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127 lines
15 KiB
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<document id="7C14BAEC35A6213E65124E0B6AF8EF36" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="59AD1B4F-15B2-4DC0-A57E-2F6B57539D1A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1685427549966" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bartel, Christian, Dunlop, Jason A. & Giribet, Gonzalo" docDate="2023" docId="03D878433947FD228BB5FE00FCC2FB49" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5296.3.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5296 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cyphophthalmi Simon 1879" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="423" masterDocId="FFE1003B3945FD208B22FFC5FFC5FFCF" masterDocTitle="An unexpected diversity of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) in Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="445" masterPageNumber="421" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1685427628447" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="F9E669A1EAD2986B30582420CDF4345C">An unexpected diversity of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) in Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="05A09D39415C8AE20B59EC750C9F625F">Bartel, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D55CEB5FF6940612EAAE576BC935A4F3">Dunlop, Jason A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8308F691021B65EA0D3FC0FE5597F4BA">Giribet, Gonzalo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1DCA6900B52AA7BBF839F6FE202EDF13">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B12BAB6C04BCFBA94874F61A0EEC6CD7">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="549DF421B7C1F118F14A5FC519B65920">2023-05-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A808BD0840B0FADF3DC280434436DCBF">5296</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="FB5A36CF78BE465C22AF81EDEB09CA6A">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.6</mods:url>
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<treatment id="03D878433947FD228BB5FE00FCC2FB49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D878433947FD228BB5FE00FCC2FB49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D878433947FD228BB5FE00FCC2FB49" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">
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<subSubSection id="C36B9ADE3947FD228BB5FE00FDBEFE10" box="[151,635,453,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCEC9553947FD228BB5FE00FDBEFE10" blockId="2.[151,635,453,479]" box="[151,635,453,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="D0867E393947FD228BB5FE00FDBEFE10" bold="true" box="[151,635,453,479]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90515473947FD228BB5FE00FDBEFE10" bold="true" box="[151,635,453,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">
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Suborder
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228A37FE00FDBEFE10" ID-CoL="4D7" ID-ENA="43277" authority="Simon, 1879" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[277,635,453,479]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">
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Cyphophthalmi
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228AC0FE00FDBEFE10" author="Simon, E." box="[482,635,453,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" refId="ref14379" refString="Simon, E. (1879) Les Arachnides de France VII. Contenant les ordes des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Roret, Paris, 332 pp." type="book" year="1879">Simon, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B9ADE3947FD228BB5FDCDFCC2FB49" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCEC9553947FD228BB5FDCDFCC2FB49" blockId="2.[151,1437,520,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="B90515473947FD228BB5FDCDFECEFDED" bold="true" box="[151,267,520,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">Remarks.</emphasis>
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All specimens described here can be unequivocally identified as members of the opilionid suborder
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228BB5FDE9FE80FD89" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,325,556,582]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
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due to the presence of (1) a scutum completum, (2) raised ozophores and (3) a single claw on each tarsus of all legs. The modern families
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228973FD95FD20FDA5" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1980" box="[593,741,592,618]" class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neogoveidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD22883EFD95FC0BFDA5" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1993" box="[796,974,592,618]" class="Arachnida" family="Troglosironidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Troglosironidae</taxonomicName>
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can be excluded from the outset as none of the amber specimens feature a row of ventral teeth on the claw of leg II. Due to their restrictive modern day distribution we assume the affinities of the amber specimens to lie with
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD2288FFFD5DFBB7FD7D" authorityName="Hansen & Sorensen" authorityYear="1904" box="[989,1138,664,690]" class="Arachnida" family="Stylocellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Stylocellidae</taxonomicName>
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, which is the main extant cyphophthalmid family in Southeast Asia today. However, extant
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD2288ACFD79FC39FD19" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1980" box="[910,1020,700,726]" class="Arachnida" family="Pettalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pettalidae</taxonomicName>
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are found in
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<collectingCountry id="F36689C53947FD228FBCFD79FACAFD19" box="[1182,1295,700,726]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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(and on the southern continents) and may have been previously distributed across the Indian subcontinent.
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228FE1FD25FAF9FD35" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1980" box="[1219,1340,736,762]" class="Arachnida" family="Ogoveidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ogoveidae</taxonomicName>
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is today restricted to West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228AE2FCC1FD06FCD1" author="Giribet, G. & Prieto, C. E." box="[448,707,772,798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref13097" refString="Giribet, G. & Prieto, C. E. (2003) A new Afrotropical Ogovea (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) from Cameroon, with a discussion on the taxonomic characters in the family Ogoveidae. Zootaxa, 329 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 329.1.1" type="journal article" year="2003">Giribet & Prieto 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). We want to point out that Burmese amber has been shown to contain some groups that are typically Gondwanan, as well as taxa found today in the Neo- or Afrotropics but not in Southeast Asia. Examples belonging to arachnids include some Laniatorean harvestmen (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228F5BFC89FAF9FCA9" author="Bartel, C. & Dunlop, J. A. & Sharma, P. P. & Selden, P. A. & Ren, D. & Shih, C." box="[1145,1340,844,870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref12273" refString="Bartel, C., Dunlop, J. A., Sharma, P. P., Selden, P. A., Ren, D. & Shih, C. (2021) Laniatorean harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 119, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2020.104703" type="journal article" year="2021">
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Bartel
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<emphasis id="B90515473947FD228FE7FC88FB38FCA9" box="[1221,1277,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and the rare arachnid order
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228A53FCB5FD70FC45" authority="(Wunderlich 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Wunderlich" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[369,693,880,906]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ricinulei" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
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Ricinulei (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228AC7FCB5FD68FC45" author="Wunderlich, J." box="[485,685,880,906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="48 - 71" refId="ref14906" refString="Wunderlich, J. (2017) New extinct taxa of the arachnid order Ricinulei, based on new fossils preserved in mid Cretaceous Burmese amber. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 10, 48 - 71." type="journal article" year="2017">Wunderlich 2017</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The cyphophthalmid family
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD2288D9FCB5FBA3FC45" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1816" box="[1019,1126,880,906]" class="Arachnida" family="Sironidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sironidae</taxonomicName>
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is distributed across former Laurasian terranes (North America, Europe, the near East and
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<collectingCountry id="F36689C53947FD228844FC51FC6DFC61" box="[870,936,916,942]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">Japan</collectingCountry>
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) and could potentially have inhabited other Asian regions which were in contact with the Sibumasu terrane during the Cretaceous (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228F7DFC7DFAEAFC1D" author="Clouse, R. M. & Giribet, G." box="[1119,1327,952,978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="1114 - 1130" refId="ref12538" refString="Clouse, R. M. & Giribet, G. (2010) When Thailand was an island - the phylogeny and biogeography of mite harvestmen (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Stylocellidae) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1114 - 1130. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02274. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Clouse
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<emphasis id="B90515473947FD228F97FC7CFB29FC1D" box="[1205,1260,952,978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228E1BFC7DFF11FC39" author="Metcalfe, I." pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="27 - 60" refId="ref13666" refString="Metcalfe, I. (2017) Tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 63, 27 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2010.02.016" type="journal article" year="2017">Metcalfe 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). Therefore the remaining cyphophthalmid families
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228807FC19FC53FC39" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1980" box="[805,918,988,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Pettalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pettalidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228881FC19FBD9FC39" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1980" box="[931,1052,988,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Ogoveidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ogoveidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228F74FC19FB04FC39" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1816" box="[1110,1217,988,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Sironidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sironidae</taxonomicName>
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should not a priori be excluded. Furthermore, all amber specimens examined herein appear to differ from the first described Burmese amber species
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<taxonomicName id="4C71B2D63947FD228A62FBE1FD94FBF1" authorityName="Poinar" authorityYear="2008" box="[320,593,1060,1086]" class="Arachnida" family="Stylocellidae" genus="Palaeosiro" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
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<emphasis id="B90515473947FD228A62FBE1FD94FBF1" box="[320,593,1060,1086]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="423">Palaeosiro burmanicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The fossil described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0B4A43947FD228856FBE1FBD4FBF1" author="Poinar Jr., G. O." box="[884,1041,1060,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="423" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref14007" refString="Poinar Jr., G. O. (2008) Palaeosiro burmanicum n. gen., n. sp., a fossil Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sironidae) in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. In: Makarov, S. E. & Dimitrijevic, R. N. (Eds.), Advances in arachnology and developmental biology. Papers dedicated to Prof. Dr. Bozidar Curcic. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, and Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Vienna, Belgrade, Sofia, pp. 267 - 274." type="book chapter" year="2008">Poinar (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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features relatively long ozophores in comparison with its small body size, circular spiracles and a large sternal gland on the first sternite: a unique combination of characters not seen in our new material.
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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