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<mods:title id="3D0AB3D58546E26903D0400C913D5724">Taxonomy of the heavily exploited Indo-Pacific sandfish complex (Echinodermata: Holothuriidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E587B1FFFED316FCEEFC25FE43301F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5492439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5492439" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587B1FFFED316FCEEFC25FE43301F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587B1FFFED316FCEEFC25FE43301F" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
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<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFED315FCEEFC25FB6D31CA" blockId="13.[806,1260,962,984]" box="[806,1260,962,984]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<heading id="D0BB81CBFFFED315FCEEFC25FB6D31CA" box="[806,1260,962,984]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FCEEFC25FB6D31CA" ID-CoL="6LZ9P" authority="Pearson, 1903" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1903" box="[806,1260,962,984]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gallensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCEEFC25FB6D31CA" bold="true" box="[806,1260,962,984]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCEEFC25FBAE31CA" bold="true" box="[806,1071,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Holothuria gallensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FBF1FC24FB6D31CA" author="Pearson J" box="[1081,1260,963,984]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="181 - 208" refId="ref12994" refString="Pearson J. 1903. Report on the Holothurioidea collected by the professor Herdman at Ceylon 1902. Report on Ceylon Pearl Oyster fisheries Part 1 Supplement Report 5: 181 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1903">Pearson, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFED315FCEEFBE6FAF33604" blockId="13.[806,1394,1024,1046]" box="[806,1394,1024,1046]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCEEFBE6FB313604" box="[806,1200,1024,1046]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Taxonomic decision for synonymy:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FB72FBE7FAEF3604" author="Panning A" box="[1210,1390,1024,1046]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="65 - 84" refId="ref12935" refString="Panning A. 1935. Die Gattung Holothuria. (3. Teil). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstituut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg 45: 65 - 84." type="journal article" year="1935">Panning (1935)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFED315FCEEFBD9FCF93682" blockId="13.[806,1421,1085,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCEEFBD9FC1C3640" box="[806,925,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Type data:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B243CFAFFFED315FC6EFBDAFAC43660" country="Sri Lanka" location="Reef Galle" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
Status and whereabouts of
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD2EFFFED315FB2CFBDAFA0C3641" box="[1252,1421,1085,1107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">three syntypes</specimenCount>
undetermined; type locality
<location id="8E93607CFFFED315FBA6FBBBFB683660" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587B1FFFED316FCEEFC25FE43301F:8E93607CFFFED315FBA6FBBBFB683660" box="[1134,1257,1116,1138]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Reef Galle" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Reef Galle</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35B7637FFFED315FB3FFBBBFAC43660" box="[1271,1349,1116,1138]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
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<materialsCitation id="3B243CFAFFFED315FA86FBBBFCF93682" country="Sri Lanka" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Reef Galle" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
(=
<collectingCountry id="F35B7637FFFED315FAA3FBBBFCF13682" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFED315FCF7FB7DFC7836DF" blockId="13.[806,1421,1085,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCF7FB7DFBD136BC" box="[831,1104,1177,1199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Taxonomic description:</emphasis>
Cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FB5FFB7EFA0836BC" author="Pearson J" box="[1175,1417,1177,1198]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="181 - 208" refId="ref12994" refString="Pearson J. 1903. Report on the Holothurioidea collected by the professor Herdman at Ceylon 1902. Report on Ceylon Pearl Oyster fisheries Part 1 Supplement Report 5: 181 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1903">Pearson, 1903: 203</bibRefCitation>
, pl. III, figs 4650.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFED316FCEEFB12FC8A330A" blockId="13.[806,1422,1269,1903]" lastBlockId="14.[164,779,198,526]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FCEEFB12FC133718" box="[806,914,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Remarks:</emphasis>
As the types of this species have thus far not been located Pearson provides no indication as to where they have been deposited (Calcutta? Madras?) it is difficult to judge whether
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FACFFAB6FA0C3774" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1903" box="[1287,1421,1361,1382]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gallensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FACFFAB6FA0C3774" box="[1287,1421,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. gallensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FB83FA97FB3C3796" authorityName="Jaeger" authorityYear="1833" box="[1099,1213,1391,1413]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FB83FA97FB3C3796" box="[1099,1213,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fortunately, the description is rather accurate and thus serves as a guide.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FCB2FA4AFBEA37D0" author="Pearson J" box="[890,1131,1452,1474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="181 - 208" refId="ref12994" refString="Pearson J. 1903. Report on the Holothurioidea collected by the professor Herdman at Ceylon 1902. Report on Ceylon Pearl Oyster fisheries Part 1 Supplement Report 5: 181 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1903">Pearson (1903: 204)</bibRefCitation>
notes that The yellow transverse stripes on the dorsal surface and the mottling on the ventral side are very characteristic.
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FABAFA0DFCF0340F" authorityName="Jaeger" authorityYear="1833" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FABAFA0DFCF0340F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined here through the
<typeStatus id="54F78805FFFED315FB09F9EEFA9C340C" box="[1217,1309,1545,1566]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, however, does not present yellow but greenish transverse bands. Whitish bands have, however, been described for
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FC87F982FC3E346B" authorityName="Jaeger" authorityYear="1833" box="[847,959,1636,1658]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FC87F982FC3E346B" box="[847,959,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by various authors.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FB7AF983FAE13468" author="Selenka E" box="[1202,1376,1636,1658]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref13717" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik des Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17: 291 - 374." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka (1867)</bibRefCitation>
, for instance, describes and superbly illustrates them for at least one of the specimens he identifies as
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FAE6F945FC3E34C4" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tigris">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FAE6F945FA0C34A5" box="[1326,1421,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. tigris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FCEEF927FC3E34C4" author="Brandt C" box="[806,959,1728,1750]" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10860" refString="Brandt C. 1835. Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. St Petersburg." type="book" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but from which of the localities he lists [Carolinen (Martens),
<collectingCountry id="F35B7637FFFED315FBECF939FB0A34E6" box="[1060,1163,1758,1780]" name="Tanzania" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
, Amboina, Java] it has been collected from is not clear. More recently other authors also illustrated this coloration pattern as being typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFED315FC12F8DCFBC9355D" authorityName="Jaeger" authorityYear="1833" box="[986,1096,1850,1872]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FC12F8DCFBC9355D" box="[986,1096,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">H. scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(among others:
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED315FB37F8DCFCFA357D" author="James DB &amp; James PSBR" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref12000" refString="James DB, James PSBR. 1994. A hand-book on Indian sea-cucumber. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Publication 59: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1994">
James
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFED315FA87F8DCFA07355D" box="[1359,1414,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 5
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. II, 6, fig. III, 32: fig. XV;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFED316FB18F8BEFE8A32CE" author="James DB &amp; James PSBR" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="13" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref12000" refString="James DB, James PSBR. 1994. A hand-book on Indian sea-cucumber. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Publication 59: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1994">James &amp; James, 1994: 26</bibRefCitation>
, fig. XI;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFDD316FEB1FF21FDCA32C9" author="Conand C" box="[377,587,198,220]" pageId="14" pageNumber="54" refId="ref11205" refString="Conand C. 1999. Manuel de qualite des holothuries commerciales du sud-ouest de l'Ocean Indien. Port Louis, Ile Maurice: Programme Regional Environnement." type="book" year="1999">Conand, 1999: 23</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3F;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B56FFFDD316FD7CFF21FE9732E8" author="Samyn Y" pageId="14" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref13544" refString="Samyn Y. 2003. Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya and Pemba Island, Tanzania. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology 292: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="2003">Samyn, 2003: 149</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3A). It must be noted that these illustrations all are of specimens from the Indian Ocean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A7FFFDD316FF74FEC5FE43301F" blockId="14.[164,779,198,526]" pageId="14" pageNumber="54">
The taxonomic status of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFDD316FE22FEC5FDF73325" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1903" box="[490,630,290,311]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="14" pageNumber="54" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gallensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFDD316FE22FEC5FDF73325" box="[490,630,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="54">H. gallensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will remain doubtful until more material from the Indian Ocean becomes available for morphological and molecular determination. If the Indian Ocean form does prove to represent a valid species then the name
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D24FFFDD316FD41FE7BFD6C33A3" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1903" box="[649,749,412,433]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="14" pageNumber="54" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gallensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB5FFFDD316FD41FE7BFD6C33A3" box="[649,749,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="54">gallensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the oldest subjective synonym available, but needs to be stabilized, taxonomically, by the establishment and description of a
<typeStatus id="54F78805FFFDD316FEAAFE1FFE3F301F" box="[354,446,504,525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="54" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
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