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459 KiB
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2705 lines
459 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5885C60F3092B973D18662AA7158CE9A">A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="885C50F82F5B8E3C1F6957D1EC0D61E3">Suarez, Catalina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="03DDDD6F4D4FEC1F817C4BA5E27B0CA3">Current affilition: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s / n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, 5500 (Argentina) and Grupo de Paleontología Neotropical Tradicional y Molecular (PaleoNeo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá (Colombia) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa-Ancón (Panama) catasuarezg @ gmail. com (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="860DB94086E2F6539D65457E8A123560">Forasiepi, Analia M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA2AAEFCE0839F6E77870BE38A1AC9D2">Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s / n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, 5500 (Argentina) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="20DCAE8F36D76BC4EE5EE93A033B374C">Babot, María Judith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4EE07538AAAFBC916826B94FBD73D15E">Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-CONICET, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, 4000 (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ADA1059EBE8A2C723EAE3FCD7C210F5F">Shinmura, Tatsuya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D23DEA8ADB694E7AC73EF4C945DD493">Ashoro Museum of Paleontology, 29 - 1 Konan, Ashoro, Ashoro District, Hokkaido 089 - 3727 (Japan)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F6698E7B6BC63894B25E63FD19A62DE0">Luque, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="76CA9D7530CCFC18084352EF1A7825DC">Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB 2 3 EJ (United Kingdom) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa-Ancón (Panama)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="35601EE8130BE2E3E633E7A31589EABF">Museo de Historia Natural La Tatacoa, Centro Poblado La Victoria, Villavieja, Huila Department (Colombia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="972422313B6058C3D85A91D293582A68">Cadena, Edwin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BD2B55F1CC510A1C8230FF6BD9873E5C">Grupo de Paleontología Neotropical Tradicional y Molecular (PaleoNeo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá (Colombia) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa-Ancón (Panama) and Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605 (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AEB92CBA410604D0B7DE5178D69E1F72">Goin, Francisco J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BF3D1AA70D0B2A241CD2CD3BC5C9F1EB">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (Argentina) and División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires, B 1900 FWA (Argentina)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B87D6E68F21F77C3034E2B88A54A1C72">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434238" ID-GBIF-Taxon="214000732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434238" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743AFFEFFC53FB1CFA92FA8E" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[957,1311,1272,1300]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B90B2059743AFFEFFC53FB1CFB17FA89" bold="true" box="[957,1178,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743AFFEFFB4FFB1EFA92FA8E" author="GOIN F. J." box="[1185,1311,1272,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743AFFEFFBF3FAFEFB0FFAAF" box="[1053,1154,1304,1331]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStart-6="FIG" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStart-8="FIG" captionStart-9="FIG" captionStartId-0="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionStartId-1="11.[132,143,658,675]" captionStartId-2="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionStartId-3="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionStartId-4="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionStartId-5="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionStartId-6="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionStartId-7="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionStartId-8="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionStartId-9="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1452,200,632]" captionTargetBox-2="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetBox-3="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetBox-4="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetBox-5="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetBox-6="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetBox-7="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetBox-8="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetBox-9="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId-0="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetId-1="figure-850@11.[155,991,213,586]" captionTargetId-2="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetId-3="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetId-4="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetId-5="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetId-6="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetId-7="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetId-8="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId-9="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="14" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="18" captionTargetPageId-7="19" captionTargetPageId-8="20" captionTargetPageId-9="22" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (A), posterior (B) and medial (C) views. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-6="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-8="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-9="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434234" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8434234/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Figs 2-11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743AFFEFFB7EFAFEFB4DFAAF" box="[1168,1216,1304,1330]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1433,1450]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,174,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-347@23.[176,1450,215,1392]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Skulls of three species of Thylacosmilidae:A, Thylacosmilus atrox Riggs,1933;B, Patagosmilus goini Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010; C, Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130288/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">12C</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743AFFEFFCC3FABEFABBF97F" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743AFFEFFCC3FABEFB30F9C0" blockId="8.[811,1457,1367,1629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B17F616743AFFEFFCC3FABEFBCAFAF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4426615342" box="[813,1095,1367,1391]" collectionCode="IGM" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCode="IGM 184247" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFCC3FABEFC1AFAF3" baselines="1385,1386" box="[813,919,1368,1391]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E9743AFFEFFCC3FABEFC1AFAF3" box="[813,919,1368,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD95430743AFFEFFC2CFAB1FBCAFAF2" box="[962,1095,1367,1391]" collectionCode="IGM" country="Mongolia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0h5a-qjh4" name="Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">IGM 184247</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743AFFEFFBBBFAB1FB00FAF2" box="[1109,1165,1367,1391]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), a small portion of skull roof with the left postorbital process, and fragments of frontal, lacrimal and nasal; nearly complete right mandible with almost complete m2-4 and roots of p2-m1; left horizontal ramus fragment with m2-3; fragment of left symphyseal flange; almost complete atlas; fragment of the third cervical vertebra; fragments of neural arc, pre and post-zygapophyses of undetermined vertebral elements; ribs fragments; proximal portion of right scapula; right magnum; pyramidal?; two distal fragments of metapodials; proximal phalanx; and indeterminate postcranial fragments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743AFFEFFCC3F99DFABBF97F" blockId="8.[813,1455,1659,1762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B17F616743AFFEFFCC3F99DFB35F90E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4426615314" box="[813,1208,1659,1683]" collectionCode="UCMP" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCode="UCMP 39705" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFCC3F99DFC1DF90C" baselines="1676,1677" box="[813,912,1659,1682]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFC78F966FC70F90C" baselines="1677" box="[918,1021,1664,1681]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="specimens" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">SPECIMENS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD95430743AFFEFFBC4F99DFB35F90E" box="[1066,1208,1659,1683]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">UCMP 39705</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743AFFEFFB29F99DFA8DF90E" box="[1223,1280,1659,1683]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,658,675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1452,200,632]" captionTargetId="figure-850@11.[155,991,213,586]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 3. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (A), posterior (B) and medial (C) views. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434234/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), a posterior fragment of the right mandibular ramus, preserving the condyle and angular process; VPPLT-1612 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743AFFEFFBB4F956FB3EF955" box="[1114,1203,1712,1736]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStart-6="FIG" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStartId-0="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionStartId-1="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionStartId-2="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionStartId-3="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionStartId-4="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionStartId-5="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionStartId-6="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionStartId-7="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetBox-2="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetBox-3="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetBox-4="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetBox-5="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetBox-6="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetBox-7="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId-0="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetId-1="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetId-2="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetId-3="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetId-4="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetId-5="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetId-6="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId-7="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionTargetPageId-5="19" captionTargetPageId-6="20" captionTargetPageId-7="22" captionText-0="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-6="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Figs 4-11</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also Appendices 3-5), a partial skeleton, including its nearly complete skull.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743AFFEFFCC3F8E6FAECF876" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743AFFEFFCC3F8E6FAECF876" blockId="8.[811,1457,1792,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B17F616743AFFEFFCC3F8E6FB90F8D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4426615307" collectionCode="IGM" location="Chunchullo Sandstone Beds" municipality="Tatacoa Sandstone Beds" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCode="IGM 184247" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFCC3F8E6FC16F88B" baselines="1809,1810" box="[813,923,1792,1815]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Localities" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">LOCALITIES</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFC4EF8E3FC47F88B" baselines="1810" box="[928,970,1797,1814]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">AND</smallCapsWord>
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||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743AFFEFFC20F8E3FBD7F88B" baselines="1810" box="[974,1114,1797,1814]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="stratigraphy" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">STRATIGRAPHY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD95430743AFFEFFB6DF8E6FA8AF885" box="[1155,1287,1792,1816]" collectionCode="IGM" country="Mongolia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0h5a-qjh4" name="Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">IGM 184247</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E9743AFFEFFAFCF8E6FAE0F885" box="[1298,1389,1792,1816]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), IGM locality 75, level between the
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFBA4F8FCFAD3F8AF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFBA4F8FCFAD3F8AF" box="[1098,1374,1818,1842]" municipality="Tatacoa Sandstone Beds" name="Chunchullo Sandstone Beds" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Chunchullo Sandstone Beds</location>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA46631743AFFEFFCC2F8D3FB90F8D0" box="[812,1053,1845,1869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Tatacoa Sandstone Beds</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B17F616743AFFEFFBC4F8D3FBEEF81C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4426615355" collectionCode="UCMP" collectorName="Cerro Gordo" location="Cerro Gordo" municipality="Tatacoa Sandstone Beds" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCode="UCMP 39705" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD95430743AFFEFFBC4F8D3FB30F8D1" box="[1066,1213,1844,1869]" collectionCode="UCMP" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="University or college">UCMP 39705</specimenCode>
|
||
, UCMP locality V4531 (“
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFCD0F8A9FC32F8FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFCD0F8A9FC32F8FA" box="[830,959,1871,1895]" municipality="Tatacoa Sandstone Beds" name="Cerro Gordo" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Cerro Gordo</location>
|
||
2”), level between the
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFB73F8A9FA3DF8FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFB73F8A9FA3DF8FA" box="[1181,1456,1871,1895]" municipality="Tatacoa Sandstone Beds" name="Chunchullo Sandstone Beds" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Chunchullo Sandstone Beds</location>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA46631743AFFEFFC97F88CFBEEF81C" box="[889,1123,1897,1921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Tatacoa Sandstone Beds</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B17F616743AFFEFFB85F88FFAD3F876" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4426615357" collectionCode="VPPLT" country="Colombia" location="Finca Tres Pasos" municipality="La Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCode="VPPLT-1612" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Huila Department" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD95430743AFFEFFB85F88FFB62F81C" box="[1131,1263,1897,1921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">VPPLT-1612</specimenCode>
|
||
, locality “
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFAA2F88FFCEEF801" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFAA2F88FFCEEF801" country="Colombia" municipality="La Victoria" name="Finca Tres Pasos" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" stateProvince="Huila Department">Finca Tres Pasos</location>
|
||
”,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA46631743AFFEFFC99F862FC64F801" box="[887,1001,1924,1948]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">La Victoria</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFC1AF862FA80F801" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFC1AF862FA80F801" box="[1012,1293,1924,1948]" country="Colombia" municipality="La Victoria" name="Chunchullo Sandstone Beds" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" stateProvince="Huila Department">Chunchullo Sandstone Beds</location>
|
||
(StL
|
||
<quantity id="4C8751AE743AFFEFFAAEF862FAE5F801" box="[1344,1384,1924,1948]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743AFFEFFA9DF862FC43F82A" author="MORA-ROJAS L. & CARDENAS A. & JARAMILLO C. & SILVESTRO D. & BAYONA G. & ZAPATA S. & MORENO F. & SILVA C. & MORENO-BERNAL J. W. & JARAMILLO J. S. & VALENCIA V. & IBANEZ M." pageId="8" pageNumber="503" pagination="197 - 221" refId="ref29839" refString="MORA-ROJAS L., CARDENAS A., JARAMILLO C., SILVESTRO D., BAYONA G., ZAPATA S., MORENO F., SILVA C., MORENO-BERNAL J. W., JARAMILLO J. S., VALENCIA V. & IBANEZ M. 2023. - Stratigraphy of a middle Miocene neotropical Lagerstatte (La Venta Site, Colombia). Geodiversitas 45 (6): 197 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / geodiversitas 2023 v 45 a 6. http: // geodiversitas. com / 45 / 6" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Mora-Rojas
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743AFFEFFC86F879FC1BF82B" box="[872,918,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These localities are part of the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA46631743AFFEFFAE6F879FAD3F82B" box="[1288,1374,1951,1974]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">La Venta</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
area,
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFA79F879FCFAF84D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFA79F879FCFAF84D" country="Colombia" municipality="La Victoria" name="La Tatacoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" stateProvince="Huila Department">La Tatacoa</location>
|
||
Desert,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BB32A9743AFFEFFC26F85FFB0DF84D" box="[968,1152,1977,2001]" country="Colombia" name="Huila" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Huila Department</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368BCDB743AFFEFFB67F85FFB63F84C" box="[1161,1262,1977,2001]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8EA0AA90743AFFEFFB18F85FFAEFF84C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64D5D743AFFFCFC53FB1CFDC8FA13:8EA0AA90743AFFEFFB18F85FFAEFF84C" box="[1270,1378,1977,2001]" country="Colombia" name="La Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" stateProvince="Huila">La Victoria</location>
|
||
Formation, Honda Group, Middle Miocene, Laventan SALMA
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" ID-Table-UUID="DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" startId="9.[132,143,220,237]" targetBox="[134,1407,317,829]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" blockId="9.[132,1457,220,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFF3FFF71" baselines="233,233" box="[132,178,220,237]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
1. — Dental measurements of the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFDB8FF3AFCE1FF70" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[598,876,220,237]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDB8FF3AFC8EFF70" box="[598,771,220,237]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFCE5FF3AFCE1FF70" author="GOIN F. J." box="[779,876,220,237]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC1CFF3AFB9CFF70" bold="true" box="[1010,1041,220,237]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">C/c</emphasis>
|
||
, upper/lower canines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB3BFF3AFB79FF70" bold="true" box="[1237,1268,220,237]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P/p</emphasis>
|
||
, premolars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFAB1FF3AFAE7FF70" bold="true" box="[1375,1386,220,237]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</emphasis>
|
||
, length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF6AFF14FF20FE9E" bold="true" box="[132,173,242,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">M/m</emphasis>
|
||
, molars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF14FF14FE96FE9E" bold="true" box="[250,283,242,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Tal.</emphasis>
|
||
, talonid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE89FF14FE08FE9E" bold="true" box="[359,389,242,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Trg</emphasis>
|
||
, trigonid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE37FF14FE66FE9E" bold="true" box="[473,491,242,259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</emphasis>
|
||
, width. Measurements expressed in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF68FEDBFAFEFCA1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<table id="F97F0EEB743B0018FF68FEDBFAF2FCA0" box="[134,1407,317,829]" gridcols="10" gridrows="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FEDBFAF2FECC" box="[134,1407,317,337]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FEDBFEBAFECC" box="[134,311,317,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF68FEDBFF66FECC" bold="true" box="[134,235,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FE43FEDBFE6EFECC" box="[429,483,317,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE2AFEDBFE59FECC" bold="true" box="[452,468,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">C</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FEDBFDF0FECC" box="[572,637,317,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDA1FEDBFDE4FECC" bold="true" box="[591,617,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFEDBFC88FECC" box="[705,773,317,337]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD31FEDBFD74FECC" bold="true" box="[735,761,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P3</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FC63FEDBFC42FECC" box="[909,975,317,337]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC46FEDBFC45FECC" bold="true" box="[936,968,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">M1</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFEDBFBD2FECC" box="[1042,1119,317,337]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBD6FEDBFBD5FECC" bold="true" box="[1080,1112,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">M2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFEDBFB7CFECC" box="[1186,1265,317,337]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB26FEDBFB65FECC" bold="true" box="[1224,1256,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">M3</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FADCFEDBFAF2FECC" box="[1330,1407,317,337]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFAB6FEDBFAF5FECC" bold="true" box="[1368,1400,317,337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">M4</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE87FAF2FEE8" box="[134,1407,353,373]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FE87FEBAFEE8" box="[134,311,353,373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">VPPLT 1612 (right)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFE87FEE5FEE8" box="[340,360,353,373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE87FE6EFEE8" box="[429,483,353,373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">20.63</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE87FDF0FEE8" box="[572,637,353,373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">3.47</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE87FC88FEE8" box="[705,773,353,373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.46</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE87FC42FEE8" box="[909,975,353,373]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">12.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE87FBD2FEE8" box="[1042,1119,353,373]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.22</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE87FB7CFEE8" box="[1186,1265,353,373]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">12.99</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE87FAF2FEE8" box="[1330,1407,353,373]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">3.99</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE9FFAF2FE10" box="[134,1407,377,397]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFE9FFEE5FE10" box="[340,360,377,397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE9FFE6EFE10" box="[429,483,377,397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.74</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE9FFDF0FE10" box="[572,637,377,397]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">1.88</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE9FFC88FE10" box="[705,773,377,397]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.42</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE9FFC42FE10" box="[909,975,377,397]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.97</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE9FFBD2FE10" box="[1042,1119,377,397]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">8.83</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE9FFB7CFE10" box="[1186,1265,377,397]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">10.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE9FFAF2FE10" box="[1330,1407,377,397]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">10.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE7BFAF2FE2C" box="[134,1407,413,433]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FE7BFEBAFE2C" box="[134,311,413,433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">VPPLT 1612 (left)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFE7BFEE5FE2C" box="[340,360,413,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE7BFE6EFE2C" box="[429,483,413,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE7BFDF0FE2C" box="[572,637,413,433]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE7BFC88FE2C" box="[705,773,413,433]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.41</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE7BFC42FE2C" box="[909,975,413,433]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE7BFBD2FE2C" box="[1042,1119,413,433]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBFCFE7BFBA9FE2C" box="[1042,1060,413,433]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
12.60
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE7BFB7CFE2C" box="[1186,1265,413,433]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB4CFE7BFB39FE2C" box="[1186,1204,413,433]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
13.18
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE7BFAF2FE2C" box="[1330,1407,413,433]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE53FAF2FE54" box="[134,1407,437,457]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFE53FEE5FE54" box="[340,360,437,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE53FE6EFE54" box="[429,483,437,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE53FDF0FE54" box="[572,637,437,457]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDD2FE53FDC0FE54" box="[572,589,437,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
2.60
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE53FC88FE54" box="[705,773,437,457]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">2.56</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE53FC42FE54" box="[909,975,437,457]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.45</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE53FBD2FE54" box="[1042,1119,437,457]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">8.67</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE53FB7CFE54" box="[1186,1265,437,457]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">10.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE53FAF2FE54" box="[1330,1407,437,457]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFADCFE53FAC9FE54" box="[1330,1348,437,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
10.70
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE3FFAF2FE70" box="[134,1407,473,493]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE3FFE6EFE70" box="[429,483,473,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE28FE3FFE5FFE70" bold="true" box="[454,466,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE3FFDF0FE70" box="[572,637,473,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDBEFE3FFDE5FE70" bold="true" box="[592,616,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">p2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE3FFC88FE70" box="[705,773,473,493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD0EFE3FFD75FE70" bold="true" box="[736,760,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">p3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE3FFC42FE70" box="[909,975,473,493]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC46FE3FFC4AFE70" bold="true" box="[936,967,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">m1</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE3FFBD2FE70" box="[1042,1119,473,493]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBD6FE3FFBDAFE70" bold="true" box="[1080,1111,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">m2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE3FFB7CFE70" box="[1186,1265,473,493]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB26FE3FFB6AFE70" bold="true" box="[1224,1255,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">m3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE3FFAF2FE70" box="[1330,1407,473,493]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFAB6FE3FFAFAFE70" bold="true" box="[1368,1399,473,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">m4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FE1AFAF2FD8D" box="[134,1407,508,528]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FE1AFEBAFD8D" box="[134,311,508,528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">IGM 184247 (right)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFE1AFEE5FD8D" box="[340,360,508,528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FE1AFE6EFD8D" box="[429,483,508,528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FE1AFDF0FD8D" box="[572,637,508,528]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDD2FE1AFDC0FD8D" box="[572,589,508,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
6.00
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFE1AFC88FD8D" box="[705,773,508,528]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD2AFE1AFD5BFD8D" box="[708,726,508,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
7.20
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FE1AFC42FD8D" box="[909,975,508,528]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC63FE1AFC12FD8D" box="[909,927,508,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
9.50
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFE1AFBD2FD8D" box="[1042,1119,508,528]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">11.45</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFE1AFB7CFD8D" box="[1186,1265,508,528]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.6</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFE1AFAF2FD8D" box="[1330,1407,508,528]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FDF2FAF2FDB4" box="[134,1407,532,553]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFDF2FEE5FDB4" box="[340,360,532,553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FDF2FE6EFDB4" box="[429,483,532,553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FDF2FDF0FDB4" box="[572,637,532,553]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDD2FDF3FDC0FDB4" box="[572,589,533,553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
3.00
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFDF2FC88FDB4" box="[705,773,532,553]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD2AFDF3FD5BFDB4" box="[708,726,533,553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
3.30
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFDF2FCE8FDB4" box="[833,869,532,553]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Trg</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FDF2FC42FDB4" box="[909,975,532,553]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC63FDF3FC12FDB4" box="[909,927,533,553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
4.45
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFDF2FBD2FDB4" box="[1042,1119,532,553]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.25</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFDF2FB7CFDB4" box="[1186,1265,532,553]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFDF2FAF2FDB4" box="[1330,1407,532,553]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FDCBFAF2FDDC" box="[134,1407,557,577]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFDCBFCE8FDDC" box="[833,869,557,577]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Tal.</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FDCBFC42FDDC" box="[909,975,557,577]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC63FDCBFC12FDDC" box="[909,927,557,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
4.00
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFDCBFBD2FDDC" box="[1042,1119,557,577]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.75</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFDCBFB7CFDDC" box="[1186,1265,557,577]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.05</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFDCBFAF2FDDC" box="[1330,1407,557,577]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">1.75</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FDB6FAF2FDF9" box="[134,1407,592,612]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FDB6FEBAFDF9" box="[134,311,592,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">IGM 184247 (left)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFDB6FEE5FDF9" box="[340,360,592,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FDB6FE6EFDF9" box="[429,483,592,612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FDB6FDF0FDF9" box="[572,637,592,612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFDB6FC88FDF9" box="[705,773,592,612]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FDB6FC42FDF9" box="[909,975,592,612]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFDB6FBD2FDF9" box="[1042,1119,592,612]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">11.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFDB6FB7CFDF9" box="[1186,1265,592,612]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.6</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFDB6FAF2FDF9" box="[1330,1407,592,612]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD8EFAF2FDE1" box="[134,1407,616,636]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFD8EFEE5FDE1" box="[340,360,616,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FD8EFE6EFDE1" box="[429,483,616,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FD8EFDF0FDE1" box="[572,637,616,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFD8EFC88FDE1" box="[705,773,616,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFD8EFCE8FDE1" box="[833,869,616,636]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Trg</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD8EFC42FDE1" box="[909,975,616,636]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD8EFBD2FDE1" box="[1042,1119,616,636]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD8EFB7CFDE1" box="[1186,1265,616,636]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD8EFAF2FDE1" box="[1330,1407,616,636]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD67FAF2FD08" box="[134,1407,641,661]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFD67FCE8FD08" box="[833,869,641,661]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Tal.</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD67FC42FD08" box="[909,975,641,661]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD67FBD2FD08" box="[1042,1119,641,661]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.45</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD67FB7CFD08" box="[1186,1265,641,661]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD67FAF2FD08" box="[1330,1407,641,661]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD42FAF2FD25" box="[134,1407,676,696]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FD42FEBAFD25" box="[134,311,676,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">VPPLT 1612 (right)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFD42FEE5FD25" box="[340,360,676,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FD42FE6EFD25" box="[429,483,676,696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">?</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FD42FDF0FD25" box="[572,637,676,696]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDD2FD42FDC0FD25" box="[572,589,676,696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
4.25
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFD42FC88FD25" box="[705,773,676,696]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD2FFD42FD5EFD25" box="[705,723,676,696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
6.70
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD42FC42FD25" box="[909,975,676,696]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9.38</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD42FBD2FD25" box="[1042,1119,676,696]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">11.81</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD42FB7CFD25" box="[1186,1265,676,696]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.38</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD42FAF2FD25" box="[1330,1407,676,696]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">13.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD5AFAF2FD4D" box="[134,1407,700,720]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFD5AFEE5FD4D" box="[340,360,700,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FD5AFDF0FD4D" box="[572,637,700,720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDD2FD5AFDC0FD4D" box="[572,589,700,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
2.26
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFD5AFC88FD4D" box="[705,773,700,720]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD2FFD5AFD5EFD4D" box="[705,723,700,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
3.91
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFD5AFCE8FD4D" box="[833,869,700,720]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Trg</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD5AFC42FD4D" box="[909,975,700,720]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.25</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD5AFBD2FD4D" box="[1042,1119,700,720]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD5AFB7CFD4D" box="[1186,1265,700,720]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.59</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD5AFAF2FD4D" box="[1330,1407,700,720]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.73</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD33FAF2FD74" box="[134,1407,725,745]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFD33FCE8FD74" box="[833,869,725,745]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Tal.</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD33FC42FD74" box="[909,975,725,745]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">3.6</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD33FBD2FD74" box="[1042,1119,725,745]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.85</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD33FB7CFD74" box="[1186,1265,725,745]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.41</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD33FAF2FD74" box="[1330,1407,725,745]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">2.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FD1EFAF2FC91" box="[134,1407,760,780]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775743B0018FF68FD1EFEBAFC91" box="[134,311,760,780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">VPPLT 1612 (left)</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFD1EFEE5FC91" box="[340,360,760,780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FD1EFE6EFC91" box="[429,483,760,780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">8.94</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FD1EFDF0FC91" box="[572,637,760,780]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">3.39</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFD1EFC88FC91" box="[705,773,760,780]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.7</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FD1EFC42FC91" box="[909,975,760,780]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9.24</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFD1EFBD2FC91" box="[1042,1119,760,780]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBFCFD1EFBA9FC91" box="[1042,1060,760,780]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
12.05
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFD1EFB7CFC91" box="[1186,1265,760,780]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB4CFD1EFB39FC91" box="[1186,1204,760,780]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
13.35
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFD1EFAF2FC91" box="[1330,1407,760,780]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFADCFD1EFAC9FC91" box="[1330,1348,760,780]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
14.00
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FCF6FAF2FCB9" box="[134,1407,784,804]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FEBAFCF6FEE5FCB9" box="[340,360,784,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">W</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FE43FCF6FE6EFCB9" box="[429,483,784,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.32</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FDD2FCF6FDF0FCB9" box="[572,637,784,804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">1.76</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FD2FFCF6FC88FCB9" box="[705,773,784,804]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">2.5</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFCF6FCE8FCB9" box="[833,869,784,804]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Trg</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FCF6FC42FCB9" box="[909,975,784,804]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">3.88</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFCF6FBD2FCB9" box="[1042,1119,784,804]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">5.29</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFCF6FB7CFCB9" box="[1186,1265,784,804]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB5EFCF6FB4FFCB9" box="[1200,1218,784,804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
6.46
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFCF6FAF2FCB9" box="[1330,1407,784,804]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">6.23</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09743B0018FF68FCCEFAF2FCA0" box="[134,1407,808,829]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FCAFFCCEFCE8FCA0" box="[833,869,808,829]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Tal.</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FC63FCCEFC42FCA0" box="[909,975,808,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC63FCCFFC12FCA0" box="[909,927,809,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
3.20
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FBFCFCCEFBD2FCA0" box="[1042,1119,808,829]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">4.55</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FB4CFCCEFB7CFCA0" box="[1186,1265,808,829]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB5EFCCFFB4FFCA0" box="[1200,1218,809,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
5.62
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775743B0018FADCFCCEFAF2FCA0" box="[1330,1407,808,829]" gridcol="9" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">2.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743BFFEEFF6AFC73FE0AFB4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFC73FE0AFB4D" blockId="9.[131,776,917,1232]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF6AFC73FF6AFC36" baselines="934,935" box="[132,231,917,940]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Emended" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">EMENDED</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF02FC7DFEDFFC31" baselines="936" box="[236,338,923,940]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="diagnosis" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — Differs from other thylacosmilids in having a proportionally lower and longer skull (longer than twice its width at the level of the zygomatic arch); facial and dorsal portion of the skull flatter; posterior end of palate concave, single arched; mandible much slender and with the symphyseal flange less developed; upper canine not triangular in cross-section and with much shorter root whose implantation is less dorsalized; postcanine teeth rows (upper and lower) less bowed; and protocones and talonids more developed (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFE2DFB8FFDEBFB1C" author="GOIN F. J." box="[451,614,1129,1153]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin 1997: 202</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFF6BFB62FF47FB06" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[133,202,1156,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF6BFB62FF47FB06" box="[133,202,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a less developed postorbital process; less developed
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFD31FB62FF6DFB2B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">juga alveolaria</emphasis>
|
||
; upper canine proportionally wider (less laterally compressed); P2 single-rooted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743BFFEEFF6AFB0EFE4FFB62" box="[132,450,1256,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFB0EFE4FFB62" blockId="9.[132,450,1256,1280]" box="[132,450,1256,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF6AFB0EFEAFFB63" baselines="1273,1274" box="[132,290,1256,1279]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — See
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FDC9F0743BFFEEFE9AFB0EFE4FFB62" box="[372,450,1256,1280]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetBox="[134,1407,317,829]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. — Dental measurements of the specimens of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Abbreviations: C/c, upper/lower canines; P/p, premolars; L, length; M/m, molars; Tal., talonid; Trg, trigonid; W, width. Measurements expressed in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" tableUuid="DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E">Table 1.</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743BFFEEFF6AFAD5FD85FA33" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFAD5FF77FAD1" blockId="9.[132,774,1331,1454]" box="[132,250,1331,1357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF6AFAD5FF77FAD1" baselines="1350,1351" box="[132,250,1331,1357]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comment" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">COMMENT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFAB5FD85FA33" blockId="9.[132,774,1331,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
Several characters from the diagnosis proposed byGoin (1997) were excluded from the emended diagnosis, as they are now known to be also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFE5BFA72FD8CFA30" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[437,513,1428,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE5BFA72FD8CFA30" box="[437,513,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365AFC0743BFFFCFF6AFA35FDC8FA13" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFA35FE98FA76" blockId="9.[132,775,1491,1581]" box="[132,277,1491,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743BFFEEFF6AFA35FE98FA76" baselines="1510,1510" box="[132,277,1491,1517]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AFA15FD16F9B1" blockId="9.[132,775,1491,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
The description here proposed is based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E9743BFFEEFD97FA15FD55F990" box="[633,728,1523,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and the new referred specimens reported in this work.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AF9B4FF34F9F1" blockId="9.[132,185,1618,1644]" box="[132,185,1618,1644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF6AF9B4FF34F9F1" box="[132,185,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Skull</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF6AF994FE9CF8F6" blockId="9.[131,775,1650,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFEEAF995FEE5F911" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[260,360,1650,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFEEAF995FEE5F911" box="[260,360,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively gracile compared with that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF4FF975FF77F931" box="[161,250,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFF4FF975FF7AF931" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[161,247,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">T. atrox</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It is relatively lower and longer than the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFF6BF955FF5BF951" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[133,214,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF6BF955FF5BF951" box="[133,214,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFEE5F955FEDAF951" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[267,343,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFEE5F955FEDAF951" box="[267,343,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFE88F954FE3CF951" box="[358,433,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1433,1450]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,174,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-347@23.[176,1450,215,1392]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Skulls of three species of Thylacosmilidae:A, Thylacosmilus atrox Riggs,1933;B, Patagosmilus goini Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010; C, Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130288/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The snout is longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFF63F934FF47F971" box="[141,202,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFE72F935FE60F971" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[412,493,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE72F935FE60F971" box="[412,493,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFDCFF935FDE0F971" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[545,621,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFDCFF935FDE0F971" box="[545,621,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFD93F934FD45F971" box="[637,712,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1433,1450]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,174,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-347@23.[176,1450,215,1392]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Skulls of three species of Thylacosmilidae:A, Thylacosmilus atrox Riggs,1933;B, Patagosmilus goini Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010; C, Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130288/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFF13F914FEEFF891" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[253,354,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF13F914FEEFF891" box="[253,354,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(measured from the anterior margin of the orbit and the anterior end of the snout (approximately) is longer than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFEC6F8D4FEF1F8D6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[296,380,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFEC6F8D4FEF1F8D6" box="[296,380,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFE59F8D4FD8BF8D6" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[439,518,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFE59F8D4FD8BF8D6" box="[439,518,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or even longer than in borhyaenids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFF75F897FBCFFAB3" blockId="9.[131,775,1650,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1457,917,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
The maximum width of the skull is at the level of the cranial vault (between the roots of the zygomatic arches), being
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF6AF854FF18F856" box="[132,149,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
30% wider than the postorbital widest point, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFF2CF834FE98F876" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[194,277,2002,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFF2CF834FE98F876" box="[194,277,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the maximum width is at the level of the postorbital bars. The postorbital constriction is wellmarked. The braincase is
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBD5FC53FBC1FC53" box="[1083,1100,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">c.</emphasis>
|
||
30% longer than wide. In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFC9FFC32FC3EFC73" box="[881,947,980,1006]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFC2AFC33FC5FFC72" box="[964,978,981,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), the dorsal outline of the skull is roughly straight, slightly curving upwards at the level of the nasofrontal suture and descending forward in a convex outline. This shape is notably different from the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFAE0FBD3FAD2FBD3" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1294,1375,1077,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFAE0FBD3FAD2FBD3" box="[1294,1375,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the dorsal outline is curved, being dorsally convex in almost all its extension (except at the level of the cranial vault). The occipital condyles project posteriorly approximately until the level of the nuchal crest, differing from the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFCC3FB32FCF2FB70" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[813,895,1236,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFCC3FB32FCF2FB70" box="[813,895,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where they protrude posteriorly markedly beyond. Breakage and deformation preclude many comparisons with the skull shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFC01FAF2FBB1FAB0" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[1007,1084,1300,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC01FAF2FBB1FAB0" box="[1007,1084,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEEFCADFAD5FC50F930" blockId="9.[811,1457,917,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
The palate is at the same level as the basicranium floor (Appendix 3). In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFB90FAB5FB31FAF3" box="[1150,1212,1363,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), the palate is roughly triangular, diverging backwards and reaching the maximum width at the level of M3. The lateral edge of the palate, corresponding to part of the maxilla, is markedly high, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFCC1FA32FB10FA70" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[815,1181,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFCC1FA32FCF7FA70" box="[815,890,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFC68FA35FB18FA70" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[902,1173,1491,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFB21FA32FA92FA70" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1231,1311,1492,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFB21FA32FA92FA70" box="[1231,1311,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFAC1FA35FA25FA70" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1327,1448,1491,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFCC3FA15FCE8F990" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[813,869,1523,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFC9AFA15FBEEF990" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[884,1123,1523,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the postcanine teeth are set in concave (bowed) arcades, less marked than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFA8DF9F5FA3DF9B1" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1379,1456,1555,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFA8DF9F5FA3DF9B1" box="[1379,1456,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and much less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743BFFEEFBC9F9D5FBF5F9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1063,1144,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFBC9F9D5FBF5F9D1" box="[1063,1144,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In more generalized sparassodonts, the postcanine upper tooth row is generally laterally straight or nearly straight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFBA0F994FB52F911" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[1102,1247,1650,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFB03F994FA25F911" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." box="[1261,1448,1650,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFADBF995FAE4F911" box="[1333,1385,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFCC3F974FC43F931" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[813,974,1682,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743BFFEDFCADF954FBD1F9F1" blockId="9.[811,1457,917,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[811,1456,1491,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
The premaxilla is poorly preserved, cracked, and partially broken. In palatal view, the sutures with the maxilla are obscured by breakage, and it is not possible to see the posterior extension of the lateral palatal process of the premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743BFFEEFCD8F8D7FCF9F8D1" box="[822,884,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bone around the incisive foramina was poorly preserved, so their posterior limits are unclear. However, we assume that the bone around the foramen corresponds to the premaxilla anteriorly and laterally, and the maxilla posteriorly, as in other sparassodonts and marsupials (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFAF6F857FA2AF856" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[1304,1447,1969,1995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFCC3F837FC27F876" author="WIBLE J. R." box="[813,938,2001,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="137 - 202" refId="ref32928" refString="WIBLE J. R. 2003. - On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (3): 137 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 316087" type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFC58F837FBEBF876" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." box="[950,1126,2001,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFC14F834FBA6F876" box="[1018,1067,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743BFFEEFB9DF837FA83F876" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[1139,1294,2001,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743BFFEEFA91F834FA3DF876" box="[1407,1456,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015). There is a thin medial bridge of bone between the incisive foramina, which is part of the medial palatal process of the premaxilla. As suggested by the preserved portion, this structure would be placed in a horizontal position. The foramen occupied a position mostly anterior to the canine with a small extension between the canines (the posterior margin of the incisive foramina is posterior to the anterior edge of the canines). In dorsal view, the posterior end of the facial process of the premaxilla (the posteriormost point of the premaxilla-nasal contact) projected backwards, reaching the level of the upper canine (posterior to its anterior edge;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFF6BF8D7FF48F8D1" box="[133,197,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFF3BF8D4FF6EF8D1" box="[213,227,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The paracanine fossa is deep and delimited by a crest (it is better visible in ventral view:
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFDD7F8B7FDFAF8F1" box="[569,631,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and there is not an evident precanine notch. However, the lateral wall of this fossa is crushed, and it is not possible to identify if it is formed only by the premaxilla, as seen in all the sparassodonts with this portion preserved (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFDBAF837FCE4F990" authority="Forasiepi, Sanchez-Villagra, Goin, Takai, Shigehara & Kay, 2006" authorityName="Forasiepi, Sanchez-Villagra, Goin, Takai, Shigehara & Kay" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Acyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myctoderos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFDBAF837FC84F876" box="[596,777,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Acyon myctoderos</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFCC3FA35FCE4F990" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. & GOIN F. J. & TAKAI M. & SHIGEHARA N. & KAY R. F." pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="670 - 684" refId="ref26373" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R., GOIN F. J., TAKAI M., SHIGEHARA N. & KAY R. F. 2006. - A new species of Hathliacynidae (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (3): 670 - 684. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [670: ANSOHM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Forasiepi, Sánchez-Villagra, Goin, Takai, Shigehara & Kay, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFC9CFA15FA9FF990" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[882,1298,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Cladosictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFC9CFA15FBD9F991" box="[882,1108,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Cladosictis patagonica</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFAF2FA15FB91F9B1" authority="Marshall, 1976" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1976" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Lycopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longirostrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFAF2FA15FCFDF9B1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Lycopsis longirostrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFC98F9F4FB91F9B1" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[886,1052,1554,1580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref29165" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1976. - Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">Marshall, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFBCBF9F4FCE5F9D0" authority="Ameghino, 1891" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFBCBF9F4FABDF9B1" box="[1061,1328,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Prothylacynus patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFC9BF9D4FBCFF9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[885,1090,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFC9BF9D4FBCFF9D1" box="[885,1090,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Thylacosmilus atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, borhyaenids, etc.), or if there is participation of the maxilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37438FFEDFF6AFAB2FAB4FA0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" startId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" targetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7438FFEDFF6AFAB2FAB4FA0E" blockId="10.[132,1456,1364,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977438FFEDFF6AFAB2FF10FAF8" baselines="1377,1378" box="[132,157,1364,1381]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFF3CFAB2FE56FAF8" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[210,475,1364,1381]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFF3CFAB2FEF1FAF8" box="[210,380,1364,1381]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFE91FAB2FE56FAF8" author="GOIN F. J." box="[383,475,1364,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin,1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFC50FAB2FC46FAF8" bold="true" box="[958,971,1364,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFBAAFAB2FBDCFAF8" bold="true" box="[1092,1105,1364,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFB7CFAB2FB2DFAF8" bold="true" box="[1170,1184,1364,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFE87FA8DFEFAFAE1" bold="true" box="[361,375,1387,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">D</emphasis>
|
||
, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFD3DFA8DFC8AFAE1" bold="true" box="[723,775,1387,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
indicates anterior direction);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFC16FA8DFB89FAE1" bold="true" box="[1016,1028,1387,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">E</emphasis>
|
||
, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFEF3FA64FEA6FA0E" bold="true" box="[285,299,1410,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">G</emphasis>
|
||
, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFD7EFA64FD2FFA0E" bold="true" box="[656,674,1410,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFD02FA64FC8FFA0E" bold="true" box="[748,770,1410,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">La</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFCB6FA64FCFCFA0E" bold="true" box="[856,881,1410,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7438FFECFCADF994FE94FCD2" blockId="10.[811,1456,1491,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[130,777,757,2028]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
|
||
The maxilla is exposed in dorsal, lateral, and palatal views, and on the orbit floor (in dorsal and dorsolateral views;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFA87F974FA2BF931" box="[1385,1446,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFCC3F954FCE0F951" box="[813,877,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This bone contributes significantly to the lateral aspect of the skull (though less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFB90F935FB40F971" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1150,1229,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFB90F935FB40F971" box="[1150,1229,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It is separated from the frontal by the nasal and lacrimal, which are in contact, as in other sparassodonts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFBA9F8F4FB0AF8B1" box="[1095,1159,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7438FFEDFB7AF8F4FB2FF8B1" box="[1172,1186,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFAC9F8F4FAFEF8B6" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1319,1395,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFAC9F8F4FAFEF8B6" box="[1319,1395,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFCC2F8D7FC4CF8D6" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[812,961,1841,1867]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFC3CF8D4FB78F8D1" author="HOFFSTETTER R. & PETTER G." box="[978,1269,1841,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="205 - 208" refId="ref27932" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. & PETTER G. 1983. - Paraborhyaena boliviana et Andinogale sallaensis, deux marsupiaux (Borhyaenidae) nouveaux du Deseadien (Oligocene inferieur) de Salla (Bolivie). Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des sciences, Serie 2, Mecanique-physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 296: 205 - 208. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56537695 / f 211. item" type="journal article" year="1983">Petter & Hoffstetter 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFAE8F8D7FA25F8D6" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[1286,1448,1841,1867]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref29165" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1976. - Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">Marshall 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFCC3F8B7FC6BF8F1" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." box="[813,998,1873,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFC9AF8B4FC25F8F6" box="[884,936,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFC1AF8B7FA8BF8F1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[1012,1286,1873,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7438FFEDFAFAF8B7FCEBF811" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N." pageId="10" pageNumber="505" pagination="503 - 525" refId="ref26542" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N. 2015. - Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (6): 503 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2014.926403" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFA92F8B4FA3DF8F6" box="[1404,1456,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it differs from the condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87438FFEDFAD4F894FA01F816" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1338,1420,1906,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597438FFEDFAD4F894FA01F816" box="[1338,1420,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the maxilla projects dorsally over the dorsal surface of the skull and posteriorly beyond the level of the orbit (forming an ascendant dorsally convex surface), in company of the hypertrophied root of the ever-growing canine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFD94FD13FF30FCB2" author="GAILLARD C. & MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M." pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref26815" refString="GAILLARD C., MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M. 2023. - Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6 (257): 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 42003 - 023 - 04624 - 5" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Gaillard
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD38FD10FC8AFC92" box="[726,775,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); its posterior border has an extended contact with the frontal bones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37439FFECFF6AFD74FF66FD24" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434234" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" startId="11.[132,143,658,675]" targetBox="[132,1452,200,632]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFECFF6AFD74FF66FD24" blockId="11.[132,1455,658,697]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977439FFECFF6AFD74FF10FD3F" baselines="671,671" box="[132,157,658,675]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 3. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF3BFD74FE6BFD3E" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[213,486,658,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF3BFD74FE0CFD3E" box="[213,385,658,675]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE66FD74FE6BFD3E" author="GOIN F. J." box="[392,486,658,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFBD0FD74FBC6FD3E" bold="true" box="[1086,1099,658,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">A</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFB5EFD74FB30FD3E" bold="true" box="[1200,1213,658,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and medial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFAC1FD74FAB0FD3E" bold="true" box="[1327,1341,658,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFECFF75FCB0FDB2FA50" blockId="11.[130,777,757,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFEA9FCB3FE05FCF2" box="[327,392,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFE76FCB0FE2BFCED" box="[408,422,854,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), the canine root defines a well-developed swelling (corresponding to the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFDB5FC90FD7AFC12" box="[603,759,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">juga alveolaria</emphasis>
|
||
), which projects dorsally, reaching the suture with the nasal. However, this swelling seems to be less prominent than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF68FC33FF5FFC73" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[134,210,981,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF68FC33FF5FFC73" box="[134,210,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(but the skull is distorted and this feature seem to be artificially stressed;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFEB4FC12FE2BFB92" box="[346,422,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1433,1450]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,174,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-347@23.[176,1450,215,1392]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 12. — Skulls of three species of Thylacosmilidae:A, Thylacosmilus atrox Riggs,1933;B, Patagosmilus goini Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010; C, Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130288/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFE0EFC13FDBCFB93" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[480,561,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFE0EFC13FDBCFB93" box="[480,561,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this is much more stressed; see the Discussion), however it looks different because this swelling follows all the long dorsal projection of the bone extending posteriorly to the orbit. The infraorbital foramen is relatively small compared to that of other sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF2AFB72FE74FB33" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[196,505,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF2AFB72FEBEFB33" box="[196,307,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Borhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFDDCFB72FD48FB33" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[562,709,1172,1198]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is placed located dorsal to the posterior root of the P3, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF68FB32FF5FFB70" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[134,210,1236,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF68FB32FF5FFB70" box="[134,210,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFEEDFB32FED9FB70" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[259,340,1236,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFEEDFB32FED9FB70" box="[259,340,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is neither an anteorbital fossa nor a small foramen on the facial aspect of the maxillary below the infraorbital foramen (near the alveolar border), like in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF68FAD2FF5BFAD0" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[134,214,1332,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF68FAD2FF5BFAD0" box="[134,214,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFF0DFAD5FE0BFAD0" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[227,390,1331,1358]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934: 10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. I;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE29FAD5FD23FAD0" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[455,686,1331,1357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Below the zygomatic arch, the maxilla bears a small shallow depression at the level of the M3 (more clearly observable on the right side;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFF1EFA75FEA1FA33" box="[240,300,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) that probably corresponds to the depression for the masseter muscle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE7FFA55FDBDFA50" author="TURNBULL W. D." box="[401,560,1459,1485]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="149 - 356" refId="ref32464" refString="TURNBULL W. D. 1970. - Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana, Geology 18: 149 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5442" type="journal article" year="1970">Turnbull 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFECFF75FA35FC8FF951" blockId="11.[130,777,757,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
In ventral view, the maxilla is not expanded behind the infraorbital foramen as in several sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFD34FA15FE1CF9B0" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Cladosictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD34FA15FF41F9B1" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Cladosictis</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFE71F9F4FC8EF9B0" authority="Ameghino, 1902" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[415,771,1554,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFE71F9F4FDCDF9B1" box="[415,576,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1902
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF68F9D4FD92F9D0" authority="Babot, Powell & Muizon, 2022" authorityName="Babot, Powell & Muizon" authorityYear="2022" box="[134,543,1586,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF68F9D4FF56F9D1" box="[134,219,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Callistoe</emphasis>
|
||
Babot, Powell & Muizon, 2022
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFDC4F9D4FD1EF9D1" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[554,659,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFDC4F9D4FD1EF9D1" box="[554,659,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Borhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFD71F9D4FEA7F9F1" authority="Mercerat, 1891" authorityName="Mercerat" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD71F9D4FC8AF9D1" box="[671,775,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Arctodictis</emphasis>
|
||
Mercerat, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) where the maxilla is markedly flares forming “cheeks” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFF03F994FE07F911" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[237,394,1650,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref29372" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1981. - Review of the Hathliacyninae, an extinct subfamily of South American ' doglike' marsupials. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 7: 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3520" type="book chapter" year="1981">Marshall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE78F994FDC6F911" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." box="[406,587,1650,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFE32F995FD83F911" box="[476,526,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFDB6F994FD75F911" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[600,760,1650,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFEA7F974FE3DF931" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[329,432,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFEA7F974FE3DF931" box="[329,432,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closer to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFD67F975FD55F931" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[649,728,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD67F975FD55F931" box="[649,728,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFF68F955FF58F951" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[134,213,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFF68F955FF58F951" box="[134,213,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with almost flat maxilla (flatter than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFD62F954FD7FF951" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[652,754,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD62F954FD7FF951" box="[652,754,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFECFF75F934FB1EFB12" blockId="11.[130,777,757,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[810,1457,757,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
On the palatal process of the maxilla, there are palatal pits between all upper molars. These circular depressions (for the reception of the protoconids when the jaws are closed) are deeper between the M2-3 and M3-4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFDDCF8D7FDFFF8D1" box="[562,626,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The palatal surface of the maxilla shows several minute foramina (to transmit the major palatine nerve and accompanying vasculature:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFF04F877FE06F836" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[234,395,1937,1963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, characters 22 and 23), as in other sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFEBCF857FE53F856" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[338,478,1969,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE02F857FD0BF856" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[492,646,1969,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref29165" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1976. - Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">Marshall 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFD7CF857FF36F876" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFD38F854FC8AF856" box="[726,775,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFF29F837FE41F876" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[199,460,2001,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFE36F837FD24F871" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N." box="[472,681,2001,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="503 - 525" refId="ref26542" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N. 2015. - Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (6): 503 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2014.926403" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFDD2F834FDE0F876" box="[572,621,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), instead of having large fenestrae (vacuities) as seen in living marsupials, or individual major palatine foramina as in placentals. A pair of small minor palatine foramina, nearly circular, is present lateral to both sides of the choanae edges at the level of the posterior-most palatal pit (between the M3 and M4;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFCC3FC73FCE6FC2D" box="[813,875,917,944]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are placed on the maxillo-palatine suture and are largely formed by the palatine and, in less proportion, by the maxilla (contributing to the lateral margin). This position is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFC19FC13FBCAFB93" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1015,1095,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFC19FC13FBCAFB93" box="[1015,1095,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFBB9FC12FB77FB92" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1111,1274,1012,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934: 19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. II-2) and the condition inferred by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFBFAFBF2FABFFBB3" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[1044,1330,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFAB2FBF3FA2AFBB3" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1372,1447,1045,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFAB2FBF3FA2AFBB3" box="[1372,1447,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7937C27439FFECFBEEFBD3FB1DFBD3" box="[1024,1168,1076,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFB40FBD3FB73FBD3" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1198,1278,1077,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFB40FBD3FB73FBD3" box="[1198,1278,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 35-X-41- 1), the minor palatine foramen opens entirely in the palatine bone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFC9CFB92FB09FB13" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[882,1156,1140,1166]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFECFCADFB72FB9FF9B0" blockId="11.[810,1457,757,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
A pair of well-defined semicircular notches is present posterior to the minor palatine foramina (at the level of the posterior margin of the M4), medially to each tooth row (see “n” in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFCC0FB15FCF2FA93" box="[814,895,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar notches (in shape and location) have been identified in some non-thylacosmilid sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFCC1FAD5FB14FAD0" authority="Marshall, 1978" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1978" box="[815,1177,1331,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinclairi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFCC1FAD5FC7FFAD0" box="[815,1010,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Arctodictis sinclairi</emphasis>
|
||
Marshall, 1978
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFB28FAD5FAE9FAD0" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[1222,1380,1331,1357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They have been interpreted as corresponding to the anterior margin of the minor palatine foramina, which would be opened posteriorly, lacking its posterior bridge (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFAE6FA75FA25FA30" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[1288,1448,1427,1453]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: character 24). However, in the specimen VPPLT-1612, it is possible to see this structure, while a minor palatine foramen (well-defined, with closed margins) is also clearly identifiable (see “mpf” in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFC2AF9F4FB8FF9B0" box="[964,1026,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7439FFEBFCADF9D4FD1EF9B0" blockId="11.[810,1457,757,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[130,777,1491,2028]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
|
||
The zygomatic arch is formed by the jugal and squamosal. It is longer and slenderer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFB86F9B5FB38F9F1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1128,1205,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFB86F9B5FB38F9F1" box="[1128,1205,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFB2AF9B4FAB7F9F1" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1220,1338,1618,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFAA8F9B4FAF3F9F1" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1350,1406,1618,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but similar to other sparassodonts, such as the borhyaenoids (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFCC3F974FC3CF931" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[813,945,1682,1708]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFC52F974FBDDF931" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[956,1104,1682,1708]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7439FFECFBB4F974FAADF930" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N." box="[1114,1312,1682,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="503 - 525" refId="ref26542" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N. 2015. - Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (6): 503 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2014.926403" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFB57F975FB6AF931" box="[1209,1255,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The maxillajugal suture is irregular and forms a roughly zigzag line, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87439FFECFCC0F935FCF0F971" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[814,893,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597439FFECFCC0F935FCF0F971" box="[814,893,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFC65F934FC45F971" box="[907,968,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The suture between the jugal and squamosal is almost straight. In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7439FFECFB6FF914FB36F891" box="[1153,1211,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the anteriormost edge of the jugal reaches the level of the M2 (approximately posterior to the metacone). The external surface of the zygomatic arch (including both jugal and squamosal) has long, narrow parallel striae. The anterodorsal margin of the jugal is concave, forming the ventral border of the orbit and ending posteriorly in a frontal process of the jugal, which is tall. The jugal usually ends posteriorly bifurcated in two branches, one dorsal and one ventral. Only the ventral branch is completely preserved in the specimen VPPLT-1612 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743EFFEBFE5EFA15FE61F990" box="[432,492,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is ventrally curved and extends posteriorly to form the preglenoid process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3743EFFEBFF6AFA9FFAB6FA3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" startId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" targetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743EFFEBFF6AFA9FFAB6FA3D" blockId="12.[132,1455,1401,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743EFFEBFF6AFA9FFF10FA14" baselines="1414,1414" box="[132,157,1401,1418]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743EFFEBFF3CFA9FFE56FA17" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[210,475,1401,1418]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFF3CFA9FFEF1FA17" box="[210,380,1401,1418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743EFFEBFE90FA9FFE56FA17" author="GOIN F. J." box="[382,475,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin,1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFD1DFA9FFC8DFA17" bold="true" box="[755,768,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and lineal draw (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFC63FA9FFC17FA17" bold="true" box="[909,922,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFBCAFA9FFBB8FA17" bold="true" box="[1060,1077,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Ip</emphasis>
|
||
, interparietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFB47FA9FFB33FA17" bold="true" box="[1193,1214,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFB16FA9FFA83FA17" bold="true" box="[1272,1294,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">La</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFA8EFA9FFAF6FA17" bold="true" box="[1376,1403,1401,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFF4BFA69FF33FA3D" bold="true" box="[165,190,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFF10FA69FE98FA3D" bold="true" box="[254,277,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFE86FA69FE09FA3D" bold="true" box="[360,388,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFE34FA69FE71FA3D" bold="true" box="[474,508,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFD5CFA69FD45FA3D" bold="true" box="[690,712,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Px</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFCDDFA69FCD9FA3D" bold="true" box="[819,852,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">smf</emphasis>
|
||
, suprameatal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFBF4FA69FBBFFA3D" bold="true" box="[1050,1074,1423,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743EFFEBFF75F9D4FB09F9F1" blockId="12.[130,777,1491,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[811,1457,1491,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
|
||
The palatine (paired) contributes to the posterior hard palate, the nasopharyngeal passage, and the medial wall and floor of the orbit. In ventral view, the palatine contacts the maxilla anteriorly and the presphenoid and pterygoid posteriorly in the nasopharyngeal passage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743EFFEBFE51F954FE72F950" box="[447,511,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). In this view, the palatines extend anteriorly until the level of the M2, forming an irregular parabolic suture with the maxilla; and posteriorly to the level of the last molar, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743EFFEBFDE1F8F4FDD2F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[527,607,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFDE1F8F4FDD2F8B6" box="[527,607,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743EFFEBFD74F8F4FE14F8D1" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFD74F8F4FF57F8D6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Borhyaena tuberata</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The posterior end of the palatines on the palate is slightly thicker than the rest of the horizontal plate, forming the border of the choanae. This border is posteriorly concave, single-arched, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743EFFEBFD40F874FC8DF836" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[686,768,1938,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743EFFEBFD40F874FC8DF836" box="[686,768,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a double-arched margin. The choanae open at the level of the contact between M3-4. The portion of the palatines exposed into the nasopharyngeal passage (immediately behind the choanae border) is strongly cracked. However, it is possible to see that they are well developed and expanded on the medial side but without midline contact, as the presphenoid is visible between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743EFFEBFBD8F9B4FBF9F9F0" box="[1078,1140,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743EFFEAFCADF995FD69F9F0" blockId="12.[811,1457,1491,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[130,776,1554,2028]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
|
||
In dorsal and dorsolateral views, the palatine is exposed on the orbit floor and separated from the maxilla by an irregular suture. It contributes to the infraorbital canal. In lateral view, the sutures delimiting the palatine are interrupted by bone fractures. However, it is possible to see the contact with the maxilla and lacrimal anteriorly and the frontal dorsally. The palatine also contacts the orbitosphenoid, alisphenoid, and pterygoid posteriorly, but these sutures are difficult to differentiate due to the specimen’s poor preservation (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743EFFEBFA8FF897FA12F816" box="[1377,1439,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the junction of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit, the sphenopalatine foramen is observed, though poorly preserved. This aperture is close to the anterior border of the orbit, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFF4FF9F5FD99F9B0" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[161,532,1554,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFF4FF9F5FF61F9B1" box="[161,236,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFF12F9F4FD81F9B0" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[252,524,1554,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in other sparassodonts, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFEB7F9D5FE27F9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[345,426,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFEB7F9D5FE27F9D1" box="[345,426,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this aperture is more posterior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFF63F9B4FE85F9F1" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[141,264,1618,1644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFEF8F9B4FE3BF9F1" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[278,438,1618,1644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFE2AF9B4FD5BF9F1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[452,726,1618,1644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3743FFFEAFF6AFA8AFE28FA5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" startId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" targetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743FFFEAFF6AFA8AFE28FA5C" blockId="13.[132,1457,1388,1473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743FFFEAFF6AFA8AFF10FAE0" baselines="1401,1402" box="[132,157,1388,1405]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFF3AFA8AFE6FFAE0" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[212,482,1388,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFF3AFA8AFEF2FAE0" box="[212,383,1388,1405]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFE6BFA8AFE6FFAE0" author="GOIN F. J." box="[389,482,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFCE9FA8AFC99FAE0" bold="true" box="[775,788,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and lineal draw (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFC48FA8AFC3EFAE0" bold="true" box="[934,947,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFBD1FA8AFBDCFAE0" bold="true" box="[1087,1105,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Al</emphasis>
|
||
, alisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFB2BFA8AFB53FAE0" bold="true" box="[1221,1246,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFAB4FA8AFAFCFAE0" bold="true" box="[1370,1393,1388,1405]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFF3CFA65FF67FA09" bold="true" box="[210,234,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFEB9FA65FEE4FA09" bold="true" box="[343,361,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">gf</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFE05FA65FE71FA09" bold="true" box="[491,508,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">hf</emphasis>
|
||
, hypoglossal foramina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFD2CFA65FD55FA09" bold="true" box="[706,728,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">inf</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFC9CFA65FC0AFA09" bold="true" box="[882,903,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFC2DFA65FC6BFA09" bold="true" box="[963,998,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">mpf</emphasis>
|
||
, minor palatine foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFB56FA65FB6DFA09" bold="true" box="[1208,1248,1411,1428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">mpp</emphasis>
|
||
, medial palatine process of premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFF14FA7CFE98FA36" bold="true" box="[250,277,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFE8AFA7CFEE2FA36" bold="true" box="[356,367,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">n</emphasis>
|
||
, notch;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFE5DFA7CFE33FA36" bold="true" box="[435,446,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">p</emphasis>
|
||
, pits;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFE1CFA7CFD97FA36" bold="true" box="[498,538,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">pafo</emphasis>
|
||
, paracanine fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFD50FA7CFD57FA36" bold="true" box="[702,730,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFCDEFA7CFCDFFA36" bold="true" box="[816,850,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFBFCFA7CFBB2FA36" bold="true" box="[1042,1087,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Psph</emphasis>
|
||
, presphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFB52FA7CFB42FA36" bold="true" box="[1212,1231,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFADAFA7CFAC7FA36" bold="true" box="[1332,1354,1434,1451]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Px</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFF6AFA56FF11FA5C" bold="true" box="[132,156,1456,1473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743FFFEAFF75F994FC8AF8F1" blockId="13.[130,776,1554,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
|
||
The pterygoid is a paired bone exposed in the mesocranium in ventral and lateral views. In ventral view, the pterygoids are well developed and expanded on the medial side but without middle contact, exposing the presphenoid. Posteriorly, the pterygoids project posterolaterally (at each side) on the ventral surface of the alisphenoid, forming thin ribbons (i.e., probably part of the pterygoid hamulus or hamular processes), better preserved on the right side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743FFFEAFD99F8B7FD3AF8F1" box="[631,695,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743FFFEAFD28F8B4FD59F8F1" box="[710,724,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">8</figureCitation>
|
||
AB).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743FFFEAFF75F897FBFCF811" blockId="13.[130,776,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[811,1457,1554,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
|
||
The nasals are well exposed in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743FFFEAFD90F897FD32F816" box="[638,703,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), they are very narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly, widening abruptly at the level of the orbit, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFDC6F854FE90F876" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFDC6F854FDFBF856" box="[552,630,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFD68F857FE98F876" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This difference in width is even more conspicuous than in other sparassodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFB20F9F4FAEDF9B1" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[1230,1376,1554,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFA80F9F4FC2CF9D0" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFCC3F9D5FCECF9D1" box="[813,865,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFC5EF9D4FBD9F9D0" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[944,1108,1586,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This morphology differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFCC3F9B5FC0DF9F1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[813,896,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFCC3F9B5FC0DF9F1" box="[813,896,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the nasals narrow backwards in dorsal view, although they are long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFBCBF994FB16F911" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1061,1179,1650,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFB49F994FA2DF911" author="TURNBULL W. D. & SEGALL W." box="[1191,1440,1650,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="239 - 270" refId="ref32499" refString="TURNBULL W. D. & SEGALL W. 1984. - The ear region of the marsupial sabertooth, Thylacosmilus: influence of the sabertooth lifestyle upon it, and convergence with placental sabertooths. Journal of Morphology 181: 239 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051810302" type="journal article" year="1984">Turnbull & Segall 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), compressed between the maxilla and reaching the level of the orbit. The nasofrontal suture is posteriorly convex, forming an open “U”, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFC01F935FAD7F971" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1007,1370,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFC01F935FBB4F971" box="[1007,1081,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFBA7F934FADEF971" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[1097,1363,1746,1772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, similar to other sparassodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFBDCF914FB48F891" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[1074,1221,1778,1804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFB3DF914FAFAF891" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[1235,1399,1778,1804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFC3FF8F4FBA9F8B6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[977,1060,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFC3FF8F4FBA9F8B6" box="[977,1060,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the frontal is not in contact with the nasal, because of the enlargement of the maxilla as described before (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFBCCF8B7FB10F8F1" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[1058,1181,1873,1900]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFB42F8B7FAC6F8F6" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[1196,1355,1873,1899]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref29165" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1976. - Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">Marshall 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFAB7F8B7FC30F816" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743FFFEAFC25F897FBEFF816" author="MUIZON C. DE" box="[971,1122,1905,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="483 - 509" refId="ref30028" refString="MUIZON C. DE 1999. - Marsupial skulls from the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Bolivia and phylogenetic analysis of the Borhyaenoidea (Marsupialia, Mammalia). GeoBios 32 (3): 483 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (99) 80022 - 9" type="journal article" year="1999">Muizon 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743FFFE9FCADF874FBBAF876" blockId="13.[811,1457,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[811,1455,1873,2027]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
|
||
In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743FFFEAFBECF877FBC5F836" box="[1026,1096,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743FFFEAFBB5F874FBE4F831" box="[1115,1129,1938,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), the lacrimal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743FFFEAFAD0F874FA22F836" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1342,1455,1937,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743FFFEAFAD0F874FA22F836" box="[1342,1455,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends anteriorly beyond the orbit and orbital rim, with a relatively wide exposition on the rostrum (the width of the facial process of the lacrimal is more than half of its height;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743CFFE9FF36F897FE9BF816" box="[216,278,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to the condition seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FD6BF894FD5BF816" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[645,726,1906,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FD6BF894FD5BF816" box="[645,726,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some non-thylacosmilid sparassodonts with the lacrimal extended onto rostrum (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FE51F857FDD0F856" authorityName="Babot, Powell & Muizon" authorityYear="2022" box="[447,605,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vincei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FE51F857FDD0F856" box="[447,605,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Callistoe vincei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FD82F857FF36F876" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinclairi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FD82F857FF36F876" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Arctodictis sinclairi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FF27F837FE18F876" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[201,405,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FF27F837FE18F876" box="[201,405,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Borhyaena tuberata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FE4CF837FD3FF876" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[418,690,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FE4CF837FD3FF876" box="[418,690,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Prothylacynus patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There is one lacrimal foramen on each lacrimal bone, inside the orbit, a generalized condition among sparassodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743CFFE9FAB0F897FCEBF836" author="SINCLAIR W. J." pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743CFFE9FC99F877FC75F836" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[887,1016,1937,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lacrimal tubercle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FAC5F874FA1AF836" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1323,1431,1937,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FAC5F874FA1AF836" box="[1323,1431,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FBCAF854FBFFF856" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1060,1138,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FBCAF854FBFFF856" box="[1060,1138,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FB46F854FB76F856" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1192,1275,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FB46F854FB76F856" box="[1192,1275,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(relatively more developed in the latter).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3743CFFE9FF6AF95FFB05F893" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" startId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" targetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743CFFE9FF6AF95FFB05F893" blockId="14.[132,1457,1721,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97743CFFE9FF6AF95FFF10F954" baselines="1734,1734" box="[132,157,1721,1738]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743CFFE9FF3BF95FFE69F957" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[213,484,1721,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FF3BF95FFE0DF957" box="[213,384,1721,1738]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743CFFE9FE68F95FFE69F957" author="GOIN F. J." box="[390,484,1721,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FCE5F95FFC95F957" bold="true" box="[779,792,1721,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FC64F95FFC1AF957" bold="true" box="[906,919,1721,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">B</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FBD4F95FFBC5F957" bold="true" box="[1082,1096,1721,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FF59F929FF44F97D" bold="true" box="[183,201,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Al</emphasis>
|
||
, alisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FED2F929FED9F97D" bold="true" box="[316,340,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FE2FF929FE5EF97D" bold="true" box="[449,467,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FDF2F929FDB8F97D" bold="true" box="[540,565,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">fro</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen rotundum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FD0AF929FD77F97D" bold="true" box="[740,762,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">iof</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FC5EF929FC4CF97D" bold="true" box="[944,961,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Ip</emphasis>
|
||
, interparietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FBD9F929FBC1F97D" bold="true" box="[1079,1100,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FB66F929FB13F97D" bold="true" box="[1160,1182,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">La</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FB1CF929FA80F97D" bold="true" box="[1266,1293,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FAB5F929FAF9F97D" bold="true" box="[1371,1396,1743,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FF6AF900FF17F96A" bold="true" box="[132,154,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FEAEF900FED4F96A" bold="true" box="[320,345,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Os</emphasis>
|
||
, orbitosphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FE03F900FD89F96A" bold="true" box="[493,516,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FDB7F900FDF8F96A" bold="true" box="[601,629,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FD20F900FD7DF96A" bold="true" box="[718,752,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FC5DF900FC58F96A" bold="true" box="[947,981,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FB61F900FB35F96A" bold="true" box="[1167,1208,1766,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">prgp</emphasis>
|
||
, preglenoid process of jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FF6AF91BFF2DF893" bold="true" box="[132,160,1789,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">sof</emphasis>
|
||
, sphenorbital fissure;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FEB6F91BFEF4F893" bold="true" box="[344,377,1789,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">smf</emphasis>
|
||
, suprameatal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FDD1F91BFDDAF893" bold="true" box="[575,599,1789,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FD28F91BFD6FF893" bold="true" box="[710,738,1789,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">scr</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743CFFE9FC8CF91BFCE0F893" bold="true" box="[866,877,1789,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">tl</emphasis>
|
||
, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFE8FF75FF31FE39FBF3" blockId="15.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The frontals contact the nasals and lacrimals anteriorly, the palatine and alisphenoid ventrally, and the parietals and squamosal posteriorly, all by irregular sutures. The suture with the nasals is posteriorly convex (seen in dorsal view:
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FF68FEB1FF48FEEC" box="[134,197,343,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); the one with the lacrimal and palatine is roughly anteriorly convex (visible in orbital view;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FDBCFE91FD45FE0C" box="[594,712,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The suture with the parietals is transverse (visible in dorsal view:
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FF6DFE50FF4EFE4C" box="[131,195,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); while the one with the squamosal is slightly anteriorly convex (visible in lateral view:
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FDCDFE30FDEFFE6C" box="[547,610,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The point of contact between the nasal, lacrimal, and frontal is located approximately at the level of the postorbital process in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E9743DFFE8FF6BFDD0FF6EFDCD" box="[133,227,566,592]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FEEFFDD0FEE8FDCD" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[257,357,566,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FEEFFDD0FEE8FDCD" box="[257,357,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FE9BFDD0FE44FDCD" box="[373,457,566,592]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FDE0FDD1FDD5FDCD" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[526,600,567,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FDE0FDD1FDD5FDCD" box="[526,600,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the appearance of this portion of the skull is almost identical). However, the condition in the specimen VPPLT-1612 is different, with the contact anterior to the postorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FD8AFD70FD29FD2D" box="[612,676,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to other sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FE50FD53FC8FFD52" authority="Marshall, 1976" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1976" box="[446,770,693,719]" class="Mammalia" family="Hondadelphidae" genus="Hondadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FE50FD53FDDFFD52" box="[446,594,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Hondadelphys</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FDB7FD53FC8FFD52" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[601,770,693,719]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref29165" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1976. - Evolution of the Thylacosmilidae, extinct saber-tooth marsupials of South America. PaleoBios 23: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1976">Marshall, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF6AFD33FDB9FD6D" authority="Villarroel & Marshall, 1982" authorityName="Villarroel & Marshall" authorityYear="1982" box="[132,564,725,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Sallacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF6AFD33FF65FD72" box="[132,232,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Sallacyon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FF1CFD33FDB9FD6D" author="VILLARROEL C. & MARSHALL L. G." box="[242,564,725,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="201 - 211" refId="ref32688" refString="VILLARROEL C. & MARSHALL L. G. 1982. - Geology of the Deseadan (early Oligocene) Age Estratos Salla in the Salla- Luribay basin, Bolivia, with description of new Marsupialia. Geobios, memoire special 6: 201 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (82) 80114 - 9" type="journal article" year="1982">Villarroel & Marshall, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FDAAFD30FF4FFC92" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Acyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FDAAFD30FD0EFD6D" box="[580,643,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Acyon</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF20FD13FEB2FC92" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[206,319,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Cladosictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF20FD13FEB2FC92" box="[206,319,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Cladosictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FEBEFD13FD26FC92" authority="Ameghino, 1891" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[336,683,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FEBEFD13FE6CFC92" box="[336,481,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FD54FD13FF20FCB2" authorityName="Mercerat" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FD54FD13FF20FCB2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Arctodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF53FCF3FD80FCB2" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[189,525,789,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Pharsophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF53FCF3FEC4FCB2" box="[189,329,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Pharsophorus</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1897
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FDF5FCF3FDF8FCB2" authorityName="Babot, Powell & Muizon" authorityYear="2022" box="[539,629,789,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FDF5FCF3FDF8FCB2" box="[539,629,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Callistoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FD43FCF0FC8DFCB2" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[685,768,790,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FD43FCF0FC8DFCB2" box="[685,768,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the relationship between these bones is different because the posterodorsal projection of the maxilla interposes between the nasal and lacrimal. However, the posteriormost point of the lacrimal-frontal suture extends beyond the level of the postorbital bar, being even more posterior than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FD71FC53FC8BFC52" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[671,774,949,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FD71FC53FC8BFC52" box="[671,774,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF5CFC33FF76FC73" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[178,251,981,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF5CFC33FF76FC73" box="[178,251,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Besides these three thylacosmilid taxa (excepting the specimen VPPLT-1612), none of the other metatherian taxa observed for the present work (see Material examined in Appendix 1) shows the lacrimal reaching the level of the postorbital process (or bar).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFE8FF75FB92FD0BF910" blockId="15.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The postorbital processes are well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FD78FB92FD55FB13" box="[662,728,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FD06FB92FD7BFB13" box="[744,758,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">6</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF01FB73FECFFB33" box="[239,322,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF01FB73FEB3FB33" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[239,318,1173,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">P. goini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FDFAFB73FDE8FB33" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[532,613,1173,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FDFAFB73FDE8FB33" box="[532,613,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where there is a bony postorbital bar, being the only sparassodont with the orbit completely separated from the temporal fossa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FD25FB32FF30FA93" author="RIGGS E. S." pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FF25FB12FE88FA93" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[203,261,1268,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and one of the few metatherians with a complete osseous postorbital bar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FE24FAF5FD12FAB3" author="GAILLARD C. & MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M." box="[458,671,1299,1326]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref26815" refString="GAILLARD C., MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M. 2023. - Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6 (257): 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 42003 - 023 - 04624 - 5" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Gaillard
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FDC4FAF2FDD3FAB0" box="[554,606,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A small foramen is present anteroventrally to the postorbital process, probably corresponding to the foramen for the frontal diploic vein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FF00FA95FEA6FA13" box="[238,299,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), following a similar structure recognized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF6DFA75FD9EFA30" authority="Wagner, 1842" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1842" box="[131,531,1427,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domestica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF6DFA75FEF8FA30" box="[131,373,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Monodelphis domestica</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1842
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FDABFA75FD4AFA30" author="WIBLE J. R." box="[581,711,1427,1453]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="137 - 202" refId="ref32928" refString="WIBLE J. R. 2003. - On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (3): 137 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 316087" type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The temporal lines are weak and contact at the mid-line of the skull, forming the anterior base of the sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FD51FA35FC8DFA70" box="[703,768,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FF6AFA15FF1FF990" box="[132,146,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). This condition is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FE3BFA15FF4BF9B0" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FE3BFA15FDAFF991" box="[469,546,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FDDCFA15FF33F9B0" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resembling other sparassodonts and differing from
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FF68F9D5FF53F9D1" box="[134,222,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FF68F9D5FF57F9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[134,218,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">T. atrox</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with temporal lines strongly developed, converging more posteriorly in the skull and describing a sigmoid line (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FF63F994FE87F911" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[141,266,1650,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FEF6F994FEDCF911" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[280,337,1650,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FE8EF994FDFAF911" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[352,631,1650,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFE8FF75F974FAE9FD8C" blockId="15.[131,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1458,215,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The parietal is paired and both elements form most of the roof of the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FEAFF954FEF2F951" box="[321,383,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). It contacts the frontals anteroventrally, the squamosal posteroventrally, and the interparietal posteriorly, by irregular sutures. The suture between the parietals and frontals shows a posterior wedge of frontals entering between the parietals. The contact with the interparietal is partially visible in VPPLT-1612; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FD66F8B4FD5AF8F6" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[648,727,1874,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FD66F8B4FD5AF8F6" box="[648,727,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see referred specimen: Material and methods, and Appendix 1, Material examined) the suture is incomplete due to partial fusion with the parietal. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FE41F854FD8FF856" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[431,514,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FE41F854FD8FF856" box="[431,514,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the interparietal is also distinguishable from the parietal, as in several metatherians (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FC86FF31FBF1FF6F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[872,1148,215,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FC86FF31FC41FF6C" box="[872,972,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Didelphis</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FB6AFF31FA26FF6C" authority="Burnett, 1830" authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1830" box="[1156,1451,215,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FB6AFF31FA84FF6C" box="[1156,1289,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
Burnett, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FCC5FF1EFB9EFE8C" authority="Shaw, 1790" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1790" box="[811,1043,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FCC5FF1EFC1DFE8C" box="[811,912,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Macropus</emphasis>
|
||
Shaw, 1790
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FBF1FF11FACAFE8C" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1055,1351,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Sipalocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FBF1FF11FB01FE8C" box="[1055,1164,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Sipalocyon</emphasis>
|
||
Ameghino, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FA91FF11FCFAFEAC" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" genus="Cladosictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FA91FF11FCFAFEAC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Cladosictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FC68FEF1FBE3FEAC" author="CLARK C. T. & SMITH K. K." box="[902,1134,279,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="119 - 149" refId="ref25517" refString="CLARK C. T. & SMITH K. K. 1993. - Cranial osteogenesis in Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae) and Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae). Journal of Morphology 215: 119 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052150203" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark & Smith 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FB93FEF1FAAFFEAC" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[1149,1314,279,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in contrast with other borhyaenoids, where it is not (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FAD2FED1FA3CFECC" box="[1340,1457,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FAD2FED1FA20FECC" authorityName="Mercerat" authorityYear="1891" box="[1340,1453,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arctodictis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FCC3FEBEFB98FEEC" authority="Cabrera, 1927" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1927" box="[813,1045,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Lycopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FCC3FEBEFCF6FEEC" box="[813,891,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Lycopsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FC91FEB1FB98FEEC" author="CABRERA A." box="[895,1045,343,369]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="271 - 315" refId="ref25067" refString="CABRERA A. 1927. - Datos para el conocimiento de los dasiuridos fosiles argentinos. Revista del Museo de La Plata 30: 271 - 315. https: // publicaciones. fcnym. unlp. edu. ar / rmlp / article / view / 1409" type="journal article" year="1927">Cabrera, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FBCEFEB1FB07FEEC" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1056,1162,343,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FBCEFEB1FB07FEEC" box="[1056,1162,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Borhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; seeForasiepi 2009). Fusion with parietals is inferred in those cases in which suture is not observed, since presence of interparietal seems to be primitive common pattern of mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FB49FE50FAFDFE4C" author="KOYABU D. & MAIER W. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R." box="[1191,1392,438,465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="14075 - 14080" refId="ref28604" refString="KOYABU D., MAIER W. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2012. - Paleontological and developmental evidence resolve the homology and dual embryonic origin of a mammalian skull bone, the interparietal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (35): 14075 - 14080. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 120869310" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koyabu
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FAEFFE51FABEFE4D" box="[1281,1331,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The interparietal contacts the squamosal anteroventrally by an irregular suture and forms most of the nuchal crest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFE8FCADFDF0FBEEFBD3" blockId="15.[811,1458,215,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The sagittal crest is formed at the midline of the skull by frontals, parietals and interparietals and becomes taller posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FC57FDB0FC70FDED" box="[953,1021,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FBE1FDB0FB90FDED" box="[1039,1053,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FBC0FDB0FBB1FDED" box="[1070,1084,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">7</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also Appendix 3). It is well developed and long, extending from the anterior area of the temporal fossa to the nuchal crest, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FA8FFD70FBEDFD4D" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FA8FFD70FA3CFD32" box="[1377,1457,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FCD8FD53FBD5FD4D" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[822,1112,693,720]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FB7DFD50FB7DFD52" box="[1171,1264,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FB7DFD50FB61FD52" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1171,1260,694,719]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">T. atrox</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the sagittal crest is considerably shorter and much more taller and robust (likely to enlarge the area of attachment of the temporal muscle by considering the shorter length of the temporal fossa;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FC83FCD3FBB3FCD2" author="GAILLARD C. & MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M." box="[877,1086,821,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref26815" refString="GAILLARD C., MACPHEE R. D. & FORASIEPI A. M. 2023. - Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6 (257): 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 42003 - 023 - 04624 - 5" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Gaillard
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FC22FCD0FC72FCD2" box="[972,1023,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nuchal crest is located at the posterodorsal border of the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FB70FCB3FB53FCF2" box="[1182,1246,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FB02FCB0FB77FCED" box="[1260,1274,854,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">7</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 3). It is formed by the interparietal and supraoccipital medially and the squamosal lateroventrally. It is well developed, flaring posterolaterally and posterodorsally, and extends back to the level of the occipital condyles (see Appendix 3), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FCC2FC13FCF7FB93" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[812,890,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FCC2FC13FCF7FB93" box="[812,890,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FBB6FC13FB26FB93" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1112,1195,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FBB6FC13FB26FB93" box="[1112,1195,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the nuchal crest is located more anteriorly, thus the condyle is fully visible in a dorsal view of the skull.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFE8FCADFBB2FA1EF931" blockId="15.[811,1458,215,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The squamosal forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch and the posteroventral portion of the temporal region; it also contributes to the walls of the middle ear cavity as seen in ventral view. It contacts the frontal anteriorly, the alisphenoid anteroventrally, the jugal anteriorly and ventrally (in the zygomatic arch), the frontal anterodorsally, the parietal dorsally, and the interparietal posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FC92FAD5FC55FAD0" box="[892,984,1331,1358]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionStartId-1="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionStartId-2="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionStartId-3="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionStartId-4="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetBox-2="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetBox-3="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetBox-4="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId-0="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetId-1="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetId-2="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetId-3="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetId-4="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionText-0="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 4-8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the squamosal contacts the jugal at the anterolateral margin of the glenoid cavity and the alisphenoid medially in the ear region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FAB5FA95FA13FA13" box="[1371,1438,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The zygomatic process of the squamosal, in lateral view, has a roughly elongated shape with well-defined borders. In lateral view, the temporal portion of the squamosal is well developed, roughly semicircular, and its surface is convex, defined by an irregular suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FB05F9F4FAA2F9B0" box="[1259,1327,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FAD1F9F4FAC0F9B1" box="[1343,1357,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FAB0F9F5FAE1F9B0" box="[1374,1388,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The suprameatal foramen opens on the posterolateral region of the squamosal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FC33F9B4FBADF9F1" box="[989,1056,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FBDEF9B5FBB3F9F0" box="[1072,1086,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">7</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 3), at the level of the external acoustic meatus and above the suprameatal crest. This foramen is oval-shaped and opens posterodorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B743DFFF7FCADF954FC84F8F1" blockId="15.[811,1458,215,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[132,777,1714,2028]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
|
||
The glenoid cavity is formed only by the squamosal, because the preglenoid process of the jugal contacts it but does not contribute to the cavity, lacking an articular facet (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FC82F8F4FC35F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[876,952,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FC82F8F4FC35F8B6" box="[876,952,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8743DFFE8FC00F8F4FBB2F8B6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1006,1087,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="15" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059743DFFE8FC00F8F4FBB2F8B6" box="[1006,1087,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The alisphenoid does not either contribute to the glenoid cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FB49F8D7FB65F8D1" box="[1191,1256,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and there is no alisphenoid glenoid process, as in marsupials (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA743DFFE8FA83F8B7FCE5F816" author="WIBLE J. R." pageId="15" pageNumber="510" pagination="137 - 202" refId="ref32928" refString="WIBLE J. R. 2003. - On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (3): 137 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 316087" type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The glenoid cavity is concave and ellipsoidal, with the transverse length less than twice the anteroposterior width and faces ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE743DFFE8FBA9F857FB09F851" box="[1095,1156,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the preglenoid process of jugal and the postglenoid process of the squamosal have a similar ventral extension (better seen on the right side, with less deformation), though the postglenoid process is wider (lateromedially) and relatively more robust anteroposteriorly than the preglenoid process. The postglenoid foramen is placed on the anterior wall of the external acoustic meatus, medial to the postglenoid process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37422FFF7FF6AF9C4FC25F9EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" startId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" targetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7422FFF7FF6AF9C4FC25F9EA" blockId="16.[132,1457,1570,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977422FFF7FF6AF9C4FF10F9AF" baselines="1583,1583" box="[132,157,1570,1587]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 7. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87422FFF7FF3AF9C4FE6CF9AE" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[212,481,1570,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FF3AF9C4FEF2F9AE" box="[212,383,1570,1587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7422FFF7FE6AF9C4FE6CF9AE" author="GOIN F. J." box="[388,481,1570,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FCFEF9C4FC90F9AE" bold="true" box="[784,797,1570,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FC60F9C4FC16F9AE" bold="true" box="[910,923,1570,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">B</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FBD3F9C4FBC6F9AE" bold="true" box="[1085,1099,1570,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FF58F9DEFF45F9D4" bold="true" box="[182,200,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Al</emphasis>
|
||
, alisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FED5F9DEFEE5F9D4" bold="true" box="[315,360,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">dmm</emphasis>
|
||
, depression for the masseter muscle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FD4DF9DEFD36F9D4" bold="true" box="[675,699,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FCC6F9DEFCCEF9D4" bold="true" box="[808,835,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">fdv</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for diploic vein;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FBF7F9DEFBA6F9D4" bold="true" box="[1049,1067,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FB9DF9DEFB09F9D4" bold="true" box="[1139,1156,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Ip</emphasis>
|
||
, interparietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FB14F9DEFA82F9D4" bold="true" box="[1274,1295,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FAA4F9DEFAEDF9D4" bold="true" box="[1354,1376,1592,1609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">La</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FF6AF9A9FF12F9FD" bold="true" box="[132,159,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FF00F9A9FE8AF9FD" bold="true" box="[238,263,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FEA9F9A9FED0F9FD" bold="true" box="[327,349,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FE11F9A9FD9BF9FD" bold="true" box="[511,534,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FD86F9A9FD09F9FD" bold="true" box="[616,644,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FD35F9A9FD70F9FD" bold="true" box="[731,765,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FC52F9A9FC53F9FD" bold="true" box="[956,990,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FB7AF9A9FB30F9FD" bold="true" box="[1172,1213,1615,1632]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">prgp</emphasis>
|
||
, preglenoid process of jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FF6AF980FF17F9EA" bold="true" box="[132,154,1638,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Px</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FEEBF980FEABF9EA" bold="true" box="[261,294,1638,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">smf</emphasis>
|
||
, suprameatal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FE02F980FD89F9EA" bold="true" box="[492,516,1638,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597422FFF7FD9DF980FD02F9EA" bold="true" box="[627,655,1638,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">scr</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7422FFF7FF75F897FC4FF811" blockId="16.[132,777,1714,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[812,1458,1714,2028]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
|
||
Regarding the sphenoid complex, the orbitosphenoid and alisphenoid are exposed in the lateral wall, while the presphenoid and basisphenoid are on the skull floor. However, the synchondrosis between the components of the sphenoid complex are only partly seen. In lateral view, the orbitosphenoid is small, in contact with the alisphenoid, palatine, and frontal. The sphenorbital fissure is the largest aperture on the lateral wall of the skull. It is limited by the orbitosphenoid anteriorly and the alisphenoid posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7422FFF7FCD8F8B7FC3EF8F1" box="[822,947,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Figs 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 3) as in other metatherians (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7422FFF7FCC1F897FC3EF816" author="WIBLE J. R." box="[815,947,1905,1931]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="137 - 202" refId="ref32928" refString="WIBLE J. R. 2003. - On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (3): 137 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 316087" type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7422FFF6FCADF877FD25FDAC" blockId="16.[812,1458,1714,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[131,777,215,2028]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The alisphenoid mainly contributes to the lateral wall of the braincase and the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity. In lateral view, the alisphenoid contacts the pterygoid, palatine, and orbitosphenoid anteriorly, the frontal dorsally, and the squamosal posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FDC8FF11FD12FE8C" box="[550,671,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the alisphenoid, the foramen rotundum is located posterior to the sphenorbital fissure, opening at the angle between the lateral wall and the floor of the infratemporal fossa. The foramen rotundum is small compared to the sphenorbital fissure, round, and anteriorly directed. There is a relatively wide and shallow sulcus running forward from the foramen rotundum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FEE6FE30FE0DFE6D" box="[264,384,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1721,1738]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,212,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-113@14.[211,1410,214,1677]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla;Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130282/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), which was likely occupied in life by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V
|
||
<subScript id="17FBFE0E7423FFF6FD24FDE5FD59FD89" attach="left" box="[714,724,515,532]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">2</subScript>
|
||
and accompanying vessels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FE6BFDF0FD86FDAC" author="SISSON S." box="[389,523,534,561]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" refId="ref32237" refString="SISSON S. 1965. - Anatomia de los animales domesticos. Barcelona, Salvat. 952 p." type="book" year="1965">Sisson 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FDF4FDF0FD14FDAD" author="HIATT J. L." box="[538,665,534,560]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" refId="ref27909" refString="HIATT J. L. 2020. - Textbook of Head and Neck Anatomy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 412 p." type="book" year="2020">Hiatt 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FF75FDD1FDE1FC72" blockId="17.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
In ventral view, there is no contribution of the alisphenoid to the tympanic floor (it lacks an alisphenoid tympanic process similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FEA4FD91FE11FD0D" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[330,412,631,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FEA4FD91FE11FD0D" box="[330,412,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FE45FD90FD01FD0D" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S." box="[427,652,630,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref26603" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S. 2019. - Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.433.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FDF8FD91FDC6FD0D" box="[534,587,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The foramen ovale is bounded by the alisphenoid only (without any contribution of the petrosal). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FDBAFD50FD24FD52" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[596,681,694,719]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FDBAFD50FD24FD52" box="[596,681,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the specimen from Quebrada Honda referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FD6BFD30FD5BFD72" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[645,726,726,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FD6BFD30FD5BFD72" box="[645,726,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Material and methods, andAppendix 1, Material examined), there is a posterior rod of alisphenoid bone that posteriorly limits the foramen ovale as seen in the right side of the skull. This piece of bone does not qualify as a component of the alisphenoid tympanic process because it does not participate in bounding the middle ear cavity and for that reason, we interpret that there is not a secondary foramen ovale, like in other sparassodonts (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FE59FC32FDD3FC72" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[439,606,980,1007]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FF75FC12FEE4FB53" blockId="17.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
The middle ear cavity is so poorly preserved and fragile that its preparation could not be completed. In consequence, neither the petrosal (which we do not discard it could be preserved internally, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FE58FBB2FDC1FBF3" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[438,588,1108,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FE58FBB2FDC1FBF3" box="[438,588,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FDB0FBB2FF32FB13" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S." pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref26603" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S. 2019. - Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.433.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FD21FBB3FC8AFBF3" box="[719,775,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) nor the suture with this bone is observable by surface examination; similarly, its suture with the exoccipital is not clearly visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FF75FB32FE43F891" blockId="17.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
In ventral view, the presphenoid, basisphenoid and basioccipital forms the floor of the caudal cranium. The synchondroses between sphenoid elements are not clear. The presphenoid exposes on the nasopharyngeal passage. The basisphenoid is roughly triangular and anteroposteriorly elongated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FEEEFA95FEB3FA13" box="[256,318,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). It contacts the basioccipital posteriorly, through an almost transverse synchondrosis, and the alisphenoid laterally. There are two thick, robust, and parallel crests, the sphenoidal tubercles or basilar tubercles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FD24FA35FF32F990" author="RIGGS E. S." pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">Riggs 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FF3CFA15FE4AF990" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S." box="[210,455,1523,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref26603" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S. 2019. - Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.433.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FEA8FA15FE0DF990" box="[326,384,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which decrease in height anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FEEFF9F4FEFBF9B0" box="[257,374,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
; more details in Appendix 3). These structures are much weaker than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FD8FF9D5FD38F9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[609,693,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FD8FF9D5FD38F9D1" box="[609,693,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where they are hyperdeveloped. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FE51F9B5FD80F9F1" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[447,525,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FE51F9B5FD80F9F1" box="[447,525,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they are intermediate in size. Lateral to the basilar tubercles, there is a very narrow and shallow groove that becomes shallower anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FF60F954FF5FF950" box="[142,210,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FF0DF954FEA5F950" box="[227,296,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 3). The carotid foramen opens posterolaterally anterior to the basisphenoid-basioccipital synchondrosis is (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FEA5F914FE4CF891" box="[331,449,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FF75F8F4FC13FD2D" blockId="17.[131,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[811,1457,215,1262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
The posterior floor of the caudal cranium is formed by the basioccipital. It contacts the basisphenoid anteriorly and the exoccipitals posterolaterally. It would also contact the petrosal laterally as in other marsupials and sparassodonts (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FEC7F877FE7EF836" author="BABOT M. J. & POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C." box="[297,499,1937,1963]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="615 - 629" refId="ref24789" refString="BABOT M. J., POWEL J. E. & MUIZON C. 2002. - Callistoe vincei, a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Argentina. Geobios 35 (5): 615 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00073 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FE98F874FE22F836" box="[374,431,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FDEBF877FD03F836" author="WIBLE J. R." box="[517,654,1937,1963]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="137 - 202" refId="ref32928" refString="WIBLE J. R. 2003. - On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 (3): 137 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 316087" type="journal article" year="2003">Wible 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FD4EF877FF30F856" author="FORASIEPI A." pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FF21F857FE35F856" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S." box="[207,440,1969,1995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref26603" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S. 2019. - Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.433.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FED3F854FEF9F856" box="[317,372,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but matrix prevents further confirmation. In ventral view, the basioccipital is roughly rectangular (with the lateral borders laterally convex;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FA89FF31FA2AFF6F" box="[1383,1447,215,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FCC3FF11FCFDFE8C" box="[813,880,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, and at the anterolateral limit with the condyle, there is a large foramen; posterior to it, there is another one, similar in size but placed on the condyle surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FCD8FEB1FC28FEEC" box="[822,933,343,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both foramina open anteriorly and correspond to two hypoglossal foramina (rostral and caudal). At each side of the basioccipital, there is a deep basijugular sulcus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FCD8FE50FBADFE4C" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S." box="[822,1056,438,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref26603" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., MACPHEE R. D. E. & HERNANDEZ DEL PINO S. 2019. - Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.433.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FC4AFE51FC51FE4D" box="[932,988,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) running with a constant width in direction to the rostral hypoglossal foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FAC9FE30FAEAFE6D" box="[1319,1383,470,496]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). This sulcus ends anteriorly in a concavity that could correspond to the foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus but its margins are broken (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FC5BFDD0FC78FDCD" box="[949,1013,566,592]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). For the same reason, the morphology of the jugular foramen (or fossa) and its convergence with the inferior petrosal sinus could not be evaluated for this specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FCADFD50FC60FB73" blockId="17.[811,1457,215,1262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
In posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FBFDFD53FBE4FD4D" box="[1043,1129,693,720]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
), synchondroses between the occipital bones (or their absence due to fusion) are not seen due to the bad preservation condition of the occiput. Similarly, it is also unclear if the mastoid portion of the petrosal contributes to the occipital shield, and the extension of the contribution of the squamosal. The dorsal portion of the occipital shield is slightly concave in posterior view. It contacts the interparietal dorsally at the level of the nuchal crest. Numerous minor grooves and rugosities are mainly distributed on the lateral sides of the occipital surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FC65FC12FC6EFB92" box="[907,995,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" captionTargetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-147@18.[134,1453,215,1622]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). All these scars would correspond to the attachment area of the nuchal musculature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7423FFF6FAECFBF2FA2DFBB3" author="TURNBULL W. D." box="[1282,1440,1044,1070]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="149 - 356" refId="ref32464" refString="TURNBULL W. D. 1970. - Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana, Geology 18: 149 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5442" type="journal article" year="1970">Turnbull 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are also several small foramina, likely related to the feed of the occipital musculature. The occipital condyle protrudes posteriorly and is ellipsoidal in posterior view, with the longer axis in a horizontal position. The articular facets of the condyle continue at the sagittal plane, connecting ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FCC3FAF2FC0FFAB0" blockId="17.[813,898,1300,1325]" box="[813,898,1300,1325]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FCC3FAF2FC0FFAB0" box="[813,898,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Dentary</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF6FCC3FAD5FA22F8F6" blockId="17.[811,1456,1331,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
The dentary is intermediate in height (depth below m3/m4 embrasure/total length of dentary = 0.17), and the horizontal ramus represents approximately 60% of the total length. The ventral border of the dentary is nearly horizontal behind the level of the p2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FC12FA55FBC2FA50" box="[1020,1103,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FBB4FA55FBE5FA50" box="[1114,1128,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">9</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendices 4, 5). Anterior to the p2, the dentary increases in height and its ventral border curves, expanding ventrally, forming a symphyseal flange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FCD8F9F4FC3EF9B0" box="[822,947,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Figs 2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FC2AF9F5FC5DF9B0" box="[964,976,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">9</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendices 4, 5), less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FCC1F9D5FC0CF9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[815,897,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FCC1F9D5FC0CF9D1" box="[815,897,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FC59F9D5FB89F9D1" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[951,1028,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FC59F9D5FB89F9D1" box="[951,1028,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(inferred from a portion present in the specimen from Quebrada Honda; see Material and methods, and Appendix 1, Material examined). The dentary is laterally concave at the level of the canine-premolar series and laterally convex at the level of the molar series, resulting in a sigmoid morphology, better seen in dorsal and ventral views (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FAB7F934FA27F971" box="[1369,1450,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7423FFF6FCC3F914FCDCF891" box="[813,849,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">9C</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendices 4, 5), less marked than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FB1FF915FAB1F891" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1265,1340,1779,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FB1FF915FAB1F891" box="[1265,1340,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and much less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FC5FF8F4FB8FF8B6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[945,1026,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FC5FF8F4FB8FF8B6" box="[945,1026,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This morphology is accompanied by a bowed lower postcanine tooth row, slightly less marked than in the upper arcade and less than in the other thylacosmilids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7423FFF5FCADF897FA95F876" blockId="17.[811,1456,1331,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[811,1455,1841,2028]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
|
||
The height of the coronoid process is at least twice that of the horizontal ramus (behind the p2), being taller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87423FFF6FCC0F854FCF0F856" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[814,893,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FCC0F854FCF0F856" box="[814,893,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it is also strongly reduced. The angle between the anterior coronoid crest and the alveolar border is
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597423FFF6FAB2F834FAE0F876" box="[1372,1389,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">c.</emphasis>
|
||
116°, greater than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87420FFF5FEC7F8D4FEF6F8D6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[297,379,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FEC7F8D4FEF6F8D6" box="[297,379,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FE64F8D4FE16F8D6" box="[394,411,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">c.</emphasis>
|
||
90°). The masseteric crest is horizontal at the three quarters anterior while its posteriormost portion bends upwards, forming an obtuse angle, and projects along the coronoid process as a continuous, flat shelf. The masseteric fossa is wide and well developed, differing from the strongly reduced fossa in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87420FFF5FE2FF834FD9FF876" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[449,530,2002,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FE2FF834FD9FF876" box="[449,530,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mandibular condyle is cylindrical, oval in posterior view, with a well-defined mandibular neck, and located at the level of the tooth row as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87420FFF5FCA7F894FC17F816" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[841,922,1906,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FCA7F894FC17F816" box="[841,922,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7420FFF5FC44F897FC64F816" box="[938,1001,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,658,675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1452,200,632]" captionTargetId="figure-850@11.[155,991,213,586]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 3. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (A), posterior (B) and medial (C) views. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434234/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7420FFF5FC19F897FB88F816" box="[1015,1029,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">9</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 5). The shape of the angular process is shelf-like (followingSánchez-Villagra & Smith 1997) and extends medially slightly beyond the level of the medial end of the mandibular condyle (Appendix 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37420FFF5FF6AF964FDCEF973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434242/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" startId="18.[132,143,1666,1683]" targetBox="[134,1452,215,1622]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7420FFF5FF6AF964FDCEF973" blockId="18.[132,1457,1666,1774]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977420FFF5FF6AF964FF10F90F" baselines="1679,1679" box="[132,157,1666,1683]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 8. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87420FFF5FF3AF964FE6EF90E" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[212,483,1666,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FF3AF964FE0DF90E" box="[212,384,1666,1683]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7420FFF5FE6BF964FE6EF90E" author="GOIN F. J." box="[389,483,1666,1683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FCBCF964FCD2F90E" bold="true" box="[850,863,1666,1683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of basicranium in ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FB70F964FB26F90E" bold="true" box="[1182,1195,1666,1683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FEE7F97FFE9AF937" bold="true" box="[265,279,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">C</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FD6FF97FFD1EF937" bold="true" box="[641,659,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Al</emphasis>
|
||
, alisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FCE7F97FFCAFF937" bold="true" box="[777,802,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FC4CF97FFC34F937" bold="true" box="[930,953,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FBAEF97FFBD6F937" bold="true" box="[1088,1115,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">bjs</emphasis>
|
||
, basijugular sulcus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FAE6F97FFA94F937" bold="true" box="[1288,1305,1689,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">cf</emphasis>
|
||
, carotid foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FF6AF949FF11F95D" bold="true" box="[132,156,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FEE7F949FEADF95D" bold="true" box="[265,288,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FE28F949FE55F95D" bold="true" box="[454,472,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">fo</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen ovale;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FD8EF949FDFFF95D" bold="true" box="[608,626,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">gf</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FD1AF949FC88F95D" bold="true" box="[756,773,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">hf</emphasis>
|
||
, hypoglossal foramina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FC24F949FC69F95D" bold="true" box="[970,996,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">ips</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FAC5F949FABBF95D" bold="true" box="[1323,1334,1711,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">jf</emphasis>
|
||
, jugular fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FF6AF920FF17F94A" bold="true" box="[132,154,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FF37F920FF76F94A" bold="true" box="[217,251,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">pap</emphasis>
|
||
, paracondylar process of exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FDACF920FDE9F94A" bold="true" box="[578,612,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FCC6F920FCDFF94A" bold="true" box="[808,850,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">prgp</emphasis>
|
||
, preglenoid process of jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FBBCF920FBE8F94A" bold="true" box="[1106,1125,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FB22F920FB7EF94A" bold="true" box="[1228,1267,1734,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">spht</emphasis>
|
||
, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597420FFF5FECCF93BFEB7F973" bold="true" box="[290,314,1757,1774]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37421FFF4FF6AFA36FBBDF993" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" startId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" targetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7421FFF4FF6AFA36FBBDF993" blockId="19.[132,1457,1488,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977421FFF4FF6AFA36FF10FA7D" baselines="1501,1501" box="[132,157,1488,1505]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 9. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FF3AFA36FE6CFA7C" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[212,481,1488,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FF3AFA36FEF2FA7C" box="[212,383,1488,1505]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7421FFF4FE6AFA36FE6CFA7C" author="GOIN F. J." box="[388,481,1488,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FCFEFA36FC90FA7C" bold="true" box="[784,797,1488,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">A</emphasis>
|
||
), labial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FC8FFA36FCE3FA7C" bold="true" box="[865,878,1488,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FC05FA36FC74FA7C" bold="true" box="[1003,1017,1488,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views; and right dentary in labial view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FAAFFA36FAC2FA7C" bold="true" box="[1345,1359,1488,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">D</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FF59FA00FF6EFA6A" bold="true" box="[183,227,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">acoc</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior coronoid crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FE58FA00FE41FA6A" bold="true" box="[438,460,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">an</emphasis>
|
||
, angular process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FD89FA00FD05FA6A" bold="true" box="[615,648,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">con</emphasis>
|
||
, mandibular condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FCACFA00FCD2FA6A" bold="true" box="[834,863,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">cor</emphasis>
|
||
, coronoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FBE9FA00FBA4FA6A" bold="true" box="[1031,1065,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">maf</emphasis>
|
||
, masseteric fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FB25FA00FB75FA6A" bold="true" box="[1227,1272,1510,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">manf</emphasis>
|
||
, mandibular foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FF6AFA1BFF2DF993" bold="true" box="[132,160,1533,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">mc</emphasis>
|
||
, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FDFBFA1BFDA1F993" bold="true" box="[533,556,1533,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">mf</emphasis>
|
||
, mental foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FD2DFA1BFD50F993" bold="true" box="[707,733,1533,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">syf</emphasis>
|
||
, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7421FFF4FF75F9B5FADFF8F1" blockId="19.[130,777,1618,2027]" lastBlockId="19.[812,1456,1618,1900]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">
|
||
In lateral view, three mental foramina are present: the anteriormost and largest is located on the symphyseal flange slightly posterior to the level of the canine; the second is located below the p2-3 contact level; and the third, below the anterior root of the m1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7421FFF4FE57F934FDA2F971" box="[441,559,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">Figs 2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7421FFF4FDD5F934FDD0F971" box="[571,605,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The specimen VPPLT-1612 shows what apparently could be a broken fourth mental foramen below the anterior root of the m4. However, it is not clear if it is, in fact, a foramen or just an artificial aperture, because the bone is broken at this exact point in both the left and right dentaries. The anteriormost mental foramen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FEEAF874FEE6F836" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[260,363,1937,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FEEAF874FEE6F836" box="[260,363,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is located on the lower portion of the symphyseal flange, being topographically not aligned with the other foramina but markedly lower, surpassing ventrally the level of the ventral margin of the horizontal ramus (the portion behind the flange), similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FB3CF995FAA8F911" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1234,1317,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FB3CF995FAA8F911" box="[1234,1317,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in this species the foramen is below the lower canine). This condition differs from that in other compared sparassodonts in which the first mental foramen is aligned or nearly aligned to the other foramina. In medial view, the mandibular foramen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FCC2F8F4FC19F8B1" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[812,916,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FCC2F8F4FC19F8B1" box="[812,916,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is large, located at the midpoint of the coronoid process in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E97421FFF4FC26F8D7FBA6F8D6" box="[968,1067,1841,1867]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FB4CF8D4FB7EF8D6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1186,1267,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FB4CF8D4FB7EF8D6" box="[1186,1267,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and posterior to this point in the specimen VPPLT-1612 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7421FFF4FB1CF8B7FACBF8F1" box="[1266,1350,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7421FFF4FCC3F874FC1FF836" blockId="19.[813,914,1938,1963]" box="[813,914,1938,1963]" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FCC3F874FC1FF836" box="[813,914,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7421FFF3FCC3F857FD54F8F1" blockId="19.[813,1455,1969,2028]" lastBlockId="20.[130,777,1523,1900]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">
|
||
The dental formula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87421FFF4FBFBF857FBF4F856" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1045,1145,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="19" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597421FFF4FBFBF857FBF4F856" box="[1045,1145,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="514">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is: I4?/i?, C1/c1, P2/p2, M4/ m4. The premolars are uninflated and reduced in number (see below). The dentition shows a marked carnassial morphology: a moderate reduction of the protocone, talonid basin (participants in the crushing mechanism), and stylar shelf; and a strong development of cutting blades (preparacrista, postmetacrista, and paracristid). However, these carnivorous adaptations are slightly less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FD67F975FD5AF931" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[649,727,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FD67F975FD5AF931" box="[649,727,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and much less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FEA3F955FE12F951" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[333,415,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FEA3F955FE12F951" box="[333,415,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and other sparassodonts such as borhyaenids). Although some cusps are secondarily broken, it is possible to see a moderate wear (in both specimens with dentition preserved: the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E97426FFF3FEA2F8F4FE27F8B1" box="[332,426,1810,1836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and VPPLT-1612). Additionally, the molars are completely erupted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7426FFF3FE12F8D7FDE3F8D1" box="[508,622,1841,1868]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStartId-0="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionStartId-1="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox-0="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetBox-1="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId-0="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId-1="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId-0="20" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">Figs 10-11</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 3), indicative of an adult or young adult ontogenetic stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37426FFF3FF6AFA9AFC89FA39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" startId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" targetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7426FFF3FF6AFA9AFC89FA39" blockId="20.[132,1455,1404,1444]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977426FFF3FF6AFA9AFF10FA10" baselines="1417,1418" box="[132,157,1404,1421]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 10. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FF31FA9AFE63FA10" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[223,494,1404,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FF31FA9AFE07FA10" box="[223,394,1404,1421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7426FFF3FE7EFA9AFE63FA10" author="GOIN F. J." box="[400,494,1404,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FC47FA9AFC3BFA10" bold="true" box="[937,950,1404,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FBCBFA9AFBBFFA10" bold="true" box="[1061,1074,1404,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views; left side in occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FACEFA9AFAA3FA10" bold="true" box="[1312,1326,1404,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FA72FA9AFA27FA10" bold="true" box="[1436,1450,1404,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">D</emphasis>
|
||
) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FDA8FA75FDDFFA39" bold="true" box="[582,594,1427,1444]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">E</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bars: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7426FFF3FF6AF877FA3CF836" blockId="20.[132,775,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="20.[811,1457,1523,2028]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FF6AF877FEB2F836" bold="true" box="[132,319,1937,1963]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">Upper dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The premaxilla is broken anteriorly in the specimen VPPLT-1612 (not preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E97426FFF3FD82F857FD42F856" box="[620,719,1969,1995]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), but there is evidence of at least three incisors at the right side: an incomplete alveolus with a fragment of root, followed by a second alveolus preserving the root, and a posterior incisor with almost complete crown (only the tip is broken;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7426FFF3FAABF9D4FA2EF9D0" box="[1349,1443,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionTargetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, although the bone is broken at the anterior margin of the palate, there is enough space between the first preserved alveolus and the midline to allocate an additional incisor, suggesting the presence of four incisors in this specimen. Following the position of the incisors on the right side, the arcade would be slightly parabolic in shape. The upper incisors, if present, are unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FBAFF8F4FB02F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1089,1167,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FBAFF8F4FB02F8B6" box="[1089,1167,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FB26F8F4FA96F8B6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1224,1307,1810,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FB26F8F4FA96F8B6" box="[1224,1307,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but based on wear surfaces on the lower incisors and the transverse breadth between the upper canines,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FBABF8B4FB1FF8F6" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1093,1170,1874,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FBABF8B4FB1FF8F6" box="[1093,1170,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could have possessed upper incisors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7426FFF3FC61F897FBBBF811" author="CHURCHER C. S." box="[911,1078,1905,1932]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" pagination="201 - 220" refId="ref25173" refString="CHURCHER C. S. 1985. - Dental functional morphology in the marsupial sabre-tooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilidae) compared to that of felid sabre-tooths. Australian Mammalogy 8: 201 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AM 85020" type="journal article" year="1985">Churcher 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7426FFF3FBAAF897FABFF816" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[1092,1330,1905,1931]" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, no specimen has yet been collected preserving upper incisors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7426FFF2FCADF857FE6EFC52" blockId="20.[811,1457,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[130,777,215,2027]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">
|
||
Such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FC74F854FC66F856" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[922,1003,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FC74F854FC66F856" box="[922,1003,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FBCEF854FBE1F856" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1056,1132,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FBCEF854FBE1F856" box="[1056,1132,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the most outstanding feature of the upper dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87426FFF3FBA1F837FB35F876" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1103,1208,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="20" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597426FFF3FBA1F837FB35F876" box="[1103,1208,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="515">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the hyperdeveloped canine. This tooth is long, narrow, and sabre-like. It is proportionally less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FDEAFF1EFDDDFE8C" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[516,592,248,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FDEAFF1EFDDDFE8C" box="[516,592,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being vertically and anteroposteriorly shorter, though relatively slightly wider (laterally less compressed), and markedly less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FF71FEB1FEA0FEEC" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[159,301,343,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FF71FEB1FEA0FEEC" box="[159,301,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In lateral view, the anterior border is convex and more curved, while the posterior is also convex at the proximal portion but concave at the distal (Appendix 3). The anterior border is blunt and slightly thicker, whereas the posterior one is sharp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FE44FE30FE64FE6C" box="[426,489,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1570,1587]" captionTargetBox="[152,1456,202,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-195@16.[262,1435,215,1529]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations:Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130284/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming a crest which is covered by enamel. This enamel is slightly more extended on the labial side than on the lingual and is mostly restricted to the posterior crest, but it widens distally, extending on the entire tip surface. This condition is partially similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FF4CFD91FF7DFD0D" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[162,240,631,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FF4CFD91FF7DFD0D" box="[162,240,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in that species the enamel is more extended on the labial surface; and differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FDACFD70FD1BFD32" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[578,662,662,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FDACFD70FD1BFD32" box="[578,662,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the enamel extended along the entire tooth. The surface of the canine root has wide and shallow longitudinal sulci: three shallower (almost vestigial) on the labial face and one, wider and deeper, on the lingual. Additionally, there are small and shallow ridges (wrinkles) restricted to the base of the canine. The labial surface of the canine is slightly convex, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FF2EFC90FE80FC12" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[192,269,886,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FF2EFC90FE80FC12" box="[192,269,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FEAAFC90FE18FC12" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[324,405,886,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FEAAFC90FE18FC12" box="[324,405,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where this surface is divided into two facets, forming a triangular shape in transverse section (being more marked in the last).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7427FFF2FF75FC32FDC5F811" blockId="21.[130,777,215,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
|
||
Only two premolars are present in the upper dental series. The first (serially homologous to the P2, as interpreted for the thylacosmilids; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE6CFBF2FDAFFBB3" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[386,546,1044,1070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FDDCFBF2FF31FBD3" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF27FBD2FEC0FBD3" author="SUAREZ C." box="[201,333,1076,1102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refId="ref32296" refString="SUAREZ C. 2019. - Estudios taxonomicos y paleobiologicos sobre los Metatheria (Mammalia) del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, Parts 1 - 2. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 560 p. https: // doi. org / 10.35537 / 10915 / 75246" type="book" year="2019">Suarez 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is represented only by a root fragment at the right side and an alveolus at the left (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FDA6FBB2FD1BFBF3" box="[584,662,1108,1134]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionTargetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A-D). The preserved portion shows a strongly reduced tooth, apparently single-rooted, preceded and followed by long diastemata and set nearly equidistantly separated from the canine and the following premolar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FEAEFB32FE34FB73" box="[320,441,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionTargetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FDDCFB32FE9BFA93" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FDDCFB32FDF6FB70" box="[562,635,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P.goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FD65FB32FE82FA93" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FEAEFB12FE1DFA90" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[320,400,1268,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FEAEFB12FE1DFA90" box="[320,400,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the P2 is also single-rooted but set closer to other cheek teeth than the canine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FDA9FAF5FD30FAB3" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[583,701,1299,1326]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FD27FAF2FC8DFAB3" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[713,768,1300,1326]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref31365" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1934. - A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predaceous marsupials. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 24 (1): 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3231954" type="journal article" year="1934">1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF6AFAD5FEA1FAD0" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[132,300,1331,1357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refId="ref29249" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1978 a. - Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, Extinct South American Predaceous Marsupials. University of California Press, Berkeley, 89 p. (University of California publications in geological sciences; 117)." type="book" year="1978">Marshall 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FED5FAD5FDAAFAD0" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[315,551,1331,1357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FDDBFAD5FF31FAF0" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FE5FFAB2FE74FAF0" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[433,505,1364,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FE5FFAB2FE74FAF0" box="[433,505,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P.goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this tooth was apparently double-rooted and nearly equidistantly separated from the canine and the following premolar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE1AFA75FD74FA30" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[500,761,1427,1453]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The last premolar of the specimen VPPLT-1612 (P3) is almost complete on the left side of the skull, and it preserves only the roots on the right side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FE93FA15FE45F990" box="[381,456,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionTargetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A-D). It is a small molariform tooth, as in the P3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FE82F9F5FE3AF9B1" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[364,439,1555,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FE82F9F5FE3AF9B1" box="[364,439,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resembling the deciduous premolar of other sparassodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE2FF9D4FDC3F9D1" author="SINCLAIR W. J." box="[449,590,1586,1612]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="333 - 460" refId="ref32188" refString="SINCLAIR W. J. 1906. - Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds: Marsupialia. Reports of the Princeton University, Expedition to Patagonia 4 (3): 333 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12486" type="journal article" year="1906">Sinclair 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FDB4F9D4FC8DF9D0" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[602,768,1586,1613]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refId="ref29249" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1978 a. - Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, Extinct South American Predaceous Marsupials. University of California Press, Berkeley, 89 p. (University of California publications in geological sciences; 117)." type="book" year="1978">Marshall 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF6AF9B4FE0BF9F1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[132,390,1618,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE7CF9B4FD75F9F1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R." box="[402,760,1618,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="222 - 237" refId="ref26180" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2014. - Heterochrony, dental ontogenetic diversity, and the circumvention of constraints in marsupial mammals and extinct relatives. Paleobiology 40 (2): 222 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 13034" type="journal article" year="2014">Forasiepi & Sánchez-Villagra 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and has three roots (one lingual and two labial). A third upper molariform premolar with three roots has been previously described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FEF3F955FEFCF951" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[285,369,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FEF3F955FEFCF951" box="[285,369,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE6FF954FE73F951" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[385,510,1714,1740]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FDE0F954FD72F951" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[526,767,1714,1740]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF6AF934FE31F971" author="MONES A. & RINDERKNECHT A." box="[132,444,1746,1772]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref29628" refString="MONES A. & RINDERKNECHT A. 2004. - Primer registro de Thylacosmilidae en el Uruguay (Mammalia: Marsupialia: Sparassodonta). Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologia 34: 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="2004">Mones & Rinderknecht 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE27F934FD5EF971" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[457,723,1746,1772]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and interpreted as a retained deciduous tooth DP
|
||
<quantity id="4C8751AE7427FFF2FD9EF914FD16F891" box="[624,667,1778,1804]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
the adult dentition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF16F8F4FE6FF8B1" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." box="[248,482,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FE1EF8F4FC8DF8B1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[496,768,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FF6AF8D7FE76F8D1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R." box="[132,507,1841,1868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="222 - 237" refId="ref26180" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2014. - Heterochrony, dental ontogenetic diversity, and the circumvention of constraints in marsupial mammals and extinct relatives. Paleobiology 40 (2): 222 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 13034" type="journal article" year="2014">Forasiepi & Sánchez-Villagra 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to the wear degree in the specimens studied here (indicating adult individuals), we extend this interpretation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FE32F894FDCFF816" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[476,578,1905,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FE32F894FDCFF816" box="[476,578,1905,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7427FFF2FF75F877FB25FD72" blockId="21.[130,777,215,2027]" lastBlockId="21.[810,1458,215,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
|
||
The upper molars increase in width posteriorly, and the length increases from the M1 to the M3, while the M4 is anteroposteriorly short (because it lacks the metastylar region;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FCC5FF31FCFAFF6C" box="[811,887,215,241]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1404,1421]" captionTargetBox="[136,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-330@20.[135,1453,215,1363]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434246/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A-D). The paracone and metacone are aligned, with their bases adjoined. The paracone is present in all molars, while the metacone is only present in the M1-3 (it is completely absent in the M4, not even a vestigial cusp is present). The metacone is markedly larger than the paracone in the M3, but the size difference decreases anteriorly, so they are subequal in the M1. Both cusps are conical, circular in section in the M1, becoming subtriangular towards the last molar. The protocone is reduced and markedly lower than the para- and metacone, though more developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FB6EFE11FB46FD8D" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1152,1227,503,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FB6EFE11FB46FD8D" box="[1152,1227,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FB11FE11FAC2FD8D" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1279,1359,503,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FB11FE11FAC2FD8D" box="[1279,1359,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the difference in size, it is similar in shape to the protocone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FCA7FDD1FC19FDCD" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[841,916,567,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FCA7FDD1FC19FDCD" box="[841,916,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being anteroposteriorly compressed and lingually elongated. The state of preservation does not allow observation of the trigon basin, but it is apparently strongly reduced, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FC7AFD70FC50FD32" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[916,989,662,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FC7AFD70FC50FD32" box="[916,989,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with a vestigial trigon basin). The preservation condition does not allow the observation of either the paraconule and/or the metaconule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7427FFF2FCADFD13FB20FB33" blockId="21.[810,1458,215,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
|
||
The preparacrista is absent in the M1 and well developed, oblique to the labial edge in the M4. Its condition is obscured by wear in the M2-3. The portion corresponding to the centrocrista (postparacrista plus premetacrista) is strongly worn in the M1-3, in such a way that it is impossible to observe the crests.Due to the marked proximity between the paracone and metacone, these crests were likely very short.The postparacrista in the M4 is well-defined, short but more developed than in the precedent molars, and descends vertically through the posterior face of the paracone. The postmetacrista is strongly developed in the M1-3, long and oblique, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FA8DFBD3FA22FBD3" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1379,1455,1077,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FA8DFBD3FA22FBD3" box="[1379,1455,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and less developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FBA9FBB3FB1BFBF3" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1095,1174,1109,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FBA9FBB3FB1BFBF3" box="[1095,1174,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The wear degree does not allow determining the presence of a deep carnassial notch in this crest, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FC3CFB73FB93FB33" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[978,1054,1173,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FC3CFB73FB93FB33" box="[978,1054,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FBBAFB73FB2BFB33" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[1108,1190,1173,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FBBAFB73FB2BFB33" box="[1108,1190,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7427FFF2FCADFB52FBF8F930" blockId="21.[810,1458,215,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
|
||
The parastylar shelf is absent labial to the paracone in the M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FCA7FB32FC23FB73" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[841,942,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FCA7FB32FC23FB73" box="[841,942,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the labial face of the tooth nearly vertical. It is present in the other molars, more developed in the M3 similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FC71FAF2FA91FAB3" authority="(Forasiepi & Carlini 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[927,1308,1299,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FC71FAF2FC60FAB0" box="[927,1005,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FC12FAF5FA9EFAB3" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[1020,1299,1299,1326]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but strongly reduced compared with non-thylacosmilid sparassodonts. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FCC5FAB2FCF0FAF0" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[811,893,1364,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FCC5FAB2FCF0FAF0" box="[811,893,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the parastylar shelf is absent in all molars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FAB7FAB5FC34FA10" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the M1, there is a tiny, blunt cusp located almost at the same height as the protocone, nearly aligned with the paracone and metacone (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FB78FA52FB6FFA50" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1174,1250,1460,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FB78FA52FB6FFA50" box="[1174,1250,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), corresponding to the parastyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FC2BFA35FB57FA70" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[965,1242,1491,1517]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FADCFA32FAF3FA70" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1330,1406,1492,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FADCFA32FAF3FA70" box="[1330,1406,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the parastyle on the M2 connects with a very short cingulum that descends towards the labial side of the tooth, forming a small ectocingulum (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FBFAF9D4FB33F9D0" author="MARSHALL L. G." box="[1044,1214,1586,1613]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refId="ref29249" refString="MARSHALL L. G. 1978 a. - Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, Extinct South American Predaceous Marsupials. University of California Press, Berkeley, 89 p. (University of California publications in geological sciences; 117)." type="book" year="1978">Marshall 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), being better defined in the M3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7427FFF2FC42F9B4FB4DF9F1" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[940,1216,1618,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The metastylar shelf is present in the M1-3, increasing in size from the M1 to the M3, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FC74F975FC61F931" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[922,1004,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FC74F975FC61F931" box="[922,1004,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87427FFF2FBCCF975FBE3F931" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1058,1134,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FBCCF975FBE3F931" box="[1058,1134,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7427FFF1FCC3F934FEAFF990" blockId="21.[811,1457,1746,2028]" lastBlockId="22.[130,777,1395,2028]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597427FFF2FCC3F934FC65F971" bold="true" box="[813,1000,1746,1772]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Lower dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no clear evidence of the number of lower incisors because the dentaries are broken at that portion in both the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E97427FFF2FBE8F8F4FBE8F8B1" box="[1030,1125,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and in specimen VPPLT-1612 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FCD8F8D7FC04F8D1" box="[822,905,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FC7AF8D4FC2FF8D1" box="[916,930,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">9</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FC41F8D4FC73F8D1" box="[943,1022,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">11A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior margin of the left dentary of the specimen VPPLT-1612 is very cracked and poorly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7427FFF2FC4FF897FC79F816" box="[929,1012,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). So, it is not clear if there was an alveolus is present immediately anterior to the canine. However, the possible space for incisors is strongly restricted, so they should be strongly reduced in size or set very tightly, and close to the canine, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FED5FA92FE01FA10" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[315,396,1396,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FED5FA92FE01FA10" box="[315,396,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The presence of at least two lower incisors (in each hemimandible) is inferred for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FD80FA72FD33FA30" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[622,702,1428,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FD80FA72FD33FA30" box="[622,702,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the position and size of those preserved (i.e., one at each side, with different position and size;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FDEAFA35FD2BFA73" author="CHURCHER C. S." box="[516,678,1491,1518]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="201 - 220" refId="ref25173" refString="CHURCHER C. S. 1985. - Dental functional morphology in the marsupial sabre-tooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilidae) compared to that of felid sabre-tooths. Australian Mammalogy 8: 201 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AM 85020" type="journal article" year="1985">Churcher 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FD5AFA35FE9EF990" author="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R." pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="219 - 246" refId="ref27191" refString="GOIN F. J. & PASCUAL R. 1987. - News on the biology and taxonomy of the marsupials Thylacosmilidae (late Tertiary of Argentina). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (Argentina) 39: 219 - 246." type="journal article" year="1987">Goin & Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37424FFF1FF6AFAEFFD48FAAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" startId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" targetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7424FFF1FF6AFAEFFD48FAAD" blockId="22.[132,1455,1289,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977424FFF1FF6AFAEFFF10FA84" baselines="1302,1302" box="[132,157,1289,1306]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 11. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FF33FAEFFE64FA87" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[221,489,1289,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FF33FAEFFE05FA87" box="[221,392,1289,1306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FE62FAEFFE64FA87" author="GOIN F. J." box="[396,489,1289,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FC07FAEFFC7BFA87" bold="true" box="[1001,1014,1289,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">A</emphasis>
|
||
), labial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FBD7FAEFFBC8FA87" bold="true" box="[1081,1093,1289,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">E</emphasis>
|
||
) and lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FB5CFAEFFB30FA87" bold="true" box="[1202,1213,1289,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">F</emphasis>
|
||
) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FEE5FAF9FE95FAAD" bold="true" box="[267,280,1311,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">B</emphasis>
|
||
), labial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FEB3FAF9FEE6FAAD" bold="true" box="[349,363,1311,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FE34FAF9FE65FAAD" bold="true" box="[474,488,1311,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">D</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7424FFF1FF75F9F4FE40F816" blockId="22.[130,777,1395,2028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
The lower canine is laterally compressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7424FFF1FDDBF9F4FD0CF9B0" box="[565,641,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Fig.9A</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix 5) but less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FEC4F9D5FEF7F9D1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[298,378,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FEC4F9D5FEF7F9D1" box="[298,378,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its orientation is oblique to the dental row in occlusal views, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FE23F9B5FD93F9F1" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[461,542,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FE23F9B5FD93F9F1" box="[461,542,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and its implantation is sub-vertical (in lateral and lingual views;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7424FFF1FDBAF994FD4AF910" box="[596,711,1650,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,1488,1505]" captionTargetBox="[132,1444,164,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-267@19.[199,1444,215,1447]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130286/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Figs 9A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7424FFF1FD3CF994FC8FF911" box="[722,770,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
; char. 179), similar to other sparassodonts as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FDB1F974FD46F931" authorityName="Mercerat" authorityYear="1891" box="[607,715,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FDB1F974FD46F931" box="[607,715,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Arctodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FD36F974FDE7F950" authority="Forasiepi, Babot & Zimicz, 2015" authorityName="Forasiepi, Babot & Zimicz" authorityYear="2015" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Australohyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FD36F974FF76F951" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Australohyaena</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FEEDF954FDE7F950" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N." box="[259,618,1714,1741]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="503 - 525" refId="ref26542" refString="FORASIEPI A. M., BABOT M. J. & ZIMICZ N. 2015. - Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (6): 503 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2014.926403" type="journal article" year="2015">Forasiepi, Babot & Zimicz, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FD46F954FC8DF951" authorityName="Babot, Powell & Muizon" authorityYear="2022" box="[680,768,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FD46F954FC8DF951" box="[680,768,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Callistoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but less than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FED3F935FE1DF971" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[317,400,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FED3F935FE1DF971" box="[317,400,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which shows completely vertical implantation. The extra-alveolar portion of the lower canine shows a main, wide, and very shallow groove at its lingual face, with small lineal ridges on and near the main groove. Only the tip of the lower canine (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FE16F8B4FD84F8F6" box="[504,521,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">c.</emphasis>
|
||
¼ of the extra-alveolar portion) is covered by enamel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7424FFF0FF75F877FDD0F9D0" blockId="22.[130,777,1395,2028]" lastBlockId="23.[130,776,1523,2028]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
At least two lower premolars are identified, corresponding to p2-3, as interpreted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FE90F854FE43F856" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[382,462,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FE90F854FE43F856" box="[382,462,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FE30F857FDF0F856" author="FORASIEPI A." box="[478,637,1969,1995]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="1 - 174" refId="ref26086" refString="FORASIEPI A. 2009. - Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America. Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, new series 6: 1 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2009">Forasiepi 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FD67F857FE86F876" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FEF6F837FE17F876" author="SUAREZ C." box="[280,410,2001,2027]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" refId="ref32296" refString="SUAREZ C. 2019. - Estudios taxonomicos y paleobiologicos sobre los Metatheria (Mammalia) del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, Parts 1 - 2. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 560 p. https: // doi. org / 10.35537 / 10915 / 75246" type="book" year="2019">Suarez 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal portion of the dentary of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E97424FFF1FC80FA95FC40FA10" box="[878,973,1395,1421]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FC00FA95FBDFFA10" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1006,1106,1395,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FC00FA95FBDFFA10" box="[1006,1106,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broken anterior to the p2, and it is not possible to confirm the presence of an alveolus for the p1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7424FFF1FC6AFA55FC7AFA50" box="[900,1015,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, the left dentary of the specimen VPPLT-1612 shows a small opening (width = 1.58; length unknown) anterior to the p2, separated by a bone space (diastema?). It is roughly ellipsoidal, but its limits are broken, and the bone is poorly preserved, being unclear if it corresponds to an alveolus for a p1 or breakage. However, this small opening is not present in the right dentary, so we interpret that it is unlikely to be an alveolus. If that was the case, the p1 would be smaller than the p2, which is
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FA8AF955FAF8F951" box="[1380,1397,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">c.</emphasis>
|
||
49% shorter than the p3, showing a marked reduction. In the dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FC48F915FC7AF891" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[934,1015,1779,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FC48F915FC7AF891" box="[934,1015,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the p2-3 are similar in size and located closer to the molars than to the canine. In the specimen IGM 251108 from La Venta (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FBDCF8D7FB24F8D1" author="GOIN F. J." box="[1074,1193,1841,1868]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7424FFF1FB59F8D4FAB0F8D1" author="SUAREZ C." box="[1207,1341,1842,1868]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" refId="ref32296" refString="SUAREZ C. 2019. - Estudios taxonomicos y paleobiologicos sobre los Metatheria (Mammalia) del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, Parts 1 - 2. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 560 p. https: // doi. org / 10.35537 / 10915 / 75246" type="book" year="2019">Suarez 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there are three lower premolars: the p1 strongly reduced, almost vestigial, and the p2-3 much larger, being the p2 smaller than the p3. The p2-3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87424FFF1FBE1F874FBFBF836" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1039,1142,1937,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597424FFF1FBE1F874FBFBF836" box="[1039,1142,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are triangular in lateral view and asymmetrical, with the anterior edge of the cusp convex and shorter than the posterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7424FFF1FB96F837FB7FF876" box="[1144,1266,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Fig. 11E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is slightly concave. Both teeth are uninflated, with flat roots and placed obliquely to the main axis of the molars row, but aligned with the dentary, following its sigmoid geometry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC37425FFF0FF6AFA7FFE09FA5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130288" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10130288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130288/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" startId="23.[132,143,1433,1450]" targetBox="[132,1450,174,1410]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7425FFF0FF6AFA7FFE09FA5C" blockId="23.[132,1455,1433,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A977425FFF0FF6AFA7FFF10FA34" baselines="1446,1446" box="[132,157,1433,1450]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 12. — Skulls of three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87425FFF0FE40FA7FFDBAFA37" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[430,567,1433,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thylacosmilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FDD3FA7FFDC7FA37" bold="true" box="[573,586,1433,1450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87425FFF0FDBAFA7FFCD2FA37" authority="Riggs, 1933" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[596,863,1433,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FDBAFA7FFD7BFA37" box="[596,758,1433,1450]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Thylacosmilus atrox</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7425FFF0FD14FA7FFCD2FA37" author="RIGGS E. S." box="[762,863,1433,1450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref31316" refString="RIGGS E. S. 1933. - Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 6: 61 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5427" type="book chapter" year="1933">Riggs,1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FC88FA7FFCFEFA37" bold="true" box="[870,883,1433,1450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87425FFF0FC93FA7FFB65FA37" authority="Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[893,1256,1433,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FC93FA7FFB95FA37" box="[893,1048,1433,1450]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Patagosmilus goini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7425FFF0FBF2FA7FFB65FA37" author="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A." box="[1052,1256,1433,1450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref26129" refString="FORASIEPI A. M. & CARLINI A. A. 2010. - A new thylacosmilid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2552: 55 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2552.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FB00FA7FFB71FA37" bold="true" box="[1262,1276,1433,1450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87425FFF0FAEBFA7FFF6EFA5C" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FAEBFA7FFA22FA37" box="[1285,1455,1433,1450]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Anachlysictis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7425FFF0FF6AFA56FF6EFA5C" author="GOIN F. J." box="[132,227,1456,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="185 - 204" refId="ref27004" refString="GOIN F. J. 1997. - New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington D. C. and London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 185 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1997">Goin, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar: 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B7425FFF0FF75F9B4FADAF876" blockId="23.[130,776,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="23.[811,1457,1523,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
|
||
The lower molars show a marked posterior increase in size, common in sparassodonts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7425FFF0FE48F994FE7DF911" box="[422,496,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior lobe of the crown is lower than the anterior one in m1-3 (seen in labial view), being strongly marked in the m2-4 (more in the m2) and less evident in the m1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7425FFF0FE58F934FDA6F971" box="[438,555,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Figs 2A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7425FFF0FDD6F934FD07F971" box="[568,650,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">11C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main cusps in m1 are aligned in a single longitudinal row. The trigonid configuration in the m2-4 is open, with the paraconid in an antero-lingual position. The protoconid is the main cusp of the trigonid in all molars. The paraconid and protoconid increase in size posteriorly. A tiny structure is present in the m1, on the posterolingual face of the protoconid, which looks like a vestigial metaconid. However, this would differ from the two conditions seen in other borhyaeonoids: 1) the metaconid present only in the m2-4; or 2) absent (or vestigial) in all molars. However, a recently described specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87425FFF0FAB9F9F4FBB6F9D0" authority="(Babot et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vincei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FAB9F9F4FCE7F9D1" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Callistoe vincei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7425FFF0FC97F9D4FBBEF9D0" author="BABOT M. J. & ROUGIER G. W. & GARCIA-LOPEZ D. A. & BERTELLI S. B. & HERRERA C. M. & DERACO M. V. & GIANNINI N. P." box="[889,1075,1586,1613]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="469 - 485" refId="ref24856" refString="BABOT M. J., ROUGIER G. W., GARCIA-LOPEZ D. A., BERTELLI S. B., HERRERA C. M., DERACO M. V. & GIANNINI N. P. 2022. - New mandibular remains of Callistoe (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) reveal unexpected anatomical, functional, and evolutionary aspects of this carnivorous genus. Vertebrate Zoology 72: 469 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 82709" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FC2EF9D5FC79F9D1" box="[960,1012,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows another unusual condition, with a strongly reduced metaconid in the m3, probably also present in the m1 (inferred from a wear facet located on the mesiolingual corner of the trigonid); but “given the absence of a metaconid in the m2, that option is possible but unlikely” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA7425FFF0FCD8F934FBA6F970" author="BABOT M. J. & ROUGIER G. W. & GARCIA-LOPEZ D. A. & BERTELLI S. B. & HERRERA C. M. & DERACO M. V. & GIANNINI N. P." box="[822,1067,1746,1773]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="469 - 485" refId="ref24856" refString="BABOT M. J., ROUGIER G. W., GARCIA-LOPEZ D. A., BERTELLI S. B., HERRERA C. M., DERACO M. V. & GIANNINI N. P. 2022. - New mandibular remains of Callistoe (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) reveal unexpected anatomical, functional, and evolutionary aspects of this carnivorous genus. Vertebrate Zoology 72: 469 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 82709" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Babot
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597425FFF0FC93F935FC3DF971" box="[893,944,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022: 475
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The antero-lingual vertical crest of the paraconid (preparacristid interlocking mechanism) forms a keel. The precingulid is reduced, extended only on the base of the paraconid. There is a clear notch between these last two structures (hypoconulid notch) for contact with the preceding molar. The postparacristid and preprotocristid are well developed, at least in the m2-4, forming a carnassial notch between them. The postprotocristid is long, well defined and oriented to the antero-lingual corner of the talonid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" ID-Table-UUID="DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" startId="24.[131,142,219,236]" targetBox="[134,1427,362,744]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="24" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" blockId="24.[131,1457,219,304]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFF3FFF76" baselines="232,232" box="[131,178,219,236]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
2. — Body mass estimations. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFDDFFF3DFDDEFF71" bold="true" box="[561,595,219,236]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Log</emphasis>
|
||
, common logarithm (with base 10);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC6FFF3DFC1CFF71" bold="true" box="[897,913,219,236]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln</emphasis>
|
||
, natural logarithm (with base e);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFB4AFF3DFB40FF71" bold="true" box="[1188,1229,219,236]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2A</emphasis>
|
||
, second upper molar area;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF6AFF14FF27FE9E" bold="true" box="[132,170,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2L</emphasis>
|
||
, second upper molar length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFE73FF14FE48FE9E" bold="true" box="[413,453,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m2A</emphasis>
|
||
, second lower molar area;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFD4AFF14FD46FE9E" bold="true" box="[676,715,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m3L</emphasis>
|
||
, third lower molar length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC4CFF14FC40FE9E" bold="true" box="[930,973,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">%PE</emphasis>
|
||
, percent prediction error;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFB4AFF14FB31FE9E" bold="true" box="[1188,1212,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">R2</emphasis>
|
||
, ratio estimate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFAAEFF14FAD5FE9E" bold="true" box="[1344,1368,242,259]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">SE</emphasis>
|
||
, smearing estimate correction factor;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFE8BFEEEFEFCFE84" bold="true" box="[357,369,264,281]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">X</emphasis>
|
||
, selected variable. Body mass expressed in kilograms. Equation source references:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFBC0FEEEFBB5FE84" bold="true" box="[1070,1080,264,281]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFBADFEEEFB28FE84" author="MYERS T. J." box="[1091,1189,264,281]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="99 - 118" refId="ref30356" refString="MYERS T. J. 2001. - Prediction of marsupial body mass. Australian Journal of Zoology 49 (2): 99 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 01009" type="journal article" year="2001">Myers 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ‘All species’ data-set;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFA89FEEEFAFCFE84" bold="true" box="[1383,1393,264,281]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFA92FEEEFF23FEAD" author="MYERS T. J." pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="99 - 118" refId="ref30356" refString="MYERS T. J. 2001. - Prediction of marsupial body mass. Australian Journal of Zoology 49 (2): 99 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 01009" type="journal article" year="2001">Myers 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Dasyuromorphian data set;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFE71FEF9FE24FEAD" bold="true" box="[415,425,287,304]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFE5AFEF9FD97FEAD" author="ZIMICZ A. N." box="[436,538,287,304]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 454" refId="ref33182" refString="ZIMICZ A. N. 2012. - Ecomorfologia de los marsupiales paleogenos de America del Sur La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 1 - 454 p. https: // doi. org / 10.35537 / 10915 / 29337" type="book chapter" year="2012">Zimicz 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFAECFE8CFA09FD75" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<table id="F97F0EEB742A0018FF68FE8CFA1EFD75" box="[134,1427,362,744]" gridcols="8" gridrows="14" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE8CFA1EFEE3" box="[134,1427,362,382]" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE8CFAB4FEE3" box="[1281,1337,362,382]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFAECFE8CFABBFEE3" bold="true" box="[1282,1334,362,382]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Body</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE62FA1EFE05" box="[134,1427,388,408]" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FF68FE62FE0EFE05" box="[134,387,388,408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF68FE62FF5AFE05" bold="true" box="[134,215,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFE62FC85FE05" box="[512,776,388,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFDEEFE62FDD7FE05" bold="true" box="[512,602,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Equation</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FE62FC2BFE05" box="[890,934,388,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC94FE62FC05FE05" bold="true" box="[890,904,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">X</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFE62FB83FE05" box="[978,1038,388,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC32FE62FB83FE05" bold="true" box="[988,1038,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">%PE</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFE62FBF8FE05" box="[1088,1141,388,408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFBA4FE62FBE8FE05" bold="true" box="[1098,1125,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">R2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFE62FB55FE05" box="[1187,1240,388,408]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFB42FE62FB45FE05" bold="true" box="[1196,1224,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">SE</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE62FAB4FE05" box="[1281,1337,388,408]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFAEFFE62FABAFE05" bold="true" box="[1281,1335,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">mass</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FE62FA1EFE05" box="[1386,1427,388,408]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFA84FE62FA1EFE05" bold="true" box="[1386,1427,388,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Ref.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE41FA1EFE21" box="[134,1427,423,444]" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FF68FE41FE0EFE21" box="[134,387,423,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFF61FE4EFF66FE21" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[143,235,424,444]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF61FE4EFF66FE21" box="[143,235,424,444]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IGM 184247)”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFE41FC85FE21" box="[512,776,423,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FE41FC2BFE21" box="[890,934,423,444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m2A</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFE41FB83FE21" box="[978,1038,423,444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFE41FBF8FE21" box="[1088,1141,423,444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.951</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFE41FB55FE21" box="[1187,1240,423,444]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.119</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE41FAB4FE21" box="[1281,1337,423,444]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">22.77</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FE41FA1EFE21" box="[1386,1427,423,444]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE26FA1EFE49" box="[134,1427,448,468]" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFE26FC85FE49" box="[512,776,448,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FE26FC2BFE49" box="[890,934,448,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m3L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFE26FB83FE49" box="[978,1038,448,468]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">12.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFE26FBF8FE49" box="[1088,1141,448,468]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.945</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFE26FB55FE49" box="[1187,1240,448,468]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.035</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE26FAB4FE49" box="[1281,1337,448,468]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">27.29</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FE26FA1EFE49" box="[1386,1427,448,468]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE3EFA1EFE71" box="[134,1427,472,492]" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFE3EFC85FE71" box="[512,776,472,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FE3EFC2BFE71" box="[890,934,472,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m3L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFE3EFB83FE71" box="[978,1038,472,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">12.08</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFE3EFBF8FE71" box="[1088,1141,472,492]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFE3EFB55FE71" box="[1187,1240,472,492]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.110</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE3EFAB4FE71" box="[1281,1337,472,492]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">25.29</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FE3EFA1EFE71" box="[1386,1427,472,492]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FE1DFA1EFD92" box="[134,1427,507,527]" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FF68FE1DFE0EFD92" box="[134,387,507,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFF61FE1DFF66FD92" authority="(VPPLT 1612)" baseAuthorityName="VPPLT" baseAuthorityYear="1612" box="[143,235,507,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF61FE1DFF66FD92" box="[143,235,507,527]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(VPPLT 1612)”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFE1DFC85FD92" box="[512,776,507,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FE1DFC2BFD92" box="[890,934,507,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2A</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFE1DFB83FD92" box="[978,1038,507,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFE1DFBF8FD92" box="[1088,1141,507,527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.989</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFE1DFB55FD92" box="[1187,1240,507,527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.029</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFE1DFAB4FD92" box="[1281,1337,507,527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">22.15</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FE1DFA1EFD92" box="[1386,1427,507,527]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FDF2FA1EFDB5" box="[134,1427,532,552]" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFDF2FC85FDB5" box="[512,776,532,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FDF2FC2BFDB5" box="[890,934,532,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m2A</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFDF2FB83FDB5" box="[978,1038,532,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFDF2FBF8FDB5" box="[1088,1141,532,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.951</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFDF2FB55FDB5" box="[1187,1240,532,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.119</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFDF2FAB4FDB5" box="[1281,1337,532,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">27.19</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FDF2FA1EFDB5" box="[1386,1427,532,552]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FDCAFA1EFDDD" box="[134,1427,556,576]" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFDCAFC85FDDD" box="[512,776,556,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FDCAFC2BFDDD" box="[890,934,556,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFDCAFB83FDDD" box="[978,1038,556,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.03</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFDCAFBF8FDDD" box="[1088,1141,556,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFDCAFB55FDDD" box="[1187,1240,556,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.160</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFDCAFAB4FDDD" box="[1281,1337,556,576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">25.47</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FDCAFA1EFDDD" box="[1386,1427,556,576]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FDA2FA1EFDC5" box="[134,1427,580,600]" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFDA2FC85FDC5" box="[512,776,580,600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FDA2FC2BFDC5" box="[890,934,580,600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m3L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFDA2FB83FDC5" box="[978,1038,580,600]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">12.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFDA2FBF8FDC5" box="[1088,1141,580,600]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.945</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFDA2FB55FDC5" box="[1187,1240,580,600]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.035</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFDA2FAB4FDC5" box="[1281,1337,580,600]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">25.82</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FDA2FA1EFDC5" box="[1386,1427,580,600]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FDBAFA1EFDED" box="[134,1427,604,624]" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFDBAFC85FDED" box="[512,776,604,624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FDBAFC2BFDED" box="[890,934,604,624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">m3L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFDBAFB83FDED" box="[978,1038,604,624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">12.08</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFDBAFBF8FDED" box="[1088,1141,604,624]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFDBAFB55FDED" box="[1187,1240,604,624]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.110</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFDBAFAB4FDED" box="[1281,1337,604,624]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">24.02</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FDBAFA1EFDED" box="[1386,1427,604,624]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FD66FA1EFD09" box="[134,1427,640,660]" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FF68FD66FE0EFD09" box="[134,387,640,660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFF61FD66FF5AFD09" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[143,215,640,660]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF61FD66FF5AFD09" box="[143,215,640,660]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 07-VII-1-1)”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFD66FC85FD09" box="[512,776,640,660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FD66FC2BFD09" box="[890,934,640,660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2A</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFD66FB83FD09" box="[978,1038,640,660]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFD66FBF8FD09" box="[1088,1141,640,660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.989</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFD66FB55FD09" box="[1187,1240,640,660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.029</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFD66FAB4FD09" box="[1281,1337,640,660]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">25.93</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FD66FA1EFD09" box="[1386,1427,640,660]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FD7EFA1EFD31" box="[134,1427,664,684]" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFD7EFC85FD31" box="[512,776,664,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FD7EFC2BFD31" box="[890,934,664,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFD7EFB83FD31" box="[978,1038,664,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.03</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFD7EFBF8FD31" box="[1088,1141,664,684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFD7EFB55FD31" box="[1187,1240,664,684]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.160</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFD7EFAB4FD31" box="[1281,1337,664,684]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">19.79</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FD7EFA1EFD31" box="[1386,1427,664,684]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FD5DFA1EFD4D" box="[134,1427,699,720]" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="769E9775742A0018FF68FD5DFE0EFD4D" box="[134,387,699,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFF61FD5AFF5BFD4D" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[143,214,700,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF61FD5AFF5BFD4D" box="[143,214,700,720]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(P14531)”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFD5DFC85FD4D" box="[512,776,699,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FD5DFC2BFD4D" box="[890,934,699,720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2A</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFD5DFB83FD4D" box="[978,1038,699,720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.00</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFD5DFBF8FD4D" box="[1088,1141,699,720]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.989</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFD5DFB55FD4D" box="[1187,1240,699,720]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.029</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFD5DFAB4FD4D" box="[1281,1337,699,720]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">42.50</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FD5DFA1EFD4D" box="[1386,1427,699,720]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354FFE09742A0018FF68FD32FA1EFD75" box="[134,1427,724,744]" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FDEEFD32FC85FD75" box="[512,776,724,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC94FD32FC2BFD75" box="[890,934,724,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M2L</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FC3CFD32FB83FD75" box="[978,1038,724,744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">7.03</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FBAEFD32FBF8FD75" box="[1088,1141,724,744]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FB4DFD32FB55FD75" box="[1187,1240,724,744]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">1.160</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FAEFFD32FAB4FD75" box="[1281,1337,724,744]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">41.12</td>
|
||
<td id="769E9775742A0018FA84FD32FA1EFD75" box="[1386,1427,724,744]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFF75FCD3FEAAF931" blockId="24.[130,777,821,1708]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
The trigonid is longer than the talonid in all molars (more than three to four times the length of the talonid), especially in the m2. The talonid is narrower than the trigonid in all molars and is reduced in relative size (compared to the trigonid) posteriorly, being almost vestigial in the m4, showing only a minuscule cuspid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFDFEFC32FDEDFC72" box="[528,608,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1289,1306]" captionTargetBox="[137,1450,216,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-469@22.[204,1450,215,1247]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612,lower dentition.Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434248/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FDC9F0742AFFFFFD81FC32FD4EFC72" box="[623,707,980,1007]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetBox="[134,1407,317,829]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. — Dental measurements of the specimens of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Abbreviations: C/c, upper/lower canines; P/p, premolars; L, length; M/m, molars; Tal., talonid; Trg, trigonid; W, width. Measurements expressed in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" tableUuid="DF00ACC3743BFFEEFF6AFF3AFCF2FE9E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The talonid basin is slightly longer than wide in the m1, slightly wider than long in the m2 and markedly wider than long in the m3. The basin is divided into two portions: a labial one, with a concave and sub-horizontal surface, and a lingual one, markedly more vertical and flatter. The hypoconid is reduced in the m1-3, located approximately at the middle of the labial margin of the talonid. The entoconid is located in a posterolingual position. A vestigial hypoconulid is apparently present posterior to the entoconid and twinned with it. The bases of these two cuspids are merged, forming one block, although their tips are still differentiated. This lingual block of the talonid is laterally compressed and higher than the hypoconid, forming a verticalized lingual portion of the talonid basin. The preentocristid is well-developed and runs lingually to the trigonid. A labial postcingulid is present in the talonid of the m1-3, descending from the hypoconulid to the base of the labial face of the hypoconid. The overall talonid morphology (general morphology, basin morphology and cuspids distribution and morphology) is similar to that observed in the specimen from Quebrada Honda, referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFF4EF995FF64F911" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[160,233,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFF4EF995FF64F911" box="[160,233,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Material and methods, and Appendix 1, Material examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFF6AF914FF75F891" blockId="24.[132,248,1778,1804]" box="[132,248,1778,1804]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">RESULTS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFF6AF8D4FED6F8D7" blockId="24.[132,775,1842,2028]" box="[132,347,1842,1868]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFF6AF8D4FF7BF8D7" baselines="1861,1861" box="[132,246,1842,1868]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Cladistic" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">CLADISTIC</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFF13F8D1FED6F8D7" baselines="1861" box="[253,347,1847,1866]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="analysis" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ANALYSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFF6AF8B7FC6FFBF2" blockId="24.[132,775,1842,2028]" lastBlockId="24.[811,1455,821,1135]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
The equal weights parsimony analysis produced six mostparsimonious trees, whose strict consensus is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFD52F897FC88F816" box="[700,773,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1702,1719]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,218,1665]" captionTargetId="graphics-142@25.[151,1097,224,1651]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 13. — Consensus tree obtained from parsimony cladistic analysis under equal weights. Bremer supports (from 6411 trees, cut 0) indicated over branches; Bootstrap support values indicated below branches. Supports not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434250/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
(Appendix 1,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFEF7F877FEE6F836" box="[281,363,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1364,1381]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,206,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-382@10.[733,1275,767,1323]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin,1997;IGM 184247 (holotype).Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views;C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10130278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10130278/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Figs A2</figureCitation>
|
||
; A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFE63F877FE15F836" box="[397,408,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,658,675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1452,200,632]" captionTargetId="figure-850@11.[155,991,213,586]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 3. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (A), posterior (B) and medial (C) views. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434234/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The consensus tree had a length of 1626 steps; CI = 0.306; and RI = 0.663; each of the most parsimonious tree with a length of 1617 steps, a consistency index (CI) of 0.307 and a retention index (RI) of 0.666. The implied weights analyses produced single trees for each case, obtaining the best score of 177.10957 with k = 3, 118.35478 with k = 6 and 71.89551 with k = 12 (Appendix 1,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFAB9FC73FA24FC32" box="[1367,1449,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1401,1418]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,216,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-359@12.[167,1420,215,1358]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilisGoin,1997;VPPLT 1612,skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations:Ip, interparietal;Ju, jugal;La, lacrimal;Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434236/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Figs A4</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFCAEFC52FCC1FC52" box="[832,844,948,975]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1388,1405]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,196,1362]" captionTargetId="figure-336@13.[167,1439,215,1346]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen;Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen;mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434240/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The analysis using the k = 6 constant resulted in a similar topology to that where k = 3, with a few changes in the arrangement within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFC54FC12FA91FB92" authority="Ameghino, 1894" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1894" box="[954,1308,1012,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Hathliacynidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hathliacynidae Ameghino, 1894</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFABCFC13FA2FFB93" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1927" box="[1362,1442,1013,1038]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Lycopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFABCFC13FA2FFB93" box="[1362,1442,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Lycopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The results of the Bayesian Inference analysis are presented in the
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE742AFFFFFC83FBD2FC3BFBD3" box="[877,950,1076,1102]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[132,143,1731,1748]" captionTargetBox="[134,1453,218,1691]" captionTargetId="graphics-137@26.[134,1283,225,1681]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 14. — Bayesian majority-rule consensus topology of the post-burnin sample of trees for selected taxa (eutherian outgroup and metatherian ingroup), including the thylacosmilid sparassodont Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997, focus of this study. Posterior probability support values> 75% indicated in branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434254" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434254/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, showing the high posterior probability support values over 75%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFCC3FB72FBF7FB31" blockId="24.[811,1457,1172,1868]" box="[813,1146,1172,1198]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFCC3FB72FB98FB31" baselines="1191,1191" box="[813,1045,1172,1198]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Ecomorphological" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ECOMORPHOLOGICAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFBF2FB7FFBF7FB31" baselines="1191" box="[1052,1146,1177,1196]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="analysis" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">ANALYSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFCC3FB52FABAFA50" blockId="24.[811,1457,1172,1868]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
The body mass of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8751AE742AFFFFFC06FB52FBC4FB53" box="[1000,1097,1204,1231]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.215" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="kg" value="22.15">22.15 kg</quantity>
|
||
, obtained from the M2 area of the specimen VPPLT-1612, was selected as the best estimation because it presents the lowest value of %PE and best-adjusted R2 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FDC9F0742AFFFFFCB7FAF5FC27FAB3" box="[857,938,1299,1326]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="24.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetBox="[134,1427,362,744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 2. — Body mass estimations. Abbreviations: Log, common logarithm (with base 10); ln, natural logarithm (with base e); M2A, second upper molar area; M2L, second upper molar length; m2A, second lower molar area;m3L, third lower molar length; %PE, percent prediction error; R2, ratio estimate;SE, smearing estimate correction factor; X, selected variable. Body mass expressed in kilograms. Equation source references: 1, Myers 2001, ‘All species’ data-set; 2, Myers 2001, Dasyuromorphian data set; 3, Zimicz 2012." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" tableUuid="DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
; see Material and methods). Additional estimations were made using other dentition variables with the next lowest %PE values, obtaining estimations between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8751AE742AFFFFFAA0FAB5FA20FAF0" box="[1358,1453,1363,1389]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.229" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="kg" value="22.29">22.29 kg</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8751AE742AFFFFFCB0FA95FC4FFA10" box="[862,962,1395,1421]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.729" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="kg" value="27.29">27.29 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FDC9F0742AFFFFFC3BFA95FBA5FA10" box="[981,1064,1395,1421]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="24.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetBox="[134,1427,362,744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 2. — Body mass estimations. Abbreviations: Log, common logarithm (with base 10); ln, natural logarithm (with base e); M2A, second upper molar area; M2L, second upper molar length; m2A, second lower molar area;m3L, third lower molar length; %PE, percent prediction error; R2, ratio estimate;SE, smearing estimate correction factor; X, selected variable. Body mass expressed in kilograms. Equation source references: 1, Myers 2001, ‘All species’ data-set; 2, Myers 2001, Dasyuromorphian data set; 3, Zimicz 2012." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" tableUuid="DF00ACC3742AFFFFFF6DFF3DFD93FEAD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). These estimations fall within the ‘large size’ category for South American carnivorous mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFCD8FA55FB89FA50" author="PREVOSTI F. J. & FORASIEPI A. & ZIMICZ N." box="[822,1028,1459,1485]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="3 - 21" refId="ref30869" refString="PREVOSTI F. J., FORASIEPI A. & ZIMICZ N. 2013. - The Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement? Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20 (1): 3 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 011 - 9175 - 9" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Prevosti
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC7CFA52FC48FA50" box="[914,965,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see Material and methods).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFCADFA35FA2AF8D6" blockId="24.[811,1457,1172,1868]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
Regarding to the diet inferences, a value of 0 was obtained for the RGA carnivory index, because the griding area is 0 (the talonid basin in the m4 is absent; see Material and methods), falling within the range of the hypercarnivorous mammals (i.e., those with diets including 70% or more of vertebrate flesh; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFCBDF995FB48F911" author="VAN VALKENBURGH B. & KOEPFLI K. P." box="[851,1221,1650,1677]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="15 - 37" refId="ref32653" refString="VAN VALKENBURGH B. & KOEPFLI K. P. 1993. - Cranial and dental adaptation to predation in canids. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 65: 15 - 37." type="journal article" year="1993">Van Valkenburgh & Koepfli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same value was obtained for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFC5AF975FB89F931" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1933" box="[948,1028,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFC5AF975FB89F931" box="[948,1028,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFBD7F975FB09F931" authorityName="Forasiepi & Carlini" authorityYear="2010" box="[1081,1156,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFBD7F975FB09F931" box="[1081,1156,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">P. goini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These results are congruent with those obtained for the relative length of the trigonid index calculated for the carnassial molar (m4) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742AFFFFFB01F934FADEF971" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[1263,1363,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B2059742AFFFFFB01F934FADEF971" box="[1263,1363,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE81BA742AFFFFFCB8F914FC6FF891" author="ZIMICZ A. N." box="[854,994,1778,1804]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 454" refId="ref33182" refString="ZIMICZ A. N. 2012. - Ecomorfologia de los marsupiales paleogenos de America del Sur La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 1 - 454 p. https: // doi. org / 10.35537 / 10915 / 29337" type="book chapter" year="2012">Zimicz 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see Material and methods), between 0.92 (in the specimen VPPLT-1612) and 0.95 (in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C442E9742AFFFFFAAFF8F4FA29F8B1" box="[1345,1444,1810,1836]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), falling within the category of meat-eater hypercarnivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFFFCC3F894FB60F817" blockId="24.[812,1457,1906,2028]" box="[813,1261,1906,1932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFCC3F894FC0BF817" baselines="1925,1925" box="[813,902,1906,1932]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Digital" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">DIGITAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFC60F891FBDFF817" baselines="1925" box="[910,1106,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="reconstruction" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">RECONSTRUCTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFBB6F891FBF9F817" baselines="1925" box="[1112,1140,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">OF</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFB95F891FB2BF817" baselines="1925" box="[1147,1190,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="the" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">THE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742AFFFFFB40F891FB60F817" baselines="1925" box="[1198,1261,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="skull" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">SKULL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742AFFFEFCC3F877FC2AF8D6" blockId="24.[812,1457,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="25.[811,1457,1810,2028]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">The specimen VPPLT-1612 is deformed, with the right side of the skull shifted lower and the left side relatively raised due to taphonomic processes (more evident in anterior view; Fig. 15A, B). Although the right dentary has missing regions, the left is completely preserved, and there is no evidence of significant deformation in any of them (Fig. 15B). Based on the minor deformation in mandibles, it is inferred that the compression in anteroposterior and lateromedial directions of the skull was not strong. However, the compression degree in the dorsoventral direction could not be determined, so it was assumed that the dorsoventral deformation was not significant.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF00ACC3742BFFFEFF6AF940FA96F950" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8434250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434250/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" startId="25.[132,143,1702,1719]" targetBox="[151,1436,218,1665]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742BFFFEFF6AF940FA96F950" blockId="25.[132,1457,1702,1741]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D266A97742BFFFEFF6AF940FF10F92B" baselines="1715,1715" box="[132,157,1702,1719]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 13. — Consensus tree obtained from parsimony cladistic analysis under equal weights. Bremer supports (from 6411 trees, cut 0) indicated over branches; Bootstrap support values indicated below branches. Supports not given for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C8742BFFFEFD13F95AFC07F950" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1872" box="[765,906,1724,1741]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Dasyuromorphia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as this node was constrained a priori (see text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0FC4B742BFFFCFCADF8B4FDC8FA13" blockId="25.[811,1457,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="27.[130,777,1108,1422]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
|
||
For the reconstruction presented here, the first step was a retrodeformation, raising the right side of the skull and lowering the left (see Material and methods), based on the less deformed hemimandible and particular anatomical structures (e.g., orbits, teeth row, external acoustic meatus; Fig. 15C, D). This retrodeformation did not pretend to restore with precision the original morphology of the skull, but instead the general shape of the skull with the aim to perform a life reconstruction of the head. After the retrodeformation, the mouth was opened to create a more informative appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7428FFFDFF63F837FF7DF876" box="[141,240,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,797,814]" captionTargetBox="[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetId="figure-701@28.[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434259/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="521">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The missing left upper canine and the right jaw were reconstructed from the corresponding structures on the opposite side (via mirroring;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7428FFFDFB64F8B7FB64F8F1" box="[1162,1257,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,797,814]" captionTargetBox="[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetId="figure-701@28.[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434259/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="521">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The skull surface was smoothed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7428FFFDFC3DF897FBA2F816" box="[979,1071,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,797,814]" captionTargetBox="[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetId="figure-701@28.[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434259/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="521">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the missing upper incisors and incomplete molars were reconstructed. Posteriorly, the masticatory muscles, eyeballs, and tongue were constructed on the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7428FFFDFC76F837FB94F876" box="[920,1049,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,797,814]" captionTargetBox="[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetId="figure-701@28.[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434259/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="521">Fig. 16B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The masticatory muscles were based on modern opossums, and the eyeballs and tongue were built to fit in the orbits and the oral cavity. As there is no fossil evidence of the external appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87429FFFCFDFDFB72FDF8FB33" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[531,629,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597429FFFCFDFDFB72FDF8FB33" box="[531,629,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., exterior details and fur color pattern), we used several mammalian taxa for reference: opossum, lion and leopard (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7429FFFCFD99FB32FD56FB73" box="[631,731,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,797,814]" captionTargetBox="[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetId="figure-701@28.[138,1449,215,755]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434259/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the first case, due to its closer phylogenetic affinities; in the remaining ones, because its ecological role falls closer to that of large modern felines (though not completely analogous; see discussion above). The reconstructed life appearance of the head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F87C87429FFFCFEEAFA95FEE7FA10" authority="Goin, 1997" authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1997" box="[260,362,1395,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Anachlysictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B20597429FFFCFEEAFA95FEE7FA10" box="[260,362,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1344E0CE7429FFFCFE1CFA95FDB3FA10" box="[498,574,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[408,417,708,725]" captionTargetBox="[133,1455,215,665]" captionTargetId="figure-798@30.[133,1455,215,665]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstructed head of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8434261/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |