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<mods:title id="7AB9A1E6F7B7328EEEB049B3316E99B1">Wing pattern variation and DNA barcodes defy taxonomic splitting in the New Zealand Pimelea Looper Notoreas perornata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): the importance of populations as conservation units</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D2971F8AF550F951" ID-CoL="97PNY" ID-ENA="3069134" authority="(Walker, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,577,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
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<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D2971F8AF692F951" bold="true" box="[151,387,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Notoreas perornata</emphasis>
(Walker, 1863)
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<figureCitation id="13772A69344FFFF2D2971FA6F61FF8B5" box="[151,270,1771,1797]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–7" captionStart-1="FIGURES 8–13" captionStart-10="FIGURES 58–61" captionStart-2="FIGURES 14–18" captionStart-3="FIGURES 19–24" captionStart-4="FIGURES 25–30" captionStart-5="FIGURES 31–35" captionStart-6="FIGURES 36–41" captionStart-7="FIGURES 42–47" captionStart-8="FIGURES 48–53" captionStart-9="FIGURES 54–57" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1525,1549]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1426,1450]" captionStartId-10="20.[151,264,1837,1861]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,264,1477,1501]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,264,1862,1886]" captionStartId-4="12.[151,264,1479,1503]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,264,1473,1497]" captionStartId-6="15.[151,264,1474,1498]" captionStartId-7="17.[151,264,1467,1491]" captionStartId-8="18.[151,264,1559,1583]" captionStartId-9="19.[151,264,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox-0="[177,1411,200,1480]" captionTargetBox-1="[173,1417,199,1382]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1436,957,1813]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1408,190,1426]" captionTargetBox-3="[182,1407,617,1818]" captionTargetBox-4="[172,1404,210,1437]" captionTargetBox-5="[176,1414,203,1428]" captionTargetBox-6="[176,1411,204,1428]" captionTargetBox-7="[174,1412,202,1421]" captionTargetBox-8="[171,1413,291,1523]" captionTargetBox-9="[171,1420,504,1335]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@5.[151,1436,181,1501]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@8.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId-10="figure-356@20.[151,1436,957,1813]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@9.[151,1436,166,1453]" captionTargetId-3="figure-177@11.[151,1436,597,1839]" captionTargetId-4="figure-18@12.[151,1436,189,1456]" captionTargetId-5="figure-18@14.[154,1433,166,1450]" captionTargetId-6="figure-17@15.[151,1436,181,1450]" captionTargetId-7="figure-17@17.[151,1436,181,1443]" captionTargetId-8="figure-45@18.[151,1436,273,1536]" captionTargetId-9="figure-137@19.[151,1436,489,1354]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-10="20" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionTargetPageId-6="15" captionTargetPageId-7="17" captionTargetPageId-8="18" captionTargetPageId-9="19" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–7. N. perornata adults (1a). 2. Male upperside, Karioitahi Beach AK (1a); 3. Male upperside, [ND?] (BPNZ); 4. Female upperside, [ND?] (BPNZ); 5. Female upperside, Karioitahi Beach AK; 6. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 2); 7. Female underside (same specimens as Fig. 5)." captionText-1="FIGURES 8–13. Notoreas perornata adults (1b). 8. Male upperside, Waipakihi River TO; 9. Female upperside, Blowhard Bush HB; 10. Female upperside, Mt Ruapehu TO; 11. Female upperside, Mt Ruapehu TO; 12. Male underside, Waipakihi River TO; 13. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 11)." captionText-10="FIGURES 58–61. Notoreas perornata live adults settling and nectaring on Pimelea. 58, 59. Female (1a), Glinks Gully ND, 9 Nov 2012, photos by Olivier Ball; 60, 61. Female (2a), Onoke Spit WN, 2 Dec 2020, photos by Eric Edwards." captionText-2="FIGURES 14–18. Notoreas perornata adults (1c). 14. Male upperside, Oeo–Opunake Cliffs TK; 15. Female upperside, Oeo Cliffs TK; 16. Female upperside, Pihama Cliffs TK; 17. Male underside (same specimens as Fig. 14); 18. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 15)." captionText-3="FIGURES 19–24. Notoreas perornata adults: 19–21. (1d); 22–23. (1e). 19. Male upperside, Cape Turnagain HB; 20. Female upperside, Cape Turnagain HB; 21. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 19); 22. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 20); 23. Male upperside, Castlepoint WA; 24. Female upperside, Castlepoint WA." captionText-4="FIGURES 25–30. Notoreas perornata adults: 25–27. (1e); 28–30. (2a). 25. Female upperside, Castlepoint WA; 26. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 24); 27. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 25); 28. Male upperside, L. Kohangapiripiri WN; 29. Male upperside, Titahi Bay WN; 30. Male upperside, Te Humenga Pt WN." captionText-5="FIGURES 31–35. Notoreas perornata adults (2a). 31. Female upperside, L. Kohangapiripiri WN; 32. Female upperside, White Rock Rd WA; 33. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 29); 34. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 30); 35. Female underside, Owhiro Bay WN (BPNZ)." captionText-6="FIGURES 36–41. Notoreas perornata adults: 36, 37. (2b); 38–41. (2c). (1e). 36. Male upperside, Dry Rd–Anatori R. NN; 37. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 36); 38. Male upperside, Wairau Bar MB; 39. Female upperside, Rarangi, Cloudy Bay SD; 40. Female upperside, Rarangi, Cloudy Bay SD; 41. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 38)." captionText-7="FIGURES 42–47. Notoreas perornata adults: 42, 43. (2c); 44–47. (2d). 42. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 39); 43. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 40); 44. Male upperside, Mt Arthur NN; 45. Male upperside, Dun Mt NN (holotype of N. regilla Philpott); 46. Female upperside, Jacks Pass MB; 47. Female upperside, Craigieburn MC." captionText-8="FIGURES 48–53. Notoreas perornata adults (2d). 48. Female upperside, Mt Starveall NN; 49. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 44); 50. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 45); 51. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 46); 52. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 47); 53. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 48)." captionText-9="FIGURES 54–57. Notoreas perornata adults (2e). 54. Male upperside, Waiho Flats WD; 55. Female upperside, Waiho Flats WD; 56. Male underside, Waiho Flats WD; 57. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 55)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353005" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353007" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353025" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353009" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353011" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353013" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353015" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353017" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353019" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353021" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353023" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8353005/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8353007/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/8353025/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8353009/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8353011/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8353013/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/8353015/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8353017/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/8353019/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/8353021/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/8353023/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2–61</figureCitation>
(adults); 62–71 (male genitalia); 72–76 (female genitalia)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC344FFFF2D2971E41F610F8F2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1735,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D2971E41F6F4F893" authority="Walker, 1863" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,485,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D2971E41F642F893" box="[151,339,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fidonia perornata</emphasis>
Walker, 1863
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D3F01E41F284F893" box="[496,1429,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum XXVI</emphasis>
: 1672.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC344FFFF2D2971E07F214F8D0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1735,1950]" box="[151,1285,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D2971E07F6CEF8D1" authority="Hudson, 1898" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,479,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D2971E07F657F8D1" box="[151,326,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Notoreas simplex</emphasis>
Hudson, 1898
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D3E81E07F336F8D1" box="[488,1063,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry id="F35B767C344FFFF2D3E81E07F57FF8D1" box="[488,622,1865,1889]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
Moths and Butterflies (Macro-lepidoptera)
</emphasis>
: 74. 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D65B1E04F3EEF8D1" bold="true" box="[1115,1279,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New synonymy</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D2971E25F6DCF830" ID-CoL="97GDT" authority="Philpott, 1928" authorityName="Philpott" authorityYear="1928" box="[151,461,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lythria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D2971E25F63FF830" box="[151,302,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lythria regilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344FFFF2D3371E25F6DCF830" author="Philpott, A." box="[311,461,1896,1920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="359 - 370" refId="ref13672" refString="Philpott, A. (1928) Notes and descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 58, 359 - 370." type="journal article" year="1928">Philpott, 1928</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D3D91E25F37AF830" box="[473,1131,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Transactions and Proceedings of the 
<collectingCountry id="F35B767C344FFFF2D1621E25F4FDF830" box="[866,1004,1896,1920]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
Institute 58
</emphasis>
: 360. 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D6B21E2AF28DF830" bold="true" box="[1202,1436,1895,1920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Reinstated synonymy</emphasis>
(synonymised with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D38F1ECAF500F82E" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[399,529,1927,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D38F1ECAF500F82E" box="[399,529,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<treatmentCitation id="0AED10FD344FFFF2D0371ECBF412F82E" author="Hudson, G. V." box="[567,771,1926,1950]" page="412" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344FFFF2D0371ECBF412F82E" author="Hudson, G. V." box="[567,771,1926,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="387 - 481" refId="ref13315" refString="Hudson, G. V. (1939) A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. Ferguson &amp; Osborn Ltd., Wellington, pp. 387 - 481, pls. 53 - 62." type="book chapter" year="1939">Hudson (1939: 412)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
and with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344FFFF2D1681ECAF4C3F82E" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[872,978,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D1681ECAF4C3F82E" box="[872,978,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">N. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<treatmentCitation id="0AED10FD344FFFF2D1F91ECBF213F82E" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[1017,1282,1926,1950]" page="272" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344FFFF2D1F91ECBF213F82E" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[1017,1282,1926,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344FFFF2D6471ECAF362F82E" box="[1095,1139,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2010: 272))
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3366643448FFF5D2971C3DF3E7FA61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8353003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8353003/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[151,250,1392,1416]" targetBox="[151,1432,183,1362]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3448FFF5D2971C3DF3E7FA61" blockId="4.[151,1436,1392,1489]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D2971C3DF607FA38" bold="true" box="[151,278,1392,1416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Mitochondrial DNA (COI) gene tree for 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D0CE1C3CF489FA38" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[718,920,1393,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0CE1C3CF489FA38" box="[718,920,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notoreas perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex and selected outgroups. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site following the scale bar. Numbers above branches are maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages. Species names are followed by specimen numbers in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35665673448FFF5D2971F6FF67CF815" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3448FFF5D2971F6FF67CF815" blockId="4.[151,1437,1570,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D2971F6FF61BF98C" bold="true" box="[151,266,1570,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. As noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D3448FFF5D3AA1F6EF581F98D" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[426,656,1571,1597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0011F69F525F98D" box="[513,564,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
, all populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D16B1F69F4EDF98D" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[875,1020,1572,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D16B1F69F4EDF98D" box="[875,1020,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the other, very closely related members of this complex, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D0BD1F05F312F9D1" authority="Patrick &amp; Hoare" authorityName="Patrick &amp; Hoare" box="[701,1027,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0BD1F05F426F9D1" box="[701,823,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. elegans</emphasis>
Patrick &amp; Hoare
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D6121F05F278F9D1" authority="Patrick &amp; Hoare" authorityName="Patrick &amp; Hoare" box="[1042,1385,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casanova">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D6121F05F3B1F9D1" box="[1042,1184,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. casanova</emphasis>
Patrick &amp; Hoare
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D2971F21F6F9F935" authority="Patrick &amp; Hoare" authorityName="Patrick &amp; Hoare" box="[151,488,1643,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D2971F21F631F935" box="[151,288,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. edwardsi</emphasis>
Patrick &amp; Hoare
</taxonomicName>
, by the absence of distinct orange streaking interrupting the white of the forewing postmedian line on the upperside (streaking present in 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D1191FC2F4FBF919" box="[793,1002,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D1191FC2F460F919" box="[793,881,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">elegans</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D1801FDDF4FBF919" box="[896,1002,1680,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casanova">casanova</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D6271FC2F39CF919" box="[1063,1165,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D6271FC2F39CF919" box="[1063,1165,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">edwardsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The second character given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D3448FFF5D3021FFEF6F7F97D" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[258,486,1715,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D35A1FF9F682F97D" box="[346,403,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
as diagnostic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D0A91FFEF5EEF97D" box="[681,767,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0A91FFEF5EEF97D" box="[681,767,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D10E1FF9F469F97D" box="[782,888,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casanova">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D10E1FF9F469F97D" box="[782,888,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">casanova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D1B01FFEF307F97D" box="[944,1046,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D1B01FFEF307F97D" box="[944,1046,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">edwardsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e. the presence of a small white subapical streak arising from the subterminal line, does not seem to be entirely reliable, as this streak occurs in some specimens of some populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D05D1FB1F5FCF8A5" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[605,749,1788,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D05D1FB1F5FCF8A5" box="[605,749,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D0FB1FB1F4AFF8A5" box="[763,958,1787,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0FB1FB1F4AFF8A5" box="[763,958,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notoreas elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D1F41FB1F36FF8A5" box="[1012,1150,1788,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casanova">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D1F41FB1F36FF8A5" box="[1012,1150,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. casanova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the postmedian line crenulate above the angulation in the disc, whereas it is smooth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D1751E6DF315F889" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[885,1028,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D1751E6DF315F889" box="[885,1028,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D6381E6DF3AFF889" box="[1080,1214,1823,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D6381E6DF3AFF889" box="[1080,1214,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. edwardsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D6CB1E6DF28CF889" box="[1227,1437,1823,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D6CB1E6DF28CF889" box="[1227,1437,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notoreas edwardsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from all the other species by its strongly reduced black markings on the underside of both forewing and hindwing (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D3448FFF5D3AA1E2AF56DF831" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[426,636,1895,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0021E25F528F831" box="[514,569,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 8F, 8G). No consistent differences have been noted in the genitalia of the four species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35665673448FFF7D2C71EE2F4F2FED5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3448FFF5D2C71EE2F60FF85D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1570,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D2C71EE2F662F878" bold="true" box="[199,371,1966,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type material.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D3781EE2F554F879" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[376,581,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D3781EE2F554F879" box="[376,581,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fidonia perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3448FFF5D0511EE2F5D9F879" bold="true" box="[593,712,1967,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3448FFF5D0511EE2F5D3F879" box="[593,706,1967,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
Male, ‘Type’, ‘New Zeal / 53-19’, ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3448FFF5D64A1EE2F3B4F879" box="[1098,1189,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fidonia</taxonomicName>
perornata’ (
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293448FFF5D7271EE2F285F879" box="[1319,1428,1967,1993]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
) (examined).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3366643449FFF4D2971CB8F578F9E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8353005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8353005/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,264,1525,1549]" targetBox="[177,1411,200,1480]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3449FFF4D2971CB8F578F9E5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1525,1621]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D2971CB8F62AF9BD" bold="true" box="[151,315,1525,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 2–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D3421CBBF6D5F9BD" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[322,452,1526,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D3421CBBF6D5F9BD" box="[322,452,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults (1a). 2. Male upperside, Karioitahi Beach AK (1a); 3. Male upperside, [ND?] (BPNZ); 4. Female upperside, [ND?] (BPNZ); 5. Female upperside, Karioitahi Beach AK; 6. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 2); 7. Female underside (same specimens as Fig. 5).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3449FFF4D2C71FC9F60FF971" blockId="5.[151,1437,1667,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D2C71FC9F69EF92D" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[199,399,1667,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D2C71FC9F69EF92D" box="[199,399,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Notoreas simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B243CB13449FFF4D3A21FCEF60FF971" collectingDate="1891-01-07" collectionCode="V, MONZ" elevation="1036" location="Female" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D3A21FCEF509F92D" bold="true" box="[418,536,1667,1693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3449FFF4D3A21FCEF502F92D" box="[418,531,1667,1693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<location id="8E9360373449FFF4D0241FCEF567F92D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587FA344FFFF7D2971F8AF5C4FC31:8E9360373449FFF4D0241FCEF567F92D" box="[548,630,1667,1693]" name="Female" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Female</location>
[Mt Arthur Tableland, 
<date id="FFF2102C3449FFF4D18E1FC9F302F92D" box="[910,1043,1667,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1891-01-07">
<collectingDate id="EFB6E9C43449FFF4D18E1FC9F302F92D" box="[910,1043,1667,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1891-01-07">7 Jan 1891</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<quantity id="4CB49B093449FFF4D6241FCEF36DF92D" box="[1060,1148,1667,1693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03632" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="ft" value="3400.0">
<elevation id="0061D1DF3449FFF4D6241FCEF36DF92D" box="[1060,1148,1667,1693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03632" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="ft" value="3400.0">3400 ft</elevation>
</quantity>
, G. 
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D6A51FCEF3AAF92D" box="[1189,1211,1667,1693]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Hudson] (
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D73F1FCEF284F92D" box="[1343,1429,1667,1693]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/15kb-kde6" name="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa - Entomology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">MONZ</collectionCode>
) (examined).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3449FFF4D2C71F86F20DF8C5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1667,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D2C71F86F67AF955" authorityName="Philpott" authorityYear="1928" box="[199,363,1739,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lythria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D2C71F86F67AF955" box="[199,363,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lythria regilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B243CB13449FFF4D37B1F86F28CF955" box="[379,1437,1739,1766]" collectorName="A. Philpott'" elevation="914" location="Male" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Down" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D37B1F86F6E0F955" bold="true" box="[379,497,1739,1765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3449FFF4D37B1F86F6FDF955" box="[379,492,1739,1765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<location id="8E9360373449FFF4D3FA1F86F525F955" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587FA344FFFF7D2971F8AF5C4FC31:8E9360373449FFF4D3FA1F86F525F955" box="[506,564,1739,1765]" name="Male" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Down">Male</location>
(
<figureCitation id="13772A693449FFF4D0441F86F58DF956" box="[580,668,1739,1766]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–47" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1467,1491]" captionTargetBox="[174,1412,202,1421]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1436,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 42–47. Notoreas perornata adults: 42, 43. (2c); 44–47. (2d). 42. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 39); 43. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 40); 44. Male upperside, Mt Arthur NN; 45. Male upperside, Dun Mt NN (holotype of N. regilla Philpott); 46. Female upperside, Jacks Pass MB; 47. Female upperside, Craigieburn MC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8353019/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 45</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13772A693449FFF4D0A91F86F5D9F956" box="[681,712,1739,1766]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1559,1583]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,291,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-45@18.[151,1436,273,1536]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 48–53. Notoreas perornata adults (2d). 48. Female upperside, Mt Starveall NN; 49. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 44); 50. Male underside (same specimen as Fig. 45); 51. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 46); 52. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 47); 53. Female underside (same specimen as Fig. 48)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8353021/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">50</figureCitation>
), ‘ 
<collectingRegion id="4988F80E3449FFF4D0E21F86F406F955" box="[738,791,1739,1765]" country="United Kingdom" name="Down" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dun</collectingRegion>
Mt. 3000 ft 8-1-22 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D1FC1F86F395F955" box="[1020,1156,1739,1765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. Philpott’</collectorName>
, ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D6951F86F28CF955" authority="Philpott" authorityName="Philpott" authorityYear="1928" box="[1173,1437,1739,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lythria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">Lythria regilla Philpott</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B243CB13449FFF4D2971FA2F60AF89D" collectionCode="NZAC" collectorName="N. Z. Arthropod Collection" location="AUCKLAND" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Auckland" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3449FFF4D2971FA2F7EEF8B9" box="[151,255,1775,1801]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
♁’, ‘ 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D3471FA2F597F8B9" box="[327,646,1775,1801]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N.Z. Arthropod Collection</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D0981FA2F5F5F8B9" box="[664,740,1775,1801]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
Private Bag 92170 
<collectingRegion id="4988F80E3449FFF4D1DF1FA2F36DF8B9" box="[991,1148,1775,1801]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AUCKLAND</collectingRegion>
New Zealand’ (
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D7451FA2F284F8B9" box="[1349,1429,1775,1801]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
) (examined)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3449FFF4D3271E59F689F89E" box="[295,408,1812,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD653449FFF4D3A51E5EF6E4F89D" box="[421,501,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD653449FFF4D0031E5EF57AF89D" box="[515,619,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
. NN: 
<materialsCitation id="3B243CB13449FFF4D0B11E5EF3AEF89D" box="[689,1215,1811,1838]" collectingDate="1922-12-09" collectorName="A. Philpott" location="Cobb Valley" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Auckland" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD653449FFF4D0B11E5EF410F89D" box="[689,769,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 
<location id="8E9360373449FFF4D10F1E5EF48CF89D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587FA344FFFF7D2971F8AF5C4FC31:8E9360373449FFF4D10F1E5EF48CF89D" box="[783,925,1811,1837]" name="Cobb Valley" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Auckland">Cobb Valley</location>
, 
<date id="FFF2102C3449FFF4D1AA1E5EF322F89D" box="[938,1075,1811,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1922-12-09">
<collectingDate id="EFB6E9C43449FFF4D1AA1E5EF322F89D" box="[938,1075,1811,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1922-12-09">9 Dec 1922</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D63F1E5EF3AEF89D" box="[1087,1215,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. Philpott</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B243CB13449FFF4D6CD1E5EF209F8C5" collectingDate="1926-01-25" collectionCode="NZAC" location="Mt Starveall" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Auckland" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD653449FFF4D6CD1E5EF220F89D" box="[1229,1329,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(labelled 
<typeStatus id="54F7884E3449FFF4D2971E7AF7ECF8E1" box="[151,253,1847,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Allotype</typeStatus>
), 
<location id="8E9360373449FFF4D30F1E75F68DF8E1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587FA344FFFF7D2971F8AF5C4FC31:8E9360373449FFF4D30F1E75F68DF8E1" box="[271,412,1847,1874]" name="Mt Starveall" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Auckland">Mt Starveall</location>
, 
<date id="FFF2102C3449FFF4D3A61E7AF53FF8E1" box="[422,558,1847,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1926-01-25">
<collectingDate id="EFB6E9C43449FFF4D3A61E7AF53FF8E1" box="[422,558,1847,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1926-01-25">25 Jan 1926</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D0361E7AF5A1F8E1" box="[566,688,1847,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. Philpott</collectorName>
(both 
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D0F71E7AF459F8E1" box="[759,840,1847,1873]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
). 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D1591E75F485F8E2" box="[857,916,1848,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Note</collectorName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D3449FFF4D19D1E7AF357F8E1" author="Philpott, A." box="[925,1094,1847,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="359 - 370" refId="ref13672" refString="Philpott, A. (1928) Notes and descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 58, 359 - 370." type="journal article" year="1928">Philpott (1928)</bibRefCitation>
mentions‘a series of paratypes in coll. 
<collectorName id="26B9533A3449FFF4D2EC1E16F6D5F8C5" box="[236,452,1883,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cawthron Institute’</collectorName>
in addition to the allotype, but only one of these has been located in 
<collectionCode id="ED5DAE293449FFF4D6C81E16F209F8C5" box="[1224,1304,1883,1909]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC3449FFF7D2C71E32F4F2FED5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1667,2018]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D2C71E32F6BAF829" bold="true" box="[199,427,1919,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Note on synonymy.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D3449FFF4D3B31E32F587F829" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[435,662,1919,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D00A1ECDF555F829" box="[522,580,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
retained 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D1001ECDF466F829" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[768,887,1919,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D1001ECDF466F829" box="[768,887,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species but with some reservations. Both characters used in that paper to distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D0A61EEEF5EDF80D" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[678,764,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D0A61EEEF5EDF80D" box="[678,764,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D13B1EE9F4BBF80D" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[827,938,1956,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D13B1EE9F4BBF80D" box="[827,938,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(larger wingspan and presence of an enlarged ‘tooth’ in the forewing subterminal line) show overlap with specimens attributed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F3449FFF4D6571E85F3D7F851" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1111,1222,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE3449FFF4D6571E85F3D7F851" box="[1111,1222,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from elsewhere in the South Island. Our mtDNA gene tree shows 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D0AE19DAF434FF01" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[686,805,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D0AE19DAF434FF01" box="[686,805,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deeply embedded in the southern clade of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D70C19DAF28DFF00" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1292,1436,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D70C19DAF28DFF00" box="[1292,1436,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with minimal barcode distances to other populations, so it seems untenable to continue to regard this as a separate species on current evidence. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D3DE1992F587FF49" box="[478,662,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D3DE1992F587FF49" box="[478,662,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notoreas regilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was synonymised with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D1A71992F30EFF49" authorityName="Hudson" authorityYear="1898" box="[935,1055,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D1A71992F30EFF49" box="[935,1055,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D6A21992F3CAFF49" box="[1186,1243,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D6EC1992F22BFF48" box="[1260,1338,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">loc. cit</emphasis>
.), and is regarded as a local colour-form of montane 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D07F184EF41FFEAC" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[639,782,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D07F184EF41FFEAC" box="[639,782,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as implied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344AFFF7D1B0184EF34AFEAD" author="Hudson, G. V." box="[944,1115,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="387 - 481" refId="ref13315" refString="Hudson, G. V. (1939) A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. Ferguson &amp; Osborn Ltd., Wellington, pp. 387 - 481, pls. 53 - 62." type="book chapter" year="1939">Hudson (1939)</bibRefCitation>
. It should be noted that there is a distinct, possibly unnamed, montane species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D0DA186AF451FEF0" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1885" box="[730,832,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D0DA186AF451FEF0" box="[730,832,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notoreas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not belonging to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D634186AF3B2FEF0" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1076,1187,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Fidonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D634186AF3B2FEF0" box="[1076,1187,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, that is often misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D3501806F6AAFED5" box="[336,443,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D3501806F6AAFED5" box="[336,443,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. regilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B767C344AFFF7D3DE1806F565FED5" box="[478,628,331,357]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
collections (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344AFFF7D1031806F4C6FED5" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[771,983,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D15B1806F485FED5" box="[859,916,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3566567344AFFF7D2C71822F5C4FC31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF336EC344AFFF7D2C71822F511FE45" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D2C71822F62AFE39" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D3411822F50DFE38" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[321,540,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D3411822F50DFE38" box="[321,540,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notoreas perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was fully redescribed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B1D344AFFF7D1381822F304FE39" author="Patrick, B. H. &amp; Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E." box="[824,1045,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="257 - 283" refId="ref13590" refString="Patrick, B. H., Hoare, R. J. B. &amp; Rhode, B. E. (2010) Taxonomy and conservation of allopatric moth populations: a revisionary study of the Notoreas perornata Walker complex (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with special reference to southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (4), 257 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.511127" type="journal article" year="2010">
Patrick 
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D18D1822F4D4FE39" box="[909,965,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
and this description is not repeated here. We here recognise 10 groups of populations within the species, grouped into two clades based on the mtDNA gene tree. The two clades cannot be satisfactorily diagnosed based on morphology as, to a large extent, they show parallel evolution of wing traits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336EC344AFFF7D2C718B2F5C4FC31" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D2C718B2F6EEFDA8" bold="true" box="[199,511,510,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Treatment of populations.</emphasis>
Populations have been numbered according to their position on the COI tree: the ‘northern clade’ (
<collectingRegion id="4988F80E344AFFF7D3531B6EF6D7FD8D" box="[339,454,547,573]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Northland</collectingRegion>
ND to Castlepoint WA) is 1 and the ‘southern clade’ (southern Wairarapa WA to Kaitorete Spit MC) is 2. Within these clades, allopatric populations or groups of populations regarded as differing in range of morphological variation (size, wing pattern) are treated separately and each is accorded a separate letter (1a, 1b etc.); each is proposed here as a ‘conservation unit’, based on the precautionary principle and to maximise (in theory) future evolutionary potential. In one case (north-west 
<collectingRegion id="4988F80E344AFFF7D10F1BFEF44FFD7D" box="[783,862,691,717]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nelson</collectingRegion>
coastal populations, 2b), a separate conservation unit is proposed based only on the COI results since the incomplete sequence recovered places these populations in a separate branch from the morphologically indistinguishable 
<collectingRegion id="4988F80E344AFFF7D1781BB6F4CBFCA5" box="[888,986,763,789]" country="New Zealand" name="Taranaki" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Taranaki</collectingRegion>
coastal populations (1c). The Westland population is tentatively included in clade 2 based largely on geographic location; DNA sequencing failed for this population. An anomalous specimen from Rarangi SD (2c* in 
<figureCitation id="13772A69344AFFF7D14C1A0EF49AFCED" box="[844,907,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1392,1416]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,183,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-18@4.[151,1436,179,1367]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mitochondrial DNA (COI) gene tree for Notoreas perornata complex and selected outgroups. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated number of substitutions per site following the scale bar. Numbers above branches are maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages. Species names are followed by specimen numbers in parentheses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8353003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8353003/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) was placed as sister to the rest of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D6F344AFFF7D70D1A0EF28DFCEC" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1293,1436,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Notoreas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perornata">
<emphasis id="B938EAFE344AFFF7D70D1A0EF28DFCEC" box="[1293,1436,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. perornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the mtDNA gene tree; this is discussed under 2c.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>