloch. The" authorityName="Bloch. The" class="Actinopterygii" family="Synbranchidae" genus="Synbranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Synbranchus marmoratus</emphasis>
Bloch. The
</taxonomicName>
analysis of stomach contents of the three c&amp;s specimens revealed the presence of vascular plant fragments, 
<taxonomicName box="[816,934,596,620]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Trichoptera</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[949,1093,596,620]" class="Insecta" family="Hydroptilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hydroptilidae</taxonomicName>
) larvae, adults of terrestrial insects (
<taxonomicName box="[823,968,631,655]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName box="[979,1095,630,654]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
and Orthoptera), and fragments of unidentified arthropods.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,734,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,922,734,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new species described herein apparently does not fit in any group of 
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1196,769,793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1061,1196,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has been previously proposed in the literature (
<emphasis box="[1090,1126,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">e.g.</emphasis>
, Buckup &amp; Reis, 1997; Buckup &amp; Hahn, 2000; Graça &amp; Pavanelli, 2008) and does not share any synapomorphy that was hypothesized by 
<bibRefCitation author="Buckup" box="[1229,1392,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" pagination="305 - 341" refId="ref7592" refString="Buckup, P. A. 1993 a. Phylogenetic interrelationships and reductive evolution in Neotropical characidiin fishes (Characiformes: Ostariophysi). Cladistics, 9: 305 - 341." type="journal article" year="1993">Buckup (1993a)</bibRefCitation>
to any particular subgroup of Clade C. Although 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[1240,1353,907,930]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[1240,1353,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C. samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
externally resembles 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1967" box="[925,1006,941,965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanei">
<emphasis box="[925,1006,941,965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C. lanei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a member of clade C4 of 
<bibRefCitation author="Buckup" box="[1286,1456,941,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" pagination="305 - 341" refId="ref7592" refString="Buckup, P. A. 1993 a. Phylogenetic interrelationships and reductive evolution in Neotropical characidiin fishes (Characiformes: Ostariophysi). Cladistics, 9: 305 - 341." type="journal article" year="1993">Buckup (1993a)</bibRefCitation>
, particularly by sharing a broad dark longitudinal band, the new species has the parietal branch of the supraorbital canal, the absence of which is a diagnostic feature of clade C4. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also does not share the two synapomorphies of the species included in the C4 clade that were previously proposed by Buckup &amp; Reis (1997) and Buckup &amp; Hahn (2000): an increased number of vertical bars on the sides of the body and an absence of the inner row of dentary teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,734,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
Various populations of 
<taxonomicName box="[1129,1277,1252,1276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1129,1277,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have been sampled in rivers draining 
<collectingRegion box="[1137,1270,1287,1311]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
are usually left unidentified or are tentatively identified as species described to nearby drainages, accompanied by the terms “ 
<emphasis box="[1351,1416,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">affinis</emphasis>
” or “ 
<emphasis box="[828,894,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">confer</emphasis>
”(
<taxonomicName box="[919,1056,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[919,1056,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[1100,1251,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[1100,1117,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis box="[1159,1251,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1941" box="[1262,1452,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[1262,1286,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[1317,1452,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">bimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1946" box="[859,1041,1425,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[859,884,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C.</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis box="[928,1041,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis box="[1052,1090,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">e.g.</emphasis>
, Santos &amp; Caramaschi, 2007, 2011; Sarmento-Soares 
<emphasis box="[1003,1054,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008, 2009; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cetra" box="[1195,1376,1459,1483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" pagination="11 - 21" refId="ref7903" refString="Cetra, M., L. M. Sarmento-Soares &amp; R. F. Martins-Pinheiro. 2010. Peixes de riachos e novas Unidades de Conservacao no sul da Bahia. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 5: 11 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">
Cetra 
<emphasis box="[1258,1309,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Burger" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" pagination="273 - 290" refId="ref7812" refString="Burger, R., A. M. Zanata &amp; P. Camelier. 2011. Estudo taxonomico da ictiofauna de agua doce da bacia do Reconcavo Sul, Bahia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11: 273 - 290." type="journal article" year="2011">
Burger 
<emphasis box="[816,876,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). These tentative identifications are actually indicative of the current poor taxonomical knowledge about the 
<taxonomicName box="[859,1000,1563,1587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[859,1000,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in that region, which very likely, harbors several undescribed species of the genus. Thus, the only 
<taxonomicName box="[868,1007,1632,1656]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[868,1007,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that can be considered to be reliably documented for the coastal river drainages of 
<collectingRegion box="[1333,1460,1666,1691]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
is 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[845,975,1701,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[845,975,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described from Arembepe, at the northern coastal area of the state. Furthermore, examination of museum specimens that were previously identified as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1941" box="[1289,1459,1770,1794]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[1289,1459,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">C. bimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion box="[881,1013,1805,1829]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
led to doubts about the occurrence of that species in those rivers (see ‘Comparative material’). Considerable further taxonomical work is necessary to unveil the diversity of the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1084,1225,1908,1932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1084,1225,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring at the rivers from northeastern 
<collectingCountry box="[1013,1082,1943,1967]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4551217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551217/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" startId="5.[129,168,1476,1500]" targetBox="[248,1334,190,1442]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,1452,1476,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,200,1476,1500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
Distribution and streams inhabited by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[625,861,1476,1500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[625,861,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">Characidium samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (a) map of distribution of the new species (white dot represents the type locality), (b) type locality, Piraí do Norte, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio das Almas, (c) Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, and (d) Taperoá, rio Sarapuí, tributary of rio Vermelho.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,771,1666,1967]" lastBlockId="6.[136,779,181,240]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">
<bibRefCitation author="Gery" box="[166,362,1667,1691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="122 - 134" refId="ref7947" refString="Gery, J. 1977. Notes on Certain Characoid Fishes (Order Cypriniformes) from Eastern and Southeastern Brazil. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage: 122 - 134." type="book chapter" year="1977">Géry (1977: 127)</bibRefCitation>
called attention to the absence of a humeral spot in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[310,440,1701,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[310,440,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being replaced by a humeral hiatus. The presence of a hiatus within the muscles in the region over the anterior chamber of the swimbladder (the pseudotympanum) is well known in diverse groups of 
<taxonomicName box="[163,327,1839,1863]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[348,388,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">e.g.</emphasis>
, Cheirodontinae: see 
<bibRefCitation author="Malabarba" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref8109" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae), Pp. 193 - 233. In: Malabarba, L. R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena &amp; C. A. Lucena (Eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Characinae: see Mattox &amp; Toledo-Piza, 2012). Although some authors questioned the homology of the pseudotympanum in different lineages of 
<taxonomicName box="[608,770,1943,1967]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bohlke &amp; Studies" box="[816,970,1666,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="841 - 849" refId="ref7514" refString="Bohlke, J. E. 1953. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. A review of the genus Microschemobrycon with descriptions of two new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12), 6: 841 - 849." type="journal article" year="1953">Böhlke, 1953</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Malabarba" box="[985,1176,1666,1691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref8109" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae), Pp. 193 - 233. In: Malabarba, L. R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena &amp; C. A. Lucena (Eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), recent studies revealed that the structure occurs in many species of the remaining orders of the Otophysi (
<bibRefCitation author="Moreira" box="[1065,1277,1736,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" refId="ref8343" refString="Moreira, C. R., M. I. Landim &amp; F. Di Dario. 2007. Pseudotympanum, an additional synapomorphy for Otophysi (Teleostei, Ostariophysi). Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Saint Louis." type="proceedings paper" year="2007">
Moreira 
<emphasis box="[1161,1208,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
) and is possibly plesiomorphic within the 
<taxonomicName box="[1083,1243,1770,1794]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
(Mattox &amp; Toledo- Piza, 2012). Details of the pseudotympanum form and position have been used to diagnose species (
<bibRefCitation author="Menezes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="385 - 400" refId="ref8269" refString="Menezes, N. A. 2006. Description of five new species of Acestrocephalus Eigenmann and redescription of A. sardina and A. boehlkei (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 4: 385 - 400." type="journal article" year="2006">Menezes, 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and define evolutionary lineages among South American characiforms (
<bibRefCitation author="Malabarba" box="[1082,1274,1908,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref8109" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae), Pp. 193 - 233. In: Malabarba, L. R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena &amp; C. A. Lucena (Eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Particularly in 
<taxonomicName box="[809,952,1943,1967]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,952,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in addition to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida" authorityYear="1971" box="[1112,1238,1943,1967]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[1112,1238,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the presence of the pseudotympanum was reported in the description of some species and in phylogenies that included a few species of the
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[816,1459,181,240]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
genus (
<emphasis box="[894,933,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">e.g.</emphasis>
, Graça 
<emphasis box="[1015,1068,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008; 
<bibRefCitation author="Silveira" box="[1146,1351,181,206]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" pagination="169 - 174" refId="ref8774" refString="Silveira, L. G. G., F. Langeani, W. J. Graca, C. S. Pavanelli &amp; P. A. Buckup. 2008. Characidium xanthopterum (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Crenuchidae): a new species from the Central Brazilian Plateau. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6: 169 - 174." type="journal article" year="2008">
Silveira 
<emphasis box="[1236,1289,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Mirande" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" pagination="385 - 568" refId="ref8310" refString="Mirande, J. M. 2010. Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8: 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
; Peixoto &amp; Wosiacki, 2013).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" startId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" targetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph blockId="6.[136,1460,1851,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,208,1851,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
Pseudotympanum of: (a) 
<taxonomicName authority="UFBA" authorityName="UFBA" box="[492,814,1851,1875]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[492,736,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Characidium bahiense</emphasis>
UFBA
</taxonomicName>
3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) 
<taxonomicName authority="UFBA" authorityName="UFBA" box="[1080,1286,1851,1875]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[1080,1208,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">C. bahiense</emphasis>
UFBA
</taxonomicName>
7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[216,333,1884,1907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[216,333,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">C. samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) 
<taxonomicName authority="UFBA" authorityName="UFBA" box="[775,1021,1883,1907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[775,945,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">C. bimaculatum</emphasis>
UFBA
</taxonomicName>
3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) 
<taxonomicName authority="UFBA" authorityName="UFBA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="339">Characidium timbuiense</emphasis>
UFBA
</taxonomicName>
6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[129,771,181,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
The pseudotympanum of three species of 
<taxonomicName box="[625,771,181,205]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[625,771,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur in the northeastern Brazilian drainages (
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[245,426,250,274]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[245,426,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[494,621,251,274]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[494,621,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), in addition to 
<taxonomicName box="[163,326,285,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[163,326,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was examined herein. The muscular hiatus in these species is mainly situated between ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae. However, these hiatuses are somewhat variable regarding their positions in relation to the cited ribs, size, form, and extension of the apertures (
<figureCitation box="[137,206,458,482]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Pseudotympanum of: (a) Characidium bahiense UFBA 3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) C. bahiense UFBA 7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) C. samurai, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) C. bimaculatum UFBA 3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) Characidium timbuiense UFBA 6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The pseudotympanum of 
<taxonomicName box="[521,654,458,482]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[521,539,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[555,654,458,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually easily observed without skin removal and appears as a dark area corresponding to the muscular hiatus on the humeral region (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Gery" box="[366,491,561,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="122 - 134" refId="ref7947" refString="Gery, J. 1977. Notes on Certain Characoid Fishes (Order Cypriniformes) from Eastern and Southeastern Brazil. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage: 122 - 134." type="book chapter" year="1977">Géry 1977</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 4a-b). The species possesses a well-developed pseudotympanum, with most of the hiatus situated between ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae, but with small opening anterior to rib of fifth (
<figureCitation box="[137,222,699,724]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Pseudotympanum of: (a) Characidium bahiense UFBA 3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) C. bahiense UFBA 7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) C. samurai, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) C. bimaculatum UFBA 3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) Characidium timbuiense UFBA 6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
) or small openings anterior to rib of fifth and posterior to rib of sixth vertebra (
<figureCitation box="[515,601,734,758]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Pseudotympanum of: (a) Characidium bahiense UFBA 3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) C. bahiense UFBA 7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) C. samurai, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) C. bimaculatum UFBA 3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) Characidium timbuiense UFBA 6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
). Thus, part of the fifth and sixth vertebrae ribs are usually completely embedded within the aperture and the overall structure of 
<taxonomicName box="[162,296,838,862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[162,296,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is comparatively larger than in the other species cited. The presence of a small muscle hiatus anterior to the fifth vertebra was previously cited for various taxa (
<bibRefCitation author="Malabarba" box="[136,335,941,965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref8109" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae), Pp. 193 - 233. In: Malabarba, L. R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena &amp; C. A. Lucena (Eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." type="book chapter" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Mattox &amp; Toledo-Piza, 2012). More recently, a pseudotympanum with aperture extending both anterior to the fifth and posterior to the sixth vertebrae was described by Jerep &amp; Vari (2013) for the African distichodontid 
<taxonomicName authority="Jerep &amp; Vari. These" authorityName="Jerep &amp; Vari. These" authorityYear="2013" class="Teleostei" family="Citharinidae" genus="Hemigrammocharax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubensteini">
<emphasis box="[301,668,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Hemigrammocharax rubensteini</emphasis>
Jerep &amp; Vari. These
</taxonomicName>
features represent an obvious convergence given the phylogenetic distance between 
<taxonomicName box="[580,726,1148,1172]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[580,726,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the cited species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[129,771,181,1967]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1452,181,378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
Distinct from 
<taxonomicName box="[334,471,1217,1241]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[334,471,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the pseudotympanum of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zanata &amp; Camelier" authorityYear="2014" box="[129,257,1252,1276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samurai">
<emphasis box="[129,147,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[165,257,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">samurai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[321,506,1252,1276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[321,506,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unique rounded aperture, completely inserted between the ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (
<figureCitation box="[352,427,1321,1345]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Pseudotympanum of: (a) Characidium bahiense UFBA 3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) C. bahiense UFBA 7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) C. samurai, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) C. bimaculatum UFBA 3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) Characidium timbuiense UFBA 6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
c-d, respectively). Reduction of musculature that is anterior to the fifth vertebra is observed in some specimens of the latter two species, but the area is not completely naked, and the swimbladder is not visible through it. In turn, the pseudotympanum of 
<taxonomicName box="[621,771,1459,1483]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[621,639,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[655,771,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctly narrower compared to the structures described above and is represented by an elongated hiatus with pointed anterior and posterior margins (
<figureCitation box="[465,542,1563,1587]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,175,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-113@6.[136,1459,291,1831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Pseudotympanum of: (a) Characidium bahiense UFBA 3470, 23.2 mm SL, (b) C. bahiense UFBA 7167, 25.4 mm SL, (c) C. samurai, paratype, UFBA 7259, 41.2 mm SL, (d) C. bimaculatum UFBA 3829, 29.5 mm SL, and (e) Characidium timbuiense UFBA 6506, 32.8 mm SL. Numbers correspond to vertebrae associated with pleural ribs. Left side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue and lateral-line nerve removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4551219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
). In fact, the aperture of the pseudotympanum in 
<taxonomicName box="[435,585,1597,1621]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[435,585,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, slightly surpass the rib of the fifth vertebra anteriorly, resulting in a small opening anterior to that rib. Furthermore, the orientation of the rib of the fifth vertebra relative to the opening is distinctly inclined, in contrast to the more vertical orientation in the cited congeners. 
<taxonomicName box="[307,569,1770,1794]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[307,569,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium timbuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a thicker hypaxial musculature around the pseudotympanum, resulting in apertures somewhat deeper than that of the congeners examined. The opposite condition is observed in 
<taxonomicName box="[640,765,1874,1898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis box="[640,765,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">C. bahiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a thin hypaxial musculature and a pseudotympanum apparently shallowly situated. Commonly, taxonomic studies including 
<taxonomicName box="[922,1066,181,205]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[922,1066,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provide no information about the pseudotympana except in a few cases, which usually only discuss the presence or absence of the structure. The study performed here, although including only four species, revealed interesting variation regarding the size, shape, number of apertures, and degree of rib exposure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[809,1453,425,1966]" lastBlockId="8.[136,779,183,1241]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,1147,425,447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
All from 
<collectingCountry box="[1245,1303,425,447]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and specimens alcohol-preserved (except when noted). 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[1185,1452,460,481]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alipioi">
<emphasis box="[1185,1377,460,481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium alipioi</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
5550, 
<typeStatus box="[866,951,494,516]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
, 50.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1083,1218,494,516]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingRegion box="[1256,1327,494,516]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
do Sul basin; MNRJ 5551, 
<typeStatus box="[943,1028,529,550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 51.0 mm SL; MNRJ 5552, 
<typeStatus box="[1313,1398,529,550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="48.3">48.3 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 5553, 
<typeStatus box="[1030,1115,564,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 45.0 mm SL. MZUSP 112331, 6, 
<quantity box="[809,942,598,620]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.13" metricValueMax="7.2299999999999995" metricValueMin="5.029999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="61.3" valueMax="72.3" valueMin="50.3">50.3-72.3 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[986,1083,598,620]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingRegion box="[1123,1195,598,620]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
do Sul basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bahiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium bahiense</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
8940, 
<typeStatus box="[1051,1137,632,654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
, 16.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1279,1337,632,654]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, Arembepe; MZUSP 8923, 
<typeStatus box="[951,1036,667,688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[1045,1129,667,688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="18.7">18.7 mm</quantity>
SL; MZUSP 8924, 
<typeStatus box="[1316,1401,667,688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="21.5">21.5 mm</quantity>
SL. UFBA 2882, 6, 18.4-24.0 mm SL; UFBA 2886, 4, 19.1-22.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[889,947,736,758]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio Inhambupe basin. UFBA 4348, 18, 18.0- 
<quantity box="[1367,1451,736,757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="24.1">24.1 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[848,906,770,792]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio Paraguaçu basin. UFBA 4685, 20, 
<quantity box="[1278,1412,770,792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" metricValueMax="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.72" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="19.7" valueMax="22.2" valueMin="17.2">17.2-22.2 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[809,867,805,827]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio Capivara basin. UFBA 7167, 23, 3 c&amp;s, 21.1-26.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[851,909,839,861]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio Itapicuru basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[1114,1452,839,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatum">
<emphasis box="[1114,1373,839,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium bimaculatum</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
21249, 14, 
<quantity box="[915,1048,874,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0949999999999998" metricValueMax="4.14" metricValueMin="2.05" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="30.95" valueMax="41.4" valueMin="20.5">20.5-41.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1093,1151,874,896]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Ceará</collectingRegion>
, rio Curu basin. MNRJ 4925, 1, 
<quantity box="[809,893,908,930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="25.5">25.5 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 4928, 1, 
<quantity box="[1087,1171,909,930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="28.7">28.7 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1215,1273,908,930]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Ceará</collectingRegion>
, rio Salgado basin. MNRJ 4959, 1, 
<quantity box="[965,1050,943,964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="23.2">23.2 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 4964, 1, 
<quantity box="[1254,1340,943,964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.88" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="28.8">28.8 mm</quantity>
SL. MNRJ 4975, 1, 
<quantity box="[887,969,978,999]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="29.4">29.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1011,1068,978,1000]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Ceará</collectingRegion>
, rio Cotuí. MZUSP 1107779, 8, 29.4- 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.43" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="24.3">24.3 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[891,965,1012,1034]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
, rio Acaraú basin. UFBA 3829, 6, 1 c&amp;s, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.665" metricValueMax="3.08" metricValueMin="2.25" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="26.65" valueMax="30.8" valueMin="22.5">22.5-30.8 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[894,966,1046,1068]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
rio Piranhas basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="declivirostre">
<emphasis box="[1160,1286,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[1326,1445,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">declivirostre</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
97137, 1, 
<quantity box="[980,1062,1081,1103]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="35.4">35.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1103,1147,1081,1103]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Pará</collectingRegion>
, rio Xingu basin. MZUSP 82084, 2, 
<quantity box="[833,967,1115,1137]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="4.65" metricValueMin="4.45" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="46.5" valueMin="44.5">44.5-46.5 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1013,1140,1116,1137]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio Juruena basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium fasciatum</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
39676, 15, 
<quantity box="[1106,1240,1150,1172]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4549999999999996" metricValueMax="3.6399999999999997" metricValueMin="3.2700000000000005" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="34.55" valueMax="36.4" valueMin="32.7">32.7-36.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1285,1416,1150,1172]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
, rio São Francisco basin. MZUSP 49261, 6, 22.2-35.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1359,1417,1185,1207]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, rio Paraguaçu basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[971,1254,1219,1241]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi">
<emphasis box="[971,1166,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium gomesi</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
73193, 47, 25.8-32.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[891,1021,1254,1276]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
, rio Paranaíba basin. MZUSP 88440, 3, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6149999999999998" metricValueMax="4.279999999999999" metricValueMin="2.95" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="36.15" valueMax="42.8" valueMin="29.5">29.5- 42.8 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[934,1031,1288,1310]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Corumbataí. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grajahuensis">
<emphasis box="[1192,1445,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium grajahuensis</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
3855, 
<typeStatus box="[952,1041,1323,1345]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
(snout damaged, precise measurement currently not possible), 
<collectingRegion box="[1062,1218,1357,1379]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, Grajaú. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hasemani">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium hasemani</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
91785, 4, 44.0-58.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1285,1414,1392,1413]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio Xingu basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[930,1292,1426,1448]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heirmostigmata">
<emphasis box="[930,1204,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium heirmostigmata</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
97738, 
<typeStatus box="[1364,1448,1426,1448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[809,896,1461,1483]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.46" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="34.6">34.6 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[946,1014,1461,1483]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraná</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingRegion box="[1059,1124,1461,1483]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraná</collectingRegion>
basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interruptum">
<emphasis box="[1196,1444,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium interruptum</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
58992, 1, 
<quantity box="[989,1074,1495,1517]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.09" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="30.9">30.9 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1120,1262,1495,1517]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, rio São João basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[809,1137,1530,1551]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japuhybense">
<emphasis box="[809,1061,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium japuhybense</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
5194, 
<typeStatus box="[1203,1287,1530,1552]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
(snout damaged, precise measurement currently not possible), 
<collectingRegion box="[1243,1384,1564,1586]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, Angra dos Reis. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[903,1236,1599,1620]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagosantense">
<emphasis box="[903,1160,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium lagosantense</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
3852, 
<typeStatus box="[1302,1386,1599,1621]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
(snout damaged, precise measurement currently not possible), 
<collectingRegion box="[1321,1448,1633,1655]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
, rio São Francisco basin. MNRJ 18108, 71, 
<quantity box="[1215,1348,1668,1689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" metricValueMax="3.12" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="21.2" valueMax="31.2" valueMin="11.2">11.2-31.2 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
, rio São Francisco basin. C 
<emphasis box="[1145,1255,1702,1723]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">haracidium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[1263,1390,1702,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanei">
<emphasis box="[1263,1311,1702,1723]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">lanei</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
6185, 
<typeStatus box="[809,897,1737,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[909,998,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="40.8">40.8 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1051,1155,1737,1759]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Ribeira do Iguape basin; MNRJ 9766, 
<typeStatus box="[941,1026,1772,1793]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[1037,1123,1771,1793]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="36.2">36.2 mm</quantity>
SL. MNRJ 32884, 38, 20.9-36.4, 
<collectingRegion box="[809,906,1806,1828]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Lajeado. MZUSP 69585, 7, 25.2-31.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Ribeira do Iguape basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[1152,1451,1841,1862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laterale">
<emphasis box="[1152,1359,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium laterale</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
90204, 2, 
<quantity box="[915,1058,1875,1897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.285" metricValueMax="2.51" metricValueMin="2.06" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="22.85" valueMax="25.1" valueMin="20.6">20.6-25.1 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1112,1246,1875,1897]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingCountry box="[1297,1384,1875,1897]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
basin. MZUSP 96687, 80, 15.7-24.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[1193,1322,1910,1931]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingCountry box="[1368,1452,1910,1932]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[870,1133,1944,1966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lauroi">
<emphasis box="[870,1059,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Characidium lauroi</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
5529, 
<typeStatus box="[1196,1282,1944,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[1290,1374,1944,1966]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.04" pageId="7" pageNumber="340" unit="mm" value="60.4">60.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion inferredBySuffix="true" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="7" pageNumber="340">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, rio Paraíba do Sul basin; MNRJ 5530, 
<typeStatus box="[603,688,184,205]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[695,779,183,205]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.68" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="56.8">56.8 mm</quantity>
SL. MZUSP 110359, 5, 
<quantity box="[363,497,218,240]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="4.59" metricValueMin="3.11" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="38.5" valueMax="45.9" valueMin="31.1">31.1-45.9 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[541,638,218,240]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Paraíba do Sul basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[233,526,252,274]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nupelia">
<emphasis box="[233,436,252,273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium nupelia</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
87743, 
<typeStatus box="[601,687,252,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">holotype</typeStatus>
, 29.0 mm SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[175,301,287,308]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectingCountry box="[342,426,287,309]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[493,779,287,308]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oiticicai">
<emphasis box="[493,702,287,308]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium oiticicai</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
9480, 
<typeStatus box="[198,284,321,343]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[296,382,321,343]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.53" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="35.3">35.3 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[432,533,321,343]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Tietê basin. MZUSP 108640, 2, 
<quantity box="[238,369,356,377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.775" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="3.7399999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="37.75" valueMax="38.1" valueMin="37.4">37.4-38.1 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[411,503,356,378]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, rio Tietê basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pteroides">
<emphasis box="[655,779,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[167,255,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">pteroides</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
85653, 81, 
<quantity box="[460,594,390,412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.87" metricValueMin="1.63" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="28.7" valueMin="16.3">16.3-28.7 mm</quantity>
SL, Amazonas, rio Negro basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[267,612,425,447]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pterostictum">
<emphasis box="[267,519,425,447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium pterostictum</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
43547, 15, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.325" metricValueMax="3.78" metricValueMin="2.87" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="33.25" valueMax="37.8" valueMin="28.7">28.7- 37.8 mm</quantity>
SL, Rio Grande do Sul, Mampituba system. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rachovii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium rachovii</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
49163, 8, 
<quantity box="[413,549,494,516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.005" metricValueMax="3.42" metricValueMin="2.59" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="30.05" valueMax="34.2" valueMin="25.9">25.9-34.2 mm</quantity>
SL, Rio Grande do Sul Lagoa dos Patos drainage. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[386,709,529,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmosum">
<emphasis box="[386,619,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium stigmosum</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
40804, 
<typeStatus box="[136,223,563,585]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[236,324,563,585]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="33.5">33.5 mm</quantity>
SL, Goiás, rio Tocantins basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenue">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium tenue</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
63803, 6, 31.0- 
<quantity box="[429,515,598,619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.22" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="42.2">42.2 mm</quantity>
SL, Rio Grande do Sul, rio Jacuí basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[256,571,632,654]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timbuiense">
<emphasis box="[256,494,632,653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium timbuiense</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
4285, 
<typeStatus box="[640,726,632,654]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.18" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="51.8">51.8 mm</quantity>
SL, Espírito Santo, rio Timbuí basin. MNRJ 4284, 
<typeStatus box="[690,775,667,688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[136,224,701,723]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6899999999999995" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="56.9">56.9 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 4292, 
<typeStatus box="[413,498,702,723]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[511,599,701,723]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.31" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="53.1">53.1 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 4315, 
<typeStatus box="[136,221,736,757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[232,319,736,757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="48.8">48.8 mm</quantity>
SL. UFBA 6506, 6, 1 c&amp;s, 27.9-44.0 mm SL, Espírito Santo, rio Timbuí basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MNRJ" authorityName="MNRJ" box="[455,719,770,792]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidali">
<emphasis box="[455,642,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium vidali</emphasis>
: MNRJ
</taxonomicName>
9757, 
<typeStatus box="[136,222,805,827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity box="[233,320,805,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.779999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="47.8">47.8 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[369,514,805,827]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, rio Soberbo. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xavante">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium xavante</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
87745, 
<typeStatus box="[390,485,840,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">paratypes</typeStatus>
, 20, 
<quantity box="[537,675,840,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" metricValueMax="2.27" metricValueMin="1.39" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="18.3" valueMax="22.7" valueMin="13.9">13.9-22.7 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio Xingu basin. 
<taxonomicName authority=": MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[376,683,874,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis box="[376,502,874,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[539,592,874,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">zebra</emphasis>
: MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
92910, 7, 26.5-29.0 mm SL, Amazonas, rio Negro basin. MZUSP 98203, 11, 
<quantity box="[136,271,943,965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.895" metricValueMax="3.1399999999999997" metricValueMin="2.65" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="28.95" valueMax="31.4" valueMin="26.5">26.5-31.4 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<collectingRegion box="[316,443,943,965]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, rio Xingu basin. 
<taxonomicName box="[613,739,943,964]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[613,739,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="341">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.: MNRJ 22424, 21, 
<quantity box="[309,441,978,999]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.505" metricValueMax="4.2299999999999995" metricValueMin="2.78" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="35.05" valueMax="42.3" valueMin="27.8">27.8-42.3 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 23756, 2, 
<quantity box="[645,778,977,999]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3899999999999997" metricValueMax="2.56" metricValueMin="2.2199999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="23.9" valueMax="25.6" valueMin="22.2">22.2-25.6 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 23758, 1, 
<quantity box="[337,421,1012,1034]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.01" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="30.1">30.1 mm</quantity>
SL, Bahia, rio Jequiriçá basin. MNRJ 23752, 3, 
<quantity box="[233,368,1047,1068]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.315" metricValueMax="2.41" metricValueMin="2.2199999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="23.15" valueMax="24.1" valueMin="22.2">22.2-24.1 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 23755, 1, 
<quantity box="[582,667,1047,1069]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.46" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="24.6">24.6 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 23757, 2, 
<quantity box="[233,368,1081,1103]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.185" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="2.12" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="21.85" valueMax="22.5" valueMin="21.2">21.2-22.5 mm</quantity>
SL; MNRJ 23764, 1, 
<quantity box="[584,669,1081,1103]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="20.3">20.3 mm</quantity>
SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu basin. MZUSP 100772, 11, 
<quantity box="[537,672,1116,1137]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8899999999999997" metricValueMax="3.44" metricValueMin="2.34" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="28.9" valueMax="34.4" valueMin="23.4">23.4-34.4 mm</quantity>
SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu basin. MZUSP 112697, 3, 42.6-52.6, Bahia, rio Pardo basin. MZUSP 112736, 18, 
<quantity box="[401,535,1185,1207]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.755" metricValueMax="4.88" metricValueMin="2.63" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="37.55" valueMax="48.8" valueMin="26.3">26.3-48.8 mm</quantity>
SL; MZUSP 112738, 19, 
<quantity box="[136,271,1219,1241]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="5.39" metricValueMin="2.81" pageId="8" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="41.0" valueMax="53.9" valueMin="28.1">28.1-53.9 mm</quantity>
SL, Bahia, rio Almada basin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>